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Saqr A, Al-Kofahi M, Mohamed M, Dorr C, Remmel RP, Onyeaghala G, Oetting WS, Guan W, Mannon RB, Matas AJ, Israni A, Jacobson PA. Steroid-tacrolimus drug-drug interaction and the effect of CYP3A genotypes. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2024. [PMID: 38994750 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.16172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS Tacrolimus, metabolized by CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 enzymes, is susceptible to drug-drug interactions (DDI). Steroids induce CYP3A genes to increase tacrolimus clearance, but the effect is variable. We hypothesized that the extent of the steroid-tacrolimus DDI differs by CYP3A4/5 genotypes. METHODS Kidney transplant recipients (n = 2462) were classified by the number of loss of function alleles (LOF) (CYP3A5*3, *6 and *7 and CYP3A4*22) and steroid use at each tacrolimus trough in the first 6 months post-transplant. A population pharmacokinetic analysis was performed by nonlinear mixed-effect modelling (NONMEM) and stepwise covariate modelling to define significant covariates affecting tacrolimus clearance. A stochastic simulation was performed and translated into a Shiny application with the mrgsolve and Shiny packages in R. RESULTS Steroids were associated with modestly higher (3%-11.8%) tacrolimus clearance. Patients with 0-LOF alleles receiving steroids showed the greatest increase (11.8%) in clearance compared to no steroids, whereas those with 2-LOFs had a negligible increase (2.6%) in the presence of steroids. Steroid use increased tacrolimus clearance by 5% and 10.3% in patients with 1-LOF and 3/4-LOFs, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Steroids increase the clearance of tacrolimus but vary slightly by CYP3A genotype. This is important in individuals of African ancestry who are more likely to carry no LOF alleles, may more commonly receive steroid treatment, and will need higher tacrolimus doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelrahman Saqr
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Mahmoud Al-Kofahi
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California, USA
| | - Moataz Mohamed
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Casey Dorr
- Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Rory P Remmel
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Guillaume Onyeaghala
- Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - William S Oetting
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Weihua Guan
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Roslyn B Mannon
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Arthur J Matas
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ajay Israni
- Hennepin Healthcare Research Institute, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Epidemiology & Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Medicine, Hennepin Healthcare, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Pamala A Jacobson
- Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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2
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Collins JM, Wang D. A Comprehensive Evaluation of the Effects of RNA-Editing Proteins ADAR and ADARB1 on the Expression of the Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes in HepaRG Cells. Drug Metab Dispos 2023; 51:1508-1514. [PMID: 37532539 PMCID: PMC10586505 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Two RNA-editing proteins, the adenosine deaminase acting on RNA, ADAR, and ADARB1, broadly regulate gene expression in editing-dependent and editing-independent manners. Previous studies showed that the expression of the drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450s (P450s) and UDP glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) changes upon knockdown (KD) of ADAR or ADARB1 in different hepatic cell lines. To systematically survey the effects of these two ADARs on the expression of P450s and UGTs, we used small interfering RNA in HepaRG cells and tested the association between the expression of the P450s and ADARs in a liver sample cohort (n = 246). KD of ADAR increased the expression of the CYP3As and CYP2C9 and reduced the expression of the others, whereas KD of ADARB1 reduced the expression of nearly all genes tested. ADAR KD also suppressed the induction of most P450s, whereas ADARB1 KD had mixed effects depending on the inducer/gene combination. P450 expression was positively associated with both ADARs in liver samples, consistent with the KD results. However, after adjusting for the expression of transcription factors (TFs) known to regulate P450 expression, the associations disappeared, indicating that the effects of ADAR or ADARB1 primarily occur through TFs. Moreover, we found that the expression of normally spliced CYP3A5 transcripts is increased in both KDs, indicating a direct effect of the ADARs on promoting the usage of the cryptic splice site generated by CYP3A5*3. Taken together, our results revealed the nonoverlapping regulatory effects of ADAR and ADARB1 and supported their broad roles in controlling the expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Here, this study systematically surveyed the roles of ADAR and ADARB1 in both basal and induced expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes and assessed their coexpression in liver samples. This study's results support that ADAR and ADARB1 regulate the expression of the drug-metabolizing enzymes in the liver, suggesting that factors affecting ADAR expression also have the potential to impact drug metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Collins
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, College of Pharmacy, Center for Pharmacogenomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Danxin Wang
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, College of Pharmacy, Center for Pharmacogenomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
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3
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Pharmacogenomic insights provide an opportunity to optimize medication dosing regimens and patient outcomes. However, the potential for interindividual genomic variability to guide medication dosing and toxicity monitoring is not yet standard of care. In this review, we present advances for the thiopurines, anthracyclines and vincristine and provide perspectives on the actionability of pharmacogenomic guidance in the future. RECENT FINDINGS The current guideline on thiopurines recommends that those with normal predicted thiopurine methyltransferase and NUDT15 expression receive standard-of-care dosing, while 'poor metabolizer' haplotypes receive a decreased 6-mercaptopurine starting dose to avoid bone marrow toxicity. Emerging evidence established significant polygenic contributions that predispose to anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity and suggest this knowledge be used to identify those at higher risk of complications. In the case of vincristine, children who express CYP3A5 have a significantly reduced risk of peripheral neuropathy compared with those expressing an inactive form or the CYP3A4 isoform. SUMMARY The need for adequately powered pediatric clinical trials, coupled with the study of epigenetic mechanisms and their influence on phenotypic variation and the integration of precision survivorship into precision approaches are featured as important areas for focused investments in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristie N Ramos
- St. Louis Children's Hospital, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - David Gregornik
- Children's Minnesota Hospital, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Kenneth S Ramos
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health, Houston, Texas, USA
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4
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Flores-Pérez C, Castillejos-López MDJ, Chávez-Pacheco JL, Dávila-Borja VM, Flores-Pérez J, Zárate-Castañón P, Acosta-Bastidas M, Cruz-Escobar J, Torres-Espíndola LM. The rs776746 variant of CYP3A5 is associated with intravenous midazolam plasma levels and higher clearance in critically ill Mexican paediatric patients. J Clin Pharm Ther 2021; 46:633-639. [PMID: 33638195 DOI: 10.1111/jcpt.13388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE Midazolam is a drug that is metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes, particularly CYP3A4 and CYP3A5. The presence of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the genes encoding these enzymes, such as CYP3A4*1B which is associated with low enzyme expression and activity and CYP3A5*3, has been associated with decrease in enzymatic activity and reduced drug clearance, with potential effects on drug levels and/or toxicity. The present study was conducted to determine the frequencies of the allelic variants of the CYP3A4 (rs2740574) and CYP3A5 (rs776746) genes and their effects on the plasma levels and clearance of intravenous midazolam in critically ill Mexican paediatric patients. METHODS Seventy-two DNA samples were genotyped by real-time PCR with TaqMan probes. Plasma midazolam levels were determined at 3 and 24 h post infusion by high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The allelic variant rs776746 (CYP3A5*3) was associated with high midazolam plasma levels; the median concentration in patients with the normal genotype (CC) <0.01 ng/ml (Q25 0.01-Q75 196.09), whereas patients with the allelic variant (TT+TC) had a median midazolam concentration of 320.3 ng/ml (Q25 37.51-Q75 529.51), p = 0.001. The median pharmacokinetic clearance rates were 0.10 L/kg/h (Q25 0.01-Q75 0.34) in patients with the allelic variant (TT+TC) and 0.03 L/kg/h (Q25 0.002-Q75 0.13) in patients with the normal genotype (CC), p = 0.042. WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION This is the first study that reports the frequency of the rs776746 polymorphism in critically ill paediatric patients, which is relevant, since carriers of the *1 allele synthesizing a functional enzyme may need higher doses to achieve adequate sedation. Our results show that compared with carriers of the normal allele, patients with the CYP3A5*3 allelic variant (rs776746) had increased plasma midazolam levels at 3 h after infusion discontinuation (320.3 ng/ml) and greater clearance (0.10 L/kg/h) of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Flores-Pérez
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, National Institute of Pediatrics (INP, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | | | - Janett Flores-Pérez
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, National Institute of Pediatrics (INP, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - Jonathan Cruz-Escobar
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, National Institute of Pediatrics (INP, Mexico City, Mexico
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5
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Aboul-Soud MAM, Alzahrani AJ, Mahmoud A. Decoding variants in drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters in solid tumor patients by whole-exome sequencing. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:628-634. [PMID: 33424349 PMCID: PMC7783809 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2020.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pharmacogenetics is involved in customizing therapy according to the genetic makeup of an individual, and is applicable for chemotherapy, radiotherapy as well as targeted therapy. Drug metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) involving both phase I, and phase II reactions are widely studied. Our study was involved in whole exome sequencing (WES) of cancer patients, followed by analysis for identifying key variations in DMEs, and associated transporters that have a potential impact on treatment outcome. Methodology A total of 181 solid tumor patients at stage >/= III were subjected to WES by the SureSelectXT Human All Exon V6 + UTR library preparation kit, and sequencing in the Illumina NextSeq 550 system. Bioinformatics analysis involved use of GATK pipeline, and the variants were further assessed for population frequency, functional impact with annovar insilico algorithms. Further variant information from significant DMEs, and transporters were extracted and analyzed with PharmGKB to assess level of evidence and infer their impact on the pathways involved in drug response. Results The total study cohort of 181 solid tumor patients included 60 males, and 121 females respectively. Among DMEs, deleterious mutation in dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPYD; rs67376798), solute carrier organic anion transporter family member 1B1 (SLCO1B1*5), and cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6*10) associated with metabolism of anticancer drugs was detected to be in high frequency of 26%, 21% and 25% respectively. Conclusion Our analysis detected variations in both phase I and phase II DMEs, as well as associated transporter genes which has been documented to reduce drug efficacy, as well as cause grade 3 and 4 toxicity. Our study reiterates the significance of pharmacogenomics in stratifying patients for appropriate therapy regimen focused at better treatment outcome and quality of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mourad A M Aboul-Soud
- Chair of Medical and Molecular Genetics Research, Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 10219, Riyadh 11433, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alhussain J Alzahrani
- Department of Microbiology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hafre Al Batin, Hafre Al Batin, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amer Mahmoud
- Stem Cell Unit, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2925 (28), Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia
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6
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Abstract
Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) is a widely adopted technique used for scientific, clinical, diagnostic, or quality control purposes. One of the main applications of qPCR is gene expression analysis, although mutation detection, genotyping, DNA detection, and quantification (from pathogens or genetically modified organisms) are also investigated using this technique.Although nonspecific detection based on DNA-binding dyes (including SYBR Green I) offers versatility in qPCR assays, detection of the PCR product using fluorescent probes confers higher specificity and sensitivity to assays, justifying the use of fluorescent probes as a detection method.This chapter seeks to propose a procedure for the design of qPCR assays using fluorescent hydrolysis probe technology. Particular attention will be paid to explaining the steps necessary to ensure the specificity of the oligonucleotides used as primers or fluorescent probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Busi
- Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR 8251, Paris, France.
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7
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Scheibner A, Remmel R, Schladt D, Oetting WS, Guan W, Wu B, Dorr C, Israni A, Jacobson PA. Tacrolimus Elimination in Four Patients With a CYP3A5*3/*3 CYP3A4*22/*22 Genotype Combination. Pharmacotherapy 2018; 38:e46-e52. [PMID: 29804290 PMCID: PMC6265082 DOI: 10.1002/phar.2131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 3A5 (CYP3A5) and cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) are the predominate enzymes responsible for tacrolimus metabolism. The presence of CYP3A4 and CYP3A5 genetic variants significantly affects tacrolimus clearance and dose requirements. CYP3A5*3 is a loss-of-function variant resulting in no CYP3A5 enzyme production. CYP3A4*22 is a variant that reduces production of functional CYP3A4 protein. Caucasians commonly carry these variant alleles but are very rarely homozygous for both CYP3A5*3 and CYP3A4*22. This report describes four kidney transplant recipients who carry a rare genotype combination (CYP3A5*3/*3 and CYP3A4*22/*22). These patients were identified from a larger cohort of Caucasian kidney transplant recipients (n=1366). To understand the significance of this genotype combination on tacrolimus troughs and doses, we compared these patients to recipients without this combination. Patients homozygous for both variants are at risk for profound reductions in metabolism of CYP3A substrates. A 342% and a 90.6% increase in the median dose-normalized trough was observed, when the CYP3A5*3/*3 and CYP3A4*22/*22 genotype combination was compared to the CYP3A5*1/*1 and CYP3A4*1/*1 genotype combination and the CYP3A5*3/*3 and CYP3A4*1/*1 genotype combination, respectively. These four individuals only required on average 2.5 mg/day of tacrolimus. Knowledge of these genotypes would be useful in selecting appropriate tacrolimus doses to avoid overexposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aileen Scheibner
- University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Rory Remmel
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - David Schladt
- Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - William S Oetting
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Weihua Guan
- Division of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Baolin Wu
- Division of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Casey Dorr
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Hennepin Country Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Ajay Israni
- Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Hennepin Country Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota.,Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Pamala A Jacobson
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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8
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Yang XQ, Jing XY, Zhang CX, Song YF, Liu D. Isolation and characterization of porcine PILRB gene and its alternative splicing variants. Gene 2018; 672:8-15. [PMID: 29879501 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Paired immunoglobulin-like type 2 receptor (PILR)β regulates inflammatory responses to pathogen infection, and therefore plays an important role in host disease resistance/susceptibility. However porcine PILRβ remains poorly characterized. In this study, we obtained the cDNA (V1) of its encoding gene, PILRB, and three alternative splicing (AS) variants (V2-4). The complete coding sequence of V1 was 621 bp long encoding a polypeptide of 206 aa. Compared with V1, V2 and V3 were formed by exon-skipping in the 3'-untranslated region (UTR), while V4 was formed by alternative 3' splice site of exon 3, resulting in a premature termination codon, combined with exon skipping in the 3'-UTR. Expression profile analysis showed that all the isoforms were most abundant in the spleen, and V1 was strongly induced by poly(I:C). Furthermore, the transcription of V1 altered with the increasing age and differed between species. Exon skipping in the 3'-UTR of V2 and V3 down-regulated expression of the luciferase reporter gene, and hence presumably of the PILRB gene, while V4 was subjected to nonsense-mediated mRNA decay. Additionally, five novel splicing patterns were detected using the minigene approach, indicating complex AS of porcine PILRB. These results will help to reveal the role of PILRβ in the host immune response using pig models, and will facilitate the breeding of pigs resistant to viral diseases through molecular breeding methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Qin Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China.
| | - Xiao-Yan Jing
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Cai-Xia Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Yan-Fang Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Di Liu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, 150086, PR China.
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9
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Abstract
Purpose of review Identification of genetic variants to aid in individualized treatment of solid organ allograft recipients would improve graft survival. We will review the current state of knowledge for associations of variants with transplant outcomes. Recent findings Many studies have yet to exhibit robust and reproducible results, however, pharmacogenomic studies focusing on cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, transporters and HLA variants have shown strong associations with outcomes and have relevance towards drugs used in transplant. Genome wide association study data for the immunosuppressant tacrolimus have identified multiple variants in the CYP3A5 gene associated with trough concentrations. Additionally, APOL1 variants had been shown to confer risk to the development of end stage renal disease in African Americans. Summary The field is rapidly evolving and new technology such as next generation sequencing, along with larger cohorts, will soon be commonly applied in transplantation to understand genetic association with outcomes and personalized medicine.
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10
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Modification of single-nucleotide polymorphism in a fully humanized CYP3A mouse by genome editing technology. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15189. [PMID: 29123154 PMCID: PMC5680201 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15033-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450, family 3, subfamily A (CYP3A) enzymes metabolize approximately 50% of commercially available drugs. Recently, we developed fully humanized transchromosomic (Tc) CYP3A mice with the CYP3A cluster including CYP3A4, CYP3A5, CYP3A7, and CYP3A43. Our humanized CYP3A mice have the CYP3A5*3 (g.6986G) allele, resulting in the almost absence of CYP3A5 protein expression in the liver and intestine. To produce model mice for predicting CYP3A5′s contribution to pharmacokinetics, we performed a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) modification of CYP3A5 (g.6986G to A, *3 to *1) on the CYP3A cluster using genome editing in both mouse ES cells and fertilized eggs, and produced humanized CYP3A5*1 mice recapitulating the CYP3A5*1 carrier phenotype in humans. The humanized CYP3A mouse with CYP3A5*1 is the first Tc mouse for predicting the SNP effect on pharmacokinetics in humans. The combination of Tc technology and genome editing enables the production of useful humanized models that reflect humans with different SNPs.
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11
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Dorr CR, Oetting WS, Jacobson PA, Israni AK. Genetics of acute rejection after kidney transplantation. Transpl Int 2017; 31:263-277. [PMID: 29030886 DOI: 10.1111/tri.13084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of acute rejection (AR) following kidney transplantation has improved in recent years, but there are still limitations to successful outcomes. This review article covers literature in regard to recipient and donor genetics of AR kidney and secondarily of liver allografts. Many candidate gene and some genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have been conducted for AR in kidney transplantation. Genetic associations with AR in kidney and liver are mostly weak, and in most cases, the associations have not been reproducible. A limitation in the study of AR is the lack of sufficiently large populations that account for population stratification to study the AR phenotype which in this era occurs in <10% of transplants. Furthermore, the AR phenotype has been difficult to define and the definitions of classifications have evolved over time. Literature related to the pharmacogenomics of tacrolimus is robust and has been validated in many studies. Associations between gene expression and AR are emerging as markers of outcomes and AR classification. In the future, combinations of pretransplant genotype for AR risk prediction, genotype-based immune suppressant dosing, and pharmacogenomic markers to select AR maintenance or treatment and expression markers from biopsies may provide valuable clinical tools for guiding treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey R Dorr
- Department of Nephrology, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - William S Oetting
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Pamala A Jacobson
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Ajay K Israni
- Department of Nephrology, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Medicine, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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12
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Dorr CR, Remmel RP, Muthusamy A, Fisher J, Moriarity BS, Yasuda K, Wu B, Guan W, Schuetz EG, Oetting WS, Jacobson PA, Israni AK. CRISPR/Cas9 Genetic Modification of CYP3A5 *3 in HuH-7 Human Hepatocyte Cell Line Leads to Cell Lines with Increased Midazolam and Tacrolimus Metabolism. Drug Metab Dispos 2017; 45:957-965. [PMID: 28533324 PMCID: PMC5518718 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.117.076307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 engineering of the CYP3A5 *3 locus (rs776746) in human liver cell line HuH-7 (CYP3A5 *3/*3) has led to three CYP3A5 *1 cell lines by deletion of the exon 3B splice junction or point mutation. Cell lines CYP3A5 *1/*3 sd (single deletion), CYP3A5 *1/*1 dd (double deletion), or CYP3A5 *1/*3 pm (point mutation) expressed the CYP3A5 *1 mRNA and had elevated CYP3A5 mRNA (P < 0.0005 for all engineered cell lines) and protein expression compared with HuH-7. In metabolism assays, HuH-7 had less tacrolimus (all P < 0.05) or midazolam (MDZ) (all P < 0.005) disappearance than all engineered cell lines. HuH-7 had less 1-OH MDZ (all P < 0.0005) or 4-OH (all P < 0.005) production in metabolism assays than all bioengineered cell lines. We confirmed CYP3A5 metabolic activity with the CYP3A4 selective inhibitor CYP3CIDE. This is the first report of genomic CYP3A5 bioengineering in human cell lines with drug metabolism analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey R Dorr
- Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Rory P Remmel
- Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Amutha Muthusamy
- Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - James Fisher
- Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Branden S Moriarity
- Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Kazuto Yasuda
- Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Baolin Wu
- Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Weihua Guan
- Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Erin G Schuetz
- Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - William S Oetting
- Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Pamala A Jacobson
- Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Ajay K Israni
- Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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13
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Annalora AJ, Marcus CB, Iversen PL. Alternative Splicing in the Cytochrome P450 Superfamily Expands Protein Diversity to Augment Gene Function and Redirect Human Drug Metabolism. Drug Metab Dispos 2017; 45:375-389. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.116.073254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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14
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Fisher DL, Plange-Rhule J, Moreton M, Eastwood JB, Kerry SM, Micah F, Johnston A, Cappuccio FP, MacPhee IAM. CYP3A5 as a candidate gene for hypertension: no support from an unselected indigenous West African population. J Hum Hypertens 2016; 30:778-782. [DOI: 10.1038/jhh.2016.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Sanghavi K, Brundage RC, Miller MB, Schladt DP, Israni AK, Guan W, Oetting WS, Mannon RB, Remmel RP, Matas AJ, Jacobson PA. Genotype-guided tacrolimus dosing in African-American kidney transplant recipients. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2015; 17:61-68. [PMID: 26667830 PMCID: PMC4909584 DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2015.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tacrolimus is dependent on CYP3A5 enzyme for metabolism. Expression of the CYP3A5 enzyme is controlled by several alleles including CYP3A5*1, CYP3A5*3, CYP3A5*6 and CYP3A5*7. African Americans (AAs) have on average higher tacrolimus dose requirements than Caucasians; however, some have requirements similar to Caucasians. Studies in AAs have primarily evaluated the CYP3A5*3 variant; however, there are other common nonfunctional variants in AAs (CYP3A5*6 and CYP3A5*7) that do not occur in Caucasians. These variants are associated with lower dose requirements and may explain why some AAs are metabolically similar to Caucasians. We created a tacrolimus clearance model in 354 AAs using a development and validation cohort. Time after transplant, steroid and antiviral use, age and CYP3A5*1, *3, *6 and *7 alleles were significant toward clearance. This study is the first to develop an AA-specific genotype-guided tacrolimus dosing model to personalize therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sanghavi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - R C Brundage
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - M B Miller
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - D P Schladt
- Department of Nephrology and Chronic Disease Research Group, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Hennepin County Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - A K Israni
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - W Guan
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - W S Oetting
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - R B Mannon
- Department of Nephrology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - R P Remmel
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - A J Matas
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - P A Jacobson
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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Vyhlidal CA, Pearce RE, Gaedigk R, Calamia JC, Shuster DL, Thummel KE, Leeder JS. Variability in Expression of CYP3A5 in Human Fetal Liver. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:1286-93. [PMID: 25979262 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.064998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) subfamily of drug metabolizing enzymes exhibit developmental changes in expression in human liver characterized by a transition between CYP3A7 and CYP3A4 over the first few years of life. In contrast, the developmental expression of CYP3A5 is less well understood due to polymorphic expression of the enzyme in human tissues as a result of the prevalence of the CYP3A5*3 allele, which leads to alternative splicing. We further explored the expression of CYP3A5 and the impact of alternative splicing on the variability of CYP3A5 functional activity in a large bank of human prenatal liver samples (7 to 32 weeks of age postconception). The expression of normally spliced CYP3A5 mRNA in all human fetal liver samples varied 235-fold whereas CYP3A5 SV1 mRNA was only detected in fetal liver samples with at least one CYP3A5*3 allele. Formation of 1'-OH midazolam (MDZ) varied 79-fold, and the ratio of 1'-OH MDZ to 4-OH MDZ varied 8-fold and depended on the presence or absence of the CYP3A5*3 allele. Formation of 4-OH MDZ was significantly associated with 1'-OH MDZ (r(2) = 0.76, P < 0.0001) but varied (36-fold) independently of CYP3A5 genotype or expression. The substantial interindividual variability that remains even after stratification for CYP3A5 genotype suggests that factors such as environmental exposure and epigenetic alterations act in addition to genetic variation to contribute to the variability of CYP3A5 expression in human prenatal liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie A Vyhlidal
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Innovation, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri (C.A.V., R.E.P., R.G., J.S.L.); Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (J.C.C., D.L.S., K.E.T.)
| | - Robin E Pearce
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Innovation, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri (C.A.V., R.E.P., R.G., J.S.L.); Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (J.C.C., D.L.S., K.E.T.)
| | - Roger Gaedigk
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Innovation, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri (C.A.V., R.E.P., R.G., J.S.L.); Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (J.C.C., D.L.S., K.E.T.)
| | - Justina C Calamia
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Innovation, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri (C.A.V., R.E.P., R.G., J.S.L.); Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (J.C.C., D.L.S., K.E.T.)
| | - Diana L Shuster
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Innovation, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri (C.A.V., R.E.P., R.G., J.S.L.); Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (J.C.C., D.L.S., K.E.T.)
| | - Kenneth E Thummel
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Innovation, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri (C.A.V., R.E.P., R.G., J.S.L.); Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (J.C.C., D.L.S., K.E.T.)
| | - J Steven Leeder
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Innovation, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri (C.A.V., R.E.P., R.G., J.S.L.); Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington (J.C.C., D.L.S., K.E.T.)
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Abstract
CYP3A ranks among the most abundant cytochrome P450 enzymes in the liver, playing a dominant role in metabolic elimination of clinically used drugs. A main member in CYP3A family, CYP3A4 expression and activity vary considerably among individuals, attributable to genetic and non-genetic factors, affecting drug dosage and efficacy. However, the extent of genetic influence has remained unclear. This review assesses current knowledge on the genetic factors influencing CYP3A4 activity. Coding region CYP3A4 polymorphisms are rare and account for only a small portion of inter-person variability in CYP3A metabolism. Except for the promoter allele CYP3A4*1B with ambiguous effect on expression, common CYP3A4 regulatory polymorphisms were thought to be lacking. Recent studies have identified a relatively common regulatory polymorphism, designated CYP3A4*22 with robust effects on hepatic CYP3A4 expression. Combining CYP3A4*22 with CYP3A5 alleles *1, *3 and *7 has promise as a biomarker predicting overall CYP3A activity. Also contributing to variable expression, the role of polymorphisms in transcription factors and microRNAs is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danxin Wang
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-614-292-7336; Fax: +1-614-292-7232
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Jamil K, Subhani S, Atilli S. Association of CYP3A4*1B and CYP3A5*3 genetic polymorphisms with lung cancer and its impact on taxane metabolism in Indian population. ACTA MEDICA INTERNATIONAL 2015. [DOI: 10.5530/ami.2015.2.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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KUANG ZEMIN, HUANG ZHIJUN, LI YING, YANG GUOPING, LIU MEILIN, YUAN HONG. Overexpression of CYP3A5 attenuates inducibility and activity of CYP3A4 in HepG2 cells. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:2868-74. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.3022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Zancanella V, Giantin M, Dacasto M. Absolute quantification and modulation of cytochrome P450 3A isoforms in cattle liver. Vet J 2014; 202:106-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Ali HO, Stavik B, Dørum E, Iversen N, Sandset PM, Skretting G. Oestrogen induced downregulation of TFPI expression is mediated by ERα. Thromb Res 2014; 134:138-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2014.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Hatano M, Umemura M, Kimura N, Yamazaki T, Takeda H, Nakano H, Takahashi S, Takahashi Y. The 5'-untranslated region regulates ATF5 mRNA stability via nonsense-mediated mRNA decay in response to environmental stress. FEBS J 2013; 280:4693-707. [PMID: 23876217 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that activating transcription factor 5 (ATF5) mRNA increases in response to amino acid limitation, and that this increase is dependent on mRNA stabilization. The ATF5 gene allows transcription of mRNAs with two alternative 5'-UTRs, 5'-UTRα and 5'-UTRβ, derived from exon 1α and exon 1β. 5'-UTRα contains the upstream open reading frames uORF1 and uORF2. Phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2α during the integrated stress response had been previously shown to lead to bypassing of uORF2 translation and production of ATF5 protein. Translation of uORF2 is expected to result in translational termination at a position 125 nucleotides upstream of the exon junction, and this fits the criterion of a nonsense-mediated decay target mRNA. We investigated the potential role of 5'-UTRα in the control of mRNA stabilization, and found that 5'-UTRα reduced the stability of ATF5 mRNA. 5'-UTRα-regulated destabilization of mRNA was suppressed by knockdown of the nonsense-mediated decay factors Upf1 and Upf2. Mutation of the downstream AUG (uAUG2) rendered mRNA refractory to Upf1 and Upf2 knockdown. Moreover, 5'-UTRα-regulated down-regulation was hindered by amino acid limitation and tunicamycin treatment, and stress-induced phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2α was involved in stabilization of ATF5 mRNA. These studies show that ATF5 mRNA is a naturally occurring normal mRNA target of nonsense-mediated decay, and provide evidence for linkage between stress-regulated translational regulation and the mRNA decay pathway. This linkage constitutes a mechanism that regulates expression of stress response genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Hatano
- Laboratory of Environmental Molecular Physiology, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Japan
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Bains RK, Kovacevic M, Plaster CA, Tarekegn A, Bekele E, Bradman NN, Thomas MG. Molecular diversity and population structure at the Cytochrome P450 3A5 gene in Africa. BMC Genet 2013; 14:34. [PMID: 23641907 PMCID: PMC3655848 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-14-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cytochrome P450 3A5 (CYP3A5) is an enzyme involved in the metabolism of many therapeutic drugs. CYP3A5 expression levels vary between individuals and populations, and this contributes to adverse clinical outcomes. Variable expression is largely attributed to four alleles, CYP3A5*1 (expresser allele); CYP3A5*3 (rs776746), CYP3A5*6 (rs10264272) and CYP3A5*7 (rs41303343) (low/non-expresser alleles). Little is known about CYP3A5 variability in Africa, a region with considerable genetic diversity. Here we used a multi-disciplinary approach to characterize CYP3A5 variation in geographically and ethnically diverse populations from in and around Africa, and infer the evolutionary processes that have shaped patterns of diversity in this gene. We genotyped 2538 individuals from 36 diverse populations in and around Africa for common low/non-expresser CYP3A5 alleles, and re-sequenced the CYP3A5 gene in five Ethiopian ethnic groups. We estimated the ages of low/non-expresser CYP3A5 alleles using a linked microsatellite and assuming a step-wise mutation model of evolution. Finally, we examined a hypothesis that CYP3A5 is important in salt retention adaptation by performing correlations with ecological data relating to aridity for the present day, 10,000 and 50,000 years ago. Results We estimate that ~43% of individuals within our African dataset express CYP3A5, which is lower than previous independent estimates for the region. We found significant intra-African variability in CYP3A5 expression phenotypes. Within Africa the highest frequencies of high-activity alleles were observed in equatorial and Niger-Congo speaking populations. Ethiopian allele frequencies were intermediate between those of other sub-Saharan African and non-African groups. Re-sequencing of CYP3A5 identified few additional variants likely to affect CYP3A5 expression. We estimate the ages of CYP3A5*3 as ~76,400 years and CYP3A5*6 as ~218,400 years. Finally we report that global CYP3A5 expression levels correlated significantly with aridity measures for 10,000 [Spearmann’s Rho= −0.465, p=0.004] and 50,000 years ago [Spearmann’s Rho= −0.379, p=0.02]. Conclusions Significant intra-African diversity at the CYP3A5 gene is likely to contribute to multiple pharmacogenetic profiles across the continent. Significant correlations between CYP3A5 expression phenotypes and aridity data are consistent with a hypothesis that the enzyme is important in salt-retention adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ripudaman K Bains
- Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Darwin Building, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
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Association of cytochrome P450 genetic polymorphisms with neoadjuvant chemotherapy efficacy in breast cancer patients. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2012; 13:45. [PMID: 22702493 PMCID: PMC3458973 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-13-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Background The enzymes of the cytochrome P450 family (CYPs) play an important role in the metabolism of a great variety of anticancer agents; therefore, polymorphisms in genes encoding for metabolizing enzymes and drugs transporters can affect drug efficacy and toxicity. Methods The genetic polymorphisms of cytochrome P450 were studied in 395 patients with breast cancer by RLFP analysis. Results Here, we studied the association of functionally significant variant alleles of CYP3A4, CYP3A5, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 with the clinical response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer patients. A significant correlation was observed between the CYP2C9*2 polymorphism and chemotherapy resistance (OR = 4.64; CI 95% = 1.01 – 20.91), as well as between CYP2C9*2 heterozygotes and chemotherapy resistance in women with nodal forms of breast cancer and a cancer hereditary load (OR = 15.50; CI 95% = 1.08 – 826.12) when the potential combined effects were examined. No significant association between chemotherapy resistance and the other examined genotypes and the potential combined clinical and tumour-related parameters were discovered. Conclusion In conclusion, CYP2C9*2 was associated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy resistance (OR = 4.64; CI 95% = 1.01 – 20.91) in the population of interest.
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25
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Jakovski K, Kapedanovska Nestorovska A, Labacevski N, J. Dimovski A. Frequency of the most common CYP3A5 polymorphisms in the healthy population of the Republic of Macedonia. MAKEDONSKO FARMACEVTSKI BILTEN 2012. [DOI: 10.33320/maced.pharm.bull.2012.58.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic polymorphism affecting the CYP3A5 enzyme is responsible for inter-individual and interethnic variability in the metabolism of CYP3A5 substrates. The aim of this study was to analyze the distribution of the most common CYP3A5*3 allelic variants in the healthy population of R. Macedonia and to investigate if the allelic frequency falls within the assumed range for European Caucasians. The total of 174 healthy volunteers from the general population were included. The genotyping of the CYP3A5*3 variant alleles, *3A (rs15524) and *3E (rs28365095), was performed with Real-Time PCR based on the allelic discrimination method using a TaqMan SNP genotyping assay according to the manufacturer’s instructions. The CYP3A5*3 allele is abundantly present displaying an allelic frequency of 0.922. We estimate that 0.82 of the Macedonian population are homozygotes for the variant and do not have a CYP3A5 enzymatic activity. Our study demonstrated a high prevalence of CYP3A5*3 allele in the Macedonian population. The distribution of CYP3A5 alleles was similar to that found in other European Caucasians. As the goals of personalized medicine are beginning to be realized, this provides basic
information on the CYP3A5 allele frequency for the future pharmacogenetic research in R. Macedonia.
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Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Recently-discovered tonicity-dependence of human CYP3A expression in vitro may be a novel mechanism of CYP3A regulation in the intestinal epithelia, which exists in a dynamic osmotic environment influenced by food intake. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW A combination of focused and comprehensive literature searches to identify any relevant reports using Medline (from 1950 to 7 November 2009) through the OVID system. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN An update on current knowledge on osmotic environment in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and its impact on intestinal CYP3A expression and function with special emphasis on the tonicity-sensitive transcription factor nuclear factor of activated T cells 5 (NFAT5). TAKE HOME MESSAGE In vitro hypertonicity of ambient osmotic environment in cultured human cells increases expression of CYP3A through transcriptional enhancement by osmosensitive NFAT5. Although post-prandial osmolality in the GI lumen in vivo is substantially increased, NFAT5 activation has not been reported. Similarly, high-salt diet increases intestinal CYP3A function in humans, but it is not known whether these changes are mediated directly by NFAT5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew I Chuang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Coto E, Tavira B, Marín R, Ortega F, López-Larrea C, Ruiz-Ortega M, Ortiz A, Díaz M, Corao AI, Alonso B, Alvarez V. Functional polymorphisms in the CYP3A4, CYP3A5, and CYP21A2 genes in the risk for hypertension in pregnancy. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 397:576-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Sakai N, Ishizuka M. Impact of rat P450 genetic polymorphism on diazepam metabolism. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2009; 5:1421-33. [DOI: 10.1517/17425250903207002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Two molecular pathways (NMD and ERAD) contribute to a genetic epilepsy associated with the GABA(A) receptor GABRA1 PTC mutation, 975delC, S326fs328X. J Neurosci 2009; 29:2833-44. [PMID: 19261879 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4512-08.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Approximately one-third of human genetic diseases are caused by premature translation-termination codon (PTC)-generating mutations. These mutations in sodium channel and GABA(A) receptor genes have been associated with idiopathic generalized epilepsies, but the cellular consequences of the PTCs on the mutant channel subunit biogenesis and function are unknown. The PTCs could result in translation of a truncated subunit, or more likely, trigger mRNA degradation through nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD), thus preventing or reducing production of mutant subunit at the transcriptional level. The GABA(A) receptor alpha1 subunit mutation, 975delC, S326fs328X, is an autosomal dominant mutation associated with childhood absence epilepsy that generates a PTC in exon 8 of the 9 exon GABRA1 gene that is 74 bp upstream of intron 8. Using an intron 8-inclusion minigene that supports NMD, we demonstrated that mutant mRNA was substantially reduced, but not absent. Loss of mutant transcripts was blocked by ribosome inhibition or by silencing the NMD-essential gene hUPF-1. In both neurons and non-neuronal cells, the PTC caused substantial loss of mutant alpha1(S326fs328X) subunit mRNA through NMD with a minor portion of the mRNA escaping NMD and producing a mutant protein. The translated mutant protein had reduced stability due to endoplasmic reticulum associated degradation (ERAD) and had enhanced association with molecular chaperones. This study suggests that loss of mRNA due to activation of NMD and activation of ERAD by the mutant protein may contribute to epileptogenesis. The molecular mechanisms outlined here delineate a model for the pathogenesis of many PTC-generating mutations.
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Sadee W. Drug therapy and personalized health care: pharmacogenomics in perspective. Pharm Res 2008; 25:2713-9. [PMID: 18726676 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-008-9702-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2008] [Accepted: 08/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Sadee
- Department of Pharmacology, Program in Pharmacogenomics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210-1239, USA.
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Pelkonen O, Turpeinen M, Hakkola J, Honkakoski P, Hukkanen J, Raunio H. Inhibition and induction of human cytochrome P450 enzymes: current status. Arch Toxicol 2008; 82:667-715. [PMID: 18618097 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-008-0332-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 374] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2008] [Accepted: 06/16/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Variability of drug metabolism, especially that of the most important phase I enzymes or cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, is an important complicating factor in many areas of pharmacology and toxicology, in drug development, preclinical toxicity studies, clinical trials, drug therapy, environmental exposures and risk assessment. These frequently enormous consequences in mind, predictive and pre-emptying measures have been a top priority in both pharmacology and toxicology. This means the development of predictive in vitro approaches. The sound prediction is always based on the firm background of basic research on the phenomena of inhibition and induction and their underlying mechanisms; consequently the description of these aspects is the purpose of this review. We cover both inhibition and induction of CYP enzymes, always keeping in mind the basic mechanisms on which to build predictive and preventive in vitro approaches. Just because validation is an essential part of any in vitro-in vivo extrapolation scenario, we cover also necessary in vivo research and findings in order to provide a proper view to justify in vitro approaches and observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olavi Pelkonen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, PO Box 5000 (Aapistie 5 B), 90014 Oulu, Finland.
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Khoo B, Roca X, Chew SL, Krainer AR. Antisense oligonucleotide-induced alternative splicing of the APOB mRNA generates a novel isoform of APOB. BMC Mol Biol 2007; 8:3. [PMID: 17233885 PMCID: PMC1784105 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2199-8-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2006] [Accepted: 01/17/2007] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Apolipoprotein B (APOB) is an integral part of the LDL, VLDL, IDL, Lp(a) and chylomicron lipoprotein particles. The APOB pre-mRNA consists of 29 constitutively-spliced exons. APOB exists as two natural isoforms: the full-length APOB100 isoform, assembled into LDL, VLDL, IDL and Lp(a) and secreted by the liver in humans; and the C-terminally truncated APOB48, assembled into chylomicrons and secreted by the intestine in humans. Down-regulation of APOB100 is a potential therapy to lower circulating LDL and cholesterol levels. Results We investigated the ability of 2'O-methyl RNA antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) to induce the skipping of exon 27 in endogenous APOB mRNA in HepG2 cells. These ASOs are directed towards the 5' and 3' splice-sites of exon 27, the branch-point sequence (BPS) of intron 26–27 and several predicted exonic splicing enhancers within exon 27. ASOs targeting either the 5' or 3' splice-site, in combination with the BPS, are the most effective. The splicing of other alternatively spliced genes are not influenced by these ASOs, suggesting that the effects seen are not due to non-specific changes in alternative splicing. The skip 27 mRNA is translated into a truncated isoform, APOB87SKIP27. Conclusion The induction of APOB87SKIP27 expression in vivo should lead to decreased LDL and cholesterol levels, by analogy to patients with hypobetalipoproteinemia. As intestinal APOB mRNA editing and APOB48 expression rely on sequences within exon 26, exon 27 skipping should not affect APOB48 expression unlike other methods of down-regulating APOB100 expression which also down-regulate APOB48.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Khoo
- Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Xavier Roca
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
| | - Shern L Chew
- Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Adrian R Krainer
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, New York 11724, USA
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Turman CM, Hatley JM, Ryder DJ, Ravindranath V, Strobel HW. Alternative splicing within the human cytochrome P450 superfamily with an emphasis on the brain: the convolution continues. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2006; 2:399-418. [PMID: 16863442 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2.3.399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The human cytochrome P450 (CYP) superfamily of enzymes regulate hepatic phase 1 drug metabolism and subsequently play a significant role in pharmacokinetics, drug discovery and drug development. Alternative splicing of the cytochrome CYP gene transcripts enhances gene diversity and may play a role in transcriptional regulation of certain CYP proteins. Tissue-specific alternative splicing of CYPs is significant for its potential to add greater dimension to differential drug metabolism in hepatic and extrahepatic tissues, such as the brain, and to our understanding of the CYP family. This review provides an overview of tissue-specific splicing patterns, splicing types, regulation and the functional diversities between liver and splice variant CYP proteins and further explores the relevance of tissue-specific alternative splicing of CYPs in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheri M Turman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, 6431 Fannin, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Uno Y, Fujino H, Kito G, Kamataki T, Nagata R. CYP2C76, a Novel Cytochrome P450 in Cynomolgus Monkey, Is a Major CYP2C in Liver, Metabolizing Tolbutamide and Testosterone. Mol Pharmacol 2006; 70:477-86. [PMID: 16648389 DOI: 10.1124/mol.106.022673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Monkeys are widely used as a primate model to study drug metabolism because they generally show a metabolic pattern similar to humans. However, the paucity of information on cytochrome P450 (P450) genes has hampered a deep understanding of drug metabolism in the monkey. In this study, we report identification of the CYP2C76 cDNA newly identified in cynomolgus monkey and characterization of this CYP2C along with cynomolgus CYP2C20, CYP2C43, and CYP2C75. The CYP2C76 cDNA contains the open reading frame encoding a protein of 489 amino acids that are only approximately 80% identical to any human or monkey P450 cDNAs. Gene and protein expression of CYP2C76 was confirmed in the liver of cynomolgus and rhesus monkeys but not in humans or the great apes. Moreover, CYP2C76 is located at the end of the CYP2C gene cluster in the monkey genome, the region of which corresponds to the intergenic region adjacent to the CYP2C cluster in the human genome, strongly indicating that this gene does not have the ortholog in humans. Among the four CYP2C genes expressing predominantly in the liver, the expression level of CYP2C76 was the greatest, suggesting that CYP2C76 is a major CYP2C in the monkey liver. Assays for the capacity of CYP2C76 to metabolize drugs using several substrates typical for human CYP2Cs revealed that CYP2C76 showed unique metabolic activity. These results suggest that CYP2C76 contributes to overall drug-metabolizing activity in the monkey liver and might account for species difference occasionally seen in drug metabolism between monkeys and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Uno
- Laboratory of Translational Research, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 14 Nishi 6, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0812, Japan.
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Abstract
Human biodiversity or individual traits are not well explained by exonic mutations of all 20,000 known human genes. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that not all noncoding regions are junk DNA sequences, and that some functionally important noncoding variants contribute significantly to altered gene expression, qualitatively or quantitatively. Thus, functional profiling or clinical relevance of noncoding variations should not be underestimated or ignored. To validate these concepts, some important examples are discussed further in this short review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Ji Wang
- China Pharmaceutical University, Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, 1 Shennong Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210038, People's Republic of China
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