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Williams LA, Hamilton MC, Edin ML, Lih FB, Eccles-Miller JA, Tharayil N, Leonard E, Baldwin WS. Increased Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) Toxicity and Accumulation Is Associated with Perturbed Prostaglandin Metabolism and Increased Organic Anion Transport Protein (OATP) Expression. TOXICS 2024; 12:106. [PMID: 38393201 PMCID: PMC10893382 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12020106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) is a widespread environmental pollutant with a long half-life and clearly negative outcomes on metabolic diseases such as fatty liver disease and diabetes. Male and female Cyp2b-null and humanized CYP2B6-transgenic (hCYP2B6-Tg) mice were treated with 0, 1, or 10 mg/kg/day PFOS for 21 days, and surprisingly it was found that PFOS was retained at greater concentrations in the serum and liver of hCYP2B6-Tg mice than those of Cyp2b-null mice, with greater differences in the females. Thus, Cyp2b-null and hCYP2B6-Tg mice provide new models for investigating individual mechanisms for PFOS bioaccumulation and toxicity. Overt toxicity was greater in hCYP2B6-Tg mice (especially females) as measured by mortality; however, steatosis occurred more readily in Cyp2b-null mice despite the lower PFOS liver concentrations. Targeted lipidomics and transcriptomics from PFOS-treated Cyp2b-null and hCYP2B6-Tg mouse livers were performed and compared to PFOS retention and serum markers of toxicity using PCA. Several oxylipins, including prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and docosahexaenoic acid metabolites, are associated or inversely associated with PFOS toxicity. Both lipidomics and transcriptomics indicate PFOS toxicity is associated with PPAR activity in all models. GO terms associated with reduced steatosis were sexually dimorphic with lipid metabolism and transport increased in females and circadian rhythm associated genes increased in males. However, we cannot rule out that steatosis was initially protective from PFOS toxicity. Moreover, several transporters are associated with increased retention, probably due to increased uptake. The strongest associations are the organic anion transport proteins (Oatp1a4-6) genes and a long-chain fatty acid transport protein (fatp1), enriched in female hCYP2B6-Tg mice. PFOS uptake was also reduced in cultured murine hepatocytes by OATP inhibitors. The role of OATP1A6 and FATP1 in PFOS transport has not been tested. In summary, Cyp2b-null and hCYP2B6-Tg mice provided unique models for estimating the importance of novel mechanisms in PFOS retention and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanie A. Williams
- Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA; (L.A.W.); (M.C.H.); (J.A.E.-M.)
| | - Matthew C. Hamilton
- Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA; (L.A.W.); (M.C.H.); (J.A.E.-M.)
| | - Matthew L. Edin
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute of Health, Research Triangle Park, Washington, NC 27709, USA; (M.L.E.); (F.B.L.)
| | - Fred B. Lih
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institute of Health, Research Triangle Park, Washington, NC 27709, USA; (M.L.E.); (F.B.L.)
| | - Jazmine A. Eccles-Miller
- Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA; (L.A.W.); (M.C.H.); (J.A.E.-M.)
| | - Nishanth Tharayil
- Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA; (N.T.); (E.L.)
| | - Elizabeth Leonard
- Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA; (N.T.); (E.L.)
| | - William S. Baldwin
- Biological Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA; (L.A.W.); (M.C.H.); (J.A.E.-M.)
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Verdura S, Encinar JA, Fernández-Arroyo S, Joven J, Cuyàs E, Bosch-Barrera J, Menendez JA. Silibinin Suppresses the Hyperlipidemic Effects of the ALK-Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Lorlatinib in Hepatic Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:9986. [PMID: 36077379 PMCID: PMC9456400 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The third-generation anaplastic lymphoma tyrosine kinase inhibitor (ALK-TKI) lorlatinib has a unique side effect profile that includes hypercholesteremia and hypertriglyceridemia in >80% of lung cancer patients. Here, we tested the hypothesis that lorlatinib might directly promote the accumulation of cholesterol and/or triglycerides in human hepatic cells. We investigated the capacity of the hepatoprotectant silibinin to modify the lipid-modifying activity of lorlatinib. To predict clinically relevant drug−drug interactions if silibinin were used to clinically manage lorlatinib-induced hyperlipidemic effects in hepatic cells, we also explored the capacity of silibinin to interact with and block CYP3A4 activity using in silico computational descriptions and in vitro biochemical assays. A semi-targeted ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography accurate mass quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization (UHPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS)-based lipidomic approach revealed that short-term treatment of hepatic cells with lorlatinib promotes the accumulation of numerous molecular species of cholesteryl esters and triglycerides. Silibinin treatment significantly protected the steady-state lipidome of hepatocytes against the hyperlipidemic actions of lorlatinib. Lipid staining confirmed the ability of lorlatinib to promote neutral lipid overload in hepatocytes upon long-term exposure, which was prevented by co-treatment with silibinin. Computational analyses and cell-free biochemical assays predicted a weak to moderate inhibitory activity of clinically relevant concentrations of silibinin against CYP3A4 when compared with recommended (rosuvastatin) and non-recommended (simvastatin) statins for lorlatinib-associated dyslipidemia. The elevated plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels in lorlatinib-treated lung cancer patients might involve primary alterations in the hepatic accumulation of lipid intermediates. Silibinin could be clinically explored to reduce the undesirable hyperlipidemic activity of lorlatinib in lung cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Verdura
- Metabolism and Cancer Group, Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE), Catalan Institute of Oncology, 17007 Girona, Spain
- Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Salt, 17190 Girona, Spain
| | - José Antonio Encinar
- Institute of Research, Development and Innovation in Biotechnology of Elche (IDiBE) and Molecular and Cell Biology Institute (IBMC), Miguel Hernández University (UMH), 03207 Elche, Spain
| | - Salvador Fernández-Arroyo
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43204 Reus, Spain
- Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica (URB-CRB), Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan, Institut d’Investigació Sanitaria Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43204 Reus, Spain
| | - Jorge Joven
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43204 Reus, Spain
- Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica (URB-CRB), Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan, Institut d’Investigació Sanitaria Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43204 Reus, Spain
| | - Elisabet Cuyàs
- Metabolism and Cancer Group, Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE), Catalan Institute of Oncology, 17007 Girona, Spain
- Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Salt, 17190 Girona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Bosch-Barrera
- Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Salt, 17190 Girona, Spain
- Medical Oncology, Catalan Institute of Oncology, 17007 Girona, Spain
- Department of Medical Sciences, Medical School, University of Girona, 17071 Girona, Spain
| | - Javier A. Menendez
- Metabolism and Cancer Group, Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE), Catalan Institute of Oncology, 17007 Girona, Spain
- Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Salt, 17190 Girona, Spain
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3
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Saran C, Fu D, Ho H, Klein A, Fallon JK, Honkakoski P, Brouwer KLR. A novel differentiated HuH-7 cell model to examine bile acid metabolism, transport and cholestatic hepatotoxicity. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14333. [PMID: 35995956 PMCID: PMC9395349 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18174-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic cell lines serve as economical and reproducible alternatives for primary human hepatocytes. However, the utility of hepatic cell lines to examine bile acid homeostasis and cholestatic toxicity is limited due to abnormal expression and function of bile acid-metabolizing enzymes, transporters, and the absence of canalicular formation. We discovered that culturing HuH-7 human hepatoma cells with dexamethasone (DEX) and 0.5% dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) for two weeks, with Matrigel overlay after one week, resulted in a shorter and improved differentiation process. These culture conditions increased the expression and function of the major bile acid uptake and efflux transporters, sodium taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide (NTCP) and the bile salt export pump (BSEP), respectively, in two-week cultures of HuH-7 cells. This in vitro model was further characterized for expression and function of bile acid-metabolizing enzymes, transporters, and cellular bile acids. Differentiated HuH-7 cells displayed a marked shift in bile acid composition and induction of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 7A1, CYP8B1, CYP3A4, and bile acid-CoA: amino acid N-acyltransferase (BAAT) mRNAs compared to control. Inhibition of taurocholate uptake and excretion after a 24-h treatment with prototypical cholestatic drugs suggests that differentiated HuH-7 cells are a suitable model to examine cholestatic hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chitra Saran
- Department of Pharmacology, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Dong Fu
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Henry Ho
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Abigail Klein
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - John K Fallon
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Paavo Honkakoski
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kim L R Brouwer
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Qin M, Xin Y, Bian Y, Yang X, Xi T, Xiong J. Phosphorylation-Induced Ubiquitination and Degradation of PXR through CDK2-TRIM21 Axis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11020264. [PMID: 35053380 PMCID: PMC8773821 DOI: 10.3390/cells11020264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pregnane X receptor (PXR) is a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily that is activated by a variety of endogenous metabolites or xenobiotics. Its downstream target genes are involved in metabolism, inflammation and processes closely related to cancer. However, the stability regulation of PXR protein resulting from post-translational modification is still largely undefined. In the present study, primary mouse hepatocytes, hepatoma HepG2 cells and HEK 293T cells were used to investigate gene expression and protein interactions. The role of kinases was evaluated by RNA interference and overexpression constructs with or without PXR phosphorylation site mutations. The activity of CYP3A4 and P-gp was determined by enzymatic and substrate accumulation assays. It was found that E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM21 mediates the ubiquitination and degradation of PXR and plays an important role in regulating the activity of PXR. On this basis, PXR phosphorylation-associated kinases were evaluated regarding regulation of the stability of PXR. We found cyclin dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) exclusively phosphorylates PXR at Ser350, promotes its disassociation with Hsp90/DNAJC7, and leads to subsequent TRIM21-mediated PXR ubiquitination and degradation. As well-known CDK inhibitors, dinaciclib and kenpaullone stabilize PXR and result in elevated expression and activity of PXR-targeted DMETs, including carboxylesterases, CYP3A4 and P-gp. The suppressed degradation of PXR by CDK2 inhibitors denotes dinaciclib-induced promotion of PXR-targeted genes. The findings of CDK2-mediated PXR degradation indicate a wide range of potential drug–drug interactions during clinical cancer therapy using CDK inhibitors and imply an alternative direction for the development of novel PXR antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyao Qin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (M.Q.); (Y.X.); (X.Y.)
| | - Yu Xin
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (M.Q.); (Y.X.); (X.Y.)
| | - Yong Bian
- Laboratory Animal Center, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210023, China;
| | - Xuan Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (M.Q.); (Y.X.); (X.Y.)
| | - Tao Xi
- Research Center of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China;
| | - Jing Xiong
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China; (M.Q.); (Y.X.); (X.Y.)
- Correspondence:
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Segovia-Zafra A, Di Zeo-Sánchez DE, López-Gómez C, Pérez-Valdés Z, García-Fuentes E, Andrade RJ, Lucena MI, Villanueva-Paz M. Preclinical models of idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (iDILI): Moving towards prediction. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:3685-3726. [PMID: 35024301 PMCID: PMC8727925 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (iDILI) encompasses the unexpected harms that prescription and non-prescription drugs, herbal and dietary supplements can cause to the liver. iDILI remains a major public health problem and a major cause of drug attrition. Given the lack of biomarkers for iDILI prediction, diagnosis and prognosis, searching new models to predict and study mechanisms of iDILI is necessary. One of the major limitations of iDILI preclinical assessment has been the lack of correlation between the markers of hepatotoxicity in animal toxicological studies and clinically significant iDILI. Thus, major advances in the understanding of iDILI susceptibility and pathogenesis have come from the study of well-phenotyped iDILI patients. However, there are many gaps for explaining all the complexity of iDILI susceptibility and mechanisms. Therefore, there is a need to optimize preclinical human in vitro models to reduce the risk of iDILI during drug development. Here, the current experimental models and the future directions in iDILI modelling are thoroughly discussed, focusing on the human cellular models available to study the pathophysiological mechanisms of the disease and the most used in vivo animal iDILI models. We also comment about in silico approaches and the increasing relevance of patient-derived cellular models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Segovia-Zafra
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Gastroenterología, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga 29071, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área Temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Daniel E. Di Zeo-Sánchez
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Gastroenterología, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - Carlos López-Gómez
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Aparato Digestivo, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga 29010, Spain
| | - Zeus Pérez-Valdés
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Gastroenterología, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - Eduardo García-Fuentes
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Aparato Digestivo, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Málaga 29010, Spain
| | - Raúl J. Andrade
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Gastroenterología, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga 29071, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área Temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - M. Isabel Lucena
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Gastroenterología, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga 29071, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red en el Área Temática de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Madrid 28029, Spain
- Platform ISCIII de Ensayos Clínicos, UICEC-IBIMA, Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - Marina Villanueva-Paz
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Gastroenterología, Servicio de Farmacología Clínica, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga 29071, Spain
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Rogers RS, Parker A, Vainer PD, Elliott E, Sudbeck D, Parimi K, Peddada VP, Howe PG, D’Ambrosio N, Ruddy G, Stackable K, Carney M, Martin L, Osterholt T, Staudinger JL. The Interface between Cell Signaling Pathways and Pregnane X Receptor. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113262. [PMID: 34831484 PMCID: PMC8617909 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly expressed in the enterohepatic system, pregnane X receptor (PXR, NR1I2) is a well-characterized nuclear receptor (NR) that regulates the expression of genes in the liver and intestines that encode key drug metabolizing enzymes and drug transporter proteins in mammals. The net effect of PXR activation is to increase metabolism and clear drugs and xenobiotics from the body, producing a protective effect and mediating clinically significant drug interaction in patients on combination therapy. The complete understanding of PXR biology is thus important for the development of safe and effective therapeutic strategies. Furthermore, PXR activation is now known to specifically transrepress the inflammatory- and nutrient-signaling pathways of gene expression, thereby providing a mechanism for linking these signaling pathways together with enzymatic drug biotransformation pathways in the liver and intestines. Recent research efforts highlight numerous post-translational modifications (PTMs) which significantly influence the biological function of PXR. However, this thrust of research is still in its infancy. In the context of gene-environment interactions, we present a review of the recent literature that implicates PXR PTMs in regulating its clinically relevant biology. We also provide a discussion of how these PTMs likely interface with each other to respond to extracellular cues to appropriately modify PXR activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S. Rogers
- Division of Basic Sciences, Farber-McIntire Campus, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kansas City University, Joplin, MO 64804, USA; (R.S.R.); (A.P.); (P.D.V.); (E.E.); (D.S.); (V.P.P.); (P.G.H.); (G.R.); (K.S.); (M.C.); (L.M.); (T.O.)
| | - Annemarie Parker
- Division of Basic Sciences, Farber-McIntire Campus, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kansas City University, Joplin, MO 64804, USA; (R.S.R.); (A.P.); (P.D.V.); (E.E.); (D.S.); (V.P.P.); (P.G.H.); (G.R.); (K.S.); (M.C.); (L.M.); (T.O.)
| | - Phill D. Vainer
- Division of Basic Sciences, Farber-McIntire Campus, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kansas City University, Joplin, MO 64804, USA; (R.S.R.); (A.P.); (P.D.V.); (E.E.); (D.S.); (V.P.P.); (P.G.H.); (G.R.); (K.S.); (M.C.); (L.M.); (T.O.)
| | - Elijah Elliott
- Division of Basic Sciences, Farber-McIntire Campus, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kansas City University, Joplin, MO 64804, USA; (R.S.R.); (A.P.); (P.D.V.); (E.E.); (D.S.); (V.P.P.); (P.G.H.); (G.R.); (K.S.); (M.C.); (L.M.); (T.O.)
| | - Dakota Sudbeck
- Division of Basic Sciences, Farber-McIntire Campus, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kansas City University, Joplin, MO 64804, USA; (R.S.R.); (A.P.); (P.D.V.); (E.E.); (D.S.); (V.P.P.); (P.G.H.); (G.R.); (K.S.); (M.C.); (L.M.); (T.O.)
| | - Kaushal Parimi
- Thomas Jefferson Independent Day School, Joplin, MO 64801, USA;
| | - Venkata P. Peddada
- Division of Basic Sciences, Farber-McIntire Campus, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kansas City University, Joplin, MO 64804, USA; (R.S.R.); (A.P.); (P.D.V.); (E.E.); (D.S.); (V.P.P.); (P.G.H.); (G.R.); (K.S.); (M.C.); (L.M.); (T.O.)
| | - Parker G. Howe
- Division of Basic Sciences, Farber-McIntire Campus, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kansas City University, Joplin, MO 64804, USA; (R.S.R.); (A.P.); (P.D.V.); (E.E.); (D.S.); (V.P.P.); (P.G.H.); (G.R.); (K.S.); (M.C.); (L.M.); (T.O.)
| | - Nick D’Ambrosio
- Division of Basic Sciences, Farber-McIntire Campus, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kansas City University, Joplin, MO 64804, USA; (R.S.R.); (A.P.); (P.D.V.); (E.E.); (D.S.); (V.P.P.); (P.G.H.); (G.R.); (K.S.); (M.C.); (L.M.); (T.O.)
| | - Gregory Ruddy
- Division of Basic Sciences, Farber-McIntire Campus, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kansas City University, Joplin, MO 64804, USA; (R.S.R.); (A.P.); (P.D.V.); (E.E.); (D.S.); (V.P.P.); (P.G.H.); (G.R.); (K.S.); (M.C.); (L.M.); (T.O.)
| | - Kaitlin Stackable
- Division of Basic Sciences, Farber-McIntire Campus, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kansas City University, Joplin, MO 64804, USA; (R.S.R.); (A.P.); (P.D.V.); (E.E.); (D.S.); (V.P.P.); (P.G.H.); (G.R.); (K.S.); (M.C.); (L.M.); (T.O.)
| | - Megan Carney
- Division of Basic Sciences, Farber-McIntire Campus, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kansas City University, Joplin, MO 64804, USA; (R.S.R.); (A.P.); (P.D.V.); (E.E.); (D.S.); (V.P.P.); (P.G.H.); (G.R.); (K.S.); (M.C.); (L.M.); (T.O.)
| | - Lauren Martin
- Division of Basic Sciences, Farber-McIntire Campus, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kansas City University, Joplin, MO 64804, USA; (R.S.R.); (A.P.); (P.D.V.); (E.E.); (D.S.); (V.P.P.); (P.G.H.); (G.R.); (K.S.); (M.C.); (L.M.); (T.O.)
| | - Thomas Osterholt
- Division of Basic Sciences, Farber-McIntire Campus, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kansas City University, Joplin, MO 64804, USA; (R.S.R.); (A.P.); (P.D.V.); (E.E.); (D.S.); (V.P.P.); (P.G.H.); (G.R.); (K.S.); (M.C.); (L.M.); (T.O.)
| | - Jeff L. Staudinger
- Division of Basic Sciences, Farber-McIntire Campus, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kansas City University, Joplin, MO 64804, USA; (R.S.R.); (A.P.); (P.D.V.); (E.E.); (D.S.); (V.P.P.); (P.G.H.); (G.R.); (K.S.); (M.C.); (L.M.); (T.O.)
- Correspondence:
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7
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Collins JM, Wang D. Co-expression of drug metabolizing cytochrome P450 enzymes and estrogen receptor alpha (ESR1) in human liver: racial differences and the regulatory role of ESR1. Drug Metab Pers Ther 2021; 36:205-214. [PMID: 33823094 DOI: 10.1515/dmpt-2020-0160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The function and expression of cytochrome P450 (CYP) drug metabolizing enzymes is highly variable, greatly affecting drug exposure, and therapeutic outcomes. The expression of these enzymes is known to be controlled by many transcription factors (TFs), including ligand-free estrogen receptor alpha (ESR1, in the absence of estrogen). However, the relationship between the expression of ESR1, other TFs, and CYP enzymes in human liver is still unclear. METHODS Using real-time PCR, we quantified the mRNA levels of 12 CYP enzymes and nine TFs in 246 human liver samples from European American (EA, n = 133) and African American (AA, n = 113) donors. RESULTS Our results showed higher expression levels of ESR1 and six CYP enzymes in EA than in AA. Partial least square regression analysis showed that ESR1 is the top-ranking TF associating with the expression of eight CYP enzymes, six of which showed racial difference in expression. Conversely, four CYP enzymes without racial difference in expression did not have ESR1 as a top-ranking TF. These results indicate that ESR1 may contribute to variation in CYP enzyme expression between these two ancestral backgrounds. CONCLUSIONS These results are consistent with our previous study showing ESR1 as a master regulator for the expression of several CYP enzymes. Therefore, factors affecting ESR1 expression may have broad influence on drug metabolism through altered expression of CYP enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Collins
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, Center for Pharmacogenomics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Danxin Wang
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, Center for Pharmacogenomics, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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8
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Hu H, Yokobori K, Negishi M. PXR phosphorylated at Ser350 transduces a glucose signal to repress the estrogen sulfotransferase gene in human liver cells and fasting signal in mouse livers. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 180:114197. [PMID: 32798464 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hepatic estrogen sulfotransferase (SULT1E1), the enzyme that inactivates estrogen, regulates metabolic estrogen homeostasis. Here, we have demonstrated how nuclear receptor PXR regulated the SULT1E1 gene in response to glucose in human hepatoma-derived cells and in response to fasting in mouse livers. The SULT1E1 gene was activated by a nuclear receptor HNF4α-RORα complex binding on an upstream enhancer of the SULT1E1 promoter in cells cultured in high glucose medium (Hu and Negishi, 2020). The SULT1E1 gene was repressed in cells cultured in low glucose medium, in which PXR was phosphorylated at Ser350 by vaccinia virus-related kinase 1. Phosphorylated PXR interacted with this complex, retaining HNF4α on and dissociating RORα from the enhancer as a phosphorylated PXR complex. Therefore, in response to low glucose, phosphorylated PXR transduced a low glucose signal to repress the SULT1E1 gene in cells. Hepatic Sult1e1 mRNA was induced in PXR wild type (WT) male mice in response to fasting, whereas this induction was synergistically increased in phosphorylation-blocking PXR Ser347Ala (Ser350 in human) KI males over that observed in PXR WT males. As phosphorylated PXR repressed the Sult1e1 gene, it increased its binding to the Sult1e1 promoter in WT males. The absence of phosphorylated PXR resulted in the synergistic activation of the Sult1e1 gene in PXR KI males. Apparently, phosphorylated PXR functioned as a transcriptional repressor to the SULT1E1/Sult1e1 gene in human liver cells and mouse livers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Hu
- Pharmacogenetics, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Kosuke Yokobori
- Pharmacogenetics, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Masahiko Negishi
- Pharmacogenetics, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States.
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9
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Negishi M, Kobayashi K, Sakuma T, Sueyoshi T. Nuclear receptor phosphorylation in xenobiotic signal transduction. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:15210-15225. [PMID: 32788213 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.rev120.007933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear pregnane X receptor (PXR, NR1I2) and constitutive active/androstane receptor (CAR, NR1I3) are nuclear receptors characterized in 1998 by their capability to respond to xenobiotics and activate cytochrome P450 (CYP) genes. An anti-epileptic drug, phenobarbital (PB), activates CAR and its target CYP2B genes, whereas PXR is activated by drugs such as rifampicin and statins for the CYP3A genes. Inevitably, both nuclear receptors have been investigated as ligand-activated nuclear receptors by identifying and characterizing xenobiotics and therapeutics that directly bind CAR and/or PXR to activate them. However, PB, which does not bind CAR directly, presented an alternative research avenue for an indirect ligand-mediated nuclear receptor activation mechanism: phosphorylation-mediated signal regulation. This review summarizes phosphorylation-based mechanisms utilized by xenobiotics to elicit cell signaling. First, the review presents how PB activates CAR (and other nuclear receptors) through a conserved phosphorylation motif located between two zinc fingers within its DNA-binding domain. PB-regulated phosphorylation at this motif enables nuclear receptors to form communication networks, integrating their functions. Next, the review discusses xenobiotic-induced PXR activation in the absence of the conserved DNA-binding domain phosphorylation motif. In this case, phosphorylation occurs at a motif located within the ligand-binding domain to transduce cell signaling that regulates hepatic energy metabolism. Finally, the review delves into the implications of xenobiotic-induced signaling through phosphorylation in disease development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Negishi
- Pharmacogenetics Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA.
| | - Kaoru Kobayashi
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, Meiji Pharmaceutical University, Kiyose, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Sakuma
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ohu University, Koriyama, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sueyoshi
- Pharmacogenetics Section, Reproductive and Developmental Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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10
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Bulutoglu B, Rey-Bedón C, Mert S, Tian L, Jang YY, Yarmush ML, Usta OB. A comparison of hepato-cellular in vitro platforms to study CYP3A4 induction. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0229106. [PMID: 32106230 PMCID: PMC7046200 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0229106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro studies of drug toxicity and drug-drug interactions are crucial for drug development efforts. Currently, the utilization of primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) is the de facto standard for this purpose, due to their functional xenobiotic response and drug metabolizing CYP450 enzyme metabolism. However, PHHs are scarce, expensive, require laborious maintenance, and exhibit lot-to-lot heterogeneity. Alternative human in vitro platforms include hepatic cell lines, which are easy to access and maintain, and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) derived hepatocytes. In this study, we provide a direct comparison of drug induced CYP3A4 and PXR expression levels of PHHs, hepatic cell lines Huh7 and HepG2, and iPSC derived hepatocyte like cells. Confluently cultured Huh7s exhibited an improved CYP3A4 expression and were inducible by up to 4.9-fold, and hepatocytes differentiated from human iPSCs displayed a 3.3-fold CYP3A4 induction. In addition, an increase in PXR expression levels was observed in both hepatic cell lines and iPSC derived hepatocytes upon rifampicin treatment, whereas a reproducible increase in PXR expression was not achieved in PHHs. Our results indicate that both hepatoma originated cell lines and iPSCs may provide alternative sources to primary hepatocytes, providing reliable and reproducible results for CYP3A4/PXR metabolism, upon in vitro maturation. This study may serve as a guide for the selection of suitable and feasible in vitro platforms for drug-drug interaction and toxicology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beyza Bulutoglu
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Camilo Rey-Bedón
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Safak Mert
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Lipeng Tian
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Institute for Cell Engineering, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Yoon-Young Jang
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Institute for Cell Engineering, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Martin L. Yarmush
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - O. Berk Usta
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
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11
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Bulutoglu B, Mert S, Rey-Bedón C, Deng SL, Yarmush ML, Usta OB. Rapid maturation of the hepatic cell line Huh7 via CDK inhibition for PXR dependent CYP450 metabolism and induction. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15848. [PMID: 31676845 PMCID: PMC6825149 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-52174-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
CYP3A4, a cytochrome P450 enzyme regulated by the nuclear receptor PXR, is involved in most of the drug metabolizing pathways. Studying the regulation/induction of CYP3A4 and PXR is critical in toxicology and drug-drug interaction (DDI) studies. Primary human hepatocytes constitute the preferred in vitro platform for drug development efforts. However, they are expensive, scarce and heterogeneous. Hepatic cell lines, such as Huh7, could provide a cost-effective alternative, however, they express negligible amounts of CYP450s and PXR. In this study, we show that dinaciclib, a potent cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor, significantly increases the basal CYP3A4 and PXR levels in 24 hours. We also demonstrated that matured Huh7s can be used for drug induction studies, where CYP3A4, CYP1A2, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19 inductions were achieved following rifampicin treatment. More importantly, through a direct demonstration using amiodarone and rifampicin as model drugs, we showed that matured Huh7s present a suitable platform for DDI studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beyza Bulutoglu
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Safak Mert
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Camilo Rey-Bedón
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Sarah L Deng
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Martin L Yarmush
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA.
| | - O Berk Usta
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Shriners Hospitals for Children, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
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12
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Meech R, Hu DG, McKinnon RA, Mubarokah SN, Haines AZ, Nair PC, Rowland A, Mackenzie PI. The UDP-Glycosyltransferase (UGT) Superfamily: New Members, New Functions, and Novel Paradigms. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:1153-1222. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00058.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGTs) catalyze the covalent addition of sugars to a broad range of lipophilic molecules. This biotransformation plays a critical role in elimination of a broad range of exogenous chemicals and by-products of endogenous metabolism, and also controls the levels and distribution of many endogenous signaling molecules. In mammals, the superfamily comprises four families: UGT1, UGT2, UGT3, and UGT8. UGT1 and UGT2 enzymes have important roles in pharmacology and toxicology including contributing to interindividual differences in drug disposition as well as to cancer risk. These UGTs are highly expressed in organs of detoxification (e.g., liver, kidney, intestine) and can be induced by pathways that sense demand for detoxification and for modulation of endobiotic signaling molecules. The functions of the UGT3 and UGT8 family enzymes have only been characterized relatively recently; these enzymes show different UDP-sugar preferences to that of UGT1 and UGT2 enzymes, and to date, their contributions to drug metabolism appear to be relatively minor. This review summarizes and provides critical analysis of the current state of research into all four families of UGT enzymes. Key areas discussed include the roles of UGTs in drug metabolism, cancer risk, and regulation of signaling, as well as the transcriptional and posttranscriptional control of UGT expression and function. The latter part of this review provides an in-depth analysis of the known and predicted functions of UGT3 and UGT8 enzymes, focused on their likely roles in modulation of levels of endogenous signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robyn Meech
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Dong Gui Hu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Ross A. McKinnon
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Siti Nurul Mubarokah
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Alex Z. Haines
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Pramod C. Nair
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Andrew Rowland
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Peter I. Mackenzie
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
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13
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Malinen MM, Ito K, Kang HE, Honkakoski P, Brouwer KLR. Protein expression and function of organic anion transporters in short-term and long-term cultures of Huh7 human hepatoma cells. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 130:186-195. [PMID: 30685239 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human-derived hepatic cell lines are a valuable alternative to primary hepatocytes for drug metabolism, transport and toxicity studies. However, their relevance for investigations of drug-drug and drug-organic anion (e.g., bile acid, steroid hormone) interactions at the transporter level remains to be established. The aim of the present study was to determine the suitability of the Huh7 cell line for transporter-dependent experiments. Huh7 cells were cultured for 1 to 4 weeks and subsequently were analyzed for protein expression, localization and activity of solute carrier (SLC) and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters involved in organic anion transport using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy, immunocytochemistry, and model substrates [3H]taurocholate (TCA), [3H]dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEAS) and 5(6)-carboxy-2',7'-dichlorofluorescein (CDF) diacetate. The extended 4-week culture resulted in a phenotype resembling primary hepatocytes and differentiated HepaRG cells: cuboidal hepatocyte-like cells with elongated bile canaliculi-like structures were surrounded by epithelium-like cells. Protein expression of OSTα, OSTβ and OATP1B3 increased over time. Moreover, the uptake of the SLC probe substrate DHEAS was higher in 4-week than in 1-week Huh7 cultures. NTCP, OATP1B1, BSEP and MRP3 were barely or not detectable in Huh7 cells. OATP2B1, MRP2 and MRP4 protein expression remained at similar levels over the four weeks of culture. The activity of MRP2 and the formation of bile canaliculi-like structures were confirmed by accumulation of CDF in the intercellular compartments. Results indicate that along with morphological maturation, transporters responsible for alternative bile acid secretion pathways are expressed and active in long-term cultures of Huh7 cells, suggesting that differentiated Huh7 cells may be suitable for studying the function and regulation of these organic anion transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melina M Malinen
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Katsuaki Ito
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; DMPK Research Department, Teijin Pharma Limited, Hino, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Hee Eun Kang
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, South Korea.
| | - Paavo Honkakoski
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Kim L R Brouwer
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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14
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Khedr MMS, Messaoudi W, Jonnalagadda US, Abdelmotelb AM, Glynne-Jones P, Hill M, Khakoo SI, Abu Hilal M. Generation of functional hepatocyte 3D discoids in an acoustofluidic bioreactor. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2019; 13:014112. [PMID: 30867882 PMCID: PMC6404912 DOI: 10.1063/1.5082603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasonic standing wave systems have previously been used for the generation of 3D constructs for a range of cell types. In the present study, we cultured cells from the human hepatoma Huh7 cell line in a Bulk Acoustic Wave field and studied their viability, their functions, and their response to the anti-cancer drug, 5 Fluorouracil (5FU). We found that cells grown in the acoustofluidic bioreactor (AFB) expressed no reduction in viability up to 6 h of exposure compared to those cultured in a conventional 2D system. In addition, constructs created in the AFB and subsequently cultured outside of it had improved functionality including higher albumin and urea production than 2D or pellet cultures. The viability of Huh7 cells grown in the ultrasound field to 5FU anti-cancer drug was comparable to that of cells cultured in the 2D system, showing rapid diffusion into the aggregate core. We have shown that AFB formed 3D cell constructs have improved functionality over the conventional 2D monolayer and could be a promising model for anti-cancer drug testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mogibelrahman M. S. Khedr
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of
Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United
Kingdom
- Faculty of Medicine, Suez Canal University,
Ismailia 41111, Egypt
| | - Walid Messaoudi
- Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical
Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United
Kingdom
| | - Umesh S. Jonnalagadda
- Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical
Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United
Kingdom
| | - Ahmed M. Abdelmotelb
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of
Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United
Kingdom
- Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta
31527, Egypt
| | - Peter Glynne-Jones
- Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical
Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United
Kingdom
| | - Martyn Hill
- Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical
Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United
Kingdom
| | - Salim I. Khakoo
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of
Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United
Kingdom
- Southampton University Hospitals NHS Trust,
Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Mohammed Abu Hilal
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences Academic Unit, Faculty of
Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United
Kingdom
- Southampton University Hospitals NHS Trust,
Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
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15
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Lewis PL, Green RM, Shah RN. 3D-printed gelatin scaffolds of differing pore geometry modulate hepatocyte function and gene expression. Acta Biomater 2018; 69:63-70. [PMID: 29317370 PMCID: PMC5831494 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Three dimensional (3D) printing is highly amenable to the fabrication of tissue-engineered organs of a repetitive microstructure such as the liver. The creation of uniform and geometrically repetitive tissue scaffolds can also allow for the control over cellular aggregation and nutrient diffusion. However, the effect of differing geometries, while controlling for pore size, has yet to be investigated in the context of hepatocyte function. In this study, we show the ability to precisely control pore geometry of 3D-printed gelatin scaffolds. An undifferentiated hepatocyte cell line (HUH7) demonstrated high viability and proliferation when seeded on 3D-printed scaffolds of two different geometries. However, hepatocyte specific functions (albumin secretion, CYP activity, and bile transport) increases in more interconnected 3D-printed gelatin cultures compared to a less interconnected geometry and to 2D controls. Additionally, we also illustrate the disparity between gene expression and protein function in simple 2D culture modes, and that recreation of a physiologically mimetic 3D environment is necessary to induce both expression and function of cultured hepatocytes. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Three dimensional (3D) printing provides tissue engineers the ability spatially pattern cells and materials in precise geometries, however the biological effects of scaffold geometry on soft tissues such as the liver have not been rigorously investigated. In this manuscript, we describe a method to 3D print gelatin into well-defined repetitive geometries that show clear differences in biological effects on seeded hepatocytes. We show that a relatively simple and widely used biomaterial, such as gelatin, can significantly modulate biological processes when fabricated into specific 3D geometries. Furthermore, this study expands upon past research into hepatocyte aggregation by demonstrating how it can be manipulated to enhance protein function, and how function and expression may not precisely correlate in 2D models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip L Lewis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States; Simpson Querrey Institute for Bionanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.
| | - Richard M Green
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.
| | - Ramille N Shah
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States; Simpson Querrey Institute for Bionanotechnology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States; Department of Surgery - Organ Transplantation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States.
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16
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Ren Z, Chen S, Ning B, Guo L. Use of Liver-Derived Cell Lines for the Study of Drug-Induced Liver Injury. METHODS IN PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7677-5_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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17
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Gotoh S, Miyauchi Y, Moore R, Negishi M. Glucose elicits serine/threonine kinase VRK1 to phosphorylate nuclear pregnane X receptor as a novel hepatic gluconeogenic signal. Cell Signal 2017; 40:200-209. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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18
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Dorr CR, Remmel RP, Muthusamy A, Fisher J, Moriarity BS, Yasuda K, Wu B, Guan W, Schuetz EG, Oetting WS, Jacobson PA, Israni AK. CRISPR/Cas9 Genetic Modification of CYP3A5 *3 in HuH-7 Human Hepatocyte Cell Line Leads to Cell Lines with Increased Midazolam and Tacrolimus Metabolism. Drug Metab Dispos 2017; 45:957-965. [PMID: 28533324 PMCID: PMC5518718 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.117.076307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 engineering of the CYP3A5 *3 locus (rs776746) in human liver cell line HuH-7 (CYP3A5 *3/*3) has led to three CYP3A5 *1 cell lines by deletion of the exon 3B splice junction or point mutation. Cell lines CYP3A5 *1/*3 sd (single deletion), CYP3A5 *1/*1 dd (double deletion), or CYP3A5 *1/*3 pm (point mutation) expressed the CYP3A5 *1 mRNA and had elevated CYP3A5 mRNA (P < 0.0005 for all engineered cell lines) and protein expression compared with HuH-7. In metabolism assays, HuH-7 had less tacrolimus (all P < 0.05) or midazolam (MDZ) (all P < 0.005) disappearance than all engineered cell lines. HuH-7 had less 1-OH MDZ (all P < 0.0005) or 4-OH (all P < 0.005) production in metabolism assays than all bioengineered cell lines. We confirmed CYP3A5 metabolic activity with the CYP3A4 selective inhibitor CYP3CIDE. This is the first report of genomic CYP3A5 bioengineering in human cell lines with drug metabolism analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey R Dorr
- Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Rory P Remmel
- Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Amutha Muthusamy
- Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - James Fisher
- Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Branden S Moriarity
- Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Kazuto Yasuda
- Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Baolin Wu
- Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Weihua Guan
- Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Erin G Schuetz
- Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - William S Oetting
- Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Pamala A Jacobson
- Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Ajay K Israni
- Molecular Epidemiology Laboratory, Minneapolis Medical Research Foundation, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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19
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Rohr-Udilova N, Klinglmüller F, Seif M, Hayden H, Bilban M, Pinter M, Stolze K, Sieghart W, Peck-Radosavljevic M, Trauner M. Oxidative stress mediates an increased formation of vascular endothelial growth factor in human hepatocarcinoma cells exposed to erlotinib. Oncotarget 2017; 8:57109-57120. [PMID: 28915658 PMCID: PMC5593629 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The tyrosine kinase inhibitor erlotinib targets the receptor of epidermal growth factor (EGFR) involved in development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Although inefficient in established HCC, erlotinib has been recently proposed for HCC chemoprevention. Since Cyp3A4 and Cyp1A2 enzymes metabolize erlotinib in the liver, the insights into the mechanisms of erlotinib effects on liver cells with maintained drug metabolizing activity are needed. We applied erlotinib to both commercially available (SNU398, Huh7) and established in Austria HCC cell lines (HCC-1.2, HCC-3). Cyp3A4 and Cyp1A2, microarray gene expression, cell viability, LDH release, DHFC fluorescence were assessed. VEGF expression was analysed by real-time RT-PCR and ELISA. Higher cumulative expression of erlotinib metabolizing enzymes was observed in HCC-1.2 and HCC-3 cells. Gene expression microarray analysis showed upregulation of VEGF signalling by erlotinib. VEGF was increased up to 134 ± 14% (n = 5, p = 0.002) in HCC-1.2, HCC-3 and Huh7 cells. Interventions by Cyp1A2 and Mek2siRNA, MEK inhibitor UO126, diphenylene iodonium, as well as a combination of N-acetylcysteine with selenium all inhibited VEGF upregulation caused by erlotinib. Thus, erlotinib increases VEGF production by mechanisms involving Cyp1A2, oxidative stress and MEK1/2. VEGF may favour angiogenesis and growth of early HCC tumours limiting the therapeutic and chemopreventive effects of erlotinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliya Rohr-Udilova
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Klinglmüller
- Center for Medical Statistics, Informatics and Intelligent Systems, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Martha Seif
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Hubert Hayden
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Bilban
- Clinical Institute for Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Matthias Pinter
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Klaus Stolze
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, A-1220 Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Sieghart
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Peck-Radosavljevic
- Clinic Klagenfurth, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, 9020 Klagenfurt am Wörthersee, Austria
| | - Michael Trauner
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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Shan E, Zhu Z, He S, Chu D, Ge D, Zhan Y, Liu W, Yang J, Xiong J. Involvement of pregnane X receptor in the suppression of carboxylesterases by metformin in vivo and in vitro, mediated by the activation of AMPK and JNK signaling pathway. Eur J Pharm Sci 2017; 102:14-23. [PMID: 28238946 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2017.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) is a complex metabolic disorder requiring polypharmacy treatment in clinic, with metformin being widely used antihyperglycemic drug. However, the mechanisms of metformin as a perpetrator inducing potential drug-drug interactions and adverse drug reactions are scarcely known to date. Carboxylesterases (CESs) are major hydrolytic enzymes highly expressed in the liver, including mouse carboxylesterase 1d (Ces1d) and Ces1e. In the present study, experiments are designed to investigate the effects and mechanisms of metformin on Ces1d and Ces1e in vivo and in vitro. In results, metformin suppresses the expression and activity of Ces1d and Ces1e in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The decreased expression of nuclear receptor PXR and its target gene P-gp indicates the involvements of PXR in the suppressed expression of carboxylesterases by metformin. Furthermore, metformin significantly suppresses the phosphorylation of AMPK and JNK, and the suppression of carboxylesterases induced by metformin is repeatedly abolished by AMPK inhibitor Compound C and JNK inhibitor SP600125. It implies that the activation of AMPK and JNK pathways mediates the suppression of carboxylesterases by metformin. The findings deserve further elucidation including clinical trials and have a potential to make contribution for the rational medication in the treatment of T2D patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enfang Shan
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Zhu Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Shuangcheng He
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Dongbao Chu
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Dinghao Ge
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Yunran Zhan
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China.
| | - Jing Xiong
- Department of Pharmacology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, China.
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21
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Correa LF, Zheng Y, Delaney AA, Khan Z, Shenoy CC, Daftary GS. TGF-β Induces Endometriotic Progression via a Noncanonical, KLF11-Mediated Mechanism. Endocrinology 2016; 157:3332-43. [PMID: 27384304 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Endometriosis, a chronic disease of heterogeneous etiopathology affects 10% of young women and is characterized by ectopic implantation of endometrial cells. Growth and spread of endometriosis lesions involves biological interplay between intrinsic lesion-driven and extrinsic host-responsive mechanisms. We propose a role for TGFβ and its target transcription factor Krüppel-like factor 11 (KLF11) in mediating such mechanisms. Although TGFβ, a pleiotropic cytokine implicated in endometriosis potentially, mediates its pathological phenotypes, KLF11 is associated with endocrine and reproductive tract diseases, specifically progression of endometriosis. In Ishikawa cells, TGFβ1 treatment resulted in noncanonical SMAD-mediated transient up-regulation and sustained repression of KLF11. KLF11 recruits histone deacetylases to epigenetically repress multiple synthetic and metabolic cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes such as CYP3A4, which affects endometrial metabolism and pathophysiology. In contrast to KLF11, TGFβ1 treatment caused transient repression and sustained activation of CYP3A4 expression. CYP3A4 increased endometrial cell proliferation and was also increased in human endometriosis lesions compared with eutopic endometrium. To determine whether dysregulation of TGFβ/Klf11/Cyp3a signaling affected endometriotic progression, we treated wild-type control and Klf11-/- mice with a Tgfβ type 1 receptor inhibitor (TGFβR1I) that inhibits Tgfβ signaling upstream of the canonical Smad proteins or a combination of TGFβR1I and a histone acetyltransferase inhibitor that additionally inhibits Klf11 signaling. Disease progression and lesional Cyp3a expression was diminished in TGFβR1I-treated animals and more so in animals treated synergistically with TGFβR1I and histone acetyltransferase inhibitor. TGFβ and KLF11 thus mediate critical, translationally relevant host and lesion-driven responses that enable establishment and progression of endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz F Correa
- Laboratory of Translational Epigenetics in Reproduction, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Ye Zheng
- Laboratory of Translational Epigenetics in Reproduction, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Abigail A Delaney
- Laboratory of Translational Epigenetics in Reproduction, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Zaraq Khan
- Laboratory of Translational Epigenetics in Reproduction, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Chandra C Shenoy
- Laboratory of Translational Epigenetics in Reproduction, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Gaurang S Daftary
- Laboratory of Translational Epigenetics in Reproduction, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
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Modulation of CYP3A4 activity alters the cytotoxicity of lipophilic phycotoxins in human hepatic HepaRG cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2016; 33:136-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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23
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Kumagai T, Aratsu Y, Sugawara R, Sasaki T, Miyairi S, Nagata K. Indirubin, a component of Ban-Lan-Gen, activates CYP3A4 gene transcription through the human pregnane X receptor. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2016; 31:139-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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24
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Shang W, Liu J, Chen R, Ning R, Xiong J, Liu W, Mao Z, Hu G, Yang J. Fluoxetine reduces CES1, CES2, and CYP3A4 expression through decreasing PXR and increasing DEC1 in HepG2 cells. Xenobiotica 2015; 46:393-405. [DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2015.1082209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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25
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Wang YM, Chai SC, Lin W, Chai X, Elias A, Wu J, Ong SS, Pondugula SR, Beard JA, Schuetz EG, Zeng S, Xie W, Chen T. Serine 350 of human pregnane X receptor is crucial for its heterodimerization with retinoid X receptor alpha and transactivation of target genes in vitro and in vivo. Biochem Pharmacol 2015; 96:357-68. [PMID: 26119819 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The human pregnane X receptor (hPXR), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, senses xenobiotics and controls the transcription of genes encoding drug-metabolizing enzymes and transporters. The regulation of hPXR's transcriptional activation of its target genes is important for xenobiotic detoxification and endobiotic metabolism, and hPXR dysregulation can cause various adverse drug effects. Studies have implicated the putative phosphorylation site serine 350 (Ser(350)) in regulating hPXR transcriptional activity, but the mechanism of regulation remains elusive. Here we investigated the transactivation of hPXR target genes in vitro and in vivo by hPXR with a phosphomimetic mutation at Ser(350) (hPXR(S350D)). The S350D phosphomimetic mutation reduced the endogenous expression of cytochrome P450 3A4 (an hPXR target gene) in HepG2 and LS180 cells. Biochemical assays and structural modeling revealed that Ser(350) of hPXR is crucial for formation of the hPXR-retinoid X receptor alpha (RXRα) heterodimer. The S350D mutation abrogated heterodimerization in a ligand-independent manner, impairing hPXR-mediated transactivation. Further, in a novel humanized transgenic mouse model expressing the hPXR(S350D) transgene, we demonstrated that the S350D mutation alone is sufficient to impair hPXR transcriptional activity in mouse liver. This transgenic mouse model provides a unique tool to investigate the regulation and function of hPXR, including its non-genomic function, in vivo. Our finding that phosphorylation regulates hPXR activity has implications for development of novel hPXR antagonists and for safety evaluation during drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue-Ming Wang
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Sergio C Chai
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Wenwei Lin
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Xiaojuan Chai
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ayesha Elias
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Su Sien Ong
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Satyanarayana R Pondugula
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Jordan A Beard
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Erin G Schuetz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Su Zeng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Drug Metabolism, Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-Cancer Drug Research, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wen Xie
- Center for Pharmacogenetics, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Taosheng Chen
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA; Integrated Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.
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26
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Pondugula SR, Flannery PC, Apte U, Babu JR, Geetha T, Rege SD, Chen T, Abbott KL. Mg2+/Mn2+-dependent phosphatase 1A is involved in regulating pregnane X receptor-mediated cytochrome p450 3A4 gene expression. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 43:385-91. [PMID: 25561723 PMCID: PMC11024896 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.062083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Variations in the expression of human pregnane X receptor (hPXR)-mediated cytochrome p450 3A4 (CYP3A4) in liver can alter therapeutic response to a variety of drugs and may lead to potential adverse drug interactions. We sought to determine whether Mg(2+)/Mn(2+)-dependent phosphatase 1A (PPM1A) regulates hPXR-mediated CYP3A4 expression. PPM1A was found to be coimmunoprecipitated with hPXR. Genetic or pharmacologic activation of PPM1A led to a significant increase in hPXR transactivation of CYP3A4 promoter activity. In contrast, knockdown of endogenous PPM1A not only attenuated hPXR transactivation, but also increased proliferation of HepG2 human liver carcinoma cells, suggesting that PPM1A expression levels regulate hPXR, and that PPM1A expression is regulated in a proliferation-dependent manner. Indeed, PPM1A expression and hPXR transactivation were found to be significantly reduced in subconfluent HepG2 cells compared with confluent HepG2 cells, suggesting that both PPM1A expression and hPXR-mediated CYP3A4 expression may be downregulated in proliferating livers. Elevated PPM1A levels led to attenuation of hPXR inhibition by tumor necrosis factor-α and cyclin-dependent kinase-2, which are known to be upregulated and essential during liver regeneration. In mouse regenerating livers, similar to subconfluent HepG2 cells, expression of both PPM1A and the mouse PXR target gene cyp3a11 was found to be downregulated. Our results show that PPM1A can positively regulate PXR activity by counteracting PXR inhibitory signaling pathways that play a major role in liver regeneration. These results implicate a novel role for PPM1A in regulating hPXR-mediated CYP3A4 expression in hepatocytes and may explain a mechanism for CYP3A repression in regenerating livers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyanarayana R Pondugula
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology (S.R.P., P.C.F., K.L.A.) and Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Hospitality Management (J.R.B., S.D.R.), Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama; Department of Chemistry (T.G.), Auburn University at Montgomery, Montgomery, Alabama; Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics (T.C.), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee; and Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics (U.A.), University of Kansas, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Patrick C Flannery
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology (S.R.P., P.C.F., K.L.A.) and Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Hospitality Management (J.R.B., S.D.R.), Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama; Department of Chemistry (T.G.), Auburn University at Montgomery, Montgomery, Alabama; Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics (T.C.), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee; and Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics (U.A.), University of Kansas, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Udayan Apte
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology (S.R.P., P.C.F., K.L.A.) and Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Hospitality Management (J.R.B., S.D.R.), Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama; Department of Chemistry (T.G.), Auburn University at Montgomery, Montgomery, Alabama; Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics (T.C.), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee; and Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics (U.A.), University of Kansas, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Jeganathan Ramesh Babu
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology (S.R.P., P.C.F., K.L.A.) and Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Hospitality Management (J.R.B., S.D.R.), Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama; Department of Chemistry (T.G.), Auburn University at Montgomery, Montgomery, Alabama; Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics (T.C.), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee; and Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics (U.A.), University of Kansas, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Thangiah Geetha
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology (S.R.P., P.C.F., K.L.A.) and Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Hospitality Management (J.R.B., S.D.R.), Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama; Department of Chemistry (T.G.), Auburn University at Montgomery, Montgomery, Alabama; Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics (T.C.), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee; and Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics (U.A.), University of Kansas, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Shraddha D Rege
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology (S.R.P., P.C.F., K.L.A.) and Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Hospitality Management (J.R.B., S.D.R.), Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama; Department of Chemistry (T.G.), Auburn University at Montgomery, Montgomery, Alabama; Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics (T.C.), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee; and Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics (U.A.), University of Kansas, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Taosheng Chen
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology (S.R.P., P.C.F., K.L.A.) and Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Hospitality Management (J.R.B., S.D.R.), Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama; Department of Chemistry (T.G.), Auburn University at Montgomery, Montgomery, Alabama; Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics (T.C.), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee; and Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics (U.A.), University of Kansas, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Kodye L Abbott
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Pharmacology (S.R.P., P.C.F., K.L.A.) and Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Hospitality Management (J.R.B., S.D.R.), Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama; Department of Chemistry (T.G.), Auburn University at Montgomery, Montgomery, Alabama; Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics (T.C.), St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee; and Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology, and Therapeutics (U.A.), University of Kansas, Kansas City, Kansas
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27
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Hu DG, Meech R, McKinnon RA, Mackenzie PI. Transcriptional regulation of human UDP-glucuronosyltransferase genes. Drug Metab Rev 2014; 46:421-58. [PMID: 25336387 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2014.973037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Glucuronidation is an important metabolic pathway for many small endogenous and exogenous lipophilic compounds, including bilirubin, steroid hormones, bile acids, carcinogens and therapeutic drugs. Glucuronidation is primarily catalyzed by the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A and two subfamilies, including nine functional UGT1A enzymes (1A1, 1A3-1A10) and 10 functional UGT2 enzymes (2A1, 2A2, 2A3, 2B4, 2B7, 2B10, 2B11, 2B15, 2B17 and 2B28). Most UGTs are expressed in the liver and this expression relates to the major role of hepatic glucuronidation in systemic clearance of toxic lipophilic compounds. Hepatic glucuronidation activity protects the body from chemical insults and governs the therapeutic efficacy of drugs that are inactivated by UGTs. UGT mRNAs have also been detected in over 20 extrahepatic tissues with a unique complement of UGT mRNAs seen in almost every tissue. This extrahepatic glucuronidation activity helps to maintain homeostasis and hence regulates biological activity of endogenous molecules that are primarily inactivated by UGTs. Deciphering the molecular mechanisms underlying tissue-specific UGT expression has been the subject of a large number of studies over the last two decades. These studies have shown that the constitutive and inducible expression of UGTs is primarily regulated by tissue-specific and ligand-activated transcription factors (TFs) via their binding to cis-regulatory elements (CREs) in UGT promoters and enhancers. This review first briefly summarizes published UGT gene transcriptional studies and the experimental models and tools utilized in these studies, and then describes in detail the TFs and their respective CREs that have been identified in the promoters and/or enhancers of individual UGT genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Gui Hu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Flinders Centre for Innovation in Cancer, Flinders University School of Medicine, Flinders Medical Centre , Bedford Park, SA , Australia
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28
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Manipulating hepatocellular carcinoma cell fate in orthogonally cross-linked hydrogels. Biomaterials 2014; 35:6898-906. [PMID: 24857292 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.04.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
De-differentiation and loss of function in hepatocytes during two-dimensional (2D) tissue culture significantly hinders the progress of liver research. An ideal three-dimensional (3D) in vitro liver parenchymal cell culture platform should restore cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions, as well as normal hepatocyte polarity. Here, we report an orthogonal thiol-ene hydrogel system for culturing liver cell lines (e.g. Huh7 and HepG2). The hydrogels were prepared by a radical-mediated orthogonal thiol-norbornene photo-click chemistry using poly(ethylene glycol)-tetra-norbornene (PEG4NB) macromer and di-thiol containing linker (e.g., dithiothreitol (DTT) or bis-cysteine matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-sensitive peptide). This system also allows facile incorporation of bioactive peptides (e.g., fibronectin-derived RGDS) to improve cell-matrix interactions. Encapsulated Huh7 and HepG2 cells showed elevated urea secretion and CYP3A4 enzymatic activities, as well as up-regulated mRNA levels of multiple hepatocyte genes (e.g., CYP3A4, BESP, and NTCP). Importantly, this is the first 3D hydrogel system that up-regulates the expression of NCTP in encapsulated Huh7 and HepG2 cell lines without any genetic modification or the addition of growth factors and chemical additives. Furthermore, the encapsulated cells displayed hepatocyte-like polarity distinctively different from the polarity displayed in 2D culture. These characteristics not only allow the study of hepatology in 3D using inexpensive cell lines, but also permit large-scale small-molecule screening. The up-regulation of NTCP expression and restoration of hepatocyte-like polarity in our hydrogels also shed light on future study of hepatitis B virus infection in vitro.
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Kodama S, Negishi M. Sulfotransferase genes: regulation by nuclear receptors in response to xeno/endo-biotics. Drug Metab Rev 2013; 45:441-9. [PMID: 24025090 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2013.835630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Pregnane X receptor (PXR) and constitutive active/androstane receptor (CAR), members of the nuclear receptor superfamily, are two major xeno-sensing transcription factors. They can be activated by a broad range of lipophilic xenobiotics including therapeutics drugs. In addition to xenobiotics, endogenous compounds such as steroid hormones and bile acids can also activate PXR and/or CAR. These nuclear receptors regulate genes that encode enzymes and transporters that metabolize and excrete both xenobiotics and endobiotics. Sulfotransferases (SULTs) are a group of these enzymes and sulfate xenobiotics for detoxification. In general, inactivation by sulfation constitutes the mechanism to maintain homeostasis of endobiotics. Thus, deciphering the molecular mechanism by which PXR and CAR regulate SULT genes is critical for understanding the roles of SULTs in the alterations of physiological and pathophysiological processes caused by drug treatment or environmental exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Kodama
- Division of Drug Metabolism and Molecular Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University , Sendai , Japan and
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30
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Kodama S, Negishi M. PXR cross-talks with internal and external signals in physiological and pathophysiological responses. Drug Metab Rev 2013; 45:300-10. [DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2013.795585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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