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Choi JY, Byeon HW, Park SO, Uyangaa E, Kim K, Eo SK. Inhibition of NADPH oxidase 2 enhances resistance to viral neuroinflammation by facilitating M1-polarization of macrophages at the extraneural tissues. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:115. [PMID: 38698374 PMCID: PMC11067137 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03078-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Macrophages play a pivotal role in the regulation of Japanese encephalitis (JE), a severe neuroinflammation in the central nervous system (CNS) following infection with JE virus (JEV). Macrophages are known for their heterogeneity, polarizing into M1 or M2 phenotypes in the context of various immunopathological diseases. A comprehensive understanding of macrophage polarization and its relevance to JE progression holds significant promise for advancing JE control and therapeutic strategies. METHODS To elucidate the role of NADPH oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) in JE progression, we assessed viral load, M1 macrophage accumulation, and cytokine production in WT and NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2)-deficient mice using murine JE model. Additionally, we employed bone marrow (BM) cell-derived macrophages to delineate ROS-mediated regulation of macrophage polarization by ROS following JEV infection. RESULTS NOX2-deficient mice exhibited increased resistance to JE progression rather than heightened susceptibility, driven by the regulation of macrophage polarization. These mice displayed reduced viral loads in peripheral lymphoid tissues and the CNS, along with diminished infiltration of inflammatory cells into the CNS, thereby resulting in attenuated neuroinflammation. Additionally, NOX2-deficient mice exhibited enhanced JEV-specific Th1 CD4 + and CD8 + T cell responses and increased accumulation of M1 macrophages producing IL-12p40 and iNOS in peripheral lymphoid and inflamed extraneural tissues. Mechanistic investigations revealed that NOX2-deficient macrophages displayed a more pronounced differentiation into M1 phenotypes in response to JEV infection, thereby leading to the suppression of viral replication. Importantly, the administration of H2O2 generated by NOX2 was shown to inhibit M1 macrophage polarization. Finally, oral administration of the ROS scavenger, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), bolstered resistance to JE progression and reduced viral loads in both extraneural tissues and the CNS, along with facilitated accumulation of M1 macrophages. CONCLUSION In light of our results, it is suggested that ROS generated by NOX2 play a role in undermining the control of JEV replication within peripheral extraneural tissues, primarily by suppressing M1 macrophage polarization. Subsequently, this leads to an augmentation in the viral load invading the CNS, thereby facilitating JE progression. Hence, our findings ultimately underscore the significance of ROS-mediated macrophage polarization in the context of JE progression initiated JEV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Young Choi
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Won Byeon
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Ok Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Erdenebileg Uyangaa
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Koanhoi Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Pusan National University, Yangsan, 50612, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Kug Eo
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Bio-Safety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan, 54596, Republic of Korea.
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Patel A, Kosanovich J, Sansare S, Balmuri S, Sant V, Empey KM, Sant S. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of cerium oxide nanoparticles in respiratory syncytial virus infection. Bioact Mater 2022; 24:124-135. [PMID: 36606255 PMCID: PMC9791695 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of viral bronchiolitis among children worldwide, yet there is no vaccine for RSV disease. This study investigates the potential of cube and sphere-shaped cerium oxide nanoparticles (CNP) to modulate reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (RNS) species and immune cell phenotypes in the presence of RSV infection in vitro and in vivo. Cube and sphere-shaped CNP were synthesized by hydrothermal and ultrasonication methods, respectively. Physico-chemical characterization confirmed the shape of sphere and cube CNP and effect of various parameters on their particle size distribution and zeta potential. In vitro results revealed that sphere and cube CNP differentially modulated ROS and RNS levels in J774 macrophages. Specifically, cube CNP significantly reduced RSV-induced ROS levels without affecting RNS levels while sphere CNP increased RSV-induced RNS levels with minimal effect on ROS levels. Cube CNP drove an M1 phenotype in RSV-infected macrophages in vitro by increasing macrophage surface expression of CD80 and CD86 with a concomitant increase in TNFα and IL-12p70, while simultaneously decreasing M2 CD206 expression. Intranasal administration of sphere and cube-CNP were well-tolerated with no observed toxicity in BALB/c mice. Notably, cube CNP preferentially accumulated in murine alveolar macrophages and induced their activation, avoiding enhanced uptake and activation of other inflammatory cells such as neutrophils, which are associated with RSV-mediated inflammation. In conclusion, we report that sphere and cube CNP modulate macrophage polarization and innate cellular responses during RSV infection.
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Key Words
- APTES, 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane
- BAL, Bronchoalveolar lavage
- BHA, Butylated hydroxyanisole
- Bioactive nanoparticles
- CNP, Cerium oxide nanoparticles
- Cerium oxide nanoparticles
- DLS, Dynamic light scattering
- DMEM, Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium
- FITC, Fluorescein isothiocyanate
- Gas6, Growth arrest specific-6
- HEPES, 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid
- Immunomodulation
- MFI, Mean fluorescence intensity
- Macrophage phenotypes
- Nanoparticle shape
- PBS, Phosphate buffered saline
- RFU, Relative fluorescence units
- RNS, Reactive nitrogen species
- ROS, Reactive oxygen species
- RSV, Respiratory syncytial virus
- Reactive oxygen species
- Respiratory syncytial virus
- SDS-PAGE, Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis
- SOD, Superoxide dismutase
- TEM, Transmission electron microscopy
- iNOS, Induced nitrous oxide synthase
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhil Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Jessica Kosanovich
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Sameera Sansare
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Sricharani Balmuri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Vinayak Sant
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Kerry M. Empey
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA,Center for Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy and Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA,Corresponding author. 3501 Terrace Street, 207 Salk Pavilion, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
| | - Shilpa Sant
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA,Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA,Corresponding author. 700 Technology Drive, Pittsburgh Technology Center, Room 4307, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA.
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Anwar MM, Sah R, Shrestha S, Ozaki A, Roy N, Fathah Z, Rodriguez-Morales AJ. Disengaging the COVID-19 Clutch as a Discerning Eye Over the Inflammatory Circuit During SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Inflammation 2022; 45:1875-1894. [PMID: 35639261 PMCID: PMC9153229 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-022-01674-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes the cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and leads to multiorgan dysfunction. Mitochondrial dynamics are fundamental to protect against environmental insults, but they are highly susceptible to viral infections. Defective mitochondria are potential sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Infection with SARS-CoV-2 damages mitochondria, alters autophagy, reduces nitric oxide (NO), and increases both nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidases (NOX) and ROS. Patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) exhibited activated toll-like receptors (TLRs) and the Nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain (NOD-), leucine-rich repeat (LRR-), pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome. The activation of TLRs and NLRP3 by SARS-CoV-2 induces interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-1β, IL-18, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Herein, we outline the inflammatory circuit of COVID-19 and what occurs behind the scene, the interplay of NOX/ROS and their role in hypoxia and thrombosis, and the important role of ROS scavengers to reduce COVID-19-related inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Moustapha Anwar
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Graduate Studies and Research (IGSR), Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Ranjit Sah
- Tribhuvan University Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Sunil Shrestha
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Health Service Research, Nepal Health Research and Innovation Foundation, Lalitpur, Nepal
| | - Akihiko Ozaki
- Department of Breast Surgery, Jyoban Hospital of Tokiwa Foundation, Iwaki, Japan
- Medical Governance Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Namrata Roy
- SRM University, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Zareena Fathah
- Kings College London, London, UK
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Alfonso J Rodriguez-Morales
- Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundacion Universitaria Autonoma de Las Americas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia.
- Institución Universitaria Visión de Las Americas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia.
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Cientifica del Sur, Lima, Peru.
- School of Medicine, Universidad Privada Franz Tamayo (UNIFRANZ), Cochabamba, Bolivia.
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Comparison of Transcriptomic Signatures between Monkeypox-Infected Monkey and Human Cell Lines. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:3883822. [PMID: 36093436 PMCID: PMC9458371 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3883822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Monkeypox virus (MPV) is a smallpox-like virus belonging to the genus Orthopoxvirus of the family Poxviridae. Unlike smallpox with no animal reservoir identified and patients suffering from milder symptoms with less mortality, several animals were confirmed to serve as natural hosts of MPV. The reemergence of a recently reported monkeypox epidemic outbreak in nonendemic countries has raised concerns about a global outburst. Since the underlying mechanism of animal-to-human transmission remains largely unknown, comprehensive analyses to discover principal differences in gene signatures during disease progression have become ever more critical. In this study, two MPV-infected in vitro models, including human immortal epithelial cancer (HeLa) cells and rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) kidney epithelial (MK2) cells, were chosen as the two subjects to identify alterations in gene expression profiles, together with co-regulated genes and pathways that are affected during monkeypox disease progression. Using Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and MetaCore analyses, we discovered that elevated expression of genes associated with interleukins (ILs), G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), heat shock proteins (HSPs), Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and metabolic-related pathways play major roles in disease progression of both monkeypox-infected monkey MK2 and human HeLa cell lines. Interestingly, our analytical results also revealed that a cluster of differentiation 40 (CD40), plasmin, and histamine served as major regulators in the monkeypox-infected monkey MK2 cell line model, while interferons (IFNs), macrophages, and neutrophil-related signaling pathways dominated the monkeypox-infected human HeLa cell line model. Among immune pathways of interest, apart from traditional monkeypox-regulated signaling pathways such as nuclear factor- (NF-κB), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), and tumor necrosis factors (TNFs), we also identified highly significantly expressed genes in both monkey and human models that played pivotal roles during the progression of monkeypox infection, including CXCL1, TNFAIP3, BIRC3, IL6, CCL2, ZC3H12A, IL11, CSF2, LIF, PTX3, IER3, EGR1, ADORA2A, and DUOX1, together with several epigenetic regulators, such as histone cluster family gene members, HIST1H3D, HIST1H2BJ, etc. These findings might contribute to specific underlying mechanisms related to the pathophysiology and provide suggestions regarding modes of transmission, post-infectious sequelae, and vaccine development for monkeypox in the future.
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Hendricks KS, To EE, Luong R, Liong F, Erlich JR, Shah AM, Liong S, O’Leary JJ, Brooks DA, Vlahos R, Selemidis S. Endothelial NOX4 Oxidase Negatively Regulates Inflammation and Improves Morbidity During Influenza A Virus Lung Infection in Mice. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:883448. [PMID: 35601109 PMCID: PMC9115386 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.883448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Endosomal NOX2 oxidase-dependent ROS production promotes influenza pathogenicity, but the role of NOX4 oxidase, which is highly expressed in the lung endothelium, is largely unknown. The aim of this study was to determine if endothelial NOX4 expression can influence viral pathology in vivo, using a mouse model of influenza infection. WT and transgenic endothelial NOX4 overexpressing mice (NOX4 TG) were infected intranasally with the Hong Kong H3N2 X-31 influenza A virus (104 PFU; HK x-31) or PBS control. Mice were culled at either 3 or 7 days post-infection to analyse: airway inflammation by bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) cell counts; NOX4, as well as inflammatory cytokine and chemokine gene expression by QPCR; and ROS production by an L-012-enhanced chemiluminescence assay. Influenza A virus infection of WT mice resulted in a significant reduction in lung NOX4 mRNA at day 3, which persisted until day 7, when compared to uninfected mice. Influenza A virus infection of NOX4 TG mice resulted in significantly less weight loss than that of WT mice at 3-days post infection. Viral titres were decreased in infected NOX4 TG mice compared to the infected WT mice, at both 3- and 7-days post infection and there was significantly less lung alveolitis, peri-bronchial inflammation and neutrophil infiltration. The oxidative burst from BALF inflammatory cells extracted from infected NOX4 TG mice was significantly less than that in the WT mice. Expression of macrophage and neutrophil chemoattractants CXCL10, CCL3, CXCL1 and CXCL2 in the lung tissue were significantly lower in NOX4 TG mice compared to the WT mice at 3-days post infection. We conclude that endothelial NOX4 oxidase is protective against influenza morbidity and is a potential target for limiting influenza A virus-induced lung inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keshia S. Hendricks
- Department of Pharmacology, Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Eunice E. To
- Department of Pharmacology, Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) College, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Raymond Luong
- Department of Pharmacology, Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Felicia Liong
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) College, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Jonathan R. Erlich
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) College, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Ajay M. Shah
- King’s College London British Heart Foundation Centre, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stella Liong
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) College, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - John J. O’Leary
- Discipline of Histopathology, School of Medicine, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute (TTMI), Trinity College Dublin, St. James’s Hospital Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Doug A. Brooks
- Clinical and Health Sciences, Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Ross Vlahos
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) College, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
| | - Stavros Selemidis
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) College, Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology (RMIT) University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
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Brassington K, Chan S, De Luca S, Dobric A, Almerdasi S, Mou K, Seow H, Oseghale O, Bozinovski S, Selemidis S, Vlahos R. Ebselen abolishes vascular dysfunction in influenza A virus-induced exacerbations of cigarette smoke-induced lung inflammation in mice. Clin Sci (Lond) 2022; 136:537-555. [PMID: 35343564 PMCID: PMC9069468 DOI: 10.1042/cs20211090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
People with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are susceptible to respiratory infections which exacerbate pulmonary and/or cardiovascular complications, increasing their likelihood of death. The mechanisms driving these complications remain unknown but increased oxidative stress has been implicated. Here we investigated whether influenza A virus (IAV) infection, following chronic cigarette smoke (CS) exposure, worsens vascular function and if so, whether the antioxidant ebselen alleviates this vascular dysfunction. Male BALB/c mice were exposed to either room air or CS for 8 weeks followed by inoculation with IAV (Mem71, 1 × 104.5 pfu). Mice were treated with ebselen (10 mg/kg) or vehicle (5% w/v CM-cellulose in water) daily. Mice were culled 3- and 10-days post-infection, and their lungs lavaged to assess inflammation. The thoracic aorta was excised to investigate endothelial and smooth muscle dilator responses, expression of key vasodilatory and oxidative stress modulators, infiltrating immune cells and vascular remodelling. CS increased lung inflammation and caused significant vascular endothelial dysfunction, which was worsened by IAV infection. CS-driven increases in vascular oxidative stress, aortic wall remodelling and suppression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) were not affected by IAV infection. CS and IAV infection significantly enhanced T cell recruitment into the aortic wall. Ebselen abolished the exaggerated lung inflammation, vascular dysfunction and increased T cell infiltration in CS and IAV-infected mice. Our findings showed that ebselen treatment abolished vascular dysfunction in IAV-induced exacerbations of CS-induced lung inflammation indicating it may have potential for the treatment of cardiovascular comorbidities seen in acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Brassington
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
| | - Stanley M.H. Chan
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
| | - Simone N. De Luca
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
| | - Aleksandar Dobric
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
| | - Suleman A. Almerdasi
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
| | - Kevin Mou
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
| | - Huei Jiunn Seow
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
| | - Osezua Oseghale
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
| | - Steven Bozinovski
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
| | - Stavros Selemidis
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
| | - Ross Vlahos
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083 Australia
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Oxidative Stress-Related Mechanisms in SARS-CoV-2 Infections. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:5589089. [PMID: 35281470 PMCID: PMC8906126 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5589089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic caused relatively high mortality in patients, especially in those with concomitant diseases (i.e., diabetes, hypertension, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)). In most of aforementioned comorbidities, the oxidative stress appears to be an important player in their pathogenesis. The direct cause of death in critically ill patients with COVID-19 is still far from being elucidated. Although some preliminary data suggests that the lung vasculature injury and the loss of the functioning part of pulmonary alveolar population are crucial, the precise mechanism is still unclear. On the other hand, at least two classes of medications used with some clinical benefits in COVID-19 treatment seem to have a major influence on ROS (reactive oxygen species) and RNS (reactive nitrogen species) production. However, oxidative stress is one of the important mechanisms in the antiviral immune response and innate immunity. Therefore, it would be of interest to summarize the data regarding the oxidative stress in severe COVID-19. In this review, we discuss the role of oxidative and antioxidant mechanisms in severe COVID-19 based on available studies. We also present the role of ROS and RNS in other viral infections in humans and in animal models. Although reactive oxygen and nitrogen species play an important role in the innate antiviral immune response, in some situations, they might have a deleterious effect, e.g., in some coronaviral infections. The understanding of the redox mechanisms in severe COVID-19 disease may have an impact on its treatment.
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Salazar F, Bignell E, Brown GD, Cook PC, Warris A. Pathogenesis of Respiratory Viral and Fungal Coinfections. Clin Microbiol Rev 2022; 35:e0009421. [PMID: 34788127 PMCID: PMC8597983 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00094-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Individuals suffering from severe viral respiratory tract infections have recently emerged as "at risk" groups for developing invasive fungal infections. Influenza virus is one of the most common causes of acute lower respiratory tract infections worldwide. Fungal infections complicating influenza pneumonia are associated with increased disease severity and mortality, with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis being the most common manifestation. Strikingly, similar observations have been made during the current coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The copathogenesis of respiratory viral and fungal coinfections is complex and involves a dynamic interplay between the host immune defenses and the virulence of the microbes involved that often results in failure to return to homeostasis. In this review, we discuss the main mechanisms underlying susceptibility to invasive fungal disease following respiratory viral infections. A comprehensive understanding of these interactions will aid the development of therapeutic modalities against newly identified targets to prevent and treat these emerging coinfections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabián Salazar
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Elaine Bignell
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Gordon D. Brown
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Peter C. Cook
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Adilia Warris
- Medical Research Council Centre for Medical Mycology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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Cumpstey AF, Clark AD, Santolini J, Jackson AA, Feelisch M. COVID-19: A Redox Disease-What a Stress Pandemic Can Teach Us About Resilience and What We May Learn from the Reactive Species Interactome About Its Treatment. Antioxid Redox Signal 2021; 35:1226-1268. [PMID: 33985343 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2021.0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), affects every aspect of human life by challenging bodily, socioeconomic, and political systems at unprecedented levels. As vaccines become available, their distribution, safety, and efficacy against emerging variants remain uncertain, and specific treatments are lacking. Recent Advances: Initially affecting the lungs, COVID-19 is a complex multisystems disease that disturbs the whole-body redox balance and can be long-lasting (Long-COVID). Numerous risk factors have been identified, but the reasons for variations in susceptibility to infection, disease severity, and outcome are poorly understood. The reactive species interactome (RSI) was recently introduced as a framework to conceptualize how cells and whole organisms sense, integrate, and accommodate stress. Critical Issues: We here consider COVID-19 as a redox disease, offering a holistic perspective of its effects on the human body, considering the vulnerability of complex interconnected systems with multiorgan/multilevel interdependencies. Host/viral glycan interactions underpin SARS-CoV-2's extraordinary efficiency in gaining cellular access, crossing the epithelial/endothelial barrier to spread along the vascular/lymphatic endothelium, and evading antiviral/antioxidant defences. An inflammation-driven "oxidative storm" alters the redox landscape, eliciting epithelial, endothelial, mitochondrial, metabolic, and immune dysfunction, and coagulopathy. Concomitantly reduced nitric oxide availability renders the sulfur-based redox circuitry vulnerable to oxidation, with eventual catastrophic failure in redox communication/regulation. Host nutrient limitations are crucial determinants of resilience at the individual and population level. Future Directions: While inflicting considerable damage to health and well-being, COVID-19 may provide the ultimate testing ground to improve the diagnosis and treatment of redox-related stress diseases. "Redox phenotyping" of patients to characterize whole-body RSI status as the disease progresses may inform new therapeutic approaches to regain redox balance, reduce mortality in COVID-19 and other redox diseases, and provide opportunities to tackle Long-COVID. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 35, 1226-1268.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew F Cumpstey
- Respiratory and Critical Care Research Group, Southampton NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom.,Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Anna D Clark
- Respiratory and Critical Care Research Group, Southampton NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom.,Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Jérôme Santolini
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Biochemistry, Biophysics and Structural Biology, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Universite Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Alan A Jackson
- Human Nutrition, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Feelisch
- Respiratory and Critical Care Research Group, Southampton NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom.,Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
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Kosanovic T, Sagic D, Djukic V, Pljesa-Ercegovac M, Savic-Radojevic A, Bukumiric Z, Lalosevic M, Djordjevic M, Coric V, Simic T. Time Course of Redox Biomarkers in COVID-19 Pneumonia: Relation with Inflammatory, Multiorgan Impairment Biomarkers and CT Findings. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10071126. [PMID: 34356359 PMCID: PMC8301049 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10071126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the original data on systemic oxidative stress in COVID-19 patients have recently started to emerge, we are still far from a complete profile of changes in patients' redox homeostasis. We aimed to assess the extent of oxidative damage of proteins, lipids and DNA during the course of acute disease, as well as their association with CT pulmonary patterns. In order to obtain more insight into the origin of the systemic oxidative stress, the observed parameters were correlated with inflammatory biomarkers and biomarkers of multiorgan impairment. In this prospective study, we included 58 patients admitted between July and October 2020 with COVID-19 pneumonia. Significant changes in malondialdehyde, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine and advanced oxidation protein products levels exist during the course of COVID-19. Special emphasis should be placed on the fact that the pattern of changes differs between non-hospitalized and hospitalized individuals. Our results point to the time-dependent relation of oxidative stress parameters with inflammatory and multiorgan impairment biomarkers, as well as pulmonary patterns in COVID-19 pneumonia patients. Correlation between redox biomarkers and immunological or multiorgan impairment biomarkers, as well as pulmonary CT pattern, confirms the suggested involvement of neutrophils networks, IL-6 production, along with different organ/tissue involvement in systemic oxidative stress in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijana Kosanovic
- Radiology Department, The University Hospital ‘Dr. Dragisa Misovic- Dedinje’, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (T.K.); (V.D.); (M.L.); (M.D.)
| | - Dragan Sagic
- Institute for Cardiovascular Diseases “Dedinje”, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Vladimir Djukic
- Radiology Department, The University Hospital ‘Dr. Dragisa Misovic- Dedinje’, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (T.K.); (V.D.); (M.L.); (M.D.)
| | - Marija Pljesa-Ercegovac
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.P.-E.); (A.S.-R.)
| | - Ana Savic-Radojevic
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.P.-E.); (A.S.-R.)
| | - Zoran Bukumiric
- Institute of Medical Statistics and Informatics, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Miodrag Lalosevic
- Radiology Department, The University Hospital ‘Dr. Dragisa Misovic- Dedinje’, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (T.K.); (V.D.); (M.L.); (M.D.)
| | - Marjana Djordjevic
- Radiology Department, The University Hospital ‘Dr. Dragisa Misovic- Dedinje’, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (T.K.); (V.D.); (M.L.); (M.D.)
| | - Vesna Coric
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.P.-E.); (A.S.-R.)
- Correspondence: (V.C.); (T.S.); Tel.: +381-113643273 (V.C.); +381-113643250 (T.S.)
| | - Tatjana Simic
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.P.-E.); (A.S.-R.)
- Serbian Academy of Science and Arts, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Correspondence: (V.C.); (T.S.); Tel.: +381-113643273 (V.C.); +381-113643250 (T.S.)
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11
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Puchkova LV, Kiseleva IV, Polishchuk EV, Broggini M, Ilyechova EY. The Crossroads between Host Copper Metabolism and Influenza Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115498. [PMID: 34071094 PMCID: PMC8197124 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Three main approaches are used to combat severe viral respiratory infections. The first is preemptive vaccination that blocks infection. Weakened or dead viral particles, as well as genetic constructs carrying viral proteins or information about them, are used as an antigen. However, the viral genome is very evolutionary labile and changes continuously. Second, chemical agents are used during infection and inhibit the function of a number of viral proteins. However, these drugs lose their effectiveness because the virus can rapidly acquire resistance to them. The third is the search for points in the host metabolism the effect on which would suppress the replication of the virus but would not have a significant effect on the metabolism of the host. Here, we consider the possibility of using the copper metabolic system as a target to reduce the severity of influenza infection. This is facilitated by the fact that, in mammals, copper status can be rapidly reduced by silver nanoparticles and restored after their cancellation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila V. Puchkova
- International Research Laboratory of Trace Elements Metabolism, ADTS Institute, RC AFMLCS, ITMO University, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Irina V. Kiseleva
- Department of Virology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | | | - Massimo Broggini
- Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche “Mario Negri”, IRCCS, 20156 Milan, Italy;
| | - Ekaterina Yu. Ilyechova
- International Research Laboratory of Trace Elements Metabolism, ADTS Institute, RC AFMLCS, ITMO University, 197101 St. Petersburg, Russia;
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-921-760-5274
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12
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Oxidative Stress, Neuroinflammation, and NADPH Oxidase: Implications in the Pathogenesis and Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:7086512. [PMID: 33953837 PMCID: PMC8068554 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7086512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
NADPH oxidase as an important source of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) has gained enormous importance over the years, and the detailed structures of all the isoenzymes of the NADPH oxidase family and their regulation have been well explored. The enzyme has been implicated in a variety of diseases including neurodegenerative diseases. The present brief review examines the body of evidence that links NADPH oxidase with the genesis and progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In short, evidence suggests that microglial activation and inflammatory response in the AD brain is associated with increased production of ROS by microglial NADPH oxidase. Along with other inflammatory mediators, ROS take part in neuronal degeneration and enhance the microglial activation process. The review also evaluates the current state of NADPH oxidase inhibitors as potential disease-modifying agents for AD.
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13
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Gadotti AC, Lipinski AL, Vasconcellos FT, Marqueze LF, Cunha EB, Campos AC, Oliveira CF, Amaral AN, Baena CP, Telles JP, Tuon FF, Pinho RA. Susceptibility of the patients infected with Sars-Cov2 to oxidative stress and possible interplay with severity of the disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2021; 165:184-190. [PMID: 33524532 PMCID: PMC7846460 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Several recent reviews have suggested a role of oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of COVID-19, but its interplay with disease severity has not been revealed yet. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the association between the severity of COVID-19 and oxidative stress parameters. Clinical data of 77 patients with COVID-19 admitted to the hospital were analyzed and divided into moderate (n = 44) and severe (n = 33) groups based on their clinical condition. Production of oxidant (hydrogen peroxide) and defense antioxidants (total antioxidant capacity, reduced and oxidized glutathione, glutathione s-transferase), and oxidative damage (malondialdehyde, carbonyl, and sulfhydryl) were assessed using the serum samples. The results revealed that severe patients who presented high serum leukocyte count and CRP level stayed for a longer period in the hospital. However, there was no correlation observed between the oxidative stress parameters and degree of COVID-19 severity in the present study. In conclusion, these results indicate that the disease severity may not be a detrimental factor contributing to the changes in the redox profile of hospitalized patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Gadotti
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Anna L Lipinski
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Franciane Tf Vasconcellos
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Luis F Marqueze
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Bb Cunha
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Amanda C Campos
- Hospital Universitário Evangélico Mackenzie, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Camila F Oliveira
- Hospital Universitário Evangélico Mackenzie, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Andréa Nm Amaral
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Cristina P Baena
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - João P Telles
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil; Hospital Universitário Evangélico Mackenzie, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Felipe F Tuon
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil; Hospital Universitário Evangélico Mackenzie, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ricardo A Pinho
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica Do Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil.
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Brassington K, Chan SMH, Seow HJ, Dobric A, Bozinovski S, Selemidis S, Vlahos R. Ebselen reduces cigarette smoke-induced endothelial dysfunction in mice. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:1805-1818. [PMID: 33523477 PMCID: PMC8074626 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose It is well established that both smokers and patients with COPD are at a significantly heightened risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), although the mechanisms underpinning the onset and progression of co‐morbid CVD are largely unknown. Here, we explored whether cigarette smoke (CS) exposure impairs vascular function in mice and given the well‐known pathological role for oxidative stress in COPD, whether the antioxidant compound ebselen prevents CS‐induced vascular dysfunction in mice. Experimental Approach Male BALB/c mice were exposed to either room air (sham) or CS generated from nine cigarettes per day, 5 days a week for 8 weeks. Mice were treated with ebselen (10 mg·kg−1, oral gavage once daily) or vehicle (5% w/v CM cellulose in water) 1 h prior to the first CS exposure of the day. Upon killing, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was collected to assess pulmonary inflammation, and the thoracic aorta was excised to investigate vascular endothelial and smooth muscle dilator responses ex vivo. Key Results CS exposure caused a significant increase in lung inflammation which was reduced by ebselen. CS also caused significant endothelial dysfunction in the thoracic aorta which was attributed to a down‐regulation of eNOS expression and increased vascular oxidative stress. Ebselen abolished the aortic endothelial dysfunction seen in CS‐exposed mice by reducing the oxidative burden and preserving eNOS expression. Conclusion and Implications Targeting CS‐induced oxidative stress with ebselen may provide a novel means for treating the life‐threatening pulmonary and cardiovascular manifestations associated with cigarette smoking and COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Brassington
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stanley M H Chan
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Huei Jiunn Seow
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aleksandar Dobric
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Steven Bozinovski
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stavros Selemidis
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ross Vlahos
- School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
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15
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Coinfection with Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2) and Streptococcus suis Serotype 2 (SS2) Enhances the Survival of SS2 in Swine Tracheal Epithelial Cells by Decreasing Reactive Oxygen Species Production. Infect Immun 2020; 88:IAI.00537-20. [PMID: 32868342 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00537-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and Streptococcus suis serotype 2 (SS2) clinical coinfection cases have been frequently detected. The respiratory epithelium plays a crucial role in host defense against a variety of inhaled pathogens. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved in killing of bacteria and host immune response. The aim of this study is to assess whether PCV2 and SS2 coinfection in swine tracheal epithelial cells (STEC) affects ROS production and investigate the roles of ROS in bacterial survival and the inflammatory response. Compared to SS2 infection, PCV2/SS2 coinfection inhibited the activity of NADPH oxidase, resulting in lower ROS levels. Bacterial intracellular survival experiments showed that coinfection with PCV2 and SS2 enhanced SS2 survival in STEC. Pretreatment of STEC with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) also helps SS2 intracellular survival, indicating that PCV2/SS2 coinfection enhances the survival of SS2 in STEC through a decrease in ROS production. In addition, compared to SS2-infected STEC, PCV2/SS2 coinfection and pretreatment of STEC with NAC prior to SS2 infection both downregulated the expression of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and IL-1β. Further research found that activation of p38/MAPK promoted the expression of inflammatory cytokines in SS2-infected STEC; however, PCV2/SS2 coinfection or NAC pretreatment of STEC inhibited p38 phosphorylation, suggesting that coinfection of STEC with PCV2 and SS2 weakens the inflammatory response to SS2 infection through reduced ROS production. Collectively, coinfection of STEC with PCV2 and SS2 enhances the intracellular survival of SS2 and weakens the inflammatory response through decreased ROS production, which might exacerbate SS2 infection in the host.
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16
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Influenza A virus causes maternal and fetal pathology via innate and adaptive vascular inflammation in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:24964-24973. [PMID: 32958663 PMCID: PMC7547222 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2006905117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza infection during pregnancy is associated with increased maternal and perinatal complications. Here, we show that, during pregnancy, influenza infection leads to viral dissemination into the aorta, resulting in a peripheral “vascular storm” characterized by enhanced inflammatory mediators; the influx of Ly6C monocytes, neutrophils, and T cells; and impaired vascular function. The ensuing vascular storm induced hypoxia in the placenta and fetal brain and caused an increase in circulating cell free fetal DNA and soluble Flt1 release. We demonstrate that vascular dysfunction occurs in response to viral infection during pregnancy, which may explain the high rates of morbidity and mortality in pregnant dams, as well as the downstream perinatal complications associated with influenza infection. Influenza A virus (IAV) infection during pregnancy causes severe maternal and perinatal complications, despite a lack of vertical transmission of IAV across the placenta. Here, we demonstrate a significant alteration in the maternal vascular landscape that underpins the maternal and downstream fetal pathology to IAV infection in mice. In IAV infection of nonpregnant mice, the local lung inflammatory response was contained to the lungs and was self-resolving, whereas in pregnant mice, virus dissemination to major maternal blood vessels, including the aorta, resulted in a peripheral "vascular storm," with elevated proinflammatory and antiviral mediators and the influx of Ly6Clow and Ly6Chigh monocytes, plus neutrophils and T cells. This vascular storm was associated with elevated levels of the adhesion molecules ICAM and VCAM and the pattern-recognition receptors TLR7 and TLR9 in the vascular wall, resulting in profound vascular dysfunction. The sequalae of this IAV-driven vascular storm included placental growth retardation and intrauterine growth restriction, evidence of placental and fetal brain hypoxia, and increased circulating cell free fetal DNA and soluble Flt1. In contrast, IAV infection in nonpregnant mice caused no obvious alterations in endothelial function or vascular inflammation. Therefore, IAV infection during pregnancy drives a significant systemic vascular alteration in pregnant dams, which likely suppresses critical blood flow to the placenta and fetus. This study in mice provides a fundamental mechanistic insight and a paradigm into how an immune response to a respiratory virus, such as IAV, is likely to specifically drive maternal and fetal pathologies during pregnancy.
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17
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Rana AK, Rahmatkar SN, Kumar A, Singh D. Glycogen synthase kinase-3: A putative target to combat severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2020; 58:92-101. [PMID: 32948440 PMCID: PMC7446622 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) outbreak caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) had turned out to be highly pathogenic and transmittable. Researchers throughout the globe are still struggling to understand this strain's aggressiveness in search of putative therapies for its control. Crosstalk between oxidative stress and systemic inflammation seems to support the progression of the infection. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (Gsk-3) is a conserved serine/threonine kinase that mainly participates in cell proliferation, development, stress, and inflammation in humans. Nucleocapsid protein of SARS-CoV-2 is an important structural protein responsible for viral replication and interferes with the host defence mechanism by the help of Gsk-3 protein. The viral infected cells show activated Gsk-3 protein that degrades the Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2) protein, resulting in excessive oxidative stress. Activated Gsk-3 also modulates CREB-DNA activity, phosphorylates NF-κB, and degrades β-catenin, thus provokes systemic inflammation. Interaction between these two pathophysiological events, oxidative stress, and inflammation enhance mucous secretion, coagulation cascade, and hypoxia, which ultimately leads to multiple organs failure, resulting in the death of the infected patient. The present review aims to highlight the pathogenic role of Gsk-3 in viral replication, initiation of oxidative stress, and inflammation during SARS-CoV-2 infection. The review also summarizes the potential Gsk-3 pathway modulators as putative therapeutic interventions in combating the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar Rana
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Shubham Nilkanth Rahmatkar
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Damanpreet Singh
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, 176061, Himachal Pradesh, India.
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Erlich JR, To EE, Liong S, Brooks R, Vlahos R, O'Leary JJ, Brooks DA, Selemidis S. Targeting Evolutionary Conserved Oxidative Stress and Immunometabolic Pathways for the Treatment of Respiratory Infectious Diseases. Antioxid Redox Signal 2020; 32:993-1013. [PMID: 32008371 PMCID: PMC7426980 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2020.8028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Significance: Up until recently, metabolism has scarcely been referenced in terms of immunology. However, emerging evidence has shown that immune cells undergo an adaptation of metabolic processes, known as the metabolic switch. This switch is key to the activation, and sustained inflammatory phenotype in immune cells, which includes the production of cytokines and reactive oxygen species (ROS) that underpin infectious diseases, respiratory and cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative disease, as well as cancer. Recent Advances: There is a burgeoning body of evidence that immunometabolism and redox biology drive infectious diseases. For example, influenza A virus (IAV) utilizes endogenous ROS production via NADPH oxidase (NOX)2-containing NOXs and mitochondria to circumvent antiviral responses. These evolutionary conserved processes are promoted by glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle that drive inflammation. Such metabolic products involve succinate, which stimulates inflammation through ROS-dependent stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, promoting interleukin-1β production by the inflammasome. In addition, itaconate has recently gained significant attention for its role as an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant metabolite of the TCA cycle. Critical Issues: The molecular mechanisms by which immunometabolism and ROS promote viral and bacterial pathology are largely unknown. This review will provide an overview of the current paradigms with an emphasis on the roles of immunometabolism and ROS in the context of IAV infection and secondary complications due to bacterial infection such as Streptococcus pneumoniae. Future Directions: Molecular targets based on metabolic cell processes and ROS generation may provide novel and effective therapeutic strategies for IAV and associated bacterial superinfections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R. Erlich
- Program in Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Oxidant and Inflammation Biology Group, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, College of Science, Engineering & Health, RMIT University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Eunice E. To
- Program in Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Oxidant and Inflammation Biology Group, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, College of Science, Engineering & Health, RMIT University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Stella Liong
- Program in Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Oxidant and Inflammation Biology Group, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, College of Science, Engineering & Health, RMIT University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - Robert Brooks
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Ross Vlahos
- Program in Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Oxidant and Inflammation Biology Group, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, College of Science, Engineering & Health, RMIT University, Bundoora, Australia
| | - John J. O'Leary
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- Department of Histopathology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Sir Patrick Dun's Laboratory, Central Pathology Laboratory, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Doug A. Brooks
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Coombe Women and Infants' University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stavros Selemidis
- Program in Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Oxidant and Inflammation Biology Group, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, College of Science, Engineering & Health, RMIT University, Bundoora, Australia
- Address correspondence to: Prof. Stavros Selemidis, Program in Chronic Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, Oxidant and Inflammation Biology Group, School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, College of Science, Engineering & Health, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
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19
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Hu M, Bogoyevitch MA, Jans DA. Impact of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection on Host Functions: Implications for Antiviral Strategies. Physiol Rev 2020; 100:1527-1594. [PMID: 32216549 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00030.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the leading causes of viral respiratory tract infection in infants, the elderly, and the immunocompromised worldwide, causing more deaths each year than influenza. Years of research into RSV since its discovery over 60 yr ago have elucidated detailed mechanisms of the host-pathogen interface. RSV infection elicits widespread transcriptomic and proteomic changes, which both mediate the host innate and adaptive immune responses to infection, and reflect RSV's ability to circumvent the host stress responses, including stress granule formation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress, and programmed cell death. The combination of these events can severely impact on human lungs, resulting in airway remodeling and pathophysiology. The RSV membrane envelope glycoproteins (fusion F and attachment G), matrix (M) and nonstructural (NS) 1 and 2 proteins play key roles in modulating host cell functions to promote the infectious cycle. This review presents a comprehensive overview of how RSV impacts the host response to infection and how detailed knowledge of the mechanisms thereof can inform the development of new approaches to develop RSV vaccines and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- MengJie Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marie A Bogoyevitch
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David A Jans
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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New therapeutic targets for the prevention of infectious acute exacerbations of COPD: role of epithelial adhesion molecules and inflammatory pathways. Clin Sci (Lond) 2019; 133:1663-1703. [PMID: 31346069 DOI: 10.1042/cs20181009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Chronic respiratory diseases are among the leading causes of mortality worldwide, with the major contributor, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) accounting for approximately 3 million deaths annually. Frequent acute exacerbations (AEs) of COPD (AECOPD) drive clinical and functional decline in COPD and are associated with accelerated loss of lung function, increased mortality, decreased health-related quality of life and significant economic costs. Infections with a small subgroup of pathogens precipitate the majority of AEs and consequently constitute a significant comorbidity in COPD. However, current pharmacological interventions are ineffective in preventing infectious exacerbations and their treatment is compromised by the rapid development of antibiotic resistance. Thus, alternative preventative therapies need to be considered. Pathogen adherence to the pulmonary epithelium through host receptors is the prerequisite step for invasion and subsequent infection of surrounding structures. Thus, disruption of bacterial-host cell interactions with receptor antagonists or modulation of the ensuing inflammatory profile present attractive avenues for therapeutic development. This review explores key mediators of pathogen-host interactions that may offer new therapeutic targets with the potential to prevent viral/bacterial-mediated AECOPD. There are several conceptual and methodological hurdles hampering the development of new therapies that require further research and resolution.
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Qi W, Zhu R, Bao C, Xiao J, Liu B, Sun M, Feng X, Gu J, Li Y, Lei L. Porcine circovirus type 2 promotes Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae survival during coinfection of porcine alveolar macrophages by inhibiting ROS production. Vet Microbiol 2019; 233:93-101. [PMID: 31176418 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) and porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) are both important pathogens of the porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC), which results in significant worldwide economic losses. Recently, PCV2 and APP coinfection has been described in the worldwide pork industry, and represents an extremely complex situation in veterinary medicine. However, the mechanism of their coinfection has not been investigated. In this study, we found that PCV2 promoted APP adhesion to and invasion of porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) during coinfection. Additionally, PCV2 suppressed reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by inhibiting cytomembrane NADPH oxidase activity, which was beneficial for APP survival in PAMs in vitro. During coinfection, PCV2 weakened the inflammatory response and macrophage antigen presentation by decreasing TNF-α, IFN-γ and IL-4 expression, and reduced clearance of the invading bacteria. The host-cell experimental results were verified in a mouse model. The findings provide a deeper and novel understanding of porcine coinfection, and will be extremely helpful for the design of strategies for PRDC control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxi Qi
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis/College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130062, PR China
| | - Rining Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis/College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130062, PR China
| | - Chuntong Bao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis/College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130062, PR China
| | - Jiameng Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis/College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130062, PR China
| | - Baijun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis/College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130062, PR China
| | - Ming Sun
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis/College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130062, PR China
| | - Xin Feng
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis/College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130062, PR China
| | - Jingmin Gu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis/College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130062, PR China
| | - Yang Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis/College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130062, PR China.
| | - Liancheng Lei
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis/College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130062, PR China; College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, 434023, PR China.
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22
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Brassington K, Selemidis S, Bozinovski S, Vlahos R. New frontiers in the treatment of comorbid cardiovascular disease in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Clin Sci (Lond) 2019; 133:885-904. [PMID: 30979844 PMCID: PMC6465303 DOI: 10.1042/cs20180316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a disease characterised by persistent airflow limitation that is not fully reversible and is currently the fourth leading cause of death globally. It is now well established that cardiovascular-related comorbidities contribute to morbidity and mortality in COPD, with approximately 50% of deaths in COPD patients attributed to a cardiovascular event (e.g. myocardial infarction). Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and COPD share various risk factors including hypertension, sedentarism, smoking and poor diet but the underlying mechanisms have not been fully established. However, there is emerging and compelling experimental and clinical evidence to show that increased oxidative stress causes pulmonary inflammation and that the spill over of pro-inflammatory mediators from the lungs into the systemic circulation drives a persistent systemic inflammatory response that alters blood vessel structure, through vascular remodelling and arterial stiffness resulting in atherosclerosis. In addition, regulation of endothelial-derived vasoactive substances (e.g. nitric oxide (NO)), which control blood vessel tone are altered by oxidative damage of vascular endothelial cells, thus promoting vascular dysfunction, a key driver of CVD. In this review, the detrimental role of oxidative stress in COPD and comorbid CVD are discussed and we propose that targeting oxidant-dependent mechanisms represents a novel strategy in the treatment of COPD-associated CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Brassington
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Stavros Selemidis
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Steven Bozinovski
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
| | - Ross Vlahos
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, VIC 3083, Australia
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23
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To EE, Luong R, Diao J, O' Leary JJ, Brooks DA, Vlahos R, Selemidis S. Novel endosomal NOX2 oxidase inhibitor ameliorates pandemic influenza A virus-induced lung inflammation in mice. Respirology 2019; 24:1011-1017. [PMID: 30884042 PMCID: PMC6972593 DOI: 10.1111/resp.13524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background and objective Influenza A viruses (IAV) cause respiratory tract infections that can be fatal when the virus spreads to the alveolar space (i.e. alveolitis), and this is mainly observed with highly pathogenic strains. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by the NOX2 NADPH oxidase in endosomes has been directly implicated in IAV pathology. Recently, we demonstrated that treatment with a novel endosome‐targeted NOX2 oxidase inhibitor, cholestanol‐conjugated gp91dsTAT (Cgp91ds‐TAT), attenuated airway inflammation and viral replication to infection with a low pathogenic influenza A viral strain. Here, we determined whether suppression of endosome NOX2 oxidase prevents the lung inflammation following infection with a highly pathogenic IAV strain. Methods C57Bl/6 mice were intranasally treated with either DMSO vehicle (2%) or Cgp91ds‐TAT (0.2 mg/kg/day) 1 day prior to infection with the high pathogenicity PR8 IAV strain (500 PFU/mouse). At Day 3 post‐infection, mice were culled for the evaluation of airway and lung inflammation, viral titres and ROS generation. Results PR8 infection resulted in a marked degree of airway inflammation, epithelial denudation, alveolitis and inflammatory cell ROS production. Cgp91ds‐TAT treatment significantly attenuated airway inflammation, including neutrophil influx, the degree of alveolitis and inflammatory cell ROS generation. Importantly, the anti‐inflammatory phenotype affected by Cgp91ds‐TAT significantly enhanced the clearance of lung viral mRNA following PR8 infection. Conclusion Endosomal NOX2 oxidase promotes pathogenic lung inflammation to IAV infection. The localized delivery of endosomal NOX2 oxidase inhibitors is a novel therapeutic strategy against IAV, which has the potential to limit the pathogenesis caused during epidemics and pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunice E To
- School of Health Sciences and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Raymond Luong
- School of Health Sciences and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jiayin Diao
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - John J O' Leary
- Sir Patrick Dun's Laboratory, Central Pathology Laboratory, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,Emer Casey Research Laboratory, Molecular Pathology Laboratory, The Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,CERVIVA Research Consortium, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Doug A Brooks
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Division of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Ross Vlahos
- School of Health Sciences and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stavros Selemidis
- School of Health Sciences and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Pharmacology, Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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24
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Chida J, Sakaguchi S. Cellular prion protein-mediated protection against influenza A virus infection. Future Virol 2019. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2018-0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The cellular prion protein, termed PrPC, is a glycoprotein abundantly expressed in brains and to a lesser extent in non-neuronal tissues including lungs. It was reported that PrPC is expressed by lung epithelial cells in mice, and that it may play a protective role against lethal infection with influenza A viruses (IAVs). This may occur by regulating Cu content and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, eventually reducing oxidative stress in infected lungs. Antioxidative therapeutics have been demonstrated to protect mice from lethal infection with IAVs. Therefore, PrPC might be a new target molecule for development of IAV therapeutics. Here, we introduce the antiviral mechanism of PrPC against IAV infection and discuss perspectives of PrPC-targeting therapeutics against IAV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junji Chida
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, The Institute for Enzyme Research (KOSOKEN), Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Suehiro Sakaguchi
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, The Institute for Enzyme Research (KOSOKEN), Tokushima University, 3-18-15 Kuramoto, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
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25
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Oxidative Stress in Poultry: Lessons from the Viral Infections. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:5123147. [PMID: 30647810 PMCID: PMC6311761 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5123147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Reactive species (RS), generally known as reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS), are produced during regular metabolism in the host and are required for many cellular processes such as cytokine transcription, immunomodulation, ion transport, and apoptosis. Intriguingly, both RNS and ROS are commonly triggered by the pathogenic viruses and are famous for their dual roles in the clearance of viruses and pathological implications. Uncontrolled production of reactive species results in oxidative stress and causes damage in proteins, lipids, DNA, and cellular structures. In this review, we describe the production of RS, their detoxification by a cellular antioxidant system, and how these RS damage the proteins, lipids, and DNA. Given the widespread importance of RS in avian viral diseases, oxidative stress pathways are of utmost importance for targeted therapeutics. Therefore, a special focus is provided on avian virus-mediated oxidative stresses. Finally, future research perspectives are discussed on the exploitation of these pathways to treat viral diseases of poultry.
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26
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Abstract
The normal cellular prion protein, designated PrPC, is a membrane glycoprotein expressed most abundantly in brains, particularly by neurons, and to a lesser extent in non-neuronal tissues including lungs. Conformational conversion of PrPC into the amyloidogenic isoform is a key pathogenic event in prion diseases. We recently found that PrPC has a protective role against infection with influenza A viruses (IAVs) in mice by reducing reactive oxygen species in the lungs after infection with IAVs. The antioxidative activity of PrPC is probably attributable to its function to activate antioxidative enzyme Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase, or SOD1, through regulating Cu content in lungs infected with IAVs. Oxidative stress could play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of a wide range of viral infections. Here, we introduce our and others' studies on the role of PrPC in viral infections, and raise the attractive possibility that PrPC might be a novel target molecule for development of antioxidative therapeutics against not only IAV infection but also other viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suehiro Sakaguchi
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Enzyme Research (KOSOKEN), Tokushima University , Tokushima, Japan
| | - Junji Chida
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Enzyme Research (KOSOKEN), Tokushima University , Tokushima, Japan
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27
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Redox Biology of Respiratory Viral Infections. Viruses 2018; 10:v10080392. [PMID: 30049972 PMCID: PMC6115776 DOI: 10.3390/v10080392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory viruses cause infections of the upper or lower respiratory tract and they are responsible for the common cold—the most prevalent disease in the world. In many cases the common cold results in severe illness due to complications, such as fever or pneumonia. Children, old people, and immunosuppressed patients are at the highest risk and require fast diagnosis and therapeutic intervention. However, the availability and efficiencies of existing therapeutic approaches vary depending on the virus. Investigation of the pathologies that are associated with infection by respiratory viruses will be paramount for diagnosis, treatment modalities, and the development of new therapies. Changes in redox homeostasis in infected cells are one of the key events that is linked to infection with respiratory viruses and linked to inflammation and subsequent tissue damage. Our review summarizes current knowledge on changes to redox homeostasis, as induced by the different respiratory viruses.
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28
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Dilly S, Fotso Fotso A, Lejal N, Zedda G, Chebbo M, Rahman F, Companys S, Bertrand HC, Vidic J, Noiray M, Alessi MC, Tarus B, Quideau S, Riteau B, Slama-Schwok A. From Naproxen Repurposing to Naproxen Analogues and Their Antiviral Activity against Influenza A Virus. J Med Chem 2018; 61:7202-7217. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Dilly
- Gustave Roussy Institute, Paris Saclay University, UMR8200 CNRS, 94805 Villejuif, France
| | - Aurélien Fotso Fotso
- Aix Marseille University, INSERM, INRA, NORT, UMR 1260/1062, 13007 Marseille, France
| | - Nathalie Lejal
- Paris Saclay University, UR 892, INRA, 78352 Jouy en Josas, France
| | - Gloria Zedda
- Bordeaux University, ISM (CNRS-UMR 5255), 33405 Talence, France
| | - Mohamad Chebbo
- Aix Marseille University, INSERM, INRA, NORT, UMR 1260/1062, 13007 Marseille, France
| | - Fryad Rahman
- Aix Marseille University, INSERM, INRA, NORT, UMR 1260/1062, 13007 Marseille, France
| | - Simon Companys
- Bordeaux University, ISM (CNRS-UMR 5255), 33405 Talence, France
| | | | - Jasmina Vidic
- Paris Saclay University, UR 892, INRA, 78352 Jouy en Josas, France
| | - Magali Noiray
- Paris Sud University, Paris Saclay University, UMS IPSIT, Intermol, 92290 Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | | | - Bogdan Tarus
- Paris Saclay University, UR 892, INRA, 78352 Jouy en Josas, France
| | | | - Béatrice Riteau
- Aix Marseille University, INSERM, INRA, NORT, UMR 1260/1062, 13007 Marseille, France
| | - Anny Slama-Schwok
- Gustave Roussy Institute, Paris Saclay University, UMR8200 CNRS, 94805 Villejuif, France
- Paris Saclay University, UR 892, INRA, 78352 Jouy en Josas, France
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29
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Yip TF, Selim ASM, Lian I, Lee SMY. Advancements in Host-Based Interventions for Influenza Treatment. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1547. [PMID: 30042762 PMCID: PMC6048202 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza is a major acute respiratory infection that causes mortality and morbidity worldwide. Two classes of conventional antivirals, M2 ion channel blockers and neuraminidase inhibitors, are mainstays in managing influenza disease to lessen symptoms while minimizing hospitalization and death in patients with severe influenza. However, the development of viral resistance to both drug classes has become a major public health concern. Vaccines are prophylaxis mainstays but are limited in efficacy due to the difficulty in matching predicted dominant viral strains to circulating strains. As such, other potential interventions are being explored. Since viruses rely on host cellular functions to replicate, recent therapeutic developments focus on targeting host factors involved in virus replication. Besides controlling virus replication, potential targets for drug development include controlling virus-induced host immune responses such as the recently suggested involvement of innate lymphoid cells and NADPH oxidases in influenza virus pathogenesis and immune cell metabolism. In this review, we will discuss the advancements in novel host-based interventions for treating influenza disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsz-Fung Yip
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Aisha Sami Mohammed Selim
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Ida Lian
- School of Life Sciences and Chemical Technology, Ngee Ann Polytechnic, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Suki Man-Yan Lee
- HKU-Pasteur Research Pole, School of Public Health, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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30
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Chida J, Hara H, Yano M, Uchiyama K, Das NR, Takahashi E, Miyata H, Tomioka Y, Ito T, Kido H, Sakaguchi S. Prion protein protects mice from lethal infection with influenza A viruses. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007049. [PMID: 29723291 PMCID: PMC5953499 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular prion protein, designated PrPC, is a membrane glycoprotein expressed abundantly in brains and to a lesser extent in other tissues. Conformational conversion of PrPC into the amyloidogenic isoform is a key pathogenic event in prion diseases. However, the physiological functions of PrPC remain largely unknown, particularly in non-neuronal tissues. Here, we show that PrPC is expressed in lung epithelial cells, including alveolar type 1 and 2 cells and bronchiolar Clara cells. Compared with wild-type (WT) mice, PrPC-null mice (Prnp0/0) were highly susceptible to influenza A viruses (IAVs), with higher mortality. Infected Prnp0/0 lungs were severely injured, with higher inflammation and higher apoptosis of epithelial cells, and contained higher reactive oxygen species (ROS) than control WT lungs. Treatment with a ROS scavenger or an inhibitor of xanthine oxidase (XO), a major ROS-generating enzyme in IAV-infected lungs, rescued Prnp0/0 mice from the lethal infection with IAV. Moreover, Prnp0/0 mice transgenic for PrP with a deletion of the Cu-binding octapeptide repeat (OR) region, Tg(PrPΔOR)/Prnp0/0 mice, were also highly susceptible to IAV infection. These results indicate that PrPC has a protective role against lethal infection with IAVs through the Cu-binding OR region by reducing ROS in infected lungs. Cu content and the activity of anti-oxidant enzyme Cu/Zn-dependent superoxide dismutase, SOD1, were lower in Prnp0/0 and Tg(PrPΔOR)/Prnp0/0 lungs than in WT lungs. It is thus conceivable that PrPC functions to maintain Cu content and regulate SOD1 through the OR region in lungs, thereby reducing ROS in IAV-infected lungs and eventually protecting them from lethal infection with IAVs. Our current results highlight the role of PrPC in protection against IAV infection, and suggest that PrPC might be a novel target molecule for anti-influenza therapeutics. Influenza A virus (IAV) is an enveloped, negative sense, single-stranded RNA virus, causing seasonal epidemic outbreaks of influenza. Anti-influenza agents targeting viral molecules, such as neuraminidase inhibitors, are currently available. However, these agents have accelerated emergence of mutant IAVs that are resistant to these agents among human populations. Development of new types of anti-influenza agents is awaited. We show that the cellular prion protein PrPC has a protective role against lethal infection with IAVs through the octapeptide repeat (OR) region by abrogating lung epithelial cell apoptosis induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) in infected lungs. We also show that PrPC could reduce ROS in IAV-infected lungs through the OR region by maintaining Cu ion homeostasis and thereby activating Cu/Zn-dependent superoxide dismutase, SOD1. These results highlight the protective role of PrPC in IAV infection. Elucidation of the exact mechanism underlying the PrPC-mediated protection against IAV infection would be important for further understanding the pathogenesis of IAV infection and could be useful for development of new types of anti-influenza therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junji Chida
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Enzyme Research (KOSOKEN), Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Hara
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Enzyme Research (KOSOKEN), Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Masashi Yano
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Enzyme Research (KOSOKEN), Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Keiji Uchiyama
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Enzyme Research (KOSOKEN), Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Nandita Rani Das
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Enzyme Research (KOSOKEN), Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Etsuhisa Takahashi
- Division of Enzyme Chemistry, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hironori Miyata
- Animal Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, Japan
| | - Yukiko Tomioka
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Koyama-cho, Tottori, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Ito
- Avian Zoonosis Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Koyama-cho, Tottori, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kido
- Division of Enzyme Chemistry, Institute for Enzyme Research, Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Suehiro Sakaguchi
- Division of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute for Enzyme Research (KOSOKEN), Tokushima University, Tokushima, Japan
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31
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Wang QW, Su Y, Sheng JT, Gu LM, Zhao Y, Chen XX, Chen C, Li WZ, Li KS, Dai JP. Anti-influenza A virus activity of rhein through regulating oxidative stress, TLR4, Akt, MAPK, and NF-κB signal pathways. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191793. [PMID: 29385192 PMCID: PMC5791991 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhein, an anthraquinone compound existing in many traditional herbal medicines, has anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitumor, antiviral, hepatoprotective, and nephroprotective activities, but its anti-influenza A virus (IAV) activity is ambiguous. In the present study, through plaque inhibition assay, time-of-addition assay, antioxidant assay, qRT-PCR, ELISA, and western blotting assays, we investigated the anti-IAV effect and mechanism of action of rhein in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that rhein could significantly inhibit IAV adsorption and replication, decrease IAV-induced oxidative stress, activations of TLR4, Akt, p38, JNK MAPK, and NF-κB pathways, and production of inflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases in vitro. Oxidant H2O2 and agonists of TLR4, Akt, p38/JNK and IKK/NF-κB could significantly antagonize the inhibitory effects of rhein on IAV-induced cytopathic effect (CPE) and IAV replication. Through an in vivo test in mice, we also found that rhein could significantly improve the survival rate, lung index, pulmonary cytokines, and pulmonary histopathological changes. Rhein also significantly decreased pulmonary viral load at a high dose. In conclusion, rhein can inhibit IAV adsorption and replication, and the mechanism of action to inhibit IAV replication may be due to its ability to suppress IAV-induced oxidative stress and activations of TLR4, Akt, p38, JNK MAPK, and NF-κB signal pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Wen Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yun Su
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiang-Tao Sheng
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Li-Ming Gu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ying Zhao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao-Xuan Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei-Zhong Li
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Kang-Sheng Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jian-Ping Dai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- * E-mail:
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32
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Endosomal NOX2 oxidase exacerbates virus pathogenicity and is a target for antiviral therapy. Nat Commun 2017; 8:69. [PMID: 28701733 PMCID: PMC5507984 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00057-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The imminent threat of viral epidemics and pandemics dictates a need for therapeutic approaches that target viral pathology irrespective of the infecting strain. Reactive oxygen species are ancient processes that protect plants, fungi and animals against invading pathogens including bacteria. However, in mammals reactive oxygen species production paradoxically promotes virus pathogenicity by mechanisms not yet defined. Here we identify that the primary enzymatic source of reactive oxygen species, NOX2 oxidase, is activated by single stranded RNA and DNA viruses in endocytic compartments resulting in endosomal hydrogen peroxide generation, which suppresses antiviral and humoral signaling networks via modification of a unique, highly conserved cysteine residue (Cys98) on Toll-like receptor-7. Accordingly, targeted inhibition of endosomal reactive oxygen species production abrogates influenza A virus pathogenicity. We conclude that endosomal reactive oxygen species promote fundamental molecular mechanisms of viral pathogenicity, and the specific targeting of this pathogenic process with endosomal-targeted reactive oxygen species inhibitors has implications for the treatment of viral disease. Production of reactive oxygen species is an ancient antimicrobial mechanism, but its role in antiviral defense in mammals is unclear. Here, To et al. show that virus infection activates endosomal NOX2 oxidase and restricts TLR7 signaling, and that an endosomal NOX2 inhibitor decreases viral pathogenicity.
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33
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Noh EM, Kim JM, Hong OY, Song HK, Kim JS, Kwon KB, Lee YR. PTEN inhibits replicative senescence-induced MMP-1 expression by regulating NOX4-mediated ROS in human dermal fibroblasts. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 21:3113-3116. [PMID: 28557373 PMCID: PMC5661253 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The biological function of NADPH oxidase (NOX) is the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS, primarily arising from oxidative cell metabolism, play a major role in both chronological ageing and photoageing. ROS in extrinsic and intrinsic skin ageing may be assumed to induce the expression of matrix metalloproteinases. NADPH oxidase is closely linked with phosphatidylinositol 3‐OH kinase (PI3K) signalling. Protein kinase C (PKC), a downstream molecule of PI3K, is essential for superoxide generation by NADPH oxidase. However, the effect of PTEN and NOX4 in replicative‐aged MMPs expression has not been determined. In this study, we confirmed that inhibition of the PI3K signalling pathway by PTEN gene transfer abolished the NOX‐4 and MMP‐1 expression. Also, NOX‐4 down‐expression of replicative‐aged skin cells abolished the MMP‐1 expression and ROS generation. These results suggest that increase of MMP‐1 expression by replicative‐induced ROS is related to the change in the PTEN and NOX expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Mi Noh
- Center for Metabolic Function Regulation, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan City, Jeonbuk, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Mi Kim
- Center for Metabolic Function Regulation, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan City, Jeonbuk, South Korea
| | - On-Yu Hong
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Science, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Kyung Song
- Center for Metabolic Function Regulation, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan City, Jeonbuk, South Korea
| | - Jong-Suk Kim
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Science, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Kang-Beom Kwon
- Center for Metabolic Function Regulation, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan City, Jeonbuk, South Korea.,Department of Korean Physiology, Wonkwang University School of Korean Medicine, Iksan City, Jeonbuk, South Korea
| | - Young-Rae Lee
- Center for Metabolic Function Regulation, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan City, Jeonbuk, South Korea.,Department of Oral Biochemistry, Institute of Biomaterials, Implant, School of Dentistry, Wonkwang University, Iksan City, Jeonbuk, South Korea
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34
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COPD and stroke: are systemic inflammation and oxidative stress the missing links? Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 130:1039-50. [PMID: 27215677 PMCID: PMC4876483 DOI: 10.1042/cs20160043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by progressive airflow limitation and loss of lung function, and is currently the third largest cause of death in the world. It is now well established that cardiovascular-related comorbidities such as stroke contribute to morbidity and mortality in COPD. The mechanisms linking COPD and stroke remain to be fully defined but are likely to be interconnected. The association between COPD and stroke may be largely dependent on shared risk factors such as aging and smoking, or the association of COPD with traditional stroke risk factors. In addition, we propose that COPD-related systemic inflammation and oxidative stress may play important roles by promoting cerebral vascular dysfunction and platelet hyperactivity. In this review, we briefly discuss the pathogenesis of COPD, acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD) and cardiovascular comorbidities associated with COPD, in particular stroke. We also highlight and discuss the potential mechanisms underpinning the link between COPD and stroke, with a particular focus on the roles of systemic inflammation and oxidative stress.
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35
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Wu X, Wu X, Sun Q, Zhang C, Yang S, Li L, Jia Z. Progress of small molecular inhibitors in the development of anti-influenza virus agents. Am J Cancer Res 2017; 7:826-845. [PMID: 28382157 PMCID: PMC5381247 DOI: 10.7150/thno.17071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The influenza pandemic is a major threat to human health, and highly aggressive strains such as H1N1, H5N1 and H7N9 have emphasized the need for therapeutic strategies to combat these pathogens. Influenza anti-viral agents, especially active small molecular inhibitors play important roles in controlling pandemics while vaccines are developed. Currently, only a few drugs, which function as influenza neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors and M2 ion channel protein inhibitors, are approved in clinical. However, the acquired resistance against current anti-influenza drugs and the emerging mutations of influenza virus itself remain the major challenging unmet medical needs for influenza treatment. It is highly desirable to identify novel anti-influenza agents. This paper reviews the progress of small molecular inhibitors act as antiviral agents, which include hemagglutinin (HA) inhibitors, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) inhibitors, NA inhibitors and M2 ion channel protein inhibitors etc. Moreover, we also summarize new, recently reported potential targets and discuss strategies for the development of new anti-influenza virus drugs.
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36
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Zhu L, Yuan C, Ding X, Xu S, Yang J, Liang Y, Zhu Q. PLC-γ1 is involved in the inflammatory response induced by influenza A virus H1N1 infection. Virology 2016; 496:131-137. [PMID: 27310357 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported that phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase γ1 (PLC-γ1) signaling is activated by influenza virus H1N1 infection and mediates efficient viral entry in human epithelial cells. In this study, we show that H1N1 also activates PLCγ-1 signaling in human promonocytic cell line -derived macrophages. Surprisingly, the activated PLCγ-1 signaling is not important for viral replication in macrophages, but is involved in the virus-induced inflammatory responses. PLC-γ1-specific inhibitor U73122 strongly inhibits the H1N1 virus-induced NF-κB signaling, blocking the up-regulation of TNF-α, IL-6, MIP-1α, and reactive oxidative species. In a positive feedback loop, IL-1β and TNF-α activate the PLCγ-1 signaling in both epithelial and macrophage cell lines. In summary, we have shown for the first time that the PLCγ-1 signaling plays an important role in the H1N1-induced inflammatory responses. Our study suggests that targeting the PLCγ-1 signaling is a potential antiviral therapy against H1N1 by inhibiting both viral replication and excessive inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqian Zhu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University and Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Chen Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University and Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xiuyan Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University and Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, 48 Wenhui East Road, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Shuai Xu
- The State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Xujiaping, Chengguan District, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Jiayun Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Xujiaping, Chengguan District, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China
| | - Yuying Liang
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, MN 55108, USA.
| | - Qiyun Zhu
- The State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 1 Xujiaping, Chengguan District, Lanzhou 730046, Gansu, China.
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37
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Hu J, Mo Y, Gao Z, Wang X, Gu M, Liang Y, Cheng X, Hu S, Liu W, Liu H, Chen S, Liu X, Peng D, Liu X. PA-X-associated early alleviation of the acute lung injury contributes to the attenuation of a highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus in mice. Med Microbiol Immunol 2016; 205:381-95. [PMID: 27289459 PMCID: PMC7086737 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-016-0461-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PA-X is a novel discovered accessory protein encoded by the PA mRNA. Our previous study demonstrated that PA-X decreases the virulence of a highly pathogenic H5N1 strain A/Chicken/Jiangsu/k0402/2010 in mice. However, the underlying mechanism of virulence attenuation associated with PA-X is still unknown. In this study, we compared two PA-X-deficient mutant viruses and the parental virus in terms of induction of pathology and manipulation of host response in the mouse lung, stimulation of cell death and PA nuclear accumulation. We first found that down-regulated PA-X expression markedly aggravated the acute lung injury of the infected mice early on day 1 post-infection (p.i.). We then determined that loss of PA-X expression induced higher levels of cytokines, chemokines and complement-derived peptides (C3a and C5a) in the lung, especially at early time point’s p.i. In addition, in vitro assays showed that the PA-X-deficient viruses enhanced cell death and increased expression of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in mammalian cells. Moreover, we also found that PA nuclear accumulation of the PA-X-null viruses accelerated in MDCK cells. These results demonstrate that PA-X decreases the level of complement components, ROS, cell death and inflammatory response, which may together contribute to the alleviated lung injury and the attenuation of the virulence of H5N1 virus in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Hu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yiqun Mo
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Zhao Gao
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiaoquan Wang
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Min Gu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yanyan Liang
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xin Cheng
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Shunlin Hu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Wenbo Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Huimou Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Sujuan Chen
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiaowen Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Daxing Peng
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Animal Infectious Disease Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, 48 East Wenhui Road, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, China. .,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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38
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Hofstetter AR, De La Cruz JA, Cao W, Patel J, Belser JA, McCoy J, Liepkalns JS, Amoah S, Cheng G, Ranjan P, Diebold BA, Shieh WJ, Zaki S, Katz JM, Sambhara S, Lambeth JD, Gangappa S. NADPH Oxidase 1 Is Associated with Altered Host Survival and T Cell Phenotypes after Influenza A Virus Infection in Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149864. [PMID: 26910342 PMCID: PMC4766197 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of the reactive oxygen species-producing NADPH oxidase family of enzymes in the pathology of influenza A virus infection remains enigmatic. Previous reports implicated NADPH oxidase 2 in influenza A virus-induced inflammation. In contrast, NADPH oxidase 1 (Nox1) was reported to decrease inflammation in mice within 7 days post-influenza A virus infection. However, the effect of NADPH oxidase 1 on lethality and adaptive immunity after influenza A virus challenge has not been explored. Here we report improved survival and decreased morbidity in mice with catalytically inactive NADPH oxidase 1 (Nox1*/Y) compared with controls after challenge with A/PR/8/34 influenza A virus. While changes in lung inflammation were not obvious between Nox1*/Y and control mice, we observed alterations in the T cell response to influenza A virus by day 15 post-infection, including increased interleukin-7 receptor-expressing virus-specific CD8+ T cells in lungs and draining lymph nodes of Nox1*/Y, and increased cytokine-producing T cells in lungs and spleen. Furthermore, a greater percentage of conventional and interstitial dendritic cells from Nox1*/Y draining lymph nodes expressed the co-stimulatory ligand CD40 within 6 days post-infection. Results indicate that NADPH oxidase 1 modulates the innate and adaptive cellular immune response to influenza virus infection, while also playing a role in host survival. Results suggest that NADPH oxidase 1 inhibitors may be beneficial as adjunct therapeutics during acute influenza infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia R Hofstetter
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Juan A De La Cruz
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Weiping Cao
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jenish Patel
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jessica A Belser
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - James McCoy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Justine S Liepkalns
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Samuel Amoah
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Guangjie Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Priya Ranjan
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Becky A Diebold
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Wun-Ju Shieh
- Infectious Disease Pathology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Sherif Zaki
- Infectious Disease Pathology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jacqueline M Katz
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Suryaprakash Sambhara
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - J David Lambeth
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Shivaprakash Gangappa
- Influenza Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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39
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Oostwoud LC, Gunasinghe P, Seow HJ, Ye JM, Selemidis S, Bozinovski S, Vlahos R. Apocynin and ebselen reduce influenza A virus-induced lung inflammation in cigarette smoke-exposed mice. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20983. [PMID: 26877172 PMCID: PMC4753462 DOI: 10.1038/srep20983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) infections are a common cause of acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (AECOPD). Oxidative stress is increased in COPD, IAV-induced lung inflammation and AECOPD. Therefore, we investigated whether targeting oxidative stress with the Nox2 oxidase inhibitors and ROS scavengers, apocynin and ebselen could ameliorate lung inflammation in a mouse model of AECOPD. Male BALB/c mice were exposed to cigarette smoke (CS) generated from 9 cigarettes per day for 4 days. On day 5, mice were infected with 1 × 10(4.5) PFUs of the IAV Mem71 (H3N1). BALF inflammation, viral titers, superoxide production and whole lung cytokine, chemokine and protease mRNA expression were assessed 3 and 7 days post infection. IAV infection resulted in a greater increase in BALF inflammation in mice that had been exposed to CS compared to non-smoking mice. This increase in BALF inflammation in CS-exposed mice caused by IAV infection was associated with elevated gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines and proteases, compared to CS alone mice. Apocynin and ebselen significantly reduced the exacerbated BALF inflammation and pro-inflammatory cytokine, chemokine and protease expression caused by IAV infection in CS mice. Targeting oxidative stress using apocynin and ebselen reduces IAV-induced lung inflammation in CS-exposed mice and may be therapeutically exploited to alleviate AECOPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. C. Oostwoud
- Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, The University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - P. Gunasinghe
- Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - H. J. Seow
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - J. M. Ye
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - S. Selemidis
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - S. Bozinovski
- Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - R. Vlahos
- Lung Health Research Centre, Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
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40
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Bahramsoltani R, Sodagari HR, Farzaei MH, Abdolghaffari AH, Gooshe M, Rezaei N. The preventive and therapeutic potential of natural polyphenols on influenza. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2015; 14:57-80. [PMID: 26567957 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2016.1120670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Influenza virus belongs to orthomyxoviridae family. This virus is a major public health problems, with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Despite a wide range of pharmacotherapeutic choices inhibiting specific sequences of pathological process of influenza, developing more effective therapeutic options is an immediate challenge. In this paper, a comprehensively review of natural polyphenolic products used worldwide for the management of influenza infection is presented. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of the natural polyphenols on influenza infection including suppressing virus replication cycle, viral hemagglutination, viral adhesion and penetration into the host cells, also intracellular transductional signaling pathways have been discussed in detail. Based on cellular, animal, and human evidence obtained from several studies, the current paper demonstrates that natural polyphenolic compounds possess potential effects on both prevention and treatment of influenza, which can be used as adjuvant therapy with conventional chemical drugs for the management of influenza and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hamid Reza Sodagari
- b Young Researchers and Elite Club , Karaj Branch, Islamic Azad University , Karaj , Iran
| | - Mohammad Hosein Farzaei
- c Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center , Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences , Kermanshah , Iran.,d Medical Biology Research Center , Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences , Kermanshah , Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Abdolghaffari
- e Medicinal Plants Research Center , Institute of Medicinal Plants, ACECR , Karaj , Iran.,f International Campus, ICTUMS, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Maziar Gooshe
- g Faculty of Medicine , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- h Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,i Molecular Immunology Research Center and Department of Immunology, School of Medicine , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,j Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN) , Tehran , Iran
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41
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Sgarbanti R, Amatore D, Celestino I, Marcocci ME, Fraternale A, Ciriolo MR, Magnani M, Saladino R, Garaci E, Palamara AT, Nencioni L. Intracellular redox state as target for anti-influenza therapy: are antioxidants always effective? Curr Top Med Chem 2015; 14:2529-41. [PMID: 25478883 PMCID: PMC4435240 DOI: 10.2174/1568026614666141203125211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Influenza virus infections represent a big issue for public health since effective treatments are still lacking. In particular, the emergence of strains resistant to drugs limits the effectiveness of anti-influenza agents. For this reason, many efforts have been dedicated to the identification of new therapeutic strategies aimed at targeting the virus-host cell interactions. Oxidative stress is a characteristic of some viral infections including influenza. Because antioxidants defend cells from damage caused by reactive oxygen species induced by different stimuli including pathogens, they represent interesting molecules to fight infectious diseases. However, most of the available studies have found that these would-be panaceas could actually exacerbate the diseases they claim to prevent, and have thus revealed "the dark side" of these molecules. This review article discusses the latest opportunities and drawbacks of the antioxidants used in anti-influenza therapy and new perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lucia Nencioni
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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Ramos I, Fernandez-Sesma A. Modulating the Innate Immune Response to Influenza A Virus: Potential Therapeutic Use of Anti-Inflammatory Drugs. Front Immunol 2015; 6:361. [PMID: 26257731 PMCID: PMC4507467 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection by influenza A viruses (IAV) is frequently characterized by robust inflammation that is usually more pronounced in the case of avian influenza. It is becoming clearer that the morbidity and pathogenesis caused by IAV are consequences of this inflammatory response, with several components of the innate immune system acting as the main players. It has been postulated that using a therapeutic approach to limit the innate immune response in combination with antiviral drugs has the potential to diminish symptoms and tissue damage caused by IAV infection. Indeed, some anti-inflammatory agents have been shown to be effective in animal models in reducing IAV pathology as a proof of principle. The main challenge in developing such therapies is to selectively modulate signaling pathways that contribute to lung injury while maintaining the ability of the host cells to mount an antiviral response to control virus replication. However, the dissection of those pathways is very complex given the numerous components regulated by the same factors (i.e., NF kappa B transcription factors) and the large number of players involved in this regulation, some of which may be undescribed or unknown. This article provides a comprehensive review of the current knowledge regarding the innate immune responses associated with tissue damage by IAV infection, the understanding of which is essential for the development of effective immunomodulatory drugs. Furthermore, we summarize the recent advances on the development and evaluation of such drugs as well as the lessons learned from those studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Ramos
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, NY , USA
| | - Ana Fernandez-Sesma
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, NY , USA
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43
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Jiang J, Wang K, Nice EC, Zhang T, Huang C. High-throughput screening of cellular redox sensors using modern redox proteomics approaches. Expert Rev Proteomics 2015; 12:543-55. [PMID: 26184698 DOI: 10.1586/14789450.2015.1069189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells are characterized by higher levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to metabolic aberrations. ROS are widely accepted as second messengers triggering pivotal signaling pathways involved in the process of cell metabolism, cell cycle, apoptosis, and autophagy. However, the underlying cellular mechanisms remain largely unknown. Recently, accumulating evidence has demonstrated that ROS initiate redox signaling through direct oxidative modification of the cysteines of key redox-sensitive proteins (termed redox sensors). Uncovering the functional changes underlying redox regulation of redox sensors is urgently required, and the role of different redox sensors in distinct disease states still remains to be identified. To assist this, redox proteomics has been developed for the high-throughput screening of redox sensors, which will benefit the development of novel therapeutic strategies for cancer treatment. Highlighted here are recent advances in redox proteomics approaches and their applications in identifying redox sensors involved in tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Jiang
- a 1 State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, PR China.,b 2 Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, PR China
| | - Kui Wang
- a 1 State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Edouard C Nice
- c 3 Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Tao Zhang
- d 4 School of Biomedical Sciences, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, PR China
| | - Canhua Huang
- a 1 State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, 610041, PR China.,b 2 Hainan Medical University, Haikou, 571199, PR China
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