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Ahmed MAE, Ahmed AAE, El Morsy EM. Acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid prevents testicular torsion/detorsion injury in rats by modulating 5-LOX/LTB4 and p38-MAPK/JNK/Bax/Caspase-3 pathways. Life Sci 2020; 260:118472. [PMID: 32971106 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Testicular torsion/detorsion (T/D) is a critical medical condition that necessitates prompt surgical intervention to avoid testicular atrophy and infertility. The use of natural compounds may protect against the associated detrimental oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. Interestingly, acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid (AKBA), the main active constituent of Boswellia resin, has shown potent inhibitory effect on 5-lipoxygenase enzyme which converts arachidonic acid into inflammatory mediators. Therefore, this study was conducted to assess the protective mechanisms by which AKBA may protect against testicular T/D injury in rats. MAIN METHODS Male rats were randomly distributed into five groups: Sham, AKBA (50 mg/kg, p.o.), unilateral testicular T/D, AKBA at two dose levels (25 or 50 mg/kg for 15 successive days) followed by T/D. Histological examination and Johnsen's score were performed to assess testicular injury and perturbations in spermatogenesis. Biochemical parameters included markers of testicular function (serum testosterone), oxidant/antioxidant status (malondialdehyde, glutathione), inflammation (5-lipoxygenase, leukotriene-B4, myeloperoxidase, interleukin-1β, interleukin-6), apoptosis (Bax, Bcl2, caspase-3), DNA integrity (quantitative DNA fragmentation, DNA laddering, PARP-1), energy production (ATP), in addition to p38 MAPK and JNK protein expression. KEY FINDINGS In a dose dependent manner, AKBA significantly inhibited testicular T/D-induced upregulation of 5-LOX/LTB4 and p38-MAPK/JNK/Bax pathways and their associated downstream inflammatory and apoptotic cascades. These effects were accompanied with ATP replenishment and DNA preservation, resulting ultimately in salvage of the testis. SIGNIFICANCE Unprecedentedly, the present mechanistic study revealed the pathways by which AKBA may inhibit testicular T/D injury and offered a novel protective approach that may attenuate the severity of this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha A E Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Manufacturing, Misr University for Science and Technology (MUST), 6th of October City, Giza, Egypt.
| | - Amany A E Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ein Helwan, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Engy M El Morsy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Helwan University, Ein Helwan, Cairo, Egypt
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2
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He Z, Tao D, Xiong J, Lou F, Zhang J, Chen J, Dai W, Sun J, Wang Y. Phosphorylation of 5-LOX: The Potential Set-point of Inflammation. Neurochem Res 2020; 45:2245-2257. [PMID: 32671628 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-03090-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation secondary to tissue injuries serves as a double-edged sword that determines the prognosis of tissue repair. As one of the most important enzymes controlling the inflammation process by producing leukotrienes, 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX, also called 5-LO) has been one of the therapeutic targets in regulating inflammation for a long time. Although a large number of 5-LOX inhibitors have been explored, only a few of them can be applied clinically. Surprisingly, phosphorylation of 5-LOX reveals great significance in regulating the subcellular localization of 5-LOX, which has proven to be an important mechanism underlying the enzymatic activities of 5-LOX. There are at least three phosphorylation sites in 5-LOX jointly to determine the final inflammatory outcomes, and adjustment of phosphorylation of 5-LOX at different phosphorylation sites brings hope to provide an unrecognized means to regulate inflammation. The present review intends to shed more lights into the set-point-like mechanisms of phosphorylation of 5-LOX and its possible clinical application by summarizing the biological properties of 5-LOX, the relationship of 5-LOX with neurodegenerative diseases and brain injuries, the phosphorylation of 5-LOX at different sites, the regulatory effects and mechanisms of phosphorylated 5-LOX upon inflammation, as well as the potential anti-inflammatory application through balancing the phosphorylation-depended set-point.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zonglin He
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical School, Jinan University, Huangpu Avenue 601, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Faculty of Medicine, International school, Jinan University, Huangpu Avenue 601, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Di Tao
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical School, Jinan University, Huangpu Avenue 601, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Faculty of Medicine, International school, Jinan University, Huangpu Avenue 601, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jiaming Xiong
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical School, Jinan University, Huangpu Avenue 601, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Fangfang Lou
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical School, Jinan University, Huangpu Avenue 601, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jiayuan Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical School, Jinan University, Huangpu Avenue 601, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jinxia Chen
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical School, Jinan University, Huangpu Avenue 601, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Weixi Dai
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical School, Jinan University, Huangpu Avenue 601, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.,Faculty of Medicine, International school, Jinan University, Huangpu Avenue 601, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical School, Jinan University, Huangpu Avenue 601, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yuechun Wang
- Department of Physiology, Basic Medical School, Jinan University, Huangpu Avenue 601, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.
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3
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Gerstmeier J, Seegers J, Witt F, Waltenberger B, Temml V, Rollinger JM, Stuppner H, Koeberle A, Schuster D, Werz O. Ginkgolic Acid is a Multi-Target Inhibitor of Key Enzymes in Pro-Inflammatory Lipid Mediator Biosynthesis. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:797. [PMID: 31379572 PMCID: PMC6650749 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Lipid mediators (LMs) comprise bioactive metabolites of polyunsaturated fatty acids, including pro-inflammatory prostaglandins (PGs), thromboxanes (TXs), and leukotrienes (LTs), as well as specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs). They are essentially biosynthesized via cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LO) pathways in complex networks and regulate the progression as well as the resolution of inflammatory disorders including inflammation-triggered cancer. Ginkgolic acid (GA) is a phenolic acid contained in Ginkgo biloba L. with neuroprotective, antimicrobial, and antitumoral properties. Although LMs regulate microbial infections and tumor progression, whether GA affects LM biosynthesis is unknown and was investigated here in detail. Methods: Pharmacophore-based virtual screening was performed along with docking simulations. Activity assays were conducted for isolated human recombinant 5-LO, cytosolic phospholipase (PLA)2α, COX-2, and ovine COX-1. The activity of human mPGES-1 and thromboxane A2 synthase (TXAS) was determined in crude cellular fractions. Cellular LM formation was studied using human monocytes, neutrophils, platelets, and M1- and M2-like macrophages. LMs were identified after (ultra)high-performance liquid chromatography by UV detection or ESI-tandem mass spectrometry. Results: GA was identified as virtual hit in an mPGES-1 pharmacophore-based virtual screening. Cell-free assays revealed potent suppression of mPGES-1 activity (IC50 = 0.7 µM) that is fully reversible and essentially independent of the substrate concentration. Moreover, cell-free assays revealed COX-1 and TXAS as additional targets of GA with lower affinity (IC50 = 8.1 and 5.2 µM). Notably, 5-LO, the key enzyme in LT biosynthesis, was potently inhibited by GA (IC50 = 0.2 µM) in a reversible and substrate-independent manner. Docking simulations support the molecular interaction of GA with mPGES-1 and 5-LO and suggest concrete binding sites. Interestingly, interference of GA with mPGES-1, COX-1, TXAS, and 5-LO was evident also in intact cells with IC50 values of 2.1-3.8 µM; no radical scavenging or cytotoxic properties were obvious. Analysis of LM profiles from bacteria-stimulated human M1- and M2-like macrophages confirmed the multi-target features of GA and revealed LM redirection towards the formation of 12-/15-LO products including SPM. Conclusions: We reveal GA as potent multi-target inhibitor of key enzymes in the biosynthesis of pro-inflammatory LMs that contribute to the complex pharmacological and toxicological properties of GA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Gerstmeier
- Chair of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Julia Seegers
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, Eberhard-Karls-University Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Finja Witt
- Chair of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Birgit Waltenberger
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Veronika Temml
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Judith M. Rollinger
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hermann Stuppner
- Institute of Pharmacy/Pharmacognosy and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Koeberle
- Chair of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Daniela Schuster
- Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Oliver Werz
- Chair of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
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4
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Triterpene Acids from Frankincense and Semi-Synthetic Derivatives That Inhibit 5-Lipoxygenase and Cathepsin G. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23020506. [PMID: 29495286 PMCID: PMC6017322 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related diseases, such as osteoarthritis, Alzheimer’s disease, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease, are often associated with chronic unresolved inflammation. Neutrophils play central roles in this process by releasing tissue-degenerative proteases, such as cathepsin G, as well as pro-inflammatory leukotrienes produced by the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) pathway. Boswellic acids (BAs) are pentacyclic triterpene acids contained in the gum resin of the anti-inflammatory remedy frankincense that target cathepsin G and 5-LO in neutrophils, and might thus represent suitable leads for intervention with age-associated diseases that have a chronic inflammatory component. Here, we investigated whether, in addition to BAs, other triterpene acids from frankincense interfere with 5-LO and cathepsin G. We provide a comprehensive analysis of 17 natural tetra- or pentacyclic triterpene acids for suppression of 5-LO product synthesis in human neutrophils. These triterpene acids were also investigated for their direct interference with 5-LO and cathepsin G in cell-free assays. Furthermore, our studies were expanded to 10 semi-synthetic BA derivatives. Our data reveal that besides BAs, several tetra- and pentacyclic triterpene acids are effective or even superior inhibitors of 5-LO product formation in human neutrophils, and in parallel, inhibit cathepsin G. Their beneficial target profile may qualify triterpene acids as anti-inflammatory natural products and pharmacological leads for intervention with diseases related to aging.
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5
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Werz O, Gerstmeier J, Garscha U. Novel leukotriene biosynthesis inhibitors (2012-2016) as anti-inflammatory agents. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2017; 27:607-620. [DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2017.1276568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Werz
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Jana Gerstmeier
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrike Garscha
- Department of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
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6
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Garscha U, Voelker S, Pace S, Gerstmeier J, Emini B, Liening S, Rossi A, Weinigel C, Rummler S, Schubert US, Scriba GKE, Çelikoğlu E, Çalışkan B, Banoglu E, Sautebin L, Werz O. BRP-187: A potent inhibitor of leukotriene biosynthesis that acts through impeding the dynamic 5-lipoxygenase/5-lipoxygenase-activating protein (FLAP) complex assembly. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 119:17-26. [PMID: 27592027 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The pro-inflammatory leukotrienes (LTs) are formed from arachidonic acid (AA) in activated leukocytes, where 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) translocates to the nuclear envelope to assemble a functional complex with the integral nuclear membrane protein 5-LO-activating protein (FLAP). FLAP, a MAPEG family member, facilitates AA transfer to 5-LO for efficient conversion, and LT biosynthesis critically depends on FLAP. Here we show that the novel LT biosynthesis inhibitor BRP-187 prevents the 5-LO/FLAP interaction at the nuclear envelope of human leukocytes without blocking 5-LO nuclear redistribution. BRP-187 inhibited 5-LO product formation in human monocytes and polymorphonuclear leukocytes stimulated by lipopolysaccharide plus N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (IC50=7-10nM), and upon activation by ionophore A23187 (IC50=10-60nM). Excess of exogenous AA markedly impaired the potency of BRP-187. Direct 5-LO inhibition in cell-free assays was evident only at >35-fold higher concentrations, which was reversible and not improved under reducing conditions. BRP-187 prevented A23187-induced 5-LO/FLAP complex assembly in leukocytes but failed to block 5-LO nuclear translocation, features that were shared with the FLAP inhibitor MK886. Whereas AA release, cyclooxygenases and related LOs were unaffected, BRP-187 also potently inhibited microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase-1 (IC50=0.2μM), another MAPEG member. In vivo, BRP-187 (10mg/kg) exhibited significant effectiveness in zymosan-induced murine peritonitis, suppressing LT levels in peritoneal exudates as well as vascular permeability and neutrophil infiltration. Together, BRP-187 potently inhibits LT biosynthesis in vitro and in vivo, which seemingly is caused by preventing the 5-LO/FLAP complex assembly and warrants further preclinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Garscha
- Chair of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Susanna Voelker
- Chair of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Simona Pace
- Chair of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Jana Gerstmeier
- Chair of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Besa Emini
- Chair of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Stefanie Liening
- Chair of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Antonietta Rossi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Christina Weinigel
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Silke Rummler
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Ulrich S Schubert
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany; Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Gerhard K E Scriba
- Chair of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, D-07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Erşan Çelikoğlu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Etiler, 06330 Yenimahalle, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Burcu Çalışkan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Etiler, 06330 Yenimahalle, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Erden Banoglu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Gazi University, Etiler, 06330 Yenimahalle, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Lidia Sautebin
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy.
| | - Oliver Werz
- Chair of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, D-07743 Jena, Germany; Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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7
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Pu S, Ren L, Liu Q, Kuang J, Shen J, Cheng S, Zhang Y, Jiang W, Zhang Z, Jiang C, He J. Loss of 5-lipoxygenase activity protects mice against paracetamol-induced liver toxicity. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 173:66-76. [PMID: 26398229 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Paracetamol (acetaminophen) is the most widely used over-the-counter analgesic and overdosing with paracetamol is the leading cause of hospital admission for acute liver failure. 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO) catalyses arachidonic acid to form LTs, which lead to inflammation and oxidative stress. In this study, we examined whether deletion or pharmacological inhibition of 5-LO could protect mice against paracetamol-induced hepatic toxicity. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Both genetic deletion and pharmacological inhibition of 5-LO in C57BL/6J mice were used to study the role of this enzyme in paracetamol induced liver toxicity. Serum and tissue biochemistry, H&E staining, and real-time PCR were used to assess liver toxicity. KEY RESULTS Deletion or pharmacological inhibition of 5-LO in mice markedly ameliorated paracetamol-induced hepatic injury, as shown by decreased serum alanine transaminase and aspartate aminotransferase levels and hepatic centrilobular necrosis. The hepatoprotective effect of 5-LO inhibition was associated with induction of the antitoxic phase II conjugating enzyme, sulfotransferase2a1, suppression of the pro-toxic phase I CYP3A11 and reduction of the hepatic transporter MRP3. In 5-LO(-/-) mice, levels of GSH were increased, and oxidative stress decreased. In addition, PPAR α, a nuclear receptor that confers resistance to paracetamol toxicity, was activated in 5-LO(-/-) mice. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The activity of 5-LO may play a critical role in paracetamol-induced hepatic toxicity by regulating paracetamol metabolism and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyun Pu
- Department of Pharmacy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin Ren
- Department of Pharmacy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qinhui Liu
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiangying Kuang
- Department of Pharmacy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Shen
- Department of Pharmacy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shihai Cheng
- Department of Pharmacy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuwei Zhang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Changtao Jiang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinhan He
- Department of Pharmacy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy and Adverse Drug Reaction, Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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8
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Wiechmann K, Müller H, Huch V, Hartmann D, Werz O, Jauch J. Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel myrtucommulones and structural analogues that target mPGES-1 and 5-lipoxygenase. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 101:133-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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9
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Pergola C, Gerstmeier J, Mönch B, Çalışkan B, Luderer S, Weinigel C, Barz D, Maczewsky J, Pace S, Rossi A, Sautebin L, Banoglu E, Werz O. The novel benzimidazole derivative BRP-7 inhibits leukotriene biosynthesis in vitro and in vivo by targeting 5-lipoxygenase-activating protein (FLAP). Br J Pharmacol 2015; 171:3051-64. [PMID: 24641614 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Leukotrienes (LTs) are inflammatory mediators produced via the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) pathway and are linked to diverse disorders, including asthma, allergic rhinitis and cardiovascular diseases. We recently identified the benzimidazole derivative BRP-7 as chemotype for anti-LT agents by virtual screening targeting 5-LOX-activating protein (FLAP). Here, we aimed to reveal the in vitro and in vivo pharmacology of BRP-7 as an inhibitor of LT biosynthesis. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We analysed LT formation and performed mechanistic studies in human neutrophils and monocytes, in human whole blood (HWB) and in cell-free assays. The effectiveness of BRP-7 in vivo was evaluated in rat carrageenan-induced pleurisy and mouse zymosan-induced peritonitis. KEY RESULTS BRP-7 potently suppressed LT formation in neutrophils and monocytes and this was accompanied by impaired 5-LOX co-localization with FLAP. Neither the cellular viability nor the activity of 5-LOX in cell-free assays was affected by BRP-7, indicating that a functional FLAP is needed for BRP-7 to inhibit LTs, and FLAP bound to BRP-7 linked to a solid matrix. Compared with the FLAP inhibitor MK-886, BRP-7 did not significantly inhibit COX-1 or microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase-1, implying the selectivity of BRP-7 for FLAP. Finally, BRP-7 was effective in HWB and impaired inflammation in vivo, in rat pleurisy and mouse peritonitis, along with reducing LT levels. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS BRP-7 potently suppresses LT biosynthesis by interacting with FLAP and exhibits anti-inflammatory effectiveness in vivo, with promising potential for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pergola
- Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Jena, Germany
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10
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Schaible AM, Filosa R, Temml V, Krauth V, Matteis M, Peduto A, Bruno F, Luderer S, Roviezzo F, Di Mola A, de Rosa M, D'Agostino B, Weinigel C, Barz D, Koeberle A, Pergola C, Schuster D, Werz O. Elucidation of the molecular mechanism and the efficacy in vivo of a novel 1,4-benzoquinone that inhibits 5-lipoxygenase. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:2399-412. [PMID: 24467325 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 01/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE 1,4-Benzoquinones are well-known inhibitors of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX, the key enzyme in leukotriene biosynthesis), but the molecular mechanisms of 5-LOX inhibition are not completely understood. Here we investigated the molecular mode of action and the pharmacological profile of the novel 1,4-benzoquinone derivative 3-((decahydronaphthalen-6-yl)methyl)-2,5-dihydroxycyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-dione (RF-Id) in vitro and its effectiveness in vivo. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Mechanistic investigations in cell-free assays using 5-LOX and other enzymes associated with eicosanoid biosynthesis were conducted, along with cell-based studies in human leukocytes and whole blood. Molecular docking of RF-Id into the 5-LOX structure was performed to illustrate molecular interference with 5-LOX. The effectiveness of RF-Id in vivo was also evaluated in two murine models of inflammation. KEY RESULTS RF-Id consistently suppressed 5-LOX product synthesis in human leukocytes and human whole blood. RF-Id also blocked COX-2 activity but did not significantly inhibit COX-1, microsomal PGE2 synthase-1, cytosolic PLA2 or 12- and 15-LOX. Although RF-Id lacked radical scavenging activity, reducing conditions facilitated its inhibitory effect on 5-LOX whereas cell stress impaired its efficacy. The reduced hydroquinone form of RF-Id (RED-RF-Id) was a more potent inhibitor of 5-LOX as it had more bidirectional hydrogen bonds within the 5-LOX substrate binding site. Finally, RF-Id had marked anti-inflammatory effects in mice in vivo. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS RF-Id represents a novel anti-inflammatory 1,4-benzoquinone that potently suppresses LT biosynthesis by direct inhibition of 5-LOX with effectiveness in vivo. Mechanistically, RF-Id inhibits 5-LOX in a non-redox manner by forming discrete molecular interactions within the active site of 5-LOX.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Schaible
- Institute of Pharmacy, University Jena, Jena, Germany
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11
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Bhamidipati CM, Whatling CA, Mehta GS, Meher AK, Hajzus VA, Su G, Salmon M, Upchurch GR, Owens GK, Ailawadi G. 5-Lipoxygenase pathway in experimental abdominal aortic aneurysms. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:2669-78. [PMID: 25324573 PMCID: PMC4239157 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.304016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The impact of leukotriene production by the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) pathway in the pathophysiology of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) has been debated. Moreover, a clear mechanism through which 5-LO influences AAA remains unclear. APPROACH AND RESULTS Aneurysm formation was attenuated in 5-LO(-/-) mice, and in lethally irradiated wild-type mice reconstituted with 5-LO(-/-) bone marrow in an elastase perfusion model. Pharmacological inhibition of 5-LO-attenuated aneurysm formation in both aortic elastase perfused wild-type and angiotensin II-treated LDLr(-/-) (low-density lipoprotein receptor) mice, with resultant preservation of elastin and fewer 5-LO and MMP9 (matrix metalloproteinase)-producing cells. Separately, analysis of wild-type mice 7 days after elastase perfusion showed that 5-LO inhibition was associated with reduced polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration to the aortic wall. Importantly, 5-LO inhibition initiated 3 days after elastase perfusion in wild-type mice arrested progression of small AAA. Human AAA and control aorta corroborated these elastin and 5-LO expression patterns. CONCLUSIONS Inhibition of 5-LO by pharmacological or genetic approaches attenuates aneurysm formation and prevents fragmentation of the medial layer in 2 unique AAA models. Administration of 5-LO inhibitor in small AAA slows progression of AAA. Targeted interruption of the 5-LO pathway is a potential treatment strategy in AAA.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Angiotensin II/metabolism
- Animals
- Aorta, Abdominal/drug effects
- Aorta, Abdominal/enzymology
- Aorta, Abdominal/pathology
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/enzymology
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/etiology
- Aortic Aneurysm, Abdominal/pathology
- Arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase/deficiency
- Arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase/genetics
- Arachidonate 5-Lipoxygenase/metabolism
- Bone Marrow Transplantation
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Progression
- Humans
- Hypercholesterolemia/complications
- Hypercholesterolemia/enzymology
- Lipoxygenase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Male
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/biosynthesis
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Middle Aged
- Neutrophil Infiltration
- Pancreatic Elastase/metabolism
- Receptors, LDL/deficiency
- Receptors, LDL/genetics
- Signal Transduction
- Transplantation Chimera/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Castigliano M Bhamidipati
- From the Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery (C.M.B., A.K.M., V.A.H., G.A.), Department of Surgery (G.S.M.), Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery (G.S., G.R.U.), Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics (M.S., G.K.O.), Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (G.R.U., G.K.O., G.A.), and Department of Biomedical Engineering (G.A.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; and Cardiovascular Disease Section, Bioscience Department, AstraZeneca R&D, Mölndal, Sweden (C.A.W.)
| | - Carl A Whatling
- From the Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery (C.M.B., A.K.M., V.A.H., G.A.), Department of Surgery (G.S.M.), Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery (G.S., G.R.U.), Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics (M.S., G.K.O.), Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (G.R.U., G.K.O., G.A.), and Department of Biomedical Engineering (G.A.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; and Cardiovascular Disease Section, Bioscience Department, AstraZeneca R&D, Mölndal, Sweden (C.A.W.)
| | - Gaurav S Mehta
- From the Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery (C.M.B., A.K.M., V.A.H., G.A.), Department of Surgery (G.S.M.), Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery (G.S., G.R.U.), Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics (M.S., G.K.O.), Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (G.R.U., G.K.O., G.A.), and Department of Biomedical Engineering (G.A.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; and Cardiovascular Disease Section, Bioscience Department, AstraZeneca R&D, Mölndal, Sweden (C.A.W.)
| | - Akshaya K Meher
- From the Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery (C.M.B., A.K.M., V.A.H., G.A.), Department of Surgery (G.S.M.), Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery (G.S., G.R.U.), Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics (M.S., G.K.O.), Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (G.R.U., G.K.O., G.A.), and Department of Biomedical Engineering (G.A.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; and Cardiovascular Disease Section, Bioscience Department, AstraZeneca R&D, Mölndal, Sweden (C.A.W.)
| | - Vanessa A Hajzus
- From the Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery (C.M.B., A.K.M., V.A.H., G.A.), Department of Surgery (G.S.M.), Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery (G.S., G.R.U.), Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics (M.S., G.K.O.), Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (G.R.U., G.K.O., G.A.), and Department of Biomedical Engineering (G.A.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; and Cardiovascular Disease Section, Bioscience Department, AstraZeneca R&D, Mölndal, Sweden (C.A.W.)
| | - Gang Su
- From the Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery (C.M.B., A.K.M., V.A.H., G.A.), Department of Surgery (G.S.M.), Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery (G.S., G.R.U.), Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics (M.S., G.K.O.), Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (G.R.U., G.K.O., G.A.), and Department of Biomedical Engineering (G.A.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; and Cardiovascular Disease Section, Bioscience Department, AstraZeneca R&D, Mölndal, Sweden (C.A.W.)
| | - Morgan Salmon
- From the Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery (C.M.B., A.K.M., V.A.H., G.A.), Department of Surgery (G.S.M.), Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery (G.S., G.R.U.), Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics (M.S., G.K.O.), Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (G.R.U., G.K.O., G.A.), and Department of Biomedical Engineering (G.A.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; and Cardiovascular Disease Section, Bioscience Department, AstraZeneca R&D, Mölndal, Sweden (C.A.W.)
| | - Gilbert R Upchurch
- From the Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery (C.M.B., A.K.M., V.A.H., G.A.), Department of Surgery (G.S.M.), Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery (G.S., G.R.U.), Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics (M.S., G.K.O.), Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (G.R.U., G.K.O., G.A.), and Department of Biomedical Engineering (G.A.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; and Cardiovascular Disease Section, Bioscience Department, AstraZeneca R&D, Mölndal, Sweden (C.A.W.)
| | - Gary K Owens
- From the Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery (C.M.B., A.K.M., V.A.H., G.A.), Department of Surgery (G.S.M.), Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery (G.S., G.R.U.), Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics (M.S., G.K.O.), Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (G.R.U., G.K.O., G.A.), and Department of Biomedical Engineering (G.A.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; and Cardiovascular Disease Section, Bioscience Department, AstraZeneca R&D, Mölndal, Sweden (C.A.W.)
| | - Gorav Ailawadi
- From the Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery (C.M.B., A.K.M., V.A.H., G.A.), Department of Surgery (G.S.M.), Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery (G.S., G.R.U.), Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics (M.S., G.K.O.), Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center (G.R.U., G.K.O., G.A.), and Department of Biomedical Engineering (G.A.), University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville; and Cardiovascular Disease Section, Bioscience Department, AstraZeneca R&D, Mölndal, Sweden (C.A.W.).
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12
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Stabilisation and characterisation of the isolated regulatory domain of human 5-lipoxygenase. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1842:1538-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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13
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A fluorescence-based assay for measuring the redox potential of 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87708. [PMID: 24498359 PMCID: PMC3912022 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The activities and side effects of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) inhibitors can be predicted by identifying their redox mechanisms. In this study, we developed a fluorescence-based method to measure the redox potential of 5-LO inhibitors and compared it to the conventional, absorbance-based method. After the pseudo-peroxidase reaction, the amount of remaining lipid peroxide was quantified using the H2DCFDA (2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate) fluorescence dye. Our method showed large signal windows and provided comparable redox potential values. Importantly, the redox mechanisms of known inhibitors were accurately measured with the fluorescence assay, whereas the conventional, absorbance-based method showed contradictory results. Our findings suggest that our developed method is a better alternative for classifying the redox potential of 5-LO inhibitors, and the fluorescence assay can be effectively used to study the mechanisms of action that are related to redox cycling.
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14
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Hanke T, Dehm F, Liening S, Popella SD, Maczewsky J, Pillong M, Kunze J, Weinigel C, Barz D, Kaiser A, Wurglics M, Lämmerhofer M, Schneider G, Sautebin L, Schubert-Zsilavecz M, Werz O. Aminothiazole-Featured Pirinixic Acid Derivatives As Dual 5-Lipoxygenase and Microsomal Prostaglandin E2 Synthase-1 Inhibitors with Improved Potency and Efficiency in Vivo. J Med Chem 2013; 56:9031-44. [DOI: 10.1021/jm401557w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hanke
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse
9, D-60438 Frankfurt
am Main, Germany
| | - Friederike Dehm
- Chair
of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Stefanie Liening
- Chair
of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Sven-Desiderius Popella
- Chair
of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Jonas Maczewsky
- Chair
of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, D-07743 Jena, Germany
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Max Pillong
- Department
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eidgenössische Technische
Hochschule, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse
10, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jens Kunze
- Department
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eidgenössische Technische
Hochschule, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse
10, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christina Weinigel
- Institute
of Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Dagmar Barz
- Institute
of Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Astrid Kaiser
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse
9, D-60438 Frankfurt
am Main, Germany
| | - Mario Wurglics
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse
9, D-60438 Frankfurt
am Main, Germany
| | - Michael Lämmerhofer
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle
8, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Gisbert Schneider
- Department
of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Eidgenössische Technische
Hochschule, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse
10, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lidia Sautebin
- Department
of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Manfred Schubert-Zsilavecz
- Institute
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Strasse
9, D-60438 Frankfurt
am Main, Germany
| | - Oliver Werz
- Chair
of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, D-07743 Jena, Germany
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15
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Elshazly SM, Abd El Motteleb DM, Nassar NN. The selective 5-LOX inhibitor 11-keto-β-boswellic acid protects against myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury in rats: involvement of redox and inflammatory cascades. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2013; 386:823-33. [PMID: 23771412 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-013-0885-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial ischemia induces 5-lipoxygenase (LOX) translocation and leukotriene production in the heart. Leukotrienes increase inflammatory responses aggravating, thereby, ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. This study aimed to investigate whether the selective 5-LOX inhibitor 11-keto-β-boswellic acid (11-keto BA), in three different dose levels, exert a protective effect on myocardial I/R injury in an in vivo rat heart model. Sixty male Wister rats were used in this study and divided into five equal groups (n=12): GP1, sham-operated receiving normal saline; Gp 2, rats were subjected to 45 min left anterior descending coronary artery ligation followed by 4 h reperfusion to serve as I/R group. Gps 3-5 received 11-keto BA in doses 250, 500, 1,000 mg/kg, respectively, via an oral gavage for 7 days then were exposed to I/R. I/R injury induced a significant elevation in myeloperoxidase activity and gene expression of intracellular adhesion molecules, cyclooxygenase-2, 5-lipooxygenasae, nuclear factor kappa-beta, tumor necrosis factor alpha, nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2, and hemeoxygenease-1 consequently with reduction in glutathione peroxidase in heart tissues. Furthermore, immunohistochemical examination of the heart tissues showed positive immuostaining for both 3-nitrotyrosine and caspase-3 with DNA-ladder formation in all diseased rats. 11-keto BA in three dose levels exerted dose dependent cardioprotective effect manifested by dose-dependent reduction in serum lactate dehydrogenase and infract size through mechanisms related to enhancement of antioxidant capacity and prevention of inflammatory cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimaa M Elshazly
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
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16
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Hofmann B, Steinhilber D. 5-Lipoxygenase inhibitors: a review of recent patents (2010-2012). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2013; 23:895-909. [PMID: 23600432 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2013.791678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO) is a crucial enzyme of the arachidonic acid (AA) cascade and catalyzes the formation of bioactive leukotrienes (LTs) with the help of FLAP, the 5-LO-activating protein. LTs are inflammatory mediators playing a pathophysiological role in different diseases like asthma, allergic rhinitis as well as cardiovascular diseases and certain types of cancer. With the rising number of indications for anti-LT therapy, 5-LO inhibitor drug development becomes increasingly important. AREAS COVERED Here, both recent findings regarding the pathophysiological role of 5-LO and the patents claimed for 5-LO inhibitors are discussed. Focusing on direct inhibitors, several patents disclosing FLAP antagonists are also subject of this review. Novel compounds include 1,5-diarylpyrazoles, indolizines and indoles and several natural product extracts. EXPERT OPINION Evaluation of the patent activities revealed only quite moderate action. Nevertheless, several auspicious drug-like molecules were disclosed. It seems that in the near future, FLAP inhibitors can be expected to enter the market for the treatment of asthma. With the resolved structure of 5-LO, structure-based drug design is now applicable. Together with the identification of downstream enzyme inhibitors and dual-targeting drugs within the AA cascade, several tools are at hand to cope with 5-LOs increasing pathophysiological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Hofmann
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany
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17
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Hofmann B, Rödl CB, Kahnt AS, Maier TJ, Michel AA, Hoffmann M, Rau O, Awwad K, Pellowska M, Wurglics M, Wacker M, Zivković A, Fleming I, Schubert-Zsilavecz M, Stark H, Schneider G, Steinhilber D. Molecular pharmacological profile of a novel thiazolinone-based direct and selective 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 165:2304-13. [PMID: 21955369 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01707.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The potency of many 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) inhibitors depends on the cellular peroxide tone and the mechanism of 5-LOX enzyme activation. Therefore, new inhibitors that act regardless of the mode of enzyme activation need to be developed. Recently, we identified a novel class of thiazolinone-based compounds as potent 5-LOX inhibitors. Here, we present the molecular pharmacological profile of (Z)-5-(4-methoxybenzylidene)-2-(p-tolyl)-5H-thiazol-4-one, compound C06. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Inhibition of 5-LOX product formation was determined in intact cells [polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL), rat basophilic leukaemia-1, RAW264.7] and in cell-free assays [homogenates, 100, 000×g supernatant (S100), partially purified 5-LOX] applying different stimuli for 5-LOX activation. Inhibition of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR), cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2) ), 12-LOX, 15-LOX-1 and 15-LOX-2 as well as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) were measured in vitro. KEY RESULTS C06 induced non-cytotoxic, direct 5-LOX inhibition with IC(50) values about 0.66 µM (intact PMNL, PMNL homogenates) and approximately 0.3 µM (cell-free PMNL S100, partially purified 5-LOX). Action of C06 was independent of the stimulus used for 5-LOX activation and cellular redox tone and was selective for 5-LOX compared with other arachidonic acid binding proteins (PPAR, cPLA(2) , 12-LOX, 15-LOX-1, 15-LOX-2, COX-2). Experimental results suggest an allosteric binding distinct from the active site and the C2-like domain of 5-LOX. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS C06 was identified as a potent selective direct 5-LOX inhibitor exhibiting a novel and unique mode of action, different from other established 5-LOX inhibitors. This thiazolinone may possess potential for intervention with inflammatory and allergic diseases and certain types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Hofmann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.
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18
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Pergola C, Jazzar B, Rossi A, Northoff H, Hamburger M, Sautebin L, Werz O. On the inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase product formation by tryptanthrin: mechanistic studies and efficacy in vivo. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 165:765-76. [PMID: 21797843 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01605.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Leukotrienes (LTs) are pro-inflammatory mediators produced by 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO). Currently available 5-LO inhibitors either lack efficacy or are toxic and novel approaches are required to establish a successful anti-LT therapy. Here we provide a detailed evaluation of the effectiveness of the plant-derived alkaloid tryptanthrin as an inhibitor of LT biosynthesis. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We analysed LT formation and performed mechanistic studies in human neutrophils stimulated with pathophysiologically relevant stimuli (LPS and formyl peptide), as well as in cell-free assays (neutrophil homogenates or recombinant human 5-LO) and in human whole blood. The in vivo effectiveness of tryptanthrin was evaluated in the rat model of carrageenan-induced pleurisy. KEY RESULTS Tryptanthrin potently reduced LT-formation in human neutrophils (IC(50) = 0.6µM). However, tryptanthrin is not a redox-active compound and did not directly interfere with 5-LO activity in cell-free assays. Similarly, tryptanthrin did not inhibit the release of arachidonic acid, the activation of MAPKs, or the increase in [Ca(2+) ](i) , but it modified the subcellular localization of 5-LO. Moreover, tryptanthrin potently suppressed LT formation in human whole blood (IC(50) = 10µM) and reduced LTB(4) levels in the rat pleurisy model after a single oral dose of 10mg·kg(-1) . CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our data reveal that tryptanthrin is a potent natural inhibitor of cellular LT biosynthesis with proven efficacy in whole blood and is effective in vivo after oral administration. Its unique pharmacological profile supports further analysis to exploit its pharmacological potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Pergola
- Chair of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University Jena, Jena, Germany.
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19
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Greiner C, Hörnig C, Rossi A, Pergola C, Zettl H, Schubert-Zsilavecz M, Steinhilber D, Sautebin L, Werz O. 2-(4-(Biphenyl-4-ylamino)-6-chloropyrimidin-2-ylthio)octanoic acid (HZ52)--a novel type of 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor with favourable molecular pharmacology and efficacy in vivo. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 164:781-93. [PMID: 21506958 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01451.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE 5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO) is the key enzyme in the biosynthesis of pro-inflammatory leukotrienes (LTs) representing a potential target for pharmacological intervention with inflammation and allergic disorders. Although many LT synthesis inhibitors are effective in simple in vitro test systems, they frequently fail in vivo due to lack of efficacy. Here, we attempted to assess the pharmacological potential of the previously identified 5-LO inhibitor 2-(4-(biphenyl-4-ylamino)-6-chloropyrimidin-2-ylthio)octanoic acid (HZ52). EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We evaluated the efficacy of HZ52 in vivo using carrageenan-induced pleurisy in rats and platelet-activating factor (PAF)-induced lethal shock in mice. We also characterized 5-LO inhibition by HZ52 at the cellular and molecular level in comparison with other types of 5-LO inhibitor, that is, BWA4C, ZM230487 and hyperforin. KEY RESULTS HZ52, 1.5 mg·kg⁻¹ i.p., prevented carrageenan-induced pleurisy accompanied by reduced LTB(4) levels and protected mice (10 mg·kg⁻¹, i.p.) against PAF-induced shock. Detailed analysis in cell-based and cell-free assays revealed that inhibition of 5-LO by HZ52 (i) does not depend on radical scavenging properties and is reversible; (ii) is not impaired by an increased peroxide tone or by elevated substrate concentrations; and (iii) is little affected by the cell stimulus or by phospholipids, glycerides, membranes or Ca²⁺. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS HZ52 is a promising new type of 5-LO inhibitor with efficacy in vivo and with a favourable pharmacological profile. It possesses a unique 5-LO inhibitory mechanism different from classical 5-LO inhibitors and seemingly lacks the typical disadvantages of former classes of LT synthesis blockers.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Greiner
- Pharmazeutisches Institut, Universität Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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20
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Hieke M, Rödl CB, Wisniewska JM, la Buscató E, Stark H, Schubert-Zsilavecz M, Steinhilber D, Hofmann B, Proschak E. SAR-study on a new class of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-based inhibitors of 5-lipoxygenase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:1969-75. [PMID: 22326163 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Revised: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Hieke
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ZAFES/LiFF/OSF Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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21
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Molecular characterization of EP6—A novel imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine based direct 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 83:228-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Revised: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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22
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Ji X, Wang A, Trandafir CC, Kurahashi K. Influence of experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage on nicotine-induced contraction of the rat basilar artery in relation to arachidonic acid metabolites signaling pathway. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2011; 22:951-8. [PMID: 22209310 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2011.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2011] [Revised: 11/23/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smoking is one of the most important risk factors for cerebral circulatory disorders. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) on nicotine-induced contraction (arachidonic acid metabolites) in the basilar arteries of rats. METHODS Rats were killed at 1 hour and 1 week after blood injection, and the basilar artery was isolated and cut into a spiral strip. RESULTS Testing of cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) inhibitors revealed no significant differences in their effects on normal and SAH (1 hour and 1 week). Phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor (1-(6-((17beta-3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17yl)amino)hexyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5,-dione [U-73122]) slightly inhibited contraction of SAH (1 hour and 1 week) when compared to controls. Phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitor (manoalide) and cytosolic PLA2 (cPLA2) inhibitor (arachidonyltrifluoromenthylketone [AACOCF3]) more strongly attenuated contraction in SAH (1 hour and 1 week) than in controls. Secreted PLA2 (sPLA2) inhibitor (indoxam), PLC inhibitor (2-nitro-4-carboxyphenyl N, N-diphenylcarbamate [NCDC]), and COX-2 inhibitors (nimesulide, (5-methanesulfonamido-6-(2,4-difluorothiophenyl)-1-indanone) [L-745337], and celecoxib) only slightly inhibited contraction of SAH (1 week) when compared to normal and SAH (1 hour). The calcium-independent PLA2 (iPLA2) inhibitor bromoenol lactone (BEL) showed greater inhibition of contraction in SAH (1 hour) when compared to normal and SAH (1 week). CONCLUSIONS One week after exposure to SAH, PLC, sPLA2, and COX-2 activity were enhanced and cPLA2 activity was inhibited. One hour after exposure to SAH, PLC activity was enhanced and cPLA2 and iPLA2 activity was inhibited. Such changes of inflammatory arachidonic acid metabolites by smoking after SAH may play important roles in fatal cerebral circulatory disorders, suggesting important implications for the etiology and pathogenesis of SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Ji
- Pharmacology Division, Radioisotope Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
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Abdel-Tawab M, Werz O, Schubert-Zsilavecz M. Boswellia serrata: an overall assessment of in vitro, preclinical, pharmacokinetic and clinical data. Clin Pharmacokinet 2011; 50:349-69. [PMID: 21553931 DOI: 10.2165/11586800-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) intake is associated with high prevalence of gastrointestinal or cardiovascular adverse effects. All efforts to develop NSAIDs that spare the gastrointestinal tract and the cardiovasculature are still far from achieving a breakthrough. In the last two decades, preparations of the gum resin of Boswellia serrata (a traditional ayurvedic medicine) and of other Boswellia species have experienced increasing popularity in Western countries. Animal studies and pilot clinical trials support the potential of B. serrata gum resin extract (BSE) for the treatment of a variety of inflammatory diseases like inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis and asthma. Moreover, in 2002 the European Medicines Agency classified BSE as an 'orphan drug' for the treatment of peritumoral brain oedema. Compared to NSAIDs, it is expected that the administration of BSE is associated with better tolerability, which needs to be confirmed in further clinical trials. Until recently, the pharmacological effects of BSE were mainly attributed to suppression of leukotriene formation via inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) by two boswellic acids, 11-keto-β-boswellic acid (KBA) and acetyl-11-keto-β-boswellic acid (AKBA). These two boswellic acids have also been chosen in the monograph of Indian frankincense in European Pharmacopoiea 6.0 as markers to ensure the quality of the air-dried gum resin exudate of B. serrata. Furthermore, several dietary supplements advertise the enriched content of KBA and AKBA. However, boswellic acids failed to inhibit leukotriene formation in human whole blood, and pharmacokinetic data revealed very low concentrations of AKBA and KBA in plasma, being far below the effective concentrations for bioactivity in vitro. Moreover, permeability studies suggest poor absorption of AKBA following oral administration. In view of these results, the previously assumed mode of action - that is, 5-LO inhibition - is questionable. On the other hand, 100-fold higher plasma concentrations have been determined for β-boswellic acid, which inhibits microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1 and the serine protease cathepsin G. Thus, these two enzymes might be reasonable molecular targets related to the anti-inflammatory properties of BSE. In view of the results of clinical trials and the experimental data from in vitro studies of BSE, and the available pharmacokinetic and metabolic data on boswellic acids, this review presents different perspectives and gives a differentiated insight into the possible mechanisms of action of BSE in humans. It underlines BSE as a promising alternative to NSAIDs, which warrants investigation in further pharmacological studies and clinical trials.
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Hieke M, Greiner C, Dittrich M, Reisen F, Schneider G, Schubert-Zsilavecz M, Werz O. Discovery and Biological Evaluation of a Novel Class of Dual Microsomal Prostaglandin E2 Synthase-1/5-lipoxygenase Inhibitors Based on 2-[(4,6-Diphenethoxypyrimidin-2-yl)thio]hexanoic Acid. J Med Chem 2011; 54:4490-507. [DOI: 10.1021/jm200092b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Hieke
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ZAFES/LiFF/Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christine Greiner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, Eberhard-Karls-University Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Michaela Dittrich
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ZAFES/LiFF/Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Felix Reisen
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gisbert Schneider
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Manfred Schubert-Zsilavecz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, ZAFES/LiFF/Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Oliver Werz
- Chair of Pharmaceutical/Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Philosophenweg 14, D-07743 Jena, Germany
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Identification of 2-mercaptohexanoic acids as dual inhibitors of 5-lipoxygenase and microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase-1. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:3394-401. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 04/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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26
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Moussaieff A, Mechoulam R. Boswellia resin: from religious ceremonies to medical uses; a review of in-vitro, in-vivo and clinical trials. J Pharm Pharmacol 2010. [DOI: 10.1211/jpp.61.10.0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Despite its historical-religious, cultural and medical importance, Boswellia has not been thoroughly studied, and gaps still exist between our knowledge of the traditional uses of the resin and the scientific data available. Here we review the pharmacology of Boswellia resin and of the small molecules identified as the active ingredients of the resin.
Key findings
The resin of Boswellia species (‘frankincense’, ‘olibanum’) has been used as incense in religious and cultural ceremonies since the beginning of written history. Its medicinal properties are also widely recognized, mainly in the treatment of inflammatory conditions, as well as in some cancerous diseases, wound healing and for its antimicrobial activity. Until recently, work on Boswellia focused on the immunomodulatory properties of the resin and boswellic acids were considered to be the main, if not the only, active ingredients of the resin. Hence, this family of triterpenoids was investigated by numerous groups, both in vitro and in vivo. These compounds were shown to exert significant anti-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic activity in many assays: in vitro, in vivo and in clinical trials. We recently found incensole acetate and its derivatives, which are major components of Boswellia resin, to be nuclear factor-κB inhibitors, thus suggesting that they are, at least in part, responsible for its anti-inflammatory effects. Incensole acetate also exerts a robust neuroprotective effect after brain trauma in mice. Furthermore, it causes behavioural as well as anti-depressive and anxiolytic effects in mice. It is also a potent agonist of the transient receptor potential (TRP)V3 channel. It thus seems that incensole acetate and its derivatives play a significant role in the effects that Boswellia resin exerts on biological systems.
Conclusions
Altogether, studies on Boswellia resin have provided an arsenal of bio-active small molecules with a considerable therapeutic potential that is far from being utilized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arieh Moussaieff
- Department of Plant Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Raphael Mechoulam
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, Medical faculty, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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Feißt C, Pergola C, Rakonjac M, Rossi A, Koeberle A, Dodt G, Hoffmann M, Hoernig C, Fischer L, Steinhilber D, Franke L, Schneider G, Rådmark O, Sautebin L, Werz O. Hyperforin is a novel type of 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor with high efficacy in vivo. Cell Mol Life Sci 2009; 66:2759-71. [PMID: 19579006 PMCID: PMC11115900 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-009-0078-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2009] [Revised: 06/12/2009] [Accepted: 06/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We previously showed that, in vitro, hyperforin from St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) inhibits 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO), the key enzyme in leukotriene biosynthesis. Here, we demonstrate that hyperforin possesses a novel and unique molecular pharmacological profile as a 5-LO inhibitor with remarkable efficacy in vivo. Hyperforin (4 mg/kg, i.p.) significantly suppressed leukotriene B(4) formation in pleural exudates of carrageenan-treated rats associated with potent anti-inflammatory effectiveness. Inhibition of 5-LO by hyperforin, but not by the iron-ligand type 5-LO inhibitor BWA4C or the nonredox-type inhibitor ZM230487, was abolished in the presence of phosphatidylcholine and strongly reduced by mutation (W13A-W75A-W102A) of the 5-LO C2-like domain. Moreover, hyperforin impaired the interaction of 5-LO with coactosin-like protein and abrogated 5-LO nuclear membrane translocation in ionomycin-stimulated neutrophils, processes that are typically mediated via the regulatory 5-LO C2-like domain. Together, hyperforin is a novel type of 5-LO inhibitor apparently acting by interference with the C2-like domain, with high effectiveness in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Feißt
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Carlo Pergola
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, Eberhard-Karls-University Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marija Rakonjac
- Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Andreas Koeberle
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, Eberhard-Karls-University Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gabriele Dodt
- Interfakultäres Institut für Biochemie, Hoppe-Seyler-Straße 4, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marika Hoffmann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christina Hoernig
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Lutz Fischer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Dieter Steinhilber
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Lutz Franke
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of Frankfurt, Siesmayerstr. 70, 60323 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Gisbert Schneider
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of Frankfurt, Siesmayerstr. 70, 60323 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Olof Rådmark
- Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lidia Sautebin
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Oliver Werz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, Eberhard-Karls-University Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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Siemoneit U, Pergola C, Jazzar B, Northoff H, Skarke C, Jauch J, Werz O. On the interference of boswellic acids with 5-lipoxygenase: mechanistic studies in vitro and pharmacological relevance. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 606:246-54. [PMID: 19374837 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2008] [Revised: 01/12/2009] [Accepted: 01/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Boswellic acids are pharmacologically active ingredients of frankincense with anti-inflammatory properties. It was shown that in vitro 11-keto-boswellic acids inhibit 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO, EC 1.13.11.34), the key enzyme in leukotriene biosynthesis, which may account for their anti-inflammatory effectiveness. However, whether 11-keto-boswellic acids interfere with 5-LO under physiologically relevant conditions (i.e., in whole blood assays) and whether they inhibit 5-LO in vivo is unknown. Inhibition of human 5-LO by the major naturally occurring boswellic acids was analyzed in cell-free and cell-based activity assays. Moreover, interference of boswellic acids with 5-LO in neutrophil incubations in the presence of albumin and in human whole blood was assessed, and plasma leukotriene B(4) of frankincense-treated healthy volunteers was determined. Factors influencing 5-LO activity (i.e., Ca(2+), phospholipids, substrate concentration) significantly modulate the potency of 11-keto-boswellic acids to inhibit 5-LO. Moreover, 11-keto-boswellic acids efficiently suppressed 5-LO product formation in isolated neutrophils (IC(50)=2.8 to 8.8 muM) but failed to inhibit 5-LO product formation in human whole blood. In the presence of albumin (10 mg/ml), 5-LO inhibition by 11-keto-boswellic acids (up to 30 muM) in neutrophils was abolished, apparently due to strong albumin-binding (>95%) of 11-keto-boswellic acids. Finally, single dose (800 mg) oral administration of frankincense extracts to human healthy volunteers failed to suppress leukotriene B(4) plasma levels. Our data show that boswellic acids are direct 5-LO inhibitors that efficiently suppress 5-LO product synthesis in common in vitro test models, however, the pharmacological relevance of such interference in vivo seems questionable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Siemoneit
- Department for Pharmaceutical Analytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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29
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Werz O, Greiner C, Koeberle A, Hoernig C, George S, Popescu L, Syha I, Schubert-Zsilavecz M, Steinhilber D. Novel and potent inhibitors of 5-lipoxygenase product synthesis based on the structure of pirinixic acid. J Med Chem 2008; 51:5449-53. [PMID: 18710209 DOI: 10.1021/jm800588x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A novel class of potent 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) product synthesis inhibitors based on the structure of pirinixic acid (4-chloro-6-(2,3-xylidino)-2-pyrimidinylthioacetic acid, compound 1) is presented. Systematic profiling of 1, i.e., esterification of the carboxylic acid, alpha-substitution, and replacement of the o-dimethylaniline by 6-aminoquinoline, leads to potent suppressors of 5-LO product formation in activated polymorphonuclear leukocytes, exemplified by ethyl 2-[4-chloro-6-(quinoline-6-ylamino)-pyrimidin-2-ylsulfanyl]octane-1-carboxylate (6d, IC50 = 0.6 microM). These derivatives may possess potential for intervention with inflammatory and allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Werz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytics, Pharmaceutical Institute, Eberhard-Karls-University Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, D-72076 Tuebingen, Germany.
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Zweifel BS, Hardy MM, Anderson GD, Dufield DR, Pufahl RA, Masferrer JL. A rat air pouch model for evaluating the efficacy and selectivity of 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors. Eur J Pharmacol 2008; 584:166-74. [PMID: 18295198 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2007] [Revised: 12/03/2007] [Accepted: 01/28/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) pathway has been associated with a variety of inflammatory diseases including asthma, atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, pain, cancer and liver fibrosis. Several classes of 5-LOX inhibitors have been identified, but only one drug, zileuton, a redox inhibitor of 5-LOX, has been approved for clinical use. To better evaluate the efficacy of 5-LOX inhibitors for pharmacological intervention, a rat model was modified to test the in vivo efficacy of 5-LOX inhibitors. Inflammation was produced by adding carrageenan into a newly formed air pouch and prostaglandins produced. While macrophages and neutrophils are present in the inflamed pouch, little 5-LOX products are formed. Cellular 5-LOX activation was obtained by adding calcium ionophore (A23187) into the pouch thus providing a novel model to evaluate the efficacy and selectivity of 5-LOX inhibitors. Also, we described modifications to the in vitro 5-LOX enzyme and cell assays. These assays included a newly developed fluorescence-based enzyme assay, a 5-LOX redox assay, an ex vivo human whole blood assay and an IgE-stimulated rat mast cell assay, all designed for maximal production of leukotrienes. Zileuton and CJ-13,610, a competitive, non-redox inhibitor of 5-LOX, were evaluated for their pharmacological properties using these assays. Although both compounds achieved dose-dependent inhibition of 5-LOX enzyme activity, CJ-13,610 was 3-4 fold more potent than zileuton in all-assays. Evaluation of 5-LOX metabolites-by LC/MS/MS and ELISA confirmed that both compounds selectively inhibited all products downstream of 5-hydroperoxy eicosatetraenoic acid (5-HPETE), including 5-oxo-6,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid (5-oxoETE), without inhibition of 12-lipoxygenase (12-LOX), 15-lipoxygenase (15-LOX), or cyclooxygenase (COX) products. In the rat air pouch model, oral dosing of CJ-13,610 and zileuton resulted in selective inhibition 5-LOX activity from pouch exudate and ex vivo rat whole blood with similar potency to in vitro assay. These data show that the rat air pouch model is a reliable and useful tool for evaluating in vivo efficacy of 5-LOX inhibitors and may aid in the development of the next generation of 5-LOX inhibitors, such as the non-redox inhibitors similar to CJ-13,610.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben S Zweifel
- Pfizer Global Research & Development, Pfizer Inc., St. Louis, MO 63017, USA.
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Michel AAY, Steinhilber D, Werz O. Development of a method for expression and purification of the regulatory C2-like domain of human 5-lipoxygenase. Protein Expr Purif 2008; 59:110-6. [PMID: 18280752 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2008.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2007] [Revised: 01/12/2008] [Accepted: 01/15/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO), the key enzyme in leukotriene biosynthesis, is built of a catalytic C-terminal domain and a regulatory N-terminal C2-like domain. The C2-like domain is the target of many regulatory factors or proteins including Ca(2+), phospholipids, glycerides, coactosin-like protein and presumably other components that modulate the catalytic activity of 5-LO by acting at this domain, but the detailed underlying molecular mechanisms of these interactions are still unclear. In order to obtain the 5-LO C2-like domain as purified protein in good yields for further mechanistic studies and structure elucidation, a novel expression and purification approach has been applied. A plasmid was constructed expressing a fusion protein of maltose-binding protein (MBP) and the regulatory C2-like domain of 5-LO (AS 1-128), separated by a tobacco etch virus (TEV) protease-cleavage site. The fusion protein MBP-5LO1-128 could be essentially expressed as a soluble protein in Escherichia coli and was efficiently purified by amylose affinity chromatography. By means of this procedure, approximately 80mg purified fusion protein out of 1L E. coli culture were obtained. Digestion with TEV protease yielded the C2-like domain that was further purified using hydrophobic interaction chromatography. Alternatively, the uncleaved fusion protein MBP-5LO1-128 may be suitable to immobilize the C2-like domain on an amylose resin for co-factor interaction studies. Together, we present a convenient expression and purification strategy of the 5-LO C2-like domain that opens many possibilities for structural determination and mechanistic studies, aiming to reveal the precise role and function of this regulatory domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela A Y Michel
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany
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Identification and functional analysis of cyclooxygenase-1 as a molecular target of boswellic acids. Biochem Pharmacol 2008; 75:503-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2007.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2007] [Revised: 09/03/2007] [Accepted: 09/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Whitaker BD, Knight JW. Mechanisms of oxidative stress in porcine oocytes and the role of anti-oxidants. Reprod Fertil Dev 2008; 20:694-702. [DOI: 10.1071/rd08037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2008] [Accepted: 05/26/2008] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of oxidative stress in in vitro maturing porcine oocytes and the effects of anti-oxidant supplementation of the medium in ameliorating these effects were investigated in the present study. In addition to intracellular reduced glutathione (GSH) concentrations and DNA fragmentation, the present study focused on superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and catalase activity. The anti-oxidants used were N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and its derivative NAC-amide (NACA). The results indicate that when SOD is inhibited, supplementation of the maturarion medium with 1.5 mm NAC or NACA compensates for the decrease in SOD activity by reducing the degree of DNA fragmentation (P < 0.05). When GPx is inhibited, supplementation of the maturarion medium with 1.5 mm NAC alleviates the effects of no GPx activity, as indicated by a decrease in the degree of DNA fragmentation (P < 0.05). When the maturarion medium was supplemented with 1.5 mm NACA, intracellular GSH concentrations decreased (P < 0.05) and SOD and catalase activities increased (P < 0.05) along with the degree of DNA fragmentation. These results indicate that the mechanisms of alleviating oxidative stress in porcine oocytes are very complex and supplementing maturing oocytes with anti-oxidants may enhance enzyme activities and eliminate free radicals.
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Ji X, Nishihashi T, Trandafir CC, Wang A, Shimizu Y, Kurahashi K. Pharmacological nature of nicotine-induced contraction in the rat basilar artery: Involvement of arachidonic acid metabolites. Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 577:109-14. [PMID: 17765890 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2007.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2007] [Revised: 08/02/2007] [Accepted: 08/06/2007] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The pharmacological nature of nicotine-induced contraction in the rat basilar artery is poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to investigate the endothelium dependency and involvement of arachidonic acid metabolites in nicotine-induced contraction in the rat basilar artery. The rat basilar artery was removed from the brain and cut into a spiral preparation. Nicotine (3x10(-5) to 10(-2) M) induced the concentration-dependent contraction in the rat basilar artery, and the maximal contraction was obtained at 3x10(-3) M. The contraction induced by nicotine (3x10(-3) M) was significantly attenuated by the presence of saponin (0.05 mg/ml, 15 min). Phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitors (NCDC and U-73122), calcium-independent phospholipase A(2) (iPLA(2)) inhibitor (BEL), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors (nimesulide, L-745,337 and celecoxib), and a 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) inhibitor (ZM-230487) concentration-dependently attenuated the nicotine-induced contraction. A cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)) inhibitor (AACOCF3), secretory phospholipase A(2) (sPLA(2)) inhibitor (indoxam), and cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) inhibitors (flurbiprofen and ketoprofen) did not affect the nicotine-induced contraction. From these results, it was suggested that nicotine-induced contraction in the rat basilar artery is endothelium-dependent and is due to arachidonic acid metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Ji
- Pharmacology Division, Radioisotope Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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Fischer L, Hornig M, Pergola C, Meindl N, Franke L, Tanrikulu Y, Dodt G, Schneider G, Steinhilber D, Werz O. The molecular mechanism of the inhibition by licofelone of the biosynthesis of 5-lipoxygenase products. Br J Pharmacol 2007; 152:471-80. [PMID: 17704828 PMCID: PMC2050828 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Licofelone is a dual inhibitor of the cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) pathway, and has been developed for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Here, we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying the inhibition by licofelone of the formation of 5-LO products. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The efficacy of licofelone to inhibit the formation of 5-LO products was analysed in human isolated polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) or transfected HeLa cells, as well as in cell-free assays using respective cell homogenates or purified recombinant 5-LO. Moreover, the effects of licofelone on the subcellular redistribution of 5-LO were studied. KEY RESULTS Licofelone potently blocked synthesis of 5-LO products in Ca(2+)-ionophore-activated PMNL (IC(50)=1.7 microM) but was a weak inhibitor of 5-LO activity in cell-free assays (IC(50)>>10 microM). The structures of licofelone and MK-886, an inhibitor of the 5-LO-activating protein (FLAP), were superimposable. The potencies of both licofelone and MK-886 in ionophore-activated PMNL were impaired upon increasing the concentration of arachidonic acid, or under conditions where 5-LO product formation was evoked by genotoxic, oxidative or hyperosmotic stress. Furthermore, licofelone prevented nuclear redistribution of 5-LO in ionophore-activated PMNL, as had been observed for FLAP inhibitors. Finally, licofelone as well as MK-886 caused only moderate inhibition of the synthesis of 5-LO products in HeLa cells, unless FLAP was co-transfected. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our data suggest that the potent inhibition of the biosynthesis of 5-LO products by licofelone requires an intact cellular environment and appears to be due to interference with FLAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Fischer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Frankfurt Frankfurt, Germany
| | - M Hornig
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Frankfurt Frankfurt, Germany
| | - C Pergola
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytics, Institute of Pharmacy, Eberhard-Karls University Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8 Tuebingen, Germany
| | - N Meindl
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Frankfurt Frankfurt, Germany
| | - L Franke
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Y Tanrikulu
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - G Dodt
- Interfakultäres Institut für Biochemie, Eberhard-Karls University Tuebingen Tuebingen, Germany
| | - G Schneider
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - D Steinhilber
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Frankfurt Frankfurt, Germany
| | - O Werz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytics, Institute of Pharmacy, Eberhard-Karls University Tuebingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8 Tuebingen, Germany
- Author for correspondence:
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36
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Rådmark O, Werz O, Steinhilber D, Samuelsson B. 5-Lipoxygenase: regulation of expression and enzyme activity. Trends Biochem Sci 2007; 32:332-41. [PMID: 17576065 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2007.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 350] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2007] [Revised: 05/01/2007] [Accepted: 06/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO) catalyzes the first two steps in the biosynthesis of leukotrienes, a group of pro-inflammatory lipid mediators derived from arachidonic acid. Leukotriene antagonists are used in the treatment of asthma, and the potential role of leukotrienes in atherosclerosis, another chronic inflammatory disease, has recently received considerable attention. In addition, some possible effects of 5-LO metabolites in tumorigenesis have emerged. Thus, knowledge of the biochemistry of this enzyme has potential implications for the treatment of various diseases. Recent advances have expanded our understanding of the regulatory mechanisms underlying the expression and control of 5-LO activity. With regard to the control of enzyme activity, many of these findings focus on the N-terminal domain of 5-LO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olof Rådmark
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Karolinska Institutet, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
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37
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Pufahl RA, Kasten TP, Hills R, Gierse JK, Reitz BA, Weinberg RA, Masferrer JL. Development of a fluorescence-based enzyme assay of human 5-lipoxygenase. Anal Biochem 2007; 364:204-12. [PMID: 17376394 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2007.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2006] [Revised: 02/05/2007] [Accepted: 02/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Leukotrienes are important mediators in a number of inflammatory diseases and therefore are a target of several therapeutic approaches. The first committed step in the synthesis of leukotrienes is the conversion of arachidonic acid to leukotriene A(4) (LTA(4)) in two successive reactions catalyzed by 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX). Assays to measure 5-LOX activity typically have been low throughput and time consuming. In this article, we describe a fluorescence assay that is amenable to high-throughput screening in a 384-well microplate format. The fluorescent signal is measured during oxidation of 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2DCFDA) by human 5-LOX. The assay has been found to reliably identify small molecule inhibitors of human 5-LOX. The IC(50) values of several 5-LOX inhibitors in this new assay are comparable to those determined in a standard spectrophotometric assay that measures the formation of the 5(S)-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (5-HpETE) product. In addition, we demonstrate the use of the assay in a high-throughput screen of the Pfizer compound collection to identify inhibitors of 5-LOX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Pufahl
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Chesterfield, MO 63017, USA.
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38
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Synthesis of 2,3-Dihydrothiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-5-ones by a Michael-type Tandem Reaction. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-006-0531-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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39
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Werz O, Steinhilber D. Therapeutic options for 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors. Pharmacol Ther 2006; 112:701-18. [PMID: 16837050 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2006.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2006] [Accepted: 05/26/2006] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO) catalyzes the conversion of arachidonic acid (AA) into leukotriene (LT) A(4) and 5-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid. LTA(4) can then be converted into LTB(4) by LTA(4) hydrolase or into LTC(4) by LTC(4) synthase and the LTC(4) synthase isoenzymes MGST2 and MGST3. LTB(4) is a potent chemoattractant for neutrophils, eosinophils and monocytes leading to adherence of phagocytes to vessel walls, neutrophil degranulation and release of superoxide anions. LTC(4) and its metabolite, LTD(4), are potent bronchoconstrictors that increase vascular permeability and stimulate mucus secretion from airways. Recent data also suggest that LT have an immunomodulatory role. Due to these properties, the increased biosynthesis of LT in asthma, and based upon clinical data obtained with CysLT(1) receptor antagonists in asthma patients, there is a consensus that CysLT play a prominent role in asthma. In this review, we summarize the knowledge on possible functions of the 5-LO pathway in various diseases like asthma, cancer and cardiovascular events and review the corresponding potential therapeutic roles of 5-LO inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Werz
- Pharmaceutical Institute, University of Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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40
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Poeckel D, Tausch L, Kather N, Jauch J, Werz O. Boswellic Acids Stimulate Arachidonic Acid Release and 12-Lipoxygenase Activity in Human Platelets Independent of Ca2+and Differentially Interact with Platelet-Type 12-Lipoxygenase. Mol Pharmacol 2006; 70:1071-8. [PMID: 16788089 DOI: 10.1124/mol.106.024836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Boswellic acids inhibit the transformation of arachidonic acid to leukotrienes via 5-lipoxygenase but can also enhance the liberation of arachidonic acid in human leukocytes and platelets. Using human platelets, we explored the molecular mechanisms underlying the boswellic acid-induced release of arachidonic acid and the subsequent metabolism by platelet-type 12-li-poxygenase (p12-LO). Both beta-boswellic acid and 3-O-acetyl-11-keto-boswellic acid (AKBA) markedly enhanced the release of arachidonic acid via cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2), whereas for generation of 12-hydro(pero)xyeicosatetraenoic acid [12-H(P)ETE], AKBA was less potent than beta-boswellic acid and was without effect at higher concentrations (> or =30 microM). In contrast to thrombin, beta-boswellic acid-induced release of ara-chidonic acid and formation of 12-H(P)ETE was more rapid and occurred in the absence of Ca2+. The Ca2+-independent release of arachidonic acid and 12-H(P)ETE production elicited by beta-boswellic acid was not affected by pharmacological inhibitors of signaling molecules relevant for agonist-induced arachidonic acid liberation and metabolism. It is noteworthy that in cell-free assays, beta-boswellic acid increased p12-LO catalysis approximately 2-fold in the absence but not in the presence of Ca2+, whereas AKBA inhibited p12-LO activity. No direct modulatory effects of boswellic acids on cPLA2 activity in cell-free assays were evident. Therefore, immobilized KBA (linked to Sepharose beads) selectively precipitated p12-LO from platelet lysates but failed to bind cPLA2. Taken together, we show that boswellic acids induce the release of arachidonic acid and the synthesis of 12-H(P)ETE in human platelets by unique Ca2+-independent routes, and we identified p12-LO as a selective molecular target of boswellic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Poeckel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analytics, Institute of Pharmacy, Eberhard-Karls-University Tubingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 8, D-72076 Tubingen, Germany
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41
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Roy S, Khanna S, Krishnaraju AV, Subbaraju GV, Yasmin T, Bagchi D, Sen CK. Regulation of vascular responses to inflammation: inducible matrix metalloproteinase-3 expression in human microvascular endothelial cells is sensitive to antiinflammatory Boswellia. Antioxid Redox Signal 2006; 8:653-60. [PMID: 16677108 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2006.8.653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells are critical elements in the pathophysiology of inflammation. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha potently induces inflammatory responses in endothelial cells. Recently we have examined the genetic basis of the antiinflammatory effects of Boswellia extract (BE) in a system of TNFalpha-induced gene expression in human microvascular endothelial cells (HMECs). Of the 522 genes induced by TNFalpha in HMECs, 113 genes were sensitive to BE. BE prevented the TNFalpha-induced expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). In the current work, we sought to test the effects of BE on TNFalpha-inducible MMP expression in HMECs. Acetyl-11-ketobeta- boswellic acid (AKBA) is known to be an active principle in BE. To evaluate the significance of AKBA in the antiinflammatory properties of BE, effects of BE containing either 3% (BE3%) or 30% (BE30%, 5- Loxin) were compared. Pretreatment of HMECs for 2 days with BE potently prevented TNFalpha-induced expression and activity of MMP-3, MMP-10, and MMP-12. In vivo, BE protected against experimental arthritis. In all experiments, both in vitro and in vivo, BE30% was more effective than BE3%. In sum, this work lends support to our previous report that BE has potent antiinflammatory properties both in vitro as well as in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sashwati Roy
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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42
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Rådmark O, Samuelsson B. Regulation of 5-lipoxygenase enzyme activity. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 338:102-10. [PMID: 16122704 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2005] [Accepted: 08/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In this article, regulation of human 5-lipoxygenase enzyme activity is reviewed. First, structural properties and enzyme activities are described. This is followed by the activating factors: Ca2+, membranes, ATP, and lipid hydroperoxide. Also, studies on phosphorylation of 5-lipoxygenase and nuclear localization sequences are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olof Rådmark
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Division of Physiological Chemistry II, Karolinska Institutet, S-17177 Stockholm, Sweden.
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43
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Werz O, Steinhilber D. Development of 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors--lessons from cellular enzyme regulation. Biochem Pharmacol 2005; 70:327-33. [PMID: 15907806 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2005.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2005] [Revised: 04/01/2005] [Accepted: 04/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO) catalyzes the first steps in the conversion of arachidonic acid (AA) into leukotrienes (LTs) that are mediators of inflammatory and allergic reactions. Recently, the 5-LO pathway has also been associated with atherosclerosis and osteoporosis. Thus, in addition to the classical applications including asthma and allergic disorders, LT synthesis inhibitors might be of interest for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and osteoporosis. Recently, it has been shown that cellular 5-LO activity is regulated in a complex manner that can involve different signalling pathways. 5-LO can be activated by an increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration, diacylglycerols, phosphorylation by MAPKAP kinase-2 and ERK. Previous work could demonstrate that cellular 5-LO activity is repressed in a protein kinase A-dependent manner and by glutathione peroxidases. This comment focuses on the impact of these stimulatory and inhibitory pathways on the efficacy of 5-LO inhibitors and suggests additional criteria for the development of this class of compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Werz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry/ZAFES, University of Frankfurt, Marie-Curie-Str. 9, D-60439 Frankfurt, Germany
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44
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Roy S, Khanna S, Shah H, Rink C, Phillips C, Preuss H, Subbaraju GV, Trimurtulu G, Krishnaraju AV, Bagchi M, Bagchi D, Sen CK. Human genome screen to identify the genetic basis of the anti-inflammatory effects of Boswellia in microvascular endothelial cells. DNA Cell Biol 2005; 24:244-55. [PMID: 15812241 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2005.24.244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory disorders represent a substantial health problem. Medicinal plants belonging to the Burseraceae family, including Boswellia, are especially known for their anti-inflammatory properties. The gum resin of Boswellia serrata contains boswellic acids, which inhibit leukotriene biosynthesis. A series of chronic inflammatory diseases are perpetuated by leukotrienes. Although Boswellia extract has proven to be anti-inflammatory in clinical trials, the underlying mechanisms remain to be characterized. TNF alpha represents one of the most widely recognized mediators of inflammation. One mechanism by which TNFalpha causes inflammation is by potently inducing the expression of adhesion molecules such as VCAM-1. We sought to test the genetic basis of the antiinflammatory effects of BE (standardized Boswellia extract, 5-Loxin) in a system of TNF alpha-induced gene expression in human microvascular endothelial cells. We conducted the first whole genome screen for TNF alpha- inducible genes in human microvascular cells (HMEC). Acutely, TNF alpha induced 522 genes and downregulated 141 genes in nine out of nine pairwise comparisons. Of the 522 genes induced by TNF alpha in HMEC, 113 genes were clearly sensitive to BE treatment. Such genes directly related to inflammation, cell adhesion, and proteolysis. The robust BE-sensitive candidate genes were then subjected to further processing for the identification of BE-sensitive signaling pathways. The use of resources such as GenMAPP, KEGG, and gene ontology led to the recognition of the primary BE-sensitive TNF alpha-inducible pathways. BE prevented the TNF alpha-induced expression of matrix metalloproteinases. BE also prevented the inducible expression of mediators of apoptosis. Most strikingly, however, TNF alpha-inducible expression of VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 were observed to be sensitive to BE. Realtime PCR studies showed that while TNF alpha potently induced VCAM-1 gene expression, BE completely prevented it. This result confirmed our microarray findings and built a compelling case for the anti-inflammatory property of BE. In an in vivo model of carrageenan-induced rat paw inflammation, we observed a significant antiinflammatory property of BE consistent with our in vitro findings. These findings warrant further research aimed at identifying the signaling mechanisms by which BE exerts its anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sashwati Roy
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA
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45
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Fischer L, Steinhilber D, Werz O. Molecular pharmacological profile of the nonredox-type 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor CJ-13,610. Br J Pharmacol 2004; 142:861-8. [PMID: 15197110 PMCID: PMC1575070 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
5-Lipoxygenase (5-LO) is a crucial enzyme in the synthesis of the bioactive leukotrienes (LTs) from arachidonic acid (AA), and inhibitors of 5-LO are thought to prevent the untowarded pathophysiological effects of LTs. In this study, we present the molecular pharmacological profile of the novel nonredox-type 5-LO inhibitor CJ-13,610 that was evaluated in various in vitro assays. In intact human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL), challenged with the Ca(2+)-ionophore A23187, CJ-13,610 potently suppressed 5-LO product formation with an IC(50)=0.07 microm. Supplementation of exogenous AA impaired the efficacy of CJ-13,610, implying a competitive mode of action. In analogy to ZM230487 and L-739.010, two closely related nonredox-type 5-LO inhibitors, CJ-13,610 up to 30 microm failed to inhibit 5-LO in cell-free assay systems under nonreducing conditions, but inclusion of peroxidase activity restored the efficacy of CJ-13,610 (IC(50)=0.3 microm). In contrast to ZM230487 and L-739.010, the potency of CJ-13,610 does not depend on the cell stimulus or the activation pathway of 5-LO. Thus, 5-LO product formation in PMNL induced by phosphorylation events was equally suppressed by CJ-13,610 as compared to Ca(2+)-mediated 5-LO activation. In transfected HeLa cells, CJ-13,610 only slightly discriminated between phosphorylatable wild-type 5-LO and a 5-LO mutant that lacks phosphorylation sites. In summary, CJ-13,610 may possess considerable potential as a potent orally active nonredox-type 5-LO inhibitor that lacks certain disadvantages of former representatives of this class of 5-LO inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Fischer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Frankfurt, Marie-Curie-Str. 9, Frankfurt D-60439, Germany
| | - Dieter Steinhilber
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Frankfurt, Marie-Curie-Str. 9, Frankfurt D-60439, Germany
| | - Oliver Werz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Frankfurt, Marie-Curie-Str. 9, Frankfurt D-60439, Germany
- Author for correspondence:
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46
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Altmann A, Poeckel D, Fischer L, Schubert-Zsilavecz M, Steinhilber D, Werz O. Coupling of boswellic acid-induced Ca2+ mobilisation and MAPK activation to lipid metabolism and peroxide formation in human leucocytes. Br J Pharmacol 2004; 141:223-32. [PMID: 14691050 PMCID: PMC1574191 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2003] [Revised: 10/13/2003] [Accepted: 10/29/2003] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
1. We have previously shown that 11-keto boswellic acids (11-keto-BAs), the active principles of Boswellia serrata gum resins, activate p38 MAPK and p42/44(MAPK) and stimulate Ca(2+) mobilisation in human polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMNL). 2. In this study, we attempted to connect the activation of MAPK and mobilisation of Ca(2+) to functional responses of PMNL, including the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), release of arachidonic acid (AA), and leukotriene (LT) biosynthesis. 3. We found that, in PMNL, 11-keto-BAs stimulate the formation of ROS and cause release of AA as well as its transformation to LTs via 5-lipoxygenase. 4. Based on inhibitor studies, 11-keto-BA-induced ROS formation is Ca(2+)-dependent and is mediated by NADPH oxidase involving PI 3-K and p42/44(MAPK) signalling pathways. Also, the release of AA depends on Ca(2+) and p42/44(MAPK), whereas the pathways stimulating 5-LO are not readily apparent. 5. Pertussis toxin, which inactivates G(i/0) protein subunits, prevents MAPK activation and Ca(2+) mobilisation induced by 11-keto-BAs, implying the involvement of a G(i/0) protein in BA signalling. 6. Expanding studies on differentiated haematopoietic cell lines (HL60, Mono Mac 6, BL41-E-95-A) demonstrate that the ability of BAs to activate MAPK and to mobilise Ca(2+) may depend on the cell type or the differentiation status. 7. In summary, we conclude that BAs act via G(i/0) protein(s) stimulating signalling pathways that control functional leucocyte responses, in a similar way as chemoattractants, that is, N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine or platelet-activating factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Altmann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Frankfurt, Marie-Curie Strasse 9, Frankfurt D-60439, Germany
| | - Daniel Poeckel
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Frankfurt, Marie-Curie Strasse 9, Frankfurt D-60439, Germany
| | - Lutz Fischer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Frankfurt, Marie-Curie Strasse 9, Frankfurt D-60439, Germany
| | - Manfred Schubert-Zsilavecz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Frankfurt, Marie-Curie Strasse 9, Frankfurt D-60439, Germany
| | - Dieter Steinhilber
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Frankfurt, Marie-Curie Strasse 9, Frankfurt D-60439, Germany
| | - Oliver Werz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Frankfurt, Marie-Curie Strasse 9, Frankfurt D-60439, Germany
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47
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Bürkert E, Arnold C, Hammarberg T, Rådmark O, Steinhilber D, Werz O. The C2-like beta-barrel domain mediates the Ca2+-dependent resistance of 5-lipoxygenase activity against inhibition by glutathione peroxidase-1. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:42846-53. [PMID: 12893830 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m302471200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we reported that in crude enzyme preparations, a monocyte-derived soluble protein (M-DSP) renders 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) activity Ca2+-dependent. Here we provide evidence that this M-DSP is glutathione peroxidase (GPx)-1. Thus, the inhibitory effect of the M-DSP on 5-LO could be overcome by the GPx-1 inhibitor mercaptosuccinate and by the broad spectrum GPx inhibitor iodoacetate, as well as by addition of 13(S)-hydroperoxy-9Z,11E-octadecadienoic acid (13(S)-HPODE). Also, the chromatographic characteristics and the estimated molecular mass (80-100 kDa) of the M-DSP fit to GPx-1 (87 kDa), and GPx-1, isolated from bovine erythrocytes, mimicked the effects of the M-DSP. Intriguingly, only a trace amount of thiol (10 micro M GSH) was required for reduction of 5-LO activity by GPx-1 or the M-DSP. Moreover, the requirement of Ca2+ allowing 5-LO product synthesis in various leukocytes correlated with the respective GPx-1 activities. Mutation of the Ca2+ binding sites within the C2-like domain of 5-LO resulted in strong reduction of 5-LO activity by M-DSP and GPx-1, also in the presence of Ca2+. In summary, our data suggest that interaction of Ca2+ at the C2-like domain of 5-LO protects the enzyme against the effect of GPx-1. Apparently, in the presence of Ca2+, a low lipid hydroperoxide level is sufficient for 5-LO activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Bürkert
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Frankfurt, Marie-Curie-Strasse 9, D-60439 Frankfurt, Germany
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48
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Fischer L, Szellas D, Rådmark O, Steinhilber D, Werz O. Phosphorylation- and stimulus-dependent inhibition of cellular 5-lipoxygenase activity by nonredox-type inhibitors. FASEB J 2003; 17:949-51. [PMID: 12670876 DOI: 10.1096/fj.02-0815fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Nonredox-type 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) inhibitors such as ZM230487 or L-739.010 potently suppress leukotriene biosynthesis at low cellular peroxide tone. Here, we show that inhibition of 5-LO product formation by nonredox-type 5-LO inhibitors in human isolated polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNL) depends on the activation pathway of 5-LO. Thus, compared with 5-LO product synthesis induced by the Ca2+-mobilizing agent ionophore A23187, cell stress-induced 5-LO product formation involving 5-LO kinase pathways required ~10- to 100-fold higher concentrations of ZM230487 or L-739.010 for comparable 5-LO inhibition. No such differences were observed for the iron ligand-type 5-LO inhibitor BWA4C or the novel-type 5-LO inhibitors hyperforin and 3-O-acetyl-11-keto-boswellic acid. Experiments using purified 5-LO revealed that Ca2+ is no prerequisite for potent enzyme inhibition by ZM230487, and exposure of PMNL to the combination of ionophore and cell stress did not restore potent 5-LO suppression. Intriguingly, a significant difference in the potency of nonredox-type inhibitors (but not of BWA4C) was determined between wild-type 5-LO and the mutant S271A/S663A-5-LO (lacking phosphorylation sites for ERK1/2 and MAPKAPK-2) in HeLa cells. Collectively, our data suggest that compared with Ca2+-mediated 5-LO product formation, enzyme activation involving 5-LO phosphorylation events specifically and strongly alters the susceptibility of 5-LO toward nonredox-type inhibitors in intact cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Fischer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Frankfurt, Marie-Curie Strasse 9, D-60439 Frankfurt, Germany
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49
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Albert D, Zündorf I, Dingermann T, Müller WE, Steinhilber D, Werz O. Hyperforin is a dual inhibitor of cyclooxygenase-1 and 5-lipoxygenase. Biochem Pharmacol 2002; 64:1767-75. [PMID: 12445866 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(02)01387-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The acylphloroglucinol derivative hyperforin is the major lipophilic constituent in the herb Hypericum perforatum (St. John's wort). The aim of the present study was to investigate if hyperforin as well as extracts of H. perforatum can suppresses the activities of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) and cyclooxygenases (COX), key enzymes in the formation of proinflammatory eicosanoids from arachidonic acid (AA). In freshly isolated human polymorphonuclear leukocytes stimulated with Ca(2+) ionophore A23187, hyperforin inhibited 5-LO product formation with IC(50) values of about 1-2 microM, in the absence or presence of exogenous AA (20 microM), respectively, being almost equipotent to the well-documented 5-LO inhibitor zileuton (IC(50) = 0.5-1 microM). Experiments with purified human 5-LO demonstrate that hyperforin is a direct 5-LO inhibitor (IC(50) approximately 90 nM), acting in an uncompetitive fashion. In thrombin- or ionophore-stimulated human platelets, hyperforin suppressed COX-1 product (12(S)-hydroxyheptadecatrienoic acid) formation with an IC(50) of 0.3 and 3 microM, respectively, being about 3- to 18-fold more potent than aspirin. At similar concentrations, hyperforin suppressed COX-1 activity in platelets in presence of exogenous AA (20 microM) as well as in cell-free systems. Hyperforin could not interfere with COX-2 product formation and did not significantly inhibit 12- or 15-LO in platelets or leukocytes, respectively. We conclude that hyperforin acts as a dual inhibitor of 5-LO and COX-1 in intact cells as well as on the catalytic activity of the crude enzymes, suggesting therapeutic potential in inflammatory and allergic diseases connected to eicosanoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Albert
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Frankfurt, D-60439 Frankfurt, Germany
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Pozo-Guisado E, Alvarez-Barrientos A, Mulero-Navarro S, Santiago-Josefat B, Fernandez-Salguero PM. The antiproliferative activity of resveratrol results in apoptosis in MCF-7 but not in MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells: cell-specific alteration of the cell cycle. Biochem Pharmacol 2002; 64:1375-86. [PMID: 12392819 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-2952(02)01296-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Resveratrol, a natural phytoalexin, has gained much interest on the basis of its potential chemopreventive activity against human cancer. In this work, using the human breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231, we have analyzed a possible mechanism by which resveratrol could interfere with cell cycle control and induce cell death. Our results show that although resveratrol inhibited cell proliferation and viability in both cell lines, apoptosis was induced in a concentration- and cell-specific manner. In MDA-MB-231, resveratrol (up to 200 microM) lowered the expression and kinase activities of positive G1/S and G2/M cell cycle regulators and inhibited ribonucleotide reductase activity in a concentration dependent manner, without a significant effect on the low expression of tumor suppressors p21, p27, and p53. These cells died by a non-apoptotic process in the absence of a significant change in cell cycle distribution. In MCF-7, resveratrol produced a significant and transient (<50 microM) increase in the expression and kinase activities of positive G1/S and G2/M regulators. Simultaneously, p21 expression was markedly induced in presence of high levels of p27 and p53. These opposing effects resulted in cell cycle blockade at the S-phase and apoptosis induction in MCF-7 cells. Thus, the antiproliferative activity of resveratrol could take place through the differential regulation of the cell cycle leading to apoptosis or necrosis. This could be influenced, among other factors, by the concentration of this molecule and by the characteristics of the target cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eulalia Pozo-Guisado
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Extremadura, Avenida de Elvas s/n, 06071, Badajoz, Spain
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