1
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Groom S, Blum NK, Conibear AE, Disney A, Hill R, Husbands SM, Li Y, Toll L, Kliewer A, Schulz S, Henderson G, Kelly E, Bailey CP. A novel G protein-biased agonist at the μ opioid receptor induces substantial receptor desensitisation through G protein-coupled receptor kinase. Br J Pharmacol 2023; 180:943-957. [PMID: 33245558 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE G protein-biased μ opioid receptor agonists have the potential to induce less receptor desensitisation and tolerance than balanced opioids. Here, we investigated if the cyclic endomorphin analogue Tyr-c[D-Lys-Phe-Tyr-Gly] (Compound 1) is a G protein-biased μ agonist and characterised its ability to induce rapid receptor desensitisation in mammalian neurones. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The signalling and trafficking properties of opioids were characterised using bioluminescence resonance energy transfer assays, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and phosphosite-specific immunoblotting in human embryonic kidney 293 cells. Desensitisation of opioid-induced currents were studied in rat locus coeruleus neurones using whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology. The mechanism of Compound 1-induced μ receptor desensitisation was probed using kinase inhibitors. KEY RESULTS Compound 1 has similar intrinsic activity for G protein signalling as morphine. As predicted for a G protein-biased μ agonist, Compound 1 induced minimal agonist-induced internalisation and phosphorylation at intracellular μ receptor serine/threonine residues known to be involved in G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK)-mediated desensitisation. However, Compound 1 induced robust rapid μ receptor desensitisation in locus coeruleus neurons, to a greater degree than morphine. The extent of Compound 1-induced desensitisation was unaffected by activation or inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC) but was significantly reduced by inhibition of GRK. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Compound 1 is a novel G protein-biased μ agonist that induces substantial rapid receptor desensitisation in mammalian neurons. Surprisingly, Compound 1-induced desensitisation was demonstrated to be GRK dependent despite its G protein bias. Our findings refute the assumption that G protein-biased agonists will evade receptor desensitisation and tolerance. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed issue on Advances in Opioid Pharmacology at the Time of the Opioid Epidemic. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v180.7/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Groom
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, UK.,School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Nina K Blum
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Alexandra E Conibear
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Alexander Disney
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Rob Hill
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.,School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Yangmei Li
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, USA
| | - Lawrence Toll
- Department of Biomedical Science, Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, USA
| | - Andrea Kliewer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Schulz
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Graeme Henderson
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Eamonn Kelly
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Chris P Bailey
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
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2
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Baker Rogers J, Higa GM. Spoken and Unspoken Matters Regarding the Use of Opioids in Cancer. J Pain Res 2022; 15:909-924. [PMID: 35411188 PMCID: PMC8994621 DOI: 10.2147/jpr.s349107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Janna Baker Rogers
- Sections of Geriatrics, Palliative Medicine and Hospice, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Gerald M Higa
- Departments of Clinical Pharmacy and Medicine, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
- Correspondence: Gerald M Higa, Departments of Clinical Pharmacy and Medicine, Schools of Pharmacy and Medicine, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA, 26506, Email
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3
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Sakamaki G, Johnson K, Mensinger M, Hmu E, Klein AH. Loss of SUR1 subtype K ATP channels alters antinociception and locomotor activity after opioid administration. Behav Brain Res 2021; 414:113467. [PMID: 34274374 PMCID: PMC11019344 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Opioid signaling can occur through several downstream mediators and influence analgesia as well as reward mechanisms in the nervous system. KATP channels are downstream targets of the μ opioid receptor and contribute to morphine-induced antinociception. The aim of the present work was to assess the role of SUR1-subtype KATP channels in antinociception and hyperlocomotion of synthetic and semi-synthetic opioids. Adult male and female mice wild-type (WT) and SUR1 deficient (KO) mice were assessed for mechanical and thermal antinociception after administration of either buprenorphine, fentanyl, or DAMGO. Potassium flux was assessed in the dorsal root ganglia and superficial dorsal horn cells in WT and KO mice. Hyperlocomotion was also assessed in WT and KO animals after buprenorphine, fentanyl, or DAMGO administration. SUR1 KO mice had attenuated mechanical antinociception after systemic administration of buprenorphine, fentanyl, and DAMGO. Potassium flux was also attenuated in the dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord dorsal horn cells after acute administration of buprenorphine and fentanyl. Hyperlocomotion after administration of morphine and buprenorphine was potentiated in SUR1 KO mice, but was not seen after administration of fentanyl or DAMGO. These results suggest SUR1-subtype KATP channels mediate the antinociceptive response of several classes of opioids (alkaloid and synthetic/semi-synthetic), but may not contribute to the "drug-seeking" behaviors of all classes of opioids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Sakamaki
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, United States
| | - Kayla Johnson
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, United States
| | - Megan Mensinger
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, United States
| | - Eindray Hmu
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, United States
| | - Amanda H Klein
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, United States.
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4
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Nylander E, Zelleroth S, Nyberg F, Grönbladh A, Hallberg M. The effects of morphine, methadone, and fentanyl on mitochondria: A live cell imaging study. Brain Res Bull 2021; 171:126-134. [PMID: 33741459 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The important role of mitochondria in maintaining normal brain cell function has been demonstrated in several neurodegenerative diseases where mitochondrial dysfunction is a prominent feature. Accumulating evidence indicates that opioids may induce neuronal cell death and inhibit neurogenesis, two factors that are dependent on normal mitochondrial function. The aim of the present study was to examine the effects of morphine, methadone, and fentanyl on MitoTracker-stained mitochondria. Cells from the neuroblastoma/glioma hybrid cell-line NG108-15 were seeded on 96-well cell culture plates and treated with MitoTracker for 30 min prior to opioid treatment. Morphine, methadone, and fentanyl were added at various concentrations and images of mitochondria were acquired every 30 min for four hours using a high-content imaging device. The parameters total mitochondrial area, mitochondrial network, as well as the number and mean area of mitochondrial objects were analyzed using automated image analysis. Methadone and fentanyl, but not morphine, decreased the mitochondrial network, the number of mitochondrial objects, and increased the mean area of mitochondrial objects. Both methadone and fentanyl altered mitochondrial morphology with no effects seen from morphine treatment. These data suggest that methadone and fentanyl impact mitochondrial morphology negatively, which may be associated with neuronal cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Nylander
- The Beijer Laboratory, Dept. of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sofia Zelleroth
- The Beijer Laboratory, Dept. of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Fred Nyberg
- The Beijer Laboratory, Dept. of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alfhild Grönbladh
- The Beijer Laboratory, Dept. of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mathias Hallberg
- The Beijer Laboratory, Dept. of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, SE-751 24, Uppsala, Sweden.
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5
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Camacho E, Marie N, Dupas Q, Martel C, Nowoczyn M, Elie N, Rochais C, Töth G, Allouche S. Impact of T161, Y318 and S363 alanine mutations on regulation of the human delta-opioid receptor (hDOPr) induced by peptidic and alkaloid agonists. Neuropharmacology 2020; 179:108286. [PMID: 32841607 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we showed a differential regulation of the human delta-opioid receptor (hDOPr) by etorphine and [D-Pen2, D-Pen5] enkephalin (DPDPE). To understand the molecular basis of such differences, we introduced 3 alanine mutations at the residues T161. Y318 and S363. Both wild type (WT) and hDOPr mutants were expressed in HEK cells containing endogenous arrestins or CFP-tagged arrestin 3, then desensitization, internalization, recycling and phosphorylation were studied. In a context of endogenous arrestin expression, a major difference in DOPr desensitization was observed between agonists that was modified with the T161A mutation upon etorphine and with the S363A substitution upon DPDPE exposure. While both agonists induced a major receptor internalization, T161A and S363A impaired DOPr sequestration only for etorphine. However, similar level of S363 phosphorylation was measured between agonists. When CFP-tagged arrestin 3 was over-expressed, a similar profile of desensitization was measured for both agonists. In this context, all the 3 alanine mutations decreased etorphine-induced receptor desensitization. Using FRET, we showed similar interactions between WT hDOPr and arrestin 3 under DPDPE and etorphine stimulation which were delayed by both the Y318A and the S363A substitutions for etorphine. Finally, hDOPr recycling was qualitatively evaluated by microscopy and showed neither arrestin 3/hDOPr colocalization nor major impact of alanine mutations except for the S363A which impaired internalization and recycling for etorphine. The T161, Y318 and S363 residues of hDOPr could underlie the differential regulation promoted by DPDPE and etorphine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Camacho
- Laboratoire de Signalisation, électrophysiologie et Imagerie des Lésions D'ischémie-reperfusion Myocardique, Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, Caen, France
| | - Nicolas Marie
- Centre National de Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 8206, Institut National de La Santé et de La Recherche Médicale. U705, Université Paris Descartes, Laboratoire de Neuropsychopharmacologie des Addictions, 4 Avenue de L'observatoire, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Quentin Dupas
- Laboratoire de Signalisation, électrophysiologie et Imagerie des Lésions D'ischémie-reperfusion Myocardique, Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, Caen, France
| | - Caroline Martel
- Laboratoire de Signalisation, électrophysiologie et Imagerie des Lésions D'ischémie-reperfusion Myocardique, Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, Caen, France
| | - Marie Nowoczyn
- Laboratoire de Signalisation, électrophysiologie et Imagerie des Lésions D'ischémie-reperfusion Myocardique, Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, Caen, France
| | - Nicolas Elie
- Plateau D'Histo-Imagerie Quantitative, CmaBio(3), SF 4206 ICORE, Normandie Univ, Caen, France
| | - Christophe Rochais
- Centre D'Etudes et de Recherche sur le Médicament de Normandie (CERMN), Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, 14000, Caen, France
| | - Geza Töth
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Biochemistry, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Stéphane Allouche
- Laboratoire de Signalisation, électrophysiologie et Imagerie des Lésions D'ischémie-reperfusion Myocardique, Normandie Univ, UNICAEN, Caen, France.
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6
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Møller TC, Pedersen MF, van Senten JR, Seiersen SD, Mathiesen JM, Bouvier M, Bräuner-Osborne H. Dissecting the roles of GRK2 and GRK3 in μ-opioid receptor internalization and β-arrestin2 recruitment using CRISPR/Cas9-edited HEK293 cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17395. [PMID: 33060647 PMCID: PMC7567791 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-73674-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Most G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) recruit β-arrestins and internalize upon agonist stimulation. For the μ-opioid receptor (μ-OR), this process has been linked to development of opioid tolerance. GPCR kinases (GRKs), particularly GRK2 and GRK3, have been shown to be important for μ-OR recruitment of β-arrestin and internalization. However, the contribution of GRK2 and GRK3 to β-arrestin recruitment and receptor internalization, remain to be determined in their complete absence. Using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated genome editing we established HEK293 cells with knockout of GRK2, GRK3 or both to dissect their individual contributions in β-arrestin2 recruitment and μ-OR internalization upon stimulation with four different agonists. We showed that GRK2/3 removal reduced agonist-induced μ-OR internalization and β-arrestin2 recruitment substantially and we found GRK2 to be more important for these processes than GRK3. Furthermore, we observed a sustained and GRK2/3 independent component of β-arrestin2 recruitment to the plasma membrane upon μ-OR activation. Rescue expression experiments restored GRK2/3 functions. Inhibition of GRK2/3 using the small molecule inhibitor CMPD101 showed a high similarity between the genetic and pharmacological approaches, cross-validating the specificity of both. However, off-target effects were observed at high CMPD101 concentrations. These GRK2/3 KO cell lines should prove useful for a wide range of studies on GPCR function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thor C Møller
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Mie F Pedersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jeffrey R van Senten
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sofie D Seiersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper M Mathiesen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michel Bouvier
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Hans Bräuner-Osborne
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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7
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Ruland JG, Kirchhofer SB, Klindert S, Bailey CP, Bünemann M. Voltage modulates the effect of μ-receptor activation in a ligand-dependent manner. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:3489-3504. [PMID: 32297669 PMCID: PMC7348086 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Various GPCRs have been described as being modulated in a voltage-dependent manner. Opioid analgesics act via activation of μ receptors in various neurons. As neurons are exposed to large changes in membrane potential, we were interested in studying the effects of depolarization on μ receptor signalling. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We investigated potential voltage sensitivity of μ receptors in heterologous expression systems (HEK293T cells) using electrophysiology in combination with Förster resonance energy transfer-based assays. Depolarization-induced changes in signalling were also tested in physiological rat tissue containing locus coeruleus neurons. We applied depolarization steps across the physiological range of membrane potentials. KEY RESULTS Studying μ receptor function and signalling in cells, we discovered that morphine-induced signalling was strongly dependent on the membrane potential (VM ). This became apparent at the level of G-protein activation, G-protein coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channel (Kir 3.X) currents and binding of GPCR kinases and arrestin3 to μ receptors by a robust increase in signalling upon membrane depolarization. The pronounced voltage sensitivity of morphine-induced μ receptor activation was also observed at the level of Kir 3.X currents in rat locus coeruleus neurons. The efficacy of peptide ligands to activate μ receptors was not (Met-enkephalin) or only moderately ([D-Ala2 , N-Me-Phe4 , Gly5 -ol]-enkephalin) enhanced upon depolarization. In contrast, depolarization reduced the ability of the analgesic fentanyl to activate μ receptors. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Our results indicate a strong ligand-dependent modulation of μ receptor activity by the membrane potential, suggesting preferential activity of morphine in neurons with high neuronal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia G Ruland
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sina B Kirchhofer
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Klindert
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany.,Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Chris P Bailey
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Moritz Bünemann
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Philipps-University, Marburg, Germany
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8
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Temporal dependence of shifts in mu opioid receptor mobility at the cell surface after agonist binding observed by single-particle tracking. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7297. [PMID: 31086197 PMCID: PMC6514008 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43657-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Agonist binding to the mu opioid receptor (MOR) results in conformational changes that allow recruitment of G-proteins, activation of downstream effectors and eventual desensitization and internalization, all of which could affect receptor mobility. The present study employed single particle tracking (SPT) of quantum dot labeled FLAG-tagged MORs to examine shifts in MOR mobility after agonist binding. FLAG-MORs on the plasma membrane were in both mobile and immobile states under basal conditions. Activation of FLAG-MORs with DAMGO caused an acute increase in the fraction of mobile MORs, and free portions of mobile tracks were partially dependent on interactions with G-proteins. In contrast, 10-minute exposure to DAMGO or morphine increased the fraction of immobile FLAG-MORs. While the decrease in mobility with prolonged DAMGO exposure corresponded to an increase in colocalization with clathrin, the increase in colocalization was present in both mobile and immobile FLAG-MORs. Thus, no single mobility state of the receptor accounted for colocalization with clathrin. These findings demonstrate that SPT can be used to track agonist-dependent changes in MOR mobility over time, but that the mobility states observed likely arise from a diverse set of interactions and will be most informative when examined in concert with particular downstream effectors.
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9
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Cai NS, Quiroz C, Bonaventura J, Bonifazi A, Cole TO, Purks J, Billing AS, Massey E, Wagner M, Wish ED, Guitart X, Rea W, Lam S, Moreno E, Casadó-Anguera V, Greenblatt AD, Jacobson AE, Rice KC, Casadó V, Newman AH, Winkelman JW, Michaelides M, Weintraub E, Volkow ND, Belcher AM, Ferré S. Opioid-galanin receptor heteromers mediate the dopaminergic effects of opioids. J Clin Invest 2019; 129:2730-2744. [PMID: 30913037 DOI: 10.1172/jci126912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Identifying non-addictive opioid medications is a high priority in medical sciences, but μ-opioid receptors mediate both the analgesic and addictive effects of opioids. We found a significant pharmacodynamic difference between morphine and methadone that is determined entirely by heteromerization of μ-opioid receptors with galanin Gal1 receptors, rendering a profound decrease in the potency of methadone. This was explained by methadone's weaker proficiency to activate the dopaminergic system as compared to morphine and predicted a dissociation of therapeutic versus euphoric effects of methadone, which was corroborated by a significantly lower incidence of self-report of "high" in methadone-maintained patients. These results suggest that μ-opioid-Gal1 receptor heteromers mediate the dopaminergic effects of opioids that may lead to a lower addictive liability of opioids with selective low potency for the μ-opioid-Gal1 receptor heteromer, exemplified by methadone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jordi Bonaventura
- Biobehavioral Imaging and Molecular Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, and
| | - Alessandro Bonifazi
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), Intramural Research Program (IRP), NIH, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Thomas O Cole
- Division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Julia Purks
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Amy S Billing
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Ebonie Massey
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Michael Wagner
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Eric D Wish
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Sherry Lam
- Biobehavioral Imaging and Molecular Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, and
| | - Estefanía Moreno
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Verònica Casadó-Anguera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aaron D Greenblatt
- Division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | - Vicent Casadó
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amy H Newman
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA), Intramural Research Program (IRP), NIH, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - John W Winkelman
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Eric Weintraub
- Division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Annabelle M Belcher
- Division of Alcohol and Drug Abuse, Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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10
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Bobeck EN, Schoo SM, Ingram SL, Morgan MM. Lack of Antinociceptive Cross-Tolerance With Co-Administration of Morphine and Fentanyl Into the Periaqueductal Gray of Male Sprague-Dawley Rats. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2019; 20:1040-1047. [PMID: 30853505 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Tolerance to the antinociceptive effect of mu-opioid receptor agonists, such as morphine and fentanyl, greatly limits their effectiveness for long-term use to treat pain. Clinical studies have shown that combination therapy and opioid rotation can be used to enhance opioid-induced antinociception once tolerance has developed. The mechanism and brain regions involved in these processes are unknown. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the contribution of the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG) to antinociceptive tolerance and cross-tolerance between administration and co-administration of morphine and fentanyl. Tolerance was induced by pretreating rats with morphine or fentanyl or low-dose combination of morphine and fentanyl into the vlPAG followed by an assessment of the cross-tolerance to the other opioid. In addition, tolerance to the combined treatment was assessed. Cross-tolerance did not develop between repeated vlPAG microinjections of morphine and fentanyl. Likewise, there was no evidence of cross-tolerance from morphine or fentanyl to the co-administration of morphine and fentanyl. Co-administration did not cause cross-tolerance to fentanyl. Cross-tolerance was only evident to morphine or morphine and fentanyl combined in rats pretreated with co-administration of low doses of morphine and fentanyl. This finding is consistent with the functionally selective signaling that has been reported for antinociception and tolerance after morphine and fentanyl binding to the mu-opioid receptor. This research supports the notion that combination therapy and opioid rotation may be useful clinical practices to decrease opioid tolerance and other side effects. PERSPECTIVE: This preclinical study shows that there is a decrease in cross-tolerance between morphine and fentanyl within the periaqueductal gray, which is a key brain region in opioid antinociception and tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin N Bobeck
- Department of Biology, Utah State University, Logan, Utah.
| | - Shauna M Schoo
- Department of Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Susan L Ingram
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Michael M Morgan
- Department of Psychology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
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11
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Heblinski M, Bladen C, Connor M. Regulation of heterologously expressed 5-HT 1B receptors coupling to potassium channels in AtT-20 cells. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 176:451-465. [PMID: 30447001 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE 5-HT1B receptors are widely expressed GPCRs and a target of triptans, the most commonly prescribed anti-migraine drugs. There is very limited information about the acute, agonist-induced regulation of 5-HT1B receptor signalling and so we sought to characterize this in a neuron-like system. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Epitope-tagged human 5-HT1B receptors were expressed in mouse AtT20 cells. 5-HT1B receptor signalling was assessed using whole-cell patch-clamp recordings of endogenous G protein-gated inwardly rectified potassium (GIRK) channels, and receptor localization measured using immunofluorescence. KEY RESULTS 5-HT (EC50 65 nM) and sumatriptan (EC50 165 nM) activated GIRK channels in AtT20 cells expressing 5-HT1B receptors. Continuous application of both 5-HT (EC50 120 nM) and sumatriptan (EC50 280 nM) produced profound desensitization of 5-HT1B receptor signalling within a few minutes. Complete recovery from desensitization was observed after 10 min. Both 5-HT and sumatriptan induced significant heterologous desensitization of SRIF (somatostatin)-activated GIRK currents, with the 5-HT-induced heterologous desensitization being blocked by the protein kinase inhibitor staurosporine. Both agonists induced modest 5-HT1B receptor internalization, with a time course much slower than receptor desensitization. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS In AtT-20 cells, 5-HT1B receptors undergo rapid and reversible desensitization at concentrations of agonist similar to those required to activate the receptor. Desensitization is incomplete, and the continued signalling of the receptor in the presence of the agonist may lead to cellular adaptations. Finally, 5-HT1B receptor activation causes significant heterologous desensitization, which may lead to a reduced effectiveness of unrelated drugs in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Heblinski
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Christopher Bladen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark Connor
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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12
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Posa L, Accarie A, Noble F, Marie N. Methadone Reverses Analgesic Tolerance Induced by Morphine Pretreatment. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 19:pyv108. [PMID: 26390873 PMCID: PMC4966270 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyv108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Opiates such as morphine are the most powerful analgesics, but their protracted use is restrained by the development of tolerance to analgesic effects. Recent works suggest that tolerance to morphine might be due to its inability to promote mu opioid receptor endocytosis, and the co-injection of morphine with a mu opioid receptor internalizing agonist like [D-Ala(2),N-Me-Phe(4),Gly-ol(5)]enkephalin reduces tolerance to morphine. So far, no studies have been conducted to evaluate the ability of methadone to reduce morphine tolerance in morphine-pretreated animals, a treatment sequence that could be encountered in opiate rotation protocol. We investigated the ability of methadone (a mu opioid receptor internalizing agonist used in therapy) to reverse morphine tolerance and the associated cellular mechanisms in the periaqueductal gray matter, a region involved in pain control. METHODS We measured analgesic response following a challenge dose of morphine in the hot plate test and investigated regulation of mu opioid receptor (coupling and endocytosis) and some cellular mechanisms involved in tolerance such as adenylate cyclase superactivation and changes in N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor subunits expression and phosphorylation state. RESULTS A chronic treatment with morphine promoted tolerance to its analgesic effects and was associated with a lack of mu opioid receptor endocytosis, adenylate cyclase overshoot, NR2A and NR2B downregulation, and phosphorylation of NR1. We reported that a methadone treatment in morphine-treated mice reversed morphine tolerance to analgesia by promoting mu opioid receptor endocytosis and blocking cellular mechanisms of tolerance. CONCLUSIONS Our data might lead to rational strategies to tackle opiate tolerance in the frame of opiate rotation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Posa
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Paris, France; Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Laboratoire de Neuropsychopharmacologie des Addictions, Paris, France
| | - Alison Accarie
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Paris, France; Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Laboratoire de Neuropsychopharmacologie des Addictions, Paris, France
| | - Florence Noble
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Paris, France; Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Laboratoire de Neuropsychopharmacologie des Addictions, Paris, France.
| | - Nicolas Marie
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Paris, France; Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, Laboratoire de Neuropsychopharmacologie des Addictions, Paris, France
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13
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Ligand-biased activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 leads to differences in opioid induced antinociception and tolerance. Behav Brain Res 2015; 298:17-24. [PMID: 26497105 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Opioids produce antinociception by activation of G protein signaling linked to the mu-opioid receptor (MOPr). However, opioid binding to the MOPr also activates β-arrestin signaling. Opioids such as DAMGO and fentanyl differ in their relative efficacy for activation of these signaling cascades, but the behavioral consequences of this differential signaling are not known. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the behavioral significance of G protein and internalization dependent signaling within ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (vlPAG). Antinociception induced by microinjecting DAMGO into the vlPAG was attenuated by blocking Gαi/o protein signaling with administration of pertussis toxin (PTX), preventing internalization with administration of dynamin dominant-negative inhibitory peptide (dyn-DN) or direct inhibition of ERK1/2 with administration of the MEK inhibitor, U0126. In contrast, the antinociceptive effect of microinjecting fentanyl into the vlPAG was not altered by administration of PTX or U0126, and was enhanced by administration of dyn-DN. Microinjection of DAMGO, but not fentanyl, into the vlPAG induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2, which was blocked by inhibiting receptor internalization with administration of dyn-DN, but not by inhibition of Gαi/o proteins. ERK1/2 inhibition also prevented the development and expression of tolerance to repeated DAMGO microinjections, but had no effect on fentanyl tolerance. These data reveal that ERK1/2 activation following MOPr internalization contributes to the antinociceptive effect of some (e.g., DAMGO), but not all opioids (e.g., fentanyl) despite the known similarities for these agonists to induce β-arrestin recruitment and internalization.
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14
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Fluorescence-based, high-throughput assays for μ-opioid receptor activation using a membrane potential-sensitive dye. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1230:177-85. [PMID: 25293325 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1708-2_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The development of new and improved opioid analgesics requires high-throughput screening (HTS) methods to identify potential therapeutics from large libraries of lead compounds. Here we describe two simple, real-time fluorescence-based assays of μ-opioid receptor activation that may be scaled up for HTS. In AtT-20 cells expressing the μ-opioid receptor (MOPr), opioids activate endogenous G protein gated inwardly rectifying K channels (GIRK channels), leading to membrane hyperpolarization. In Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing MOPr, adenylyl cyclase activation via forskolin results in membrane hyperpolarization, which is inhibited by opioids. Changes in membrane potential can be measured using a proprietary membrane potential-sensitive dye. In contrast to many HTS methods currently available, these assays reflect naturalistic coupling of the receptor to effector molecules.
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15
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Siuda ER, Copits BA, Schmidt MJ, Baird MA, Al-Hasani R, Planer WJ, Funderburk SC, McCall JG, Gereau RW, Bruchas MR. Spatiotemporal control of opioid signaling and behavior. Neuron 2015; 86:923-935. [PMID: 25937173 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2015.03.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Optogenetics is now a widely accepted tool for spatiotemporal manipulation of neuronal activity. However, a majority of optogenetic approaches use binary on/off control schemes. Here, we extend the optogenetic toolset by developing a neuromodulatory approach using a rationale-based design to generate a Gi-coupled, optically sensitive, mu-opioid-like receptor, which we term opto-MOR. We demonstrate that opto-MOR engages canonical mu-opioid signaling through inhibition of adenylyl cyclase, activation of MAPK and G protein-gated inward rectifying potassium (GIRK) channels and internalizes with kinetics similar to that of the mu-opioid receptor. To assess in vivo utility, we expressed a Cre-dependent viral opto-MOR in RMTg/VTA GABAergic neurons, which led to a real-time place preference. In contrast, expression of opto-MOR in GABAergic neurons of the ventral pallidum hedonic cold spot led to real-time place aversion. This tool has generalizable application for spatiotemporal control of opioid signaling and, furthermore, can be used broadly for mimicking endogenous neuronal inhibition pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward R Siuda
- Department of Anesthesiology, Basic Research Division, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Bryan A Copits
- Department of Anesthesiology, Basic Research Division, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Washington University Pain Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Martin J Schmidt
- Department of Anesthesiology, Basic Research Division, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Madison A Baird
- Department of Anesthesiology, Basic Research Division, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Ream Al-Hasani
- Department of Anesthesiology, Basic Research Division, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - William J Planer
- Department of Anesthesiology, Basic Research Division, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Samuel C Funderburk
- Department of Anesthesiology, Basic Research Division, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jordan G McCall
- Department of Anesthesiology, Basic Research Division, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Robert W Gereau
- Department of Anesthesiology, Basic Research Division, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Washington University Pain Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Michael R Bruchas
- Department of Anesthesiology, Basic Research Division, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Washington University Pain Center, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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16
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Allouche S, Noble F, Marie N. Opioid receptor desensitization: mechanisms and its link to tolerance. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:280. [PMID: 25566076 PMCID: PMC4270172 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Opioid receptors (OR) are part of the class A of G-protein coupled receptors and the target of the opiates, the most powerful analgesic molecules used in clinic. During a protracted use, a tolerance to analgesic effect develops resulting in a reduction of the effectiveness. So understanding mechanisms of tolerance is a great challenge and may help to find new strategies to tackle this side effect. This review will summarize receptor-related mechanisms that could underlie tolerance especially receptor desensitization. We will focus on the latest data obtained on molecular mechanisms involved in opioid receptor desensitization: phosphorylation, receptor uncoupling, internalization, and post-endocytic fate of the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Allouche
- Laboratoire de Signalisation, Électrophysiologie et Imagerie des Lésions D'ischémie-Reperfusion Myocardique, Université de Caen, UPRES EA 4650, IFR 146 ICORE Caen, France
| | - Florence Noble
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, ERL 3649 Paris, France ; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR-S 1124 Paris, France ; Université Paris Descartes, Neuroplasticité et Thérapies des Addictions Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Marie
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, ERL 3649 Paris, France ; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, UMR-S 1124 Paris, France ; Université Paris Descartes, Neuroplasticité et Thérapies des Addictions Paris, France
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17
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Arida RM, Gomes da Silva S, de Almeida AA, Cavalheiro EA, Zavala-Tecuapetla C, Brand S, Rocha L. Differential effects of exercise on brain opioid receptor binding and activation in rats. J Neurochem 2014; 132:206-17. [PMID: 25330347 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 09/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Physical exercise stimulates the release of endogenous opioid peptides supposed to be responsible for changes in mood, anxiety, and performance. Exercise alters sensitivity to these effects that modify the efficacy at the opioid receptor. Although there is evidence that relates exercise to neuropeptide expression in the brain, the effects of exercise on opioid receptor binding and signal transduction mechanisms downstream of these receptors have not been explored. Here, we characterized the binding and G protein activation of mu opioid receptor, kappa opioid receptor or delta opioid receptor in several brain regions following acute (7 days) and chronic (30 days) exercise. As regards short- (acute) or long-term effects (chronic) of exercise, overall, higher opioid receptor binding was observed in acute-exercise animals and the opposite was found in the chronic-exercise animals. The binding of [(35) S]GTPγS under basal conditions (absence of agonists) was elevated in sensorimotor cortex and hippocampus, an effect more evident after chronic exercise. Divergence of findings was observed for mu opioid receptor, kappa opioid receptor, and delta opioid receptor receptor activation in our study. Our results support existing evidence of opioid receptor binding and G protein activation occurring differentially in brain regions in response to diverse exercise stimuli. We characterized the binding and G protein activation of mu, kappa, and delta opioid receptors in several brain regions following acute (7 days) and chronic (30 days) exercise. Higher opioid receptor binding was observed in the acute exercise animal group and opposite findings in the chronic exercise group. Higher G protein activation under basal conditions was noted in rats submitted to chronic exercise, as visible in the depicted pseudo-color autoradiograms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Mario Arida
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo/Escola Paulista de Medicina (UNIFESP/EPM), São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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18
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Bray L, Froment C, Pardo P, Candotto C, Burlet-Schiltz O, Zajac JM, Mollereau C, Moulédous L. Identification and functional characterization of the phosphorylation sites of the neuropeptide FF2 receptor. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:33754-66. [PMID: 25326382 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.612614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The neuropeptide FF2 (NPFF2) receptor belongs to the rhodopsin family of G protein-coupled receptors and mediates the effects of several related RFamide neuropeptides. One of the main pharmacological interests of this system resides in its ability to regulate endogenous opioid systems, making it a potential target to reduce the negative effects of chronic opioid use. Phosphorylation of intracellular residues is the most extensively studied post-translational modification regulating G protein-coupled receptor activity. However, until now, no information concerning NPFF2 receptor phosphorylation is available. In this study, we combined mass spectrometric analysis and site-directed mutagenesis to analyze for the first time the phosphorylation pattern of the NPFF2 receptor and the role of the various phosphorylation sites in receptor signaling, desensitization, and trafficking in a SH-SY5Y model cell line. We identified the major, likely GRK-dependent, phosphorylation cluster responsible for acute desensitization, (412)TNST(415) at the end of the C terminus of the receptor, and additional sites involved in desensitization ((372)TS(373)) and internalization (Ser(395)). We thus demonstrate the key role played by phosphorylation in the regulation of NPFF2 receptor activity and trafficking. Our data also provide additional evidence supporting the concept that desensitization and internalization are partially independent processes relying on distinct phosphorylation patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauriane Bray
- From the Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, UMR5089 CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Carine Froment
- From the Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, UMR5089 CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre Pardo
- From the Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, UMR5089 CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Cédric Candotto
- From the Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, UMR5089 CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Odile Burlet-Schiltz
- From the Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, UMR5089 CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Marie Zajac
- From the Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, UMR5089 CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Catherine Mollereau
- From the Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, UMR5089 CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Lionel Moulédous
- From the Institut de Pharmacologie et Biologie Structurale, UMR5089 CNRS, Université de Toulouse, 31077 Toulouse, France
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19
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Kanbara T, Nakamura A, Shibasaki M, Mori T, Suzuki T, Sakaguchi G, Kanemasa T. Morphine and oxycodone, but not fentanyl, exhibit antinociceptive effects mediated by G-protein inwardly rectifying potassium (GIRK) channels in an oxaliplatin-induced neuropathy rat model. Neurosci Lett 2014; 580:119-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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Knapman A, Connor M. Cellular signalling of non-synonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms of the human μ-opioid receptor (OPRM1). Br J Pharmacol 2014; 172:349-63. [PMID: 24527749 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED There is significant variability in individual responses to opioid drugs, which is likely to have a significant genetic component. A number of non-synonymous single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the coding regions of the μ-opioid receptor gene (OPRM1) have been postulated to contribute to this variability. Although many studies have investigated the clinical influences of these μ-opioid receptor variants, the outcomes are reported in the context of thousands of other genes and environmental factors, and we are no closer to being able to predict individual response to opioids based on genotype. Investigation of how μ-opioid receptor SNPs affect their expression, coupling to second messengers, desensitization and regulation is necessary to understand how subtle changes in receptor structure can impact individual responses to opioids. To date, the few functional studies that have investigated the consequences of SNPs on the signalling profile of the μ-opioid receptor in vitro have shown that the common N40D variant has altered functional responses to some opioids, while other, rarer, variants display altered signalling or agonist-dependent regulation. Here, we review the data available on the effects of μ-opioid receptor polymorphisms on receptor function, expression and regulation in vitro, and discuss the limitations of the studies to date. Whether or not μ-opioid receptor SNPs contribute to individual variability in opioid responses remains an open question, in large part because we have relatively little good data about how the amino acid changes affect μ-opioid receptor function. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Opioids: New Pathways to Functional Selectivity. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2015.172.issue-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa Knapman
- Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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21
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Zhang X, Bao L, Li S. Opioid receptor trafficking and interaction in nociceptors. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 172:364-74. [PMID: 24611685 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Opiate analgesics such as morphine are often used for pain therapy. However, antinociceptive tolerance and dependence may develop with long-term use of these drugs. It was found that μ-opioid receptors can interact with δ-opioid receptors, and morphine antinociceptive tolerance can be reduced by blocking δ-opioid receptors. Recent studies have shown that μ- and δ-opioid receptors are co-expressed in a considerable number of small neurons in the dorsal root ganglion. The interaction of μ-opioid receptors with δ-opioid receptors in the nociceptive afferents is facilitated by the stimulus-induced cell-surface expression of δ-opioid receptors, and contributes to morphine tolerance. Further analysis of the molecular, cellular and neural circuit mechanisms that regulate the trafficking and interaction of opioid receptors and related signalling molecules in the pain pathway would help to elucidate the mechanism of opiate analgesia and improve pain therapy. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Opioids: New Pathways to Functional Selectivity. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2015.172.issue-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Shanghai, China
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22
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Raehal KM, Bohn LM. β-arrestins: regulatory role and therapeutic potential in opioid and cannabinoid receptor-mediated analgesia. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2014; 219:427-43. [PMID: 24292843 PMCID: PMC4804701 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-41199-1_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pain is a complex disorder with neurochemical and psychological components contributing to the severity, the persistence, and the difficulty in adequately treating the condition. Opioid and cannabinoids are two classes of analgesics that have been used to treat pain for centuries and are arguably the oldest of "pharmacological" interventions used by man. Unfortunately, they also produce several adverse side effects that can complicate pain management. Opioids and cannabinoids act at G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), and much of their effects are mediated by the mu-opioid receptor (MOR) and cannabinoid CB1 receptor (CB1R), respectively. These receptors couple to intracellular second messengers and regulatory proteins to impart their biological effects. In this chapter, we review the role of the intracellular regulatory proteins, β-arrestins, in modulating MOR and CB1R and how they influence the analgesic and side-effect profiles of opioid and cannabinoid drugs in vivo. This review of the literature suggests that the development of opioid and cannabinoid agonists that bias MOR and CB1R toward G protein signaling cascades and away from β-arrestin interactions may provide a novel mechanism by which to produce analgesia with less severe adverse effects.
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MESH Headings
- Analgesics/adverse effects
- Analgesics/pharmacology
- Analgesics, Opioid/adverse effects
- Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacology
- Animals
- Arrestins/metabolism
- Cannabinoids/adverse effects
- Cannabinoids/pharmacology
- Drug Design
- Humans
- Pain/drug therapy
- Pain/physiopathology
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/drug effects
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1/metabolism
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/drug effects
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/drug effects
- Receptors, Opioid, mu/metabolism
- beta-Arrestins
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten M Raehal
- The Scripps Research Institute, 130 Scripps Way #2A2, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA,
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Celver J, Sharma M, Thanawala V, Christopher Octeau J, Kovoor A. Arrestin-dependent but G-protein coupled receptor kinase-independent uncoupling of D2-dopamine receptors. J Neurochem 2013; 127:57-65. [PMID: 23815307 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We reconstituted D2 like dopamine receptor (D2R) and the delta opioid receptor (DOR) coupling to G-protein gated inwardly rectifying potassium channels (K(ir)3) and directly compared the effects of co-expression of G-protein coupled receptor kinase (GRK) and arrestin on agonist-dependent desensitization of the receptor response. We found, as described previously, that co-expression of a GRK and an arrestin synergistically increased the rate of agonist-dependent desensitization of DOR. In contrast, only arrestin expression was required to produce desensitization of D2R responses. Furthermore, arrestin-dependent GRK-independent desensitization of D2R-K(ir)3 coupling could be transferred to DOR by substituting the third cytoplasmic loop of DOR with that of D2R. The arrestin-dependent GRK-independent desensitization of D2R desensitization was inhibited by staurosporine treatment, and blocked by alanine substitution of putative protein kinase C phosphorylation sites in the third cytoplasmic loop of D2R. Finally, the D2R construct in which putative protein kinase C phosphorylation sites were mutated did not undergo significant agonist-dependent desensitization even after GRK co-expression, suggesting that GRK phosphorylation of D2R does not play an important role in uncoupling of the receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Celver
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmacological Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island, USA
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Williams JT, Ingram SL, Henderson G, Chavkin C, von Zastrow M, Schulz S, Koch T, Evans CJ, Christie MJ. Regulation of μ-opioid receptors: desensitization, phosphorylation, internalization, and tolerance. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 65:223-54. [PMID: 23321159 DOI: 10.1124/pr.112.005942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 593] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphine and related µ-opioid receptor (MOR) agonists remain among the most effective drugs known for acute relief of severe pain. A major problem in treating painful conditions is that tolerance limits the long-term utility of opioid agonists. Considerable effort has been expended on developing an understanding of the molecular and cellular processes that underlie acute MOR signaling, short-term receptor regulation, and the progression of events that lead to tolerance for different MOR agonists. Although great progress has been made in the past decade, many points of contention and controversy cloud the realization of this progress. This review attempts to clarify some confusion by clearly defining terms, such as desensitization and tolerance, and addressing optimal pharmacological analyses for discerning relative importance of these cellular mechanisms. Cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating MOR function by phosphorylation relative to receptor desensitization and endocytosis are comprehensively reviewed, with an emphasis on agonist-biased regulation and areas where knowledge is lacking or controversial. The implications of these mechanisms for understanding the substantial contribution of MOR signaling to opioid tolerance are then considered in detail. While some functional MOR regulatory mechanisms contributing to tolerance are clearly understood, there are large gaps in understanding the molecular processes responsible for loss of MOR function after chronic exposure to opioids. Further elucidation of the cellular mechanisms that are regulated by opioids will be necessary for the successful development of MOR-based approaches to new pain therapeutics that limit the development of tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T Williams
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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25
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A Continuous, Fluorescence-based Assay of µ-Opioid Receptor Activation in AtT-20 Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 18:269-76. [DOI: 10.1177/1087057112461376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Opioids are widely prescribed analgesics, but their use is limited due to development of tolerance and addiction, as well as high variability in individual response. The development of improved opioid analgesics requires high-throughput functional assays to assess large numbers of potential opioid ligands. In this study, we assessed the ability of a proprietary “no-wash” fluorescent membrane potential dye to act as a reporter of µ–opioid receptor (MOR) activation and desensitization via activation of G-protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channels. AtT-20 cells stably expressing mouse MOR were assayed in 96-well plates using the Molecular Devices FLIPR membrane potential dye. Dye emission intensity decreased upon membrane hyperpolarization. Fluorescence decreased in a concentration-dependent manner upon application of a range of opioid ligands to the cells, with high-efficacy agonists producing a decrease of 35% to 40% in total fluorescence. The maximum effect of morphine faded in the continued presence of agonist, reflecting receptor desensitization. The effects of opioids were prevented by prior treatment with pertussis toxin and blocked by naloxone. We have demonstrated this assay to be an effective method for assessing ligand signaling at MOR, which may potentially be scaled up as an additional high-throughput screening technique for characterizing novel opioid ligands.
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Hernández-Pinto AM, Puebla-Jiménez L, Perianes-Cachero A, Arilla-Ferreiro E. Vitamin E deficiency impairs the somatostatinergic receptor-effector system and leads to phosphotyrosine phosphatase overactivation and cell death in the rat hippocampus. J Nutr Biochem 2012; 24:848-58. [PMID: 22902329 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Revised: 04/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin E plays an essential role in maintaining the structure and function of the nervous system, and its deficiency, commonly associated with fat malabsorption diseases, may reduce neuronal survival. We previously demonstrated that the somatostatinergic system, implicated in neuronal survival control, can be modulated by α-tocopherol in the rat dentate gyrus, increasing cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element binding protein phosphorylation. To gain a better understanding of the molecular actions of tocopherols and examine the link among vitamin E, somatostatin and neuronal survival, we have investigated the effects of a deficiency and subsequent administration of tocopherol on the somatostatin signaling pathway and neuronal survival in the rat hippocampus. No changes in somatostatin expression were detected in vitamin-E-deficient rats. These rats, however, showed a significant increase in the somatostatin receptor density and dissociation constant, which correlated with a significant increase in the protein levels of somatostatin receptors. Nevertheless, vitamin E deficiency impaired the ability of the somatostatin receptors to couple to the effectors adenylyl cyclase and phosphotyrosine phosphatase by diminishing Gi protein functionality. Furthermore, vitamin E deficiency significantly increased phosphotyrosine phosphatase activity and PTPη expression, as well as PKCδ activation, and decreased extracellular-signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation. All these changes were accompanied by an increase in neuronal cell death. Subsequent α-tocopherol administration partially or completely reversed all these values to control levels. Altogether, our results prove the importance of vitamin E homeostasis in the somatostatin receptor-effector system and suggest a possible mechanism by which this vitamin may regulate the neuronal cell survival in the adult hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto M Hernández-Pinto
- Biochemical and Molecular Biology Department, Neuro-Biochemical Group, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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27
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Morgan MM, Christie MJ. Analysis of opioid efficacy, tolerance, addiction and dependence from cell culture to human. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 164:1322-34. [PMID: 21434879 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01335.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioid agonists are the most effective treatment for pain, but their use is limited by side effects, tolerance and fears of addiction and dependence. A major goal of opioid research is to develop agonists that have high analgesic efficacy and a low profile for side effects, tolerance, addiction and dependence. Unfortunately, there is a serious lack of experimental data comparing the degree to which different opioids produce these effects in humans. In contrast, a wide range of experimental techniques from heterologous expression systems to behaviour assessment in whole animals have been developed to study these problems. The objective of this review is to describe and evaluate these techniques as they are used to study opioid efficacy, tolerance, addiction and dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Morgan
- Department of Psychology, Washington State University Vancouver, Vancouver, WA, USA
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28
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Lau EK, Trester-Zedlitz M, Trinidad JC, Kotowski SJ, Krutchinsky AN, Burlingame AL, von Zastrow M. Quantitative encoding of the effect of a partial agonist on individual opioid receptors by multisite phosphorylation and threshold detection. Sci Signal 2011; 4:ra52. [PMID: 21868358 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2001748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In comparison to endogenous ligands of seven-transmembrane receptors, which typically act as full agonists, many drugs act as partial agonists. Partial agonism is best described as a "macroscopic" property that is manifest at the level of physiological systems or cell populations; however, whether partial agonists also encode discrete regulatory information at the "microscopic" level of individual receptors is not known. Here, we addressed this question by focusing on morphine, a partial agonist drug for μ-type opioid peptide receptors (MORs), and by combining quantitative mass spectrometry with cell biological analysis to investigate the reduced efficacy of morphine, compared to that of a peptide full agonist, in promoting receptor endocytosis. We showed that these chemically distinct ligands produced a complex and qualitatively similar mixture of phosphorylated opioid receptor forms in intact cells. Quantitatively, however, the different agonists promoted disproportionate multisite phosphorylation of a specific serine and threonine motif, and we found that modification at more than one residue was essential for the efficient recruitment of the adaptor protein β-arrestin that mediated subsequent endocytosis of MORs. Thus, quantitative encoding of agonist-selective endocytosis at the level of individual opioid receptors was based on the conserved biochemical principles of multisite phosphorylation and threshold detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine K Lau
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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29
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Madia PA, Navani DM, Yoburn BC. [(35)S]GTPγS binding and opioid tolerance and efficacy in mouse spinal cord. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2011; 101:155-65. [PMID: 22108651 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2011.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Revised: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study examined efficacy of a series of opioid agonists and then using chronic in vivo treatment protocols, determined tolerance to opioid agonist stimulated [(35)S]GTPγS (guanosine 5'-O-(3-[(35)S] thio)triphosphate) binding in mouse spinal cord membranes and compared it directly to spinal analgesic tolerance. The [(35)S]GTPγS binding assay was used to estimate efficacy (E(max) and τ; Operational Model of Agonism) of a series of opioid agonists for G-protein activation in mouse spinal cord. The rank order of opioid agonist efficacy determined in the [(35)S]GTPγS assay using the Operational Model and E(max) was similar. These efficacy estimates correlated with historical analgesic efficacy estimates. For tolerance studies, mice were continuously treated s.c. for 7days with morphine, oxycodone, hydromorphone, etorphine or fentanyl and [(35)S]GTPγS studies were conducted in spinal cord membranes. Other mice were tested in i.t. analgesia dose response studies (tailflick). Tolerance to DAMGO ([D-Ala(2),N-MePhe(4),Gly-ol(5)]enkephalin) or morphine stimulated [(35)S]GTPγS binding (decrease in E(max)) was observed following etorphine and fentanyl treatment only. These treatment protocols downregulate μ-opioid receptor density whereas morphine, oxycodone and hydromorphone do not. Spinal analgesic tolerance was observed following all treatment protocols examined (morphine, oxycodone and etorphine). Opioid antagonist treatment that specifically upregulates (chronic naltrexone) or downregulates (clocinnamox) μ-opioid receptor density produced a corresponding change in opioid agonist stimulated [(35)S]GTPγS binding. Although receptor downregulation and G-protein uncoupling are among potential mechanisms of opioid tolerance, the present results suggest that uncoupling in mouse spinal cord plays a minor role and that the [(35)S]GTPγS assay is particularly responsive to changes in μ-opioid receptor density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka A Madia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Allied Health Professions, St. John's University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Queens, NY 11439, United States
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Enquist J, Ferwerda M, Milan-Lobo L, Whistler JL. Chronic methadone treatment shows a better cost/benefit ratio than chronic morphine in mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2011; 340:386-92. [PMID: 22062352 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.111.187583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic treatment of pain with opiate drugs can lead to analgesic tolerance and drug dependence. Although all opiate drugs can promote tolerance and dependence in practice, the severity of those unwanted side effects differs depending on the drug used. Although each opiate drug has its own unique set of pharmacological profiles, methadone is the only clinically used opioid drug that produces substantial receptor endocytosis at analgesic doses. Here, we examined whether moderate doses of methadone carry any benefits over chronic use of equianalgesic morphine, the prototypical opioid. Our data show that chronic administration of methadone produces significantly less analgesic tolerance than morphine. Furthermore, we found significantly reduced precipitated withdrawal symptoms after chronic methadone treatment than after chronic morphine treatment. Finally, using a novel animal model with a degrading μ-opioid receptor we showed that, although endocytosis seems to protect against tolerance development, endocytosis followed by receptor degradation produces a rapid onset of analgesic tolerance to methadone. Together, these data indicated that opioid drugs that promote receptor endocytosis and recycling, such as methadone, may be a better choice for chronic pain treatment than morphine and its derivatives that do not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Enquist
- Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
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31
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Opioid Receptor Trafficking and Signaling: What Happens After Opioid Receptor Activation? Cell Mol Neurobiol 2011; 32:167-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-011-9755-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Accepted: 09/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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32
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Rodríguez-Muñoz M, Sánchez-Blázquez P, Vicente-Sánchez A, Bailón C, Martín-Aznar B, Garzón J. The histidine triad nucleotide-binding protein 1 supports mu-opioid receptor-glutamate NMDA receptor cross-regulation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:2933-49. [PMID: 21153910 PMCID: PMC11114723 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0598-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Revised: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
A series of pharmacological and physiological studies have demonstrated the functional cross-regulation between MOR and NMDAR. These receptors coexist at postsynaptic sites in midbrain periaqueductal grey (PAG) neurons, an area implicated in the analgesic effects of opioids like morphine. In this study, we found that the MOR-associated histidine triad nucleotide-binding protein 1 (HINT1) is essential for maintaining the connection between the NMDAR and MOR. Morphine-induced analgesic tolerance is prevented and even rescued by inhibiting PKC or by antagonizing NMDAR. However, in the absence of HINT1, the MOR becomes supersensitive to morphine before suffering a profound and lasting desensitization that is refractory to PKC inhibition or NMDAR antagonism. Thus, HINT1 emerges as a key protein that is critical for sustaining NMDAR-mediated regulation of MOR signaling strength. Thus, HINT1 deficiency may contribute to opioid-intractable pain syndromes by causing long-term MOR desensitization via mechanisms independent of NMDAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Rodríguez-Muñoz
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, ISCIII, Avda Dr. Arce 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar Sánchez-Blázquez
- Neurofarmacología, Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Avda Dr. Arce 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, ISCIII, Avda Dr. Arce 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Vicente-Sánchez
- Neurofarmacología, Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Avda Dr. Arce 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, ISCIII, Avda Dr. Arce 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - Concha Bailón
- Neurofarmacología, Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Avda Dr. Arce 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, ISCIII, Avda Dr. Arce 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Martín-Aznar
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, ISCIII, Avda Dr. Arce 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Garzón
- Neurofarmacología, Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Avda Dr. Arce 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, ISCIII, Avda Dr. Arce 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain
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33
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Raehal KM, Schmid CL, Groer CE, Bohn LM. Functional selectivity at the μ-opioid receptor: implications for understanding opioid analgesia and tolerance. Pharmacol Rev 2011; 63:1001-19. [PMID: 21873412 DOI: 10.1124/pr.111.004598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioids are the most effective analgesic drugs for the management of moderate or severe pain, yet their clinical use is often limited because of the onset of adverse side effects. Drugs in this class produce most of their physiological effects through activation of the μ opioid receptor; however, an increasing number of studies demonstrate that different opioids, while presumably acting at this single receptor, can activate distinct downstream responses, a phenomenon termed functional selectivity. Functional selectivity of receptor-mediated events can manifest as a function of the drug used, the cellular or neuronal environment examined, or the signaling or behavioral measure recorded. This review summarizes both in vitro and in vivo work demonstrating functional selectivity at the μ opioid receptor in terms of G protein coupling, receptor phosphorylation, interactions with β-arrestins, receptor desensitization, internalization and signaling, and details on how these differences may relate to the progression of analgesic tolerance after their extended use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten M Raehal
- Molecular Therapeutics and Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
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34
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Gonzales KL, Chapleau JD, Pierce JP, Kelter DT, Williams TJ, Torres-Reveron A, McEwen BS, Waters EM, Milner TA. The influences of reproductive status and acute stress on the levels of phosphorylated mu opioid receptor immunoreactivity in rat hippocampus. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2011; 2:00018. [PMID: 22468144 PMCID: PMC3316303 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2011.00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioids play a critical role in hippocampally dependent behavior and plasticity. In the hippocampal formation, mu opioid receptors (MOR) are prominent in parvalbumin (PARV) containing interneurons. Previously we found that gonadal hormones modulate the trafficking of MORs in PARV interneurons. Although sex differences in response to stress are well documented, the point at which opioids, sex and stress interact to influence hippocampal function remains elusive. Thus, we used quantitative immunocytochemistry in combination with light and electron microscopy for the phosphorylated MOR at the SER375 carboxy-terminal residue (pMOR) in male and female rats to assess these interactions. In both sexes, pMOR-immunoreactivity (ir) was prominent in axons and terminals and in a few neuronal somata and dendrites, some of which contained PARV in the mossy fiber pathway region of the dentate gyrus (DG) hilus and CA3 stratum lucidum. In unstressed rats, the levels of pMOR-ir in the DG or CA3 were not affected by sex or estrous cycle stage. However, immediately following 30 minutes of acute immobilization stress (AIS), males had higher levels of pMOR-ir whereas females at proestrus and estrus (high estrogen stages) had lower levels of pMOR-ir within the DG. In contrast, the number and types of neuronal profiles with pMOR-ir were not altered by AIS in either males or proestrus females. These data demonstrate that although gonadal steroids do not affect pMOR levels at resting conditions, they are differentially activated both pre- and post-synaptic MORs following stress. These interactions may contribute to the reported sex differences in hippocampally dependent behaviors in stressed animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith L. Gonzales
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medical CollegeNew York, NY, USA
| | - Jeanette D. Chapleau
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medical CollegeNew York, NY, USA
| | - Joseph P. Pierce
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medical CollegeNew York, NY, USA
| | - David T. Kelter
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medical CollegeNew York, NY, USA
| | - Tanya J. Williams
- Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan-Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD ProgramNew York, NY, USA
- Harold and Margaret Milliken Hatch Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller UniversityNew York, NY, USA
| | | | - Bruce S. McEwen
- Harold and Margaret Milliken Hatch Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller UniversityNew York, NY, USA
| | - Elizabeth M. Waters
- Harold and Margaret Milliken Hatch Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller UniversityNew York, NY, USA
| | - Teresa A. Milner
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medical CollegeNew York, NY, USA
- Harold and Margaret Milliken Hatch Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller UniversityNew York, NY, USA
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Groer CE, Schmid CL, Jaeger AM, Bohn LM. Agonist-directed interactions with specific beta-arrestins determine mu-opioid receptor trafficking, ubiquitination, and dephosphorylation. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:31731-41. [PMID: 21757712 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.248310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphine and other opiates mediate their effects through activation of the μ-opioid receptor (MOR), and regulation of the MOR has been shown to critically affect receptor responsiveness. Activation of the MOR results in receptor phosphorylation, β-arrestin recruitment, and internalization. This classical regulatory process can differ, depending on the ligand occupying the receptor. There are two forms of β-arrestin, β-arrestin1 and β-arrestin2 (also known as arrestin2 and arrestin3, respectively); however, most studies have focused on the consequences of recruiting β-arrestin2 specifically. In this study, we examine the different contributions of β-arrestin1- and β-arrestin2-mediated regulation of the MOR by comparing MOR agonists in cells that lack expression of individual or both β-arrestins. Here we show that morphine only recruits β-arrestin2, whereas the MOR-selective enkephalin [D-Ala(2),N-Me-Phe(4),Gly(5)-ol]enkephalin (DAMGO), recruits either β-arrestin. We show that β-arrestins are required for receptor internalization and that only β-arrestin2 can rescue morphine-induced MOR internalization, whereas either β-arrestin can rescue DAMGO-induced MOR internalization. DAMGO activation of the receptor promotes MOR ubiquitination over time. Interestingly, β-arrestin1 proves to be critical for MOR ubiquitination as modification does not occur in the absence of β-arrestin1 nor when morphine occupies the receptor. Moreover, the selective interactions between the MOR and β-arrestin1 facilitate receptor dephosphorylation, which may play a role in the resensitization of the MOR and thereby contribute to overall development of opioid tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad E Groer
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
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36
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He L, Whistler JL. Chronic ethanol consumption in rats produces opioid antinociceptive tolerance through inhibition of mu opioid receptor endocytosis. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19372. [PMID: 21602922 PMCID: PMC3094338 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well known that the mu-opioid receptor (MOR) plays an important role in the rewarding properties of ethanol. However, it is less clear how chronic ethanol consumption affects MOR signaling. Here, we demonstrate that rats with prolonged voluntary ethanol consumption develop antinociceptive tolerance to opioids. Signaling through the MOR is controlled at many levels, including via the process of endocytosis. Importantly, agonists at the MOR that promote receptor endocytosis, such as the endogenous peptides enkephalin and β-endorphin, show a reduced propensity to promote antinociceptive tolerance than do agonists, like morphine, which do not promote receptor endocytosis. These observations led us to examine whether chronic ethanol consumption produced opioid tolerance by interfering with MOR endocytosis. Indeed, here we show that chronic ethanol consumption inhibits the endocytosis of MOR in response to opioid peptide. This loss of endocytosis was accompanied by a dramatic decrease in G protein coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2) protein levels after chronic drinking, suggesting that loss of this component of the trafficking machinery could be a mechanism by which endocytosis is lost. We also found that MOR coupling to G-protein was decreased in ethanol-drinking rats, providing a functional explanation for loss of opioid antinociception. Together, these results suggest that chronic ethanol drinking alters the ability of MOR to endocytose in response to opioid peptides, and consequently, promotes tolerance to the effects of opioids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li He
- Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, University of California, Emeryville, California, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Whistler
- Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, University of California, Emeryville, California, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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37
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Ghosh M, Schonbrunn A. Differential temporal and spatial regulation of somatostatin receptor phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:13561-73. [PMID: 21343287 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.215723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The G(i)-coupled somatostatin 2A receptor (sst2A) mediates many of the neuromodulatory and neuroendocrine actions of somatostatin (SS) and is targeted by the SS analogs used to treat neuroendocrine tumors. As for other G protein-coupled receptors, agonists stimulate sst2A receptor phosphorylation on multiple residues, and phosphorylation at different sites has distinct effects on receptor internalization and uncoupling. To elucidate the spatial and temporal regulation of sst2A receptor phosphorylation, we examined agonist-stimulated phosphorylation of multiple receptor GPCR kinase sites using phospho-site-specific antibodies. SS increased receptor phosphorylation sequentially, first on Ser-341/343 and then on Thr-353/354, followed by receptor internalization. Reversal of receptor phosphorylation was determined by the duration of prior agonist exposure. In acutely stimulated cells, in which most receptors remained on the cell surface, dephosphorylation occurred only on Thr-353/354. In contrast, both Ser-341/343 and Thr-353/354 were rapidly dephosphorylated when cells were stimulated long enough to allow receptor internalization before agonist removal. Consistent with these observations, dephosphorylation of Thr-353/354 was not affected by either hypertonic sucrose or dynasore, which prevent receptor internalization, whereas dephosphorylation of Ser-341/343 was completely blocked. An okadaic acid- and fostriecin-sensitive phosphatase catalyzed the dephosphorylation of Thr-353/354 both intracellularly and at the cell surface. In contrast, dephosphorylation of Ser-341/343 was insensitive to these inhibitors. Our results show that the phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of neighboring GPCR kinase sites in the sst2A receptor are subject to differential spatial and temporal regulation. Thus, the pattern of receptor phosphorylation is determined by the duration of agonist stimulation and compartment-specific enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhumita Ghosh
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77225, USA
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38
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Ligand-directed c-Jun N-terminal kinase activation disrupts opioid receptor signaling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:11608-13. [PMID: 20534436 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1000751107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Ligand-directed signaling has been suggested as a basis for the differences in responses evoked by otherwise receptor-selective agonists. The underlying mechanisms are not understood, yet clearer definition of this concept may be helpful in the development of novel, pathway-selective therapeutic agents. We previously showed that kappa-opioid receptor activation of JNK by one class of ligand, but not another, caused persistent receptor inactivation. In the current study, we found that the mu-opioid receptor (MOR) could be similarly inactivated by a specific ligand class including the prototypical opioid, morphine. Acute analgesic tolerance to morphine and related opioids (morphine-6-glucuronide and buprenorphine) was blocked by JNK inhibition, but not by G protein receptor kinase 3 knockout. In contrast, a second class of mu-opioids including fentanyl, methadone, and oxycodone produced acute analgesic tolerance that was blocked by G protein receptor kinase 3 knockout, but not by JNK inhibition. Acute MOR desensitization, demonstrated by reduced D-Ala(2)-Met(5)-Glyol-enkephalin-stimulated [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding to spinal cord membranes from morphine-pretreated mice, was also blocked by JNK inhibition; however, desensitization of D-Ala(2)-Met(5)-Glyol-enkephalin-stimulated [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding following fentanyl pretreatment was not blocked by JNK inhibition. JNK-mediated receptor inactivation of the kappa-opioid receptor was evident in both agonist-stimulated [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding and opioid analgesic assays; however, gene knockout of JNK 1 selectively blocked kappa-receptor inactivation, whereas deletion of JNK 2 selectively blocked MOR inactivation. These findings suggest that ligand-directed activation of JNK kinases may generally provides an alternate mode of G protein-coupled receptor regulation.
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Bhalla S, Zhang Z, Patterson N, Gulati A. Effect of endothelin-A receptor antagonist on mu, delta and kappa opioid receptor-mediated antinociception in mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 635:62-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2009] [Revised: 02/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Clayton CC, Bruchas MR, Lee ML, Chavkin C. Phosphorylation of the mu-opioid receptor at tyrosine 166 (Tyr3.51) in the DRY motif reduces agonist efficacy. Mol Pharmacol 2009; 77:339-47. [PMID: 19959593 DOI: 10.1124/mol.109.060558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of phosphorylation of the tyrosine residue in the highly conserved DRY motif expressed in the putative second cytoplasmic loop of the mu-opioid receptor were assessed after expression in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells. Tyrosine kinase activation by epidermal growth factor (EGF) or hydrogen peroxide treatment effectively increased phosphorylation of the tyrosine-166 in the mu-opioid receptor (MOR-Tyr166p) as measured by a novel phosphoselective antibody. We were surprised to find that the increase in MOR-Tyr166p immunoreactivity (ir) required coactivation by the opioid agonist [D-Ala(2),methyl-Phe(4),Gly(5)-ol]enkephalin (DAMGO), as demonstrated by both Western blot imaging of membrane proteins and confocal microscopy of transfected cells; MOR-Tyr166p-ir did not significantly increase after either DAMGO, EGF, or H(2)O(2) treatment alone. The increase in MOR-Tyr166p-ir was blocked by pretreatment with the opioid antagonist naloxone or the Src kinase inhibitor 4-amino-5-(4-chloro-phenyl)-7-(t-butyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine. Consistent with these data, mutation of the tyrosine-166 to phenylalanine blocked the increased immunoreactivity, and untransfected HEK293 cells did not increase MOR-Tyr166p-ir after treatment. DAMGO increased guanosine 5'-O-(3-[(35)S]thio)triphosphate ([(35)S]GTP gamma S) binding to membranes from cells expressing wild-type MOR or MOR-Y166F receptors in a dose-dependent manner. Pretreatment of the wild-type MOR-expressing cells with the combination of DAMGO and EGF completely blocked subsequent DAMGO stimulation of [(35)S]GTP gamma S binding membranes, whereas [(35)S]GTP gamma S binding to membranes from cells expressing mutated MOR(Y166F) was only partially inhibited. These results suggest that G-protein activation as measured by [(35)S]GTP gamma S binding can be regulated by DAMGO and EGF by convergent mechanisms and support the hypothesis that tyrosine phosphorylation within the DRY motif may reduce mu-opioid receptor-G-protein coupling efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilea C Clayton
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98195-7280, USA
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Lin H, Higgins P, Loh HH, Law PY, Liao D. Bidirectional effects of fentanyl on dendritic spines and AMPA receptors depend upon the internalization of mu opioid receptors. Neuropsychopharmacology 2009; 34:2097-111. [PMID: 19295508 PMCID: PMC2731771 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2009.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Fentanyl is a frequently used and abused opioid analgesic and can cause internalization of mu opioid receptors (MORs). Receptor internalization modulates the signaling pathways of opioid receptors. As changes in dendritic spines and synaptic AMPA receptors play important roles in addiction and memory loss, we investigated how fentanyl affects dendritic spines and synaptic AMPA receptors in cultured hippocampal neurons. Fentanyl at low concentrations (0.01 and 0.1 microM) caused the collapse of dendritic spines and decreased the number of AMPA receptor clusters. In contrast, fentanyl at high concentrations (1 and 10 microM) had opposite effects, inducing the emergence of new spines and increasing the number of AMPA receptor clusters. These dose-dependent bidirectional effects of fentanyl were blocked by a selective MOR antagonist CTOP at 5 microM. In neurons that had been transfected with HA-tagged or GFP-tagged MORs, fentanyl at high concentrations induced persistent and robust internalization of MORs, whereas fentanyl at lower concentrations induced little or transient receptor internalization. The blockade of receptor internalization with the expression of dominant-negative Dynamin I (the K44E mutant) reversed the effect of fentanyl at high concentrations, supporting a role of receptor internalization in modulating the dose-dependent effects of fentanyl. In contrast to morphine, the effects of fentanyl on dendritic spines are distinctively bidirectional and concentration dependent, probably due to its ability to induce robust internalization of MORs at high concentrations. The characterization of the effects of fentanyl on spines and AMPA receptors may help us understand the roles of MOR internalization in addiction and cognitive deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Lin
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Minnesota, 321 Church St S.E. Minneapolis, MN 55455,Department of Neurology, Chengdu General Military Hospital, Chengdu City, 610083, China
| | - Paul Higgins
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Minnesota, 321 Church St S.E. Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Horace H. Loh
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Minnesota, 321 Church St S.E. Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Ping-Yee Law
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Minnesota, 321 Church St S.E. Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Dezhi Liao
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Minnesota, 321 Church St S.E. Minneapolis, MN 55455
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Vousooghi N, Goodarzi A, Roushanzamir F, Sedaghati T, Zarrindast MR, Noori-Daloii MR. Expression of mu opioid receptor splice variants mRNA in human blood lymphocytes: A peripheral marker for opioid addiction studies. Int Immunopharmacol 2009; 9:1016-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2009.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2008] [Revised: 02/25/2009] [Accepted: 02/26/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Zhang Y, Xiong W, Lin X, Ma X, Yu LC. Receptor trafficking induced by mu-opioid-receptor phosphorylation. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2009; 33:1192-7. [PMID: 19747597 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2008] [Revised: 03/10/2009] [Accepted: 03/11/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Opiates, including morphine, are widely used drugs for antinociception in clinics. Prolonged treatments of opioids induce both tolerance and dependence, which are the major side effects of opioid therapy. One of the mechanisms for the development of tolerance and dependence is implicated to be opioid-receptor trafficking. Here we review the current understandings of opioid-receptor phosphorylation, endocytosis and desensitization after repeated agonist treatments. Also, the role of G-protein coupled receptor kinases in opioid-receptor phosphorylation is discussed. How to associate these observations to physiological and behavioral changes in animal models and clinics is still under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, College of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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Persistent inflammatory pain decreases the antinociceptive effects of the mu opioid receptor agonist DAMGO in the locus coeruleus of male rats. Neuropharmacology 2009; 56:1017-26. [PMID: 19265713 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2009.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2007] [Revised: 02/14/2009] [Accepted: 02/19/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Persistent inflammatory nociception increases levels of endogenous opioids with affinity for delta opioid receptors in the ventromedial medulla and enhances the antinociceptive effects of the mu opioid receptor (MOPr) agonist [D-Ala2, N-Me-Phe4, Gly5-ol]enkephalin (DAMGO) [Hurley, R.W., Hammond, D.L., 2001. Contribution of endogenous enkephalins to the enhanced analgesic effects of supraspinal mu opioid receptor agonists after inflammatory injury. J. Neurosci. 21, 2536-2545]. It also increases levels of endogenous opioids that act at MOPr elsewhere in the CNS [Zangen, A., Herzberg, U., Vogel, Z., Yadid, G., 1998. Nociceptive stimulus induces release of endogenous beta-endorphin in the rat brain. Neuroscience 85, 659-662]. This study tested the hypothesis that a sustained release of endogenous opioids leads to a downregulation of MOPr in the locus coeruleus (LC) and induces a state of endogenous opioid tolerance. Four days after injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) in the left hindpaw of the rat, both the magnitude and duration of the antinociception produced by microinjection of DAMGO in the right LC were reduced. Saturation isotherms demonstrated a 50% decrease in MOPr B(max) in homogenates of the LC from CFA-treated rats; K(d) was unchanged. Receptor autoradiography revealed that this decrease was bilateral. The decreased efficacy of DAMGO in CFA-treated rats most likely results from a decreased number of MOPr in the LC. Microinjection of the MOPr antagonist D-Phe-Cys-Tyr-D-Trp-Arg-Thr-Pen-Thr-NH2 (CTAP) in the LC did not exacerbate hyperalgesia in the ipsilateral hindpaw or produce hyperalgesia in the contralateral hindpaw of CFA-treated rats. The downregulation in MOPr is therefore unlikely to result from the induction of endogenous opioid tolerance in the LC. These results indicate that persistent inflammatory nociception alters the antinociceptive actions of MOPr agonists in the CNS by diverse mechanisms that are nucleus specific and likely to have different physiological implications.
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Zhou HY, Chen SR, Chen H, Pan HL. Sustained inhibition of neurotransmitter release from nontransient receptor potential vanilloid type 1-expressing primary afferents by mu-opioid receptor activation-enkephalin in the spinal cord. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2008; 327:375-82. [PMID: 18669865 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.108.141226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Removing transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1)-expressing primary afferent neurons reduces presynaptic mu-opioid receptors but potentiates opioid analgesia. However, the sites and underlying cellular mechanisms for this paradoxical effect remain uncertain. In this study, we determined the presynaptic and postsynaptic effects of the mu-opioid receptor agonist [D-Ala(2),N-Me-Phe(4),Gly-ol(5)]-enkephalin (DAMGO) using whole-cell patch-clamp recordings of lamina II neurons in rat spinal cord slices. Treatment with the ultrapotent TRPV1 agonist resiniferotoxin (RTX) eliminated TRPV1-expressing dorsal root ganglion neurons and their central terminals in the spinal dorsal horn and significantly reduced the basal amplitude of glutamatergic excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) evoked from primary afferents. Although RTX treatment did not significantly alter the concentration-response effect of DAMGO on evoked monosynaptic and polysynaptic EPSCs, it causes a profound long-lasting inhibitory effect of DAMGO on evoked EPSCs. Subsequent naloxone treatment did not reverse the prolonged inhibitory effect of DAMGO on evoked EPSCs. Furthermore, brief application of DAMGO produced a sustained inhibition of miniature EPSCs in RTX-treated rats. However, the concentration response and the duration of the effects of DAMGO on G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying K+ currents in lamina II neurons were not significantly different between vehicle- and RTX-treated groups. These data suggest that stimulation of mu-opioid receptors on non-TRPV1 afferent terminals causes extended inhibition of neurotransmitter release to spinal dorsal horn neurons. The differential effect of mu-opioid receptor agonists on different phenotypes of primary afferents provides a cellular basis to explain why the analgesic action of opioids on mechanonociception is prolonged when TRPV1-expressing primary afferents are removed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yi Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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46
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Jones BW, Hinkle PM. Arrestin binds to different phosphorylated regions of the thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor with distinct functional consequences. Mol Pharmacol 2008; 74:195-202. [PMID: 18413662 DOI: 10.1124/mol.108.045948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Arrestin binding to agonist-occupied phosphorylated G protein-coupled receptors typically increases the affinity of agonist binding, increases resistance of receptor-bound agonist to removal with high acid/salt buffer, and leads to receptor desensitization and internalization. We tested whether thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) receptors lacking phosphosites in the C-terminal tail could form stable and functional complexes with arrestin. Fibroblasts from mice lacking arrestins 2 and 3 were used to distinguish between arrestin-dependent and -independent effects. Arrestin did not promote internalization or desensitization of a receptor that had key Ser/Thr phosphosites mutated to Ala (4Ala receptor). Nevertheless, arrestin greatly increased acid/salt resistance and the affinity of 4Ala receptor for TRH. Truncation of 4Ala receptor just distal to the key phosphosites (4AlaStop receptor) abolished arrestin-dependent acid/salt resistance but not the effect of arrestin on agonist affinity. Arrestin formed stable complexes with activated wild-type and 4Ala receptors but not with 4AlaStop receptor, as measured by translocation of arrestin-green fluorescent protein to the plasma membrane or chemical cross-linking. An arrestin mutant that does not interact with clathrin and AP2 did not internalize receptor but still promoted high affinity TRH binding, acid/salt resistance, and desensitization. A sterically restricted arrestin mutant did not cause receptor internalization or desensitization but did promote acid/salt resistance and high agonist affinity. The results demonstrate that arrestin binds to proximal or distal phosphosites in the receptor tail. Arrestin binding at either site causes increased agonist affinity and acid/salt resistance, but only the proximal phosphosites evoke the necessary conformational changes in arrestin for receptor desensitization and internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian W Jones
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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47
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Virk MS, Williams JT. Agonist-specific regulation of mu-opioid receptor desensitization and recovery from desensitization. Mol Pharmacol 2008; 73:1301-8. [PMID: 18198283 DOI: 10.1124/mol.107.042952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Agonist-selective actions of opioids on the desensitization of mu-opioid receptors (MORs) have been well characterized, but few if any studies have examined agonist-dependent recovery from desensitization. The outward potassium current induced by several opioids was studied using whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings in locus ceruleus neurons. A brief application of the irreversible opioid antagonist beta-chlornaltrexamine (beta-CNA) was applied immediately after treatment of slices with saturating concentrations of opioid agonists. This approach permitted the measurement of desensitization and recovery from desensitization using multiple opioid agonists, including [Met](5)enkephalin (ME), [d-Ala(2),N-Me-Phe(4),Gly(5)-ol]-enkephalin (DAMGO), etorphine, fentanyl, methadone, morphine, morphine-6-glucuronide, oxycodone, and oxymorphone. The results indicate that desensitization protects receptors from irreversible antagonism with beta-CNA. The amount of desensitization was measured as the decrease in current during a 10-min application of a saturating agonist concentration and was a good predictor of the extent of receptor protection from irreversible inactivation with beta-CNA. After desensitization with ME or DAMGO and treatment with beta-CNA, there was an initial profound inhibition of MOR-induced current that recovered significantly after 45 min. There was, however, no recovery of MOR-mediated current with time after treatment with agonists that did not cause desensitization, such as oxycodone. These results demonstrate that desensitization prevents irreversible inactivation of receptors by beta-CNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Virk
- Vollum Institute, L474, Oregon Health Sciences University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239.
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Peverelli E, Mantovani G, Calebiro D, Doni A, Bondioni S, Lania A, Beck-Peccoz P, Spada A. The third intracellular loop of the human somatostatin receptor 5 is crucial for arrestin binding and receptor internalization after somatostatin stimulation. Mol Endocrinol 2007; 22:676-88. [PMID: 18096696 DOI: 10.1210/me.2007-0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatostatin (SS) is a widely distributed polypeptide that exerts inhibitory effects on hormone secretion and cell proliferation by interacting with five different receptors (SST1-SST5). Beta-arrestins have been implicated in regulating SST internalization, but the structural domains mediating this effect are largely unknown. The aim of this study was to characterize the intracellular mechanisms responsible for internalization of human SST5 in the rat pituitary cell line GH3 and to identify the SST5 structural domains involved in this process. To this purpose we evaluated, by fluorescence microscopy and biochemical assay, the ability of wild-type, progressive C-terminal truncated and third cytoplasmatic loop mutants SST5-DsRed to associate with beta-arrestin-enhanced green fluorescent protein and to internalize under SS28 stimulation. The truncated mutants were comparable to the wild-type receptor with respect to recruitment of beta-arrestin-2 and internalization, whereas the third loop mutants R240W, S242A, and T247A showed the abolishment or reduction of arrestin association and a significant reduction of receptor internalization (14.4%, 29%, and 30.9% vs. 52.4% of wild type) and serine phosphorylation upon SS28 stimulation. Moreover, we evaluated the ability of simultaneous mutation of these three residues (R240, S242, and T247) and C-terminal truncated receptors to internalize. The progressive truncation of the C-terminal tail resulted in a progressive increased internalization (21.6%, 36.7%, and 41%, respectively) with respect to the full-length total third-loop mutant (15%). In conclusion, our results indicate the SST5 third intracellular loop as an important mediator of beta-arrestin/receptor interaction and receptor internalization, whereas they suggest that residues 328-347 within the C terminus may play an inhibitory role in receptor internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Peverelli
- Endocrine Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Milan, Fondazione Policlinico, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, 20122 Milan, Italy
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Role of receptor internalization in opioid tolerance and dependence. Pharmacol Ther 2007; 117:199-206. [PMID: 18076994 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2007] [Accepted: 10/25/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Agonist-induced mu-opioid receptor (MOPr) internalization has long been suggested to contribute directly to functional receptor desensitization and opioid tolerance. In contrast, recent evidence suggests that opioid receptor internalization could in fact reduce opioid tolerance in vivo, but the mechanisms that are responsible for the internalization-mediated protection against opioid tolerance are controversely discussed. One prevailing hypothesis is, that receptor internalization leads to decreased receptor signaling and therefore to reduced associated compensatory changes in downstream signaling systems that are involved in the development of opioid tolerance. However, numerous studies have demonstrated that desensitized and internalized mu-opioid receptors are rapidly recycled to the cell surface in a reactivated state, thus counteracting receptor desensitization and opioid tolerance. Further studies revealed agonist-selective differences in the ability to induce opioid receptor internalization. Recently it has been demonstrated that the endocytotic efficacies of opioids are negatively correlated to the induced opioid tolerance. Thus, clearer understanding of the role of opioid receptor trafficking in the regulation of opioid tolerance and dependence will help in the treatment of patients suffering from chronic pain or drug dependence.
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Liu Q, Dewi DA, Liu W, Bee MS, Schonbrunn A. Distinct phosphorylation sites in the SST2A somatostatin receptor control internalization, desensitization, and arrestin binding. Mol Pharmacol 2007; 73:292-304. [PMID: 17981995 DOI: 10.1124/mol.107.038570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The somatostatin subtype 2A (sst2A) receptor, a member of the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily, mediates many of the neuroendocrine and neuromodulatory actions of somatostatin, and it represents the primary target for somatostatin analogs used in cancer therapy and tumor localization. Agonist stimulation leads to the rapid phosphorylation, endocytosis, and desensitization of the sst2A receptor; however, little is known about the role of phosphorylation in sst2A regulation. sst2A phosphorylation occurs on serine and threonine residues in the third intracellular loop and carboxyl terminus. Therefore, we generated mutant receptors in which serine (Ser-), threonine (Thr-), or both (Ser-/Thr-) residues in these regions were mutated to alanine. In contrast to the wild-type receptor, somatostatin treatment did not stimulate the phosphorylation of the Ser-/Thr- mutant, and it did not produce desensitization. Furthermore, internalization of the Ser-/Thr- mutant occurred 5 times more slowly than with the wild-type receptor. Mutating only the Ser residues did not inhibit either internalization or desensitization. In contrast, mutating only the Thr residues inhibited receptor endocytosis to the same extent as in the full mutant, but it did not affect receptor desensitization. In both the wild-type and Ser- receptors, agonist binding produced a stable arrestin-receptor complex that was maintained during receptor trafficking, whereas arrestin was not recruited to either the Thr- or the Ser-/Thr- receptors. These results demonstrate that agonist-stimulated receptor phosphorylation is necessary for both desensitization and rapid internalization of the sst2A receptor. However, sst2A receptor internalization and uncoupling can occur independently, involve different receptor phosphorylation sites, and exhibit different requirements for stable arrestin association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Liu
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Texas-Houston, P.O. Box 20708, Houston, TX 77225, USA
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