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Xu Y, Luo J, Guo Y, Zhou J, Shen L, Gu F, Shi C, Yao L, Hua M. Chemical compounds, anti-tumor and anti-neuropathic pain effect of hemp essential oil in vivo. Fitoterapia 2024; 177:106092. [PMID: 38914272 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2024.106092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.), an annual dioecious plant, has shown extensive application in the fields of fibers, food, oil, medicine, etc. Currently, most attention has been paid to the therapeutic properties of phytocannabinoids. However, the pharmaceutical research on essential oil from hemp is still lacking. In this study, hemp essential oil (HEO) was extracted from hemp flowers and leaves, and the components were analyzed by GC-MS. Quatitative analysis of three main compounds β-caryophyllene, β-caryophyllene oxide, α -humulene were determined by GC-FID. The anti-tumor and anti-neuropathic pain effects of HEO were evaluated. In the paclitaxel induced neuropathic mice model, HEO reduced the serum level of inflammatory cytokines TNF-α to achieve the analgesic effect, which was tested by evaluating mechanical and thermal hyperalgesia. Further investigation with cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2 R) antagonist AM630 revealed the mechanism of reversing mechanical hyperalgesia may be related to CB2 R. In Lewis lung cancer grafted mice model, the tumor growth was significantly inhibited, the levels of tumor inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 were downregulated, immune organ index was modified and immune-related CD4+, CD8+ T lymphocytes level, CD4+/CD8+ ratio were increased when administered with HEO. These results reveal that HEO plays a role not only in tumor chemotherapy induced peripheral neuropathy treatment, but also in anti-tumor treatment which offers key information for new strategies in cancer treatment and provides reference for the medicinal development of hemp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhui Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Lead Druggability Research, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry Co., Ltd., China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jiajia Luo
- National Key Laboratory of Lead Druggability Research, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry Co., Ltd., China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yuhan Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Lead Druggability Research, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry Co., Ltd., China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- National Key Laboratory of Lead Druggability Research, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry Co., Ltd., China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Longhai Shen
- Center for Pharmacological Evaluation and Research of SIPI, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Fenghua Gu
- Center for Pharmacological Evaluation and Research of SIPI, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200437, China
| | - Chenfeng Shi
- National Key Laboratory of Lead Druggability Research, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry Co., Ltd., China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Lijuan Yao
- National Key Laboratory of Lead Druggability Research, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry Co., Ltd., China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Moli Hua
- National Key Laboratory of Lead Druggability Research, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry Co., Ltd., China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Schwarz AM, Keresztes A, Bui T, Hecksel R, Peña A, Lent B, Gao ZG, Gamez-Rivera M, Seekins CA, Chou K, Appel TL, Jacobson KA, Al-Obeidi FA, Streicher JM. Terpenes from Cannabis sativa induce antinociception in a mouse model of chronic neuropathic pain via activation of adenosine A2A receptors. Pain 2024:00006396-990000000-00589. [PMID: 38709489 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Terpenes are small hydrocarbon compounds that impart aroma and taste to many plants, including Cannabis sativa. A number of studies have shown that terpenes can produce pain relief in various pain states in both humans and animals. However, these studies were methodologically limited and few established mechanisms of action. In our previous work, we showed that the terpenes geraniol, linalool, β-pinene, α-humulene, and β-caryophyllene produced cannabimimetic behavioral effects via multiple receptor targets. We thus expanded this work to explore the potential antinociception and mechanism of these Cannabis terpenes in a mouse model of chronic pain. We first tested for antinociception by injecting terpenes (200 mg/kg, IP) into male and female CD-1 mice with mouse models of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) or lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory pain, finding that the terpenes produced roughly equal antinociception to 10 mg/kg morphine or 3.2 mg/kg WIN55,212. We further found that none of the terpenes produced reward as measured by conditioned place preference, while low doses of terpene (100 mg/kg) combined with morphine (3.2 mg/kg) produced enhanced antinociception vs either alone. We then used the adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) selective antagonist istradefylline (3.2 mg/kg, IP) and spinal cord-specific CRISPR knockdown of the A2AR to identify this receptor as the mechanism for terpene antinociception in CIPN. In vitro cAMP and binding studies and in silico modeling studies further suggested that the terpenes act as A2AR agonists. Together these studies identify Cannabis terpenes as potential therapeutics for chronic neuropathic pain and identify a receptor mechanism for this activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail M Schwarz
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Attila Keresztes
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Thai Bui
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Ryan Hecksel
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Adrian Peña
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Brianna Lent
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Zhan-Guo Gao
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Martín Gamez-Rivera
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Caleb A Seekins
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Kerry Chou
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Taylor L Appel
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Kenneth A Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Fahad A Al-Obeidi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - John M Streicher
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- Comprehensive Center for Pain and Addiction, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
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Liktor-Busa E, Largent-Milnes TM. Natural Products Derived from Cannabis sativa for Pain Management. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2024. [PMID: 38509238 DOI: 10.1007/164_2024_710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Cannabis sativa is one of the oldest medicinal plants in human history. Even ancient physicians from hundreds of years ago used Cannabis sativa to treat several conditions like pain. In the modern era, the research community, including health-care providers, have witnessed wide-scale changes in cannabis policy, legislation, and marketing, with a parallel increase in patient interest. A simple search in PubMed using "cannabis and pain" as keywords provides more than 2,400 articles, about 80% of which were published in the last 8-10 years. Several advancements have been achieved in understanding the complex chemistry of cannabis along with its multiple pharmacological activities. Preclinical data have demonstrated evidence for the promising potential of cannabis for pain management, and the continuous rise in the prevalence of pain increases the urgency to translate this into clinical practice. Despite the large body of cannabis literature, researchers still need to find rigorous answers for the questions about the efficacy and safety of cannabis in treatment of certain disorders such as pain. In the current chapter, we seek to present a critical overview about the current knowledge on cannabis with special emphasis on pain-related disorders.
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Abstract
The cannabis plant has been used for centuries to manage the symptoms of various ailments including pain. Hundreds of chemical compounds have been identified and isolated from the plant and elicit a variety of physiological responses by binding to specific receptors and interacting with numerous other proteins. In addition, the body makes its own cannabinoid-like compounds that are integrally involved in modulating normal and pathophysiological processes. As the legal cannabis landscape continues to evolve within the United States and throughout the world, it is important to understand the rich science behind the effects of the plant and the implications for providers and patients. This narrative review aims to provide an overview of the basic science of the cannabinoids by describing the discovery and function of the endocannabinoid system, pharmacology of cannabinoids, and areas for future research and therapeutic development as they relate to perioperative and chronic pain medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Sideris
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
- HSS Research Institute, New York, New York
| | | | - Martin Kaczocha
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York
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Kabdy H, Azraida H, Agouram F, Oufquir S, Laadraoui J, Baslam A, Aitbaba A, Ouazzani ME, Elyazouli L, Aboufatima R, Garzoli S, Chait A. Antiarthritic and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Cannabis sativa Essential Oil in an Animal Model. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 17:20. [PMID: 38256854 PMCID: PMC10819254 DOI: 10.3390/ph17010020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Arthritis and inflammatory conditions require effective therapies, but conventional drugs have side effects. This study explored Cannabis sativa L. essential oil (CSEO) as a safer alternative. A chemical characterization of EO conducted via GC/MS showed the presence of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (67.63%), oxygenated sesquiterpenes (25.91%), and oxygenated monoterpenes (0.99%). The study used three established inflammation induction tests: xylene-induced ear swelling, carrageenan-induced paw inflammation, and inflammation in the paw induced by Freund's complete adjuvant (CFA). Xylene triggered acute inflammation in the ear, while carrageenan-induced acute inflammatory responses through edema and immune-cell recruitment in the paw. CFA-induced arthritis simulated chronic inflammatory conditions. The obtained results demonstrated that treatment with CSEO significantly reduced ear weight in the xylene-induced ear-swelling test, indicating potential inhibition of neutrophil accumulation. In the carrageenan-induced paw inflammation test, CSEO reduced paw volume, suggesting interference with edema formation and leukocyte migration. In the CFA-induced paw inflammation test, CSEO decreased contralateral paw volume, restored body weight, and reduced C-reactive protein levels. Conclusion: this study provides compelling evidence supporting the antiarthritic and anti-inflammatory effects of CSEO. The findings indicate the therapeutic value of EO in the management of arthritis and inflammatory diseases while highlighting the need for further in-depth research to study the molecular mechanisms and validate their safety and efficacy for clinical applications. Preliminary data from this study suggests encouraging prospects for advancing the treatment and prevention of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Kabdy
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Neurobiology, Anthropology and Environment, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, University Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech 40000, Morocco; (H.K.); (H.A.); (F.A.); (S.O.); (A.B.); (A.A.); (L.E.); (A.C.)
| | - Hajar Azraida
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Neurobiology, Anthropology and Environment, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, University Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech 40000, Morocco; (H.K.); (H.A.); (F.A.); (S.O.); (A.B.); (A.A.); (L.E.); (A.C.)
| | - Fatimzahra Agouram
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Neurobiology, Anthropology and Environment, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, University Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech 40000, Morocco; (H.K.); (H.A.); (F.A.); (S.O.); (A.B.); (A.A.); (L.E.); (A.C.)
| | - Sara Oufquir
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Neurobiology, Anthropology and Environment, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, University Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech 40000, Morocco; (H.K.); (H.A.); (F.A.); (S.O.); (A.B.); (A.A.); (L.E.); (A.C.)
| | - Jawad Laadraoui
- Health and Environment Laboratory, Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Immunophysiopathology Research Team, Aïn Chock Faculty of Sciences, Hassan II University of Casablanca, Casablanca 20470, Morocco;
| | - Abdelmounaim Baslam
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Neurobiology, Anthropology and Environment, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, University Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech 40000, Morocco; (H.K.); (H.A.); (F.A.); (S.O.); (A.B.); (A.A.); (L.E.); (A.C.)
| | - Abdelfatah Aitbaba
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Neurobiology, Anthropology and Environment, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, University Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech 40000, Morocco; (H.K.); (H.A.); (F.A.); (S.O.); (A.B.); (A.A.); (L.E.); (A.C.)
| | - Meryem El Ouazzani
- Anatomic Pathology Laboratory, FMPM-UCA-CHU Mohamed VI, Marrakech 40000, Morocco;
| | - Loubna Elyazouli
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Neurobiology, Anthropology and Environment, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, University Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech 40000, Morocco; (H.K.); (H.A.); (F.A.); (S.O.); (A.B.); (A.A.); (L.E.); (A.C.)
| | - Rachida Aboufatima
- Laboratory of Genie Biologic, Faculty of Sciences and Technics, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal 23040, Morocco;
| | - Stefania Garzoli
- Department of Chemistry and Technologies of Drug, Sapienza University, P. le Aldo Moro, 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Abderrahman Chait
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Neurobiology, Anthropology and Environment, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia, University Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech 40000, Morocco; (H.K.); (H.A.); (F.A.); (S.O.); (A.B.); (A.A.); (L.E.); (A.C.)
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Anand U, Anand P, Sodergren MH. Terpenes in Cannabis sativa Inhibit Capsaicin Responses in Rat DRG Neurons via Na +/K + ATPase Activation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16340. [PMID: 38003528 PMCID: PMC10671062 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Terpenes in Cannabis sativa exert analgesic effects, but the mechanisms are uncertain. We examined the effects of 10 terpenes on capsaicin responses in an established model of neuronal hypersensitivity. Adult rat DRG neurons cultured with neurotrophic factors NGF and GDNF were loaded with Fura2AM for calcium imaging, and treated with individual terpenes or vehicle for 5 min, followed by 1 µMol capsaicin. In vehicle treated control experiments, capsaicin elicited immediate and sustained calcium influx. Most neurons treated with terpenes responded to capsaicin after 6-8 min. Few neurons showed immediate capsaicin responses that were transient or normal. The delayed responses were found to be due to calcium released from the endoplasmic reticulum, as they were maintained in calcium/magnesium free media, but not after thapsigargin pre-treatment. Terpene inhibition of calcium influx was reversed after washout of medium, in the absence of terpenes, and in the presence of the Na+/K+ ATPase inhibitor ouabain, but not CB1 or CB2 receptor antagonists. Thus, terpenes inhibit capsaicin evoked calcium influx by Na+/K+ ATPase activation. Immunofluorescence showed TRPV1 co-expression with α1β1 Na+/K+ ATPase in most neurons while others were either TRPV1 or α1β1 Na+/K+ ATPase positive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma Anand
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Rd, London W12 ONN, UK; (P.A.); (M.H.S.)
| | - Praveen Anand
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Rd, London W12 ONN, UK; (P.A.); (M.H.S.)
| | - Mikael Hans Sodergren
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Rd, London W12 ONN, UK; (P.A.); (M.H.S.)
- Curaleaf International Ltd., 179 Great Portland Street, London W1W 5PL, UK
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Hou X, Jiang J, Luo C, Rehman L, Li X, Xie X. Advances in detecting fruit aroma compounds by combining chromatography and spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2023; 103:4755-4766. [PMID: 36782102 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fruit aroma is produced by volatile compounds, which can significantly enhance fruit flavor. These compounds are highly complex and have remarkable pharmacological effects. The synthesis, concentration, type, and quantity of fruit aroma substances are affected by various factors, both abiotic and biotic. To fully understand the aroma substances of various fruits and their influencing factors, detection technology can be used. Many methods exist for detecting aroma compounds, and approaches combining multiple instruments are widely used. This review describes and compares each detection technology and discusses the potential use of combined technologies to provide a comprehensive understanding of fruit aroma compounds and the factors influencing their synthesis. These results can inform the development and utilization of fruit aroma substances. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Hou
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, PR China
| | - Junmei Jiang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, PR China
| | - Changqing Luo
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, PR China
| | - Latifur Rehman
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, PR China
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Swabi, Swabi, Pakistan
| | - Xiangyang Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang, PR China
| | - Xin Xie
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, PR China
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Hashemi P, Ahmadi S. Alpha-pinene moderates memory impairment induced by kainic acid via improving the BDNF/TrkB/CREB signaling pathway in rat hippocampus. Front Mol Neurosci 2023; 16:1202232. [PMID: 37456525 PMCID: PMC10347414 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2023.1202232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The potential benefits of natural ingredients in the alleviation of neurodegenerative disorders are of great interest. Alpha-pinene (APN) is an essential oil belonging to monoterpenes with multiple beneficial effects. In this study, the possible improving effects of alpha-pinene on memory impairment induced by kainic acid and the underlying molecular mechanisms were examined. Methods Memory impairment was induced by i.c.v. injection of kainic acid (KA) in male Wistar rats. Alpha-pinene (50 mg/kg/day, i.p.) was injected for 21 days, including 14 days before the KA injection and seven days afterward. Spatial working memory and inhibitory avoidance (IA) memory performance were assessed five and even days following KA injection, respectively. The hippocampal protein levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), tropomyosin-like receptor kinase B (TrkB), cAMP response element binding protein (CREB), and neuronal loss in the CA1 region were also examined. Results Results revealed that the i.c.v. injection of KA triggered memory impairment, which was notably diminished by alpha-pinene pre-and post-treatment. Histopathological evaluation revealed that alpha-pinene significantly moderated the attenuation in CA1 alive neurons induced by KA injection. Western blotting analysis confirmed that alpha-pinene pre-and post-treatment significantly reversed the KA-induced decreases in the hippocampal levels of BDNF, TrkB, phosphorylated TrkB, CREB, and phosphorylated CREB. Discussion These findings suggest that alpha-pinene pre-and post-treatment moderate memory impairment induced by KA by restoring the BDNF/TrkB/CREB signaling pathway in the rat hippocampus.
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Berthold EC, Kamble SH, Kanumuri SRR, Kuntz MA, Senetra AS, Chiang YH, McMahon LR, McCurdy CR, Sharma A. Comparative Pharmacokinetics of Commercially Available Cannabidiol Isolate, Broad-Spectrum, and Full-Spectrum Products. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2023:10.1007/s13318-023-00839-3. [PMID: 37337087 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-023-00839-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES A wide variety of products containing cannabidiol (CBD) are available on the commercial market. One of the most common products, CBD oil, is administered to self-treat a variety of conditions. These oils are available as CBD isolate, broad-spectrum [all terpenes and minor cannabinoids except Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)], or full-spectrum (all terpenes and minor cannabinoids with THC < 0.3% dried weight) products. A systematic pharmacokinetic study was performed to determine whether there are differences in the pharmacokinetic parameters and systemic exposure of CBD after oral dosing as an isolate, broad-spectrum, or full-spectrum product. METHODS Male and female Sprague Dawley rats were treated with a single, equivalent oral dose of CBD delivered as isolate, broad-spectrum, or full-spectrum product. An additional study using an in-house preparation of CBD isolate plus 0.2% THC was performed. A permeability assay was also conducted to investigate whether the presence of THC alters the intestinal permeability of CBD. RESULTS There was an increase in the oral bioavailability of CBD (12% and 21% in male and female rats, respectively) when administered as a full-spectrum product compared with the isolate and broad-spectrum products. There was no difference in the bioavailability of CBD between the commercially available full-spectrum formulation (3.1% CBD; containing 0.2% THC plus terpenes and other minor cannabinoids) versus the in-house preparation of CBD full-spectrum (CBD isolate 3.2% plus 0.2% THC isolate). In vitro permeability assays demonstrated that the presence of THC increases permeability of CBD while also decreasing efflux through the gut wall. CONCLUSIONS The presence of 0.2% THC increased the oral bioavailability of CBD in male and female rats, indicating that full-spectrum products may produce increased effectiveness of CBD due to a greater exposure available systemically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin C Berthold
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Shyam H Kamble
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Translational Drug Development Core, University of Florida Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Siva Rama Raju Kanumuri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Translational Drug Development Core, University of Florida Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Michelle A Kuntz
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Alexandria S Senetra
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Yi-Hua Chiang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Lance R McMahon
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jerry H. Hodge School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center at Amarillo, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Christopher R McCurdy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Translational Drug Development Core, University of Florida Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Abhisheak Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Florida College of Pharmacy, Gainesville, FL, USA.
- Translational Drug Development Core, University of Florida Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Fordjour E, Manful CF, Sey AA, Javed R, Pham TH, Thomas R, Cheema M. Cannabis: a multifaceted plant with endless potentials. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1200269. [PMID: 37397476 PMCID: PMC10308385 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1200269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabis sativa, also known as "hemp" or "weed," is a versatile plant with various uses in medicine, agriculture, food, and cosmetics. This review attempts to evaluate the available literature on the ecology, chemical composition, phytochemistry, pharmacology, traditional uses, industrial uses, and toxicology of Cannabis sativa. So far, 566 chemical compounds have been isolated from Cannabis, including 125 cannabinoids and 198 non-cannabinoids. The psychoactive and physiologically active part of the plant is a cannabinoid, mostly found in the flowers, but also present in smaller amounts in the leaves, stems, and seeds. Of all phytochemicals, terpenes form the largest composition in the plant. Pharmacological evidence reveals that the plants contain cannabinoids which exhibit potential as antioxidants, antibacterial agents, anticancer agents, and anti-inflammatory agents. Furthermore, the compounds in the plants have reported applications in the food and cosmetic industries. Significantly, Cannabis cultivation has a minimal negative impact on the environment in terms of cultivation. Most of the studies focused on the chemical make-up, phytochemistry, and pharmacological effects, but not much is known about the toxic effects. Overall, the Cannabis plant has enormous potential for biological and industrial uses, as well as traditional and other medicinal uses. However, further research is necessary to fully understand and explore the uses and beneficial properties of Cannabis sativa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Fordjour
- School of Science and the Environment, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Corner Brook, NL, Canada
- Biotron Experimental Climate Change Research Centre/Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Charles F. Manful
- School of Science and the Environment, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Corner Brook, NL, Canada
| | - Albert A. Sey
- School of Science and the Environment, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Corner Brook, NL, Canada
| | - Rabia Javed
- School of Science and the Environment, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Corner Brook, NL, Canada
| | - Thu Huong Pham
- School of Science and the Environment, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Corner Brook, NL, Canada
| | - Raymond Thomas
- Biotron Experimental Climate Change Research Centre/Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - Mumtaz Cheema
- School of Science and the Environment, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Corner Brook, NL, Canada
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Silva-Reis R, Silva AMS, Oliveira PA, Cardoso SM. Antitumor Effects of Cannabis sativa Bioactive Compounds on Colorectal Carcinogenesis. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13050764. [PMID: 37238634 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabis sativa is a multipurpose plant that has been used in medicine for centuries. Recently, considerable research has focused on the bioactive compounds of this plant, particularly cannabinoids and terpenes. Among other properties, these compounds exhibit antitumor effects in several cancer types, including colorectal cancer (CRC). Cannabinoids show positive effects in the treatment of CRC by inducing apoptosis, proliferation, metastasis, inflammation, angiogenesis, oxidative stress, and autophagy. Terpenes, such as β-caryophyllene, limonene, and myrcene, have also been reported to have potential antitumor effects on CRC through the induction of apoptosis, the inhibition of cell proliferation, and angiogenesis. In addition, synergy effects between cannabinoids and terpenes are believed to be important factors in the treatment of CRC. This review focuses on the current knowledge about the potential of cannabinoids and terpenoids from C. sativa to serve as bioactive agents for the treatment of CRC while evidencing the need for further research to fully elucidate the mechanisms of action and the safety of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Silva-Reis
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Artur M S Silva
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Paula A Oliveira
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Susana M Cardoso
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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12
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Raz N, Eyal AM, Berneman Zeitouni D, Hen-Shoval D, Davidson EM, Danieli A, Tauber M, Ben-Chaim Y. SELECTED CANNABIS TERPENES SYNERGIZE WITH THC TO PRODUCE INCREASED CB1 RECEPTOR ACTIVATION. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 212:115548. [PMID: 37084981 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
The cannabis plant exerts its pharmaceutical activity primarily by the binding of cannabinoids to two G protein-coupled cannabinoid receptors, CB1 and CB2. The role that cannabis terpenes play in this activation has been considered and debated repeatedly, based on only limited experimental results. In the current study we used a controlled in-vitro heterologous expression system to quantify the activation of CB1 receptors by sixteen cannabis terpenes individually, by tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) alone and by THC-terpenes mixtures. The results demonstrate that all terpenes, when tested individually, activate CB1 receptors, at about 10-50% of the activation by THC alone. The combination of some of these terpenes with THC significantly increases the activity of the CB1 receptor, compared to THC alone. In some cases, several fold. Importantly, this amplification is evident at terpene to THC ratios similar to those in the cannabis plant, which reflect very low terpene concentrations. For some terpenes, the activation obtained by THC- terpene mixtures is notably greater than the sum of the activations by the individual components, suggesting a synergistic effect. Our results strongly support a modulatory effect of some of the terpenes on the interaction between THC and the CB1 receptor. As the most effective terpenes are not necessarily the most abundant ones in the cannabis plant, reaching "whole plant" or "full spectrum" composition is not necessarily an advantage. For enhanced therapeutic effects, desired compositions are attainable by enriching extracts with selected terpenes. These compositions adjust the treatment for various desired medicinal and personal needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noa Raz
- Bazelet Medical Cannabis Group, Or Akiva, Israel
| | | | | | | | - Elyad M Davidson
- Department of Anesthesiology, CCM and Pain Relief, Hadassah Hebrew University Hospital Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Aviel Danieli
- Department of Natural and Life Sciences, The Open University of Israel, Ra'anana, Israel
| | - Merav Tauber
- Department of Natural and Life Sciences, The Open University of Israel, Ra'anana, Israel
| | - Yair Ben-Chaim
- Department of Natural and Life Sciences, The Open University of Israel, Ra'anana, Israel.
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13
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Schwarz AM, Keresztes A, Bui T, Hecksel RJ, Peña A, Lent B, Gao ZG, Gamez-Rivera M, Seekins CA, Chou K, Appel TL, Jacobson KA, Al-Obeidi FA, Streicher JM. Terpenes from Cannabis sativa Induce Antinociception in Mouse Chronic Neuropathic Pain via Activation of Spinal Cord Adenosine A 2A Receptors. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.28.534594. [PMID: 37034662 PMCID: PMC10081257 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.28.534594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Terpenes are small hydrocarbon compounds that impart aroma and taste to many plants, including Cannabis sativa. A number of studies have shown that terpenes can produce pain relief in various pain states in both humans and animals. However, these studies were methodologically limited and few established mechanisms of action. In our previous work, we showed that the terpenes geraniol, linalool, β-pinene, α-humulene, and β-caryophyllene produced cannabimimetic behavioral effects via multiple receptor targets. We thus expanded this work to explore the efficacy and mechanism of these Cannabis terpenes in relieving chronic pain. We first tested for antinociceptive efficacy by injecting terpenes (200 mg/kg, IP) into male and female CD-1 mice with chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) or lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory pain, finding that the terpenes produced roughly equal efficacy to 10 mg/kg morphine or 3.2 mg/kg WIN55,212. We further found that none of the terpenes produced reward as measured by conditioned place preference, while low doses of terpene (100 mg/kg) combined with morphine (3.2 mg/kg) produced enhanced antinociception vs. either alone. We then used the adenosine A2A receptor (A2AR) selective antagonist istradefylline (3.2 mg/kg, IP) and spinal cord-specific CRISPR knockdown of the A2AR to identify this receptor as the mechanism for terpene antinociception in CIPN. In vitro cAMP and binding studies and in silico modeling studies further suggested that the terpenes act as A2AR agonists. Together these studies identify Cannabis terpenes as potential therapeutics for chronic neuropathic pain, and identify a receptor mechanism in the spinal cord for this activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail M. Schwarz
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson AZ USA
| | - Attila Keresztes
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson AZ USA
| | - Thai Bui
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson AZ USA
| | - Ryan J. Hecksel
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson AZ USA
| | - Adrian Peña
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson AZ USA
| | - Brianna Lent
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson AZ USA
| | - Zhan-Guo Gao
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD USA
| | - Martín Gamez-Rivera
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson AZ USA
| | - Caleb A. Seekins
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson AZ USA
| | - Kerry Chou
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson AZ USA
| | - Taylor L. Appel
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson AZ USA
| | - Kenneth A. Jacobson
- Molecular Recognition Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD USA
| | - Fahad A. Al-Obeidi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson AZ USA
| | - John M. Streicher
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson AZ USA
- Comprehensive Pain and Addiction Center, University of Arizona, Tucson AZ USA
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14
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Xu BT, Li MF, Chen KC, Li X, Cai NB, Xu JP, Wang HT. Mitofusin-2 mediates cannabidiol-induced neuroprotection against cerebral ischemia in rats. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2023; 44:499-512. [PMID: 36229600 PMCID: PMC9958179 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-022-01004-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabidiol (CBD) reportedly exerts protective effects against many psychiatric disorders and neurodegenerative diseases, but the mechanisms are poorly understood. In this study, we explored the molecular mechanism of CBD against cerebral ischemia. HT-22 cells or primary cortical neurons were subjected to oxygen-glucose deprivation insult followed by reoxygenation (OGD/R). In both HT-22 cells and primary cortical neurons, CBD pretreatment (0.1, 0.3, 1 μM) dose-dependently attenuated OGD/R-induced cell death and mitochondrial dysfunction, ameliorated OGD/R-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and increased the mitofusin-2 (MFN2) protein level in HT-22 cells and primary cortical neurons. Knockdown of MFN2 abolished the protective effects of CBD. CBD pretreatment also suppressed OGD/R-induced binding of Parkin to MFN2 and subsequent ubiquitination of MFN2. Overexpression of Parkin blocked the effects of CBD in reducing MFN2 ubiquitination and reduced cell viability, whereas overexpressing MFN2 abolished Parkin's detrimental effects. In vivo experiments were conducted on male rats subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) insult, and administration of CBD (2.5, 5 mg · kg-1, i.p.) dose-dependently reduced the infarct volume and ER stress in the brains. Moreover, the level of MFN2 within the ischemic penumbra of rats was increased by CBD treatment, while the binding of Parkin to MFN2 and the ubiquitination of MFN2 was decreased. Finally, short hairpin RNA against MFN2 reversed CBD's protective effects. Together, these results demonstrate that CBD protects brain neurons against cerebral ischemia by reducing MFN2 degradation via disrupting Parkin's binding to MFN2, indicating that MFN2 is a potential target for the treatment of cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Tian Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
- Department of Neurology, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510180, China
| | - Meng-Fan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Ke-Chun Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Xing Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Ning-Bo Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Jiang-Ping Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
- Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
| | - Hai-Tao Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of New Drug Screening, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health of the Ministry of Education, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
- Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area, Guangzhou, 510515, China.
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15
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Jafri S, Hansen E, Fuenmayor R, Case AA. Medical Cannabis for Insomnia in a Patient With Advanced Breast Cancer. J Pain Symptom Manage 2023; 65:e497-e502. [PMID: 36641008 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Saba Jafri
- Department of Palliative and Supportive Care, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Eric Hansen
- Department of Palliative and Supportive Care, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Ryan Fuenmayor
- Department of Palliative and Supportive Care, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Amy A Case
- Department of Palliative and Supportive Care, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York, USA.
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16
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Beuning CN, Lovestead TM, Huber ML, Widegren JA. Vapor pressure measurements on linalool using a rapid and inexpensive method suitable for cannabis-associated terpenes †. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL AND ENGINEERING DATA 2023; 68:3289-3297. [PMID: 38312736 PMCID: PMC10836221 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jced.3c00360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Vapor pressure (psat) data are needed to assess the potential use of terpenes as breath markers of recent cannabis use. Herein, a recently introduced gas-saturation method for psat measurements, known as dynamic vapor microextraction (DVME), was used to measure psat for the terpene (±)-3,7-dimethylocta-1,6-dien-3-ol, commonly known as linalool. The DVME apparatus utilizes inexpensive and commercially available components, a low internal volume, and helium carrier gas to minimize nonideal mixture behavior. In the temperature range from 314 K to 354 K, DVME-based measurements of the psat of linalool ranged from 81 Pa to 1250 Pa. With a measurement period of 30 min, the combined standard uncertainty of these measurements ranged from 0.0358·psat to 0.0584·psat, depending on temperature. The DVME-based measurements agree with a Wagner correlation of available literature data. We demonstrate that DVME produces accurate results for values of psat that are 200 times higher than in the DVME validation study with n-eicosane (C20H42). The oxidative stability of linalool was improved by the addition of 0.2 mass % of the antioxidant tert-butylhydroquinone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryle N Beuning
- Applied Chemicals and Materials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, MS 647.07, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305
| | - Tara M Lovestead
- Applied Chemicals and Materials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, MS 647.07, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305
| | - Marcia L Huber
- Applied Chemicals and Materials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, MS 647.07, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305
| | - Jason A Widegren
- Applied Chemicals and Materials Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, MS 647.07, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO 80305
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17
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Brierley SM, Greenwood-Van Meerveld B, Sarnelli G, Sharkey KA, Storr M, Tack J. Targeting the endocannabinoid system for the treatment of abdominal pain in irritable bowel syndrome. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 20:5-25. [PMID: 36168049 DOI: 10.1038/s41575-022-00682-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The management of visceral pain in patients with disorders of gut-brain interaction, notably irritable bowel syndrome, presents a considerable clinical challenge, with few available treatment options. Patients are increasingly using cannabis and cannabinoids to control abdominal pain. Cannabis acts on receptors of the endocannabinoid system, an endogenous system of lipid mediators that regulates gastrointestinal function and pain processing pathways in health and disease. The endocannabinoid system represents a logical molecular therapeutic target for the treatment of pain in irritable bowel syndrome. Here, we review the physiological and pathophysiological functions of the endocannabinoid system with a focus on the peripheral and central regulation of gastrointestinal function and visceral nociception. We address the use of cannabinoids in pain management, comparing them to other treatment modalities, including opioids and neuromodulators. Finally, we discuss emerging therapeutic candidates targeting the endocannabinoid system for the treatment of pain in irritable bowel syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart M Brierley
- Visceral Pain Research Group, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia.,Hopwood Centre for Neurobiology, Lifelong Health, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, North Terrace, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | | | - Giovanni Sarnelli
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Keith A Sharkey
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. .,Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada. .,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
| | - Martin Storr
- Department of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany.,Zentrum für Endoskopie, Starnberg, Germany
| | - Jan Tack
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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18
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Wiese BM, Alvarez Reyes A, Vanderah TW, Largent-Milnes TM. The endocannabinoid system and breathing. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1126004. [PMID: 37144090 PMCID: PMC10153446 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1126004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent changes in cannabis accessibility have provided adjunct therapies for patients across numerous disease states and highlights the urgency in understanding how cannabinoids and the endocannabinoid (EC) system interact with other physiological structures. The EC system plays a critical and modulatory role in respiratory homeostasis and pulmonary functionality. Respiratory control begins in the brainstem without peripheral input, and coordinates the preBötzinger complex, a component of the ventral respiratory group that interacts with the dorsal respiratory group to synchronize burstlet activity and drive inspiration. An additional rhythm generator: the retrotrapezoid nucleus/parafacial respiratory group drives active expiration during conditions of exercise or high CO2. Combined with the feedback information from the periphery: through chemo- and baroreceptors including the carotid bodies, the cranial nerves, stretch of the diaphragm and intercostal muscles, lung tissue, and immune cells, and the cranial nerves, our respiratory system can fine tune motor outputs that ensure we have the oxygen necessary to survive and can expel the CO2 waste we produce, and every aspect of this process can be influenced by the EC system. The expansion in cannabis access and potential therapeutic benefits, it is essential that investigations continue to uncover the underpinnings and mechanistic workings of the EC system. It is imperative to understand the impact cannabis, and exogenous cannabinoids have on these physiological systems, and how some of these compounds can mitigate respiratory depression when combined with opioids or other medicinal therapies. This review highlights the respiratory system from the perspective of central versus peripheral respiratory functionality and how these behaviors can be influenced by the EC system. This review will summarize the literature available on organic and synthetic cannabinoids in breathing and how that has shaped our understanding of the role of the EC system in respiratory homeostasis. Finally, we look at some potential future therapeutic applications the EC system has to offer for the treatment of respiratory diseases and a possible role in expanding the safety profile of opioid therapies while preventing future opioid overdose fatalities that result from respiratory arrest or persistent apnea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth M. Wiese
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Angelica Alvarez Reyes
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Todd W. Vanderah
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
| | - Tally M. Largent-Milnes
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, United States
- *Correspondence: Tally M. Largent-Milnes,
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19
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Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Properties of the Cannabis Terpene Myrcene in Rat Adjuvant Monoarthritis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23147891. [PMID: 35887239 PMCID: PMC9319952 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis-based terpenes are believed to modulate physiological responses to disease and alter the efficacy of cannabinoids in the so-called “entourage effect”. The monoterpene myrcene can reduce nociception produced by noxious thermal and mechanical stimuli as well as reducing acute inflammation. The current study examined the role of myrcene and cannabidiol (CBD) in controlling chronic joint inflammation and pain. Chronic arthritis was induced in male Wistar rats by intra-articular injection of Freund’s complete adjuvant into the right knee. On days 7 and 21 after arthritis induction, joint pain (von Frey hair algesiometry), inflammation (intravital microscopy, laser speckle contrast analysis) and joint histopathology were assessed. Local application of myrcene (1 and 5 mg/kg s.c.) reduced joint pain and inflammation via a cannabinoid receptor mechanism. The combination of myrcene and CBD (200 μg) was not significantly different from myrcene alone. Repeated myrcene treatment had no effect on joint damage or inflammatory cytokine production. These data suggest that topical myrcene has the potential to reduce chronic arthritis pain and inflammation; however, it has no synergistic effect with CBD.
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20
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Fortin D, Marcellin F, Carrieri P, Mancini J, Barré T. Medical Cannabis: Toward a New Policy and Health Model for an Ancient Medicine. Front Public Health 2022; 10:904291. [PMID: 35712276 PMCID: PMC9197104 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.904291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabienne Marcellin
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, IRD, SESSTIM, Sciences Economiques & Sociales de la Santé & Traitement de l'Information Médicale, ISSPAM, Marseille, France
| | - Patrizia Carrieri
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, IRD, SESSTIM, Sciences Economiques & Sociales de la Santé & Traitement de l'Information Médicale, ISSPAM, Marseille, France
| | - Julien Mancini
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, IRD, SESSTIM, Sciences Economiques & Sociales de la Santé & Traitement de l'Information Médicale, ISSPAM, Marseille, France
| | - Tangui Barré
- Aix Marseille Univ, INSERM, IRD, SESSTIM, Sciences Economiques & Sociales de la Santé & Traitement de l'Information Médicale, ISSPAM, Marseille, France
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21
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Maggini V, Calvi L, Pelagatti T, Gallo ER, Civati C, Privitera C, Squillante F, Maniglia P, Di Candia D, Spampatti R, Firenzuoli F. An Optimized Terpene Profile for a New Medical Cannabis Oil. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14020298. [PMID: 35214031 PMCID: PMC8879232 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14020298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this analytical study was to develop an advanced formulation of medical Cannabis oil (MCO) comparing the chemical profile of different extracts obtained with two existing methods (SIFAP and CALVI) and one original upgraded (CERFIT) method. Preparation methods were applied with varying solvent, temperature, and duration of the decarboxylation and extraction steps. HPLC-MS/MS TSQ and GC/FID-HS analyses were performed to investigate cannabinoid and terpene contents in the three oil extracts. Cannabinoids profile remained comparable between the formulations. CERFIT extracts exhibited a superior quantity of total terpene hydrocarbon forms (e.g., limonene and α-pinene) with no degradation occurrence (i.e., oxidized terpenes not quantifiable). Thus, this new method optimized the phytochemical profile of the MCO presenting a value opportunity to obtain a standardized high-level therapeutic product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Maggini
- Research and Innovation Center in Phytotherapy and Integrated Medicine (CERFIT), Careggi University Hospital, Via Delle Oblate 4, 50141 Florence, Italy; (L.C.); (T.P.); (E.R.G.)
- Correspondence: (V.M.); (F.F.); Tel.: +39-055-794-9635 (V.M.)
| | - Lorenzo Calvi
- Research and Innovation Center in Phytotherapy and Integrated Medicine (CERFIT), Careggi University Hospital, Via Delle Oblate 4, 50141 Florence, Italy; (L.C.); (T.P.); (E.R.G.)
| | - Tommaso Pelagatti
- Research and Innovation Center in Phytotherapy and Integrated Medicine (CERFIT), Careggi University Hospital, Via Delle Oblate 4, 50141 Florence, Italy; (L.C.); (T.P.); (E.R.G.)
- Farmacia Tili, Piazza Vittorio Veneto 32, 22036 Erba, Italy; (C.C.); (F.S.); (R.S.)
| | - Eugenia Rosaria Gallo
- Research and Innovation Center in Phytotherapy and Integrated Medicine (CERFIT), Careggi University Hospital, Via Delle Oblate 4, 50141 Florence, Italy; (L.C.); (T.P.); (E.R.G.)
| | - Celine Civati
- Farmacia Tili, Piazza Vittorio Veneto 32, 22036 Erba, Italy; (C.C.); (F.S.); (R.S.)
| | - Carlo Privitera
- Progetto MediCOmm s.r.l.s., C.da due Fontane s.n., 93100 Caltanissetta, Italy;
| | - Flavio Squillante
- Farmacia Tili, Piazza Vittorio Veneto 32, 22036 Erba, Italy; (C.C.); (F.S.); (R.S.)
| | - Paolo Maniglia
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine, Alessandro Manzoni Hospital, Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale Lecco, 23900 Lecco, Italy;
| | - Domenico Di Candia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Section of Legal Medicine, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Roberto Spampatti
- Farmacia Tili, Piazza Vittorio Veneto 32, 22036 Erba, Italy; (C.C.); (F.S.); (R.S.)
| | - Fabio Firenzuoli
- Research and Innovation Center in Phytotherapy and Integrated Medicine (CERFIT), Careggi University Hospital, Via Delle Oblate 4, 50141 Florence, Italy; (L.C.); (T.P.); (E.R.G.)
- Correspondence: (V.M.); (F.F.); Tel.: +39-055-794-9635 (V.M.)
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