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Khan M, Uhse S, Bindics J, Kogelmann B, Nagarajan N, Tabassum R, Ingole KD, Djamei A. Tip of the iceberg? Three novel TOPLESS-interacting effectors of the gall-inducing fungus Ustilago maydis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 244:949-961. [PMID: 39021059 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Ustilago maydis is a biotrophic pathogen causing smut disease in maize. It secretes a cocktail of effector proteins, which target different host proteins during its biotrophic stages in the host plant. One such class of proteins we identified previously is TOPLESS (TPL) and TOPLESS-RELATED (TPR) transcriptional corepressors. Here, we screened 297 U. maydis effector candidates for their ability to interact with maize TPL protein RAMOSA 1 ENHANCER LOCUS 2 LIKE 2 (RELK2) and their ability to induce auxin signaling and thereby identified three novel TPL-interacting protein effectors (Tip6, Tip7, and Tip8). Structural modeling and mutational analysis allowed the identification of TPL-interaction motifs of Tip6 and Tip7. In planta interaction between Tip6 and Tip7 with RELK2 occurs mainly in nuclear compartments, whereas Tip8 colocalizes with RELK2 in a compartment outside the nucleus. Overexpression of Tip8 in nonhost plants leads to cell death, indicating recognition of the effector or its activity. By performing infection assays with single and multideletion mutants of U. maydis, we demonstrate a positive role of Tip6 and Tip7 in U. maydis virulence. Transcriptional profiling of maize leaves infected with Tip effector mutants in comparison with SG200 strain suggests Tip effector activities are not merely redundant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamoona Khan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Nussallee 9, Bonn, 53115, Germany
| | - Simon Uhse
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences (OEAW), Vienna Bio Center (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - Janos Bindics
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences (OEAW), Vienna Bio Center (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - Benjamin Kogelmann
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences (OEAW), Vienna Bio Center (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - Nithya Nagarajan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Nussallee 9, Bonn, 53115, Germany
| | - Riaz Tabassum
- Department of Plant Pathology, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Nussallee 9, Bonn, 53115, Germany
| | - Kishor D Ingole
- Department of Plant Pathology, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Nussallee 9, Bonn, 53115, Germany
| | - Armin Djamei
- Department of Plant Pathology, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Nussallee 9, Bonn, 53115, Germany
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences (OEAW), Vienna Bio Center (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, Vienna, 1030, Austria
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2
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Roessner C, Griep S, Becker A. A land plant phylogenetic framework for GLABROUS INFLORESCENCE STEMS (GIS), SUPERMAN, JAGGED and allies plus their TOPLESS co-repressor. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2024; 201:108195. [PMID: 39260627 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2024.108195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 08/27/2024] [Accepted: 09/07/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
Members of the plant specific family of C1-1i zincfinger transcriptionfactors (ZF-TFs), such as SUPERMAN, JAGGED, KNUCKLES or GIS,regulatediversedevelopmental processes including sexual reproduction. C1-1is consist of one zinc-finger and one to two EAR domains, connected by large intrinsically disordered regions (IDR). While the role of C1-i1 ZF-TFs in development processes is well known for some genes in Arabidopsis, rice or tomatoa comprehensive and broadphylogenetic background is lacking, yet knowledge of orthology is a requirement for a better understanding of C1-1i-Zf-TFs diverse roles in plants. Here, we provide a fine-grained and land plant wide classification of C1-1i sub-families and their known co-repressors TOPLESS and TOPLESS RELATED. Our work combines the identification of orthologous groups with Maximum-Likelihood phylogeny reconstructions and digital gene expression analyses mining high quality land plant genomes and transcriptomes to generate a comprehensive framework of C1-1i ZF-TF evolution. We show that C1-1i's are low to moderate copy genesand that orthologous genesonly partiallyhaveconserved sub-family and life cycle stage dependent expression pattern across land plants while others are highly diverged. Our workprovides the phylogenetic framework for C1-1i ZF-TFs, s and strengthen C1-1 ZF-TFs as a potential model for IDR-research in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sven Griep
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Annette Becker
- Institute of Botany, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany.
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3
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Du Q, Yuan B, Thapa Chhetri G, Wang T, Qi L, Wang H. A transcriptional repressor HVA regulates vascular bundle formation through auxin transport in Arabidopsis stem. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 243:1681-1697. [PMID: 39014537 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Vascular bundles transport water and photosynthate to all organs, and increased bundle number contributes to crop lodging resistance. However, the regulation of vascular bundle formation is poorly understood in the Arabidopsis stem. We report a novel semi-dominant mutant with high vascular activity, hva-d, showing increased vascular bundle number and enhanced cambium proliferation in the stem. The activation of a C2H2 zinc finger transcription factor, AT5G27880/HVA, is responsible for the hva-d phenotype. Genetic, biochemical, and fluorescent microscopic analyses were used to dissect the functions of HVA. HVA functions as a repressor and interacts with TOPLESS via the conserved Ethylene-responsive element binding factor-associated Amphiphilic Repression motif. In contrast to the HVA activation line, knockout of HVA function with a CRISPR-Cas9 approach or expression of HVA fused with an activation domain VP16 (HVA-VP16) resulted in fewer vascular bundles. Further, HVA directly regulates the expression of the auxin transport efflux facilitator PIN1, as a result affecting auxin accumulation. Genetics analysis demonstrated that PIN1 is epistatic to HVA in controlling bundle number. This research identifies HVA as a positive regulator of vascular initiation through negatively modulating auxin transport and sheds new light on the mechanism of bundle formation in the stem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Du
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, 1376 Storrs Rd, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Bingjian Yuan
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, 1376 Storrs Rd, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Gaurav Thapa Chhetri
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, 1376 Storrs Rd, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Tong Wang
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, 1376 Storrs Rd, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Liying Qi
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, 1376 Storrs Rd, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Huanzhong Wang
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, 1376 Storrs Rd, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
- Institute for System Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
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Zeng L, Guo J, Palayam M, Rodriguez C, Gomez Mendez MF, Wang Y, van de Ven W, Pruneda-Paz J, Shabek N, Dehesh K. Integrated Dual-Channel Retrograde Signaling Directs Stress Responses by Degrading the HAT1/TPL/IMPα-9 Suppressor Complex and Activating CAMTA3. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.08.29.610327. [PMID: 39257742 PMCID: PMC11384019 DOI: 10.1101/2024.08.29.610327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
The intricate communication between plastids and the nucleus, shaping stress-responsive gene expression, has long intrigued researchers. This study combines genetics, biochemical analysis, cellular biology, and protein modeling to uncover how the plastidial metabolite MEcPP activates the stress-response regulatory hub known as the Rapid Stress Response Element (RSRE). Specifically, we identify the HAT1/TPL/IMPα- 9 suppressor complex, where HAT1 directly binds to RSRE and its activator, CAMTA3, masking RSRE and sequestering the activator. Stress-induced MEcPP disrupts this complex, exposing RSRE and releasing CAMTA3, while enhancing Ca 2+ influx and raising nuclear Ca 2+ levels crucial for CAMTA3 activation and the initiation of RSRE- containing gene transcription. This coordinated breakdown of the suppressor complex and activation of the activator highlights the dual-channel role of MEcPP in plastid-to- nucleus signaling. It further signifies how this metabolite transcends its expected biochemical role, emerging as a crucial initiator of harmonious signaling cascades essential for maintaining cellular homeostasis under stress. Summary This study uncovers how the stress-induced signaling metabolite MEcPP disrupts the HAT1/TPL/IMPα-9 suppressor complex, liberating the activator CAMTA3 and enabling Ca 2+ influx essential for CAMTA3 activation, thus orchestrating stress responses via repressor degradation and activator induction.
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Wu Y, Dong G, Luo F, Xie H, Li X, Yan J. TkJAZs-TkMYC2-TkSRPP/REF Regulates the Biosynthesis of Natural Rubber in Taraxacum kok-saghyz. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:2034. [PMID: 39124151 PMCID: PMC11314035 DOI: 10.3390/plants13152034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Revised: 07/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/21/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Taraxacum kok-saghyz (TKS) is a natural rubber (NR)-producing plant and a model plant for studying the biosynthesis of NR. Analyzing and studying the biosynthetic mechanism of NR is an important way to cultivate high-yield rubber TKS varieties. JAZ proteins, which belong to the Jasmonate ZIM domain family, function as negative regulators in the jasmonic acid (JA) signal transduction pathway. MYC2 is typically regarded as a regulatory factor for the target genes of JAZ proteins; JAZ proteins indirectly influence the gene expression regulated by MYC2 by modulating its activity. Theoretically, JAZ is expected to participate in growth, development, and responses to environmental cues related to rubber and biomass accumulation in TKS, all of which rely on the interaction between JAZ and MYC2. In this study, we identified 11 TkJAZs through homology searching of the TKS genomes and bioinformatics analyses. Subcellular localization, Y2H, and BiFC analysis demonstrate that TkJAZs and TkMYC2 are localized in the nucleus, with all TkJAZs and TkMYC2 showing nuclear colocalization interactions. Overexpression of TkMYC2 in TKS inhibited leaf development, promoted root growth, and simultaneously increased NR production. RNA-seq and qRT-PCR analysis revealed that the TkSRPP/REF genes exhibit varying degrees of upregulation compared to the wild type, upregulating the TkREF1 gene by 3.7-fold, suggesting that TkMYC2 regulates the synthesis of NR by modulating the TkSRPP/REF genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jie Yan
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Phytomedicine Resource and Utilization of Ministry of Education, Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps Key Laboratory of Oasis Town and Mountain-Basin System Ecology, College of Life Sciences, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, China; (Y.W.); (G.D.); (F.L.); (H.X.); (X.L.)
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6
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Liu L, Yahaya BS, Li J, Wu F. Enigmatic role of auxin response factors in plant growth and stress tolerance. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1398818. [PMID: 38903418 PMCID: PMC11188990 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1398818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Abiotic and biotic stresses globally constrain plant growth and impede the optimization of crop productivity. The phytohormone auxin is involved in nearly every aspect of plant development. Auxin acts as a chemical messenger that influences gene expression through a short nuclear pathway, mediated by a family of specific DNA-binding transcription factors known as Auxin Response Factors (ARFs). ARFs thus act as effectors of auxin response and translate chemical signals into the regulation of auxin responsive genes. Since the initial discovery of the first ARF in Arabidopsis, advancements in genetics, biochemistry, genomics, and structural biology have facilitated the development of models elucidating ARF action and their contributions to generating specific auxin responses. Yet, significant gaps persist in our understanding of ARF transcription factors despite these endeavors. Unraveling the functional roles of ARFs in regulating stress response, alongside elucidating their genetic and molecular mechanisms, is still in its nascent phase. Here, we review recent research outcomes on ARFs, detailing their involvement in regulating leaf, flower, and root organogenesis and development, as well as stress responses and their corresponding regulatory mechanisms: including gene expression patterns, functional characterization, transcriptional, post-transcriptional and post- translational regulation across diverse stress conditions. Furthermore, we delineate unresolved questions and forthcoming challenges in ARF research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Liu
- Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Engineering, Yibin University, Yibin, Sichuan, China
| | - Baba Salifu Yahaya
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Wenjiang, Sichuan, China
| | - Jing Li
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Wenjiang, Sichuan, China
| | - Fengkai Wu
- Maize Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Sichuan, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Maize in Southwest Region, Ministry of Agriculture, Wenjiang, Sichuan, China
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7
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Bellino C, Herrera FE, Rodrigues D, Garay AS, Huck SV, Reinheimer R. Molecular Evolution of RAMOSA1 (RA1) in Land Plants. Biomolecules 2024; 14:550. [PMID: 38785957 PMCID: PMC11117814 DOI: 10.3390/biom14050550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
RAMOSA1 (RA1) is a Cys2-His2-type (C2H2) zinc finger transcription factor that controls plant meristem fate and identity and has played an important role in maize domestication. Despite its importance, the origin of RA1 is unknown, and the evolution in plants is only partially understood. In this paper, we present a well-resolved phylogeny based on 73 amino acid sequences from 48 embryophyte species. The recovered tree topology indicates that, during grass evolution, RA1 arose from two consecutive SUPERMAN duplications, resulting in three distinct grass sequence lineages: RA1-like A, RA1-like B, and RA1; however, most of these copies have unknown functions. Our findings indicate that RA1 and RA1-like play roles in the nucleus despite lacking a traditional nuclear localization signal. Here, we report that copies diversified their coding region and, with it, their protein structure, suggesting different patterns of DNA binding and protein-protein interaction. In addition, each of the retained copies diversified regulatory elements along their promoter regions, indicating differences in their upstream regulation. Taken together, the evidence indicates that the RA1 and RA1-like gene families in grasses underwent subfunctionalization and neofunctionalization enabled by gene duplication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Bellino
- Fellow of Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas de la República Argentina (CONICET), Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, CONICET, CCT-Santa Fe, Ruta Nacional N° 168 Km 0, s/n, Paraje el Pozo, Santa Fe S3000, Argentina;
| | - Fernando E. Herrera
- Member of Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas de la República Argentina (CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje El Pozo, Santa Fe S3000, Argentina; (F.E.H.); (D.R.)
| | - Daniel Rodrigues
- Member of Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas de la República Argentina (CONICET), Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje El Pozo, Santa Fe S3000, Argentina; (F.E.H.); (D.R.)
| | - A. Sergio Garay
- Facultad de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, Paraje El Pozo, Santa Fe S3000, Argentina;
| | - Sofía V. Huck
- Fellow of Agencia Nacional de Promoción de la Investigación, el Desarrollo Tecnológico y la Innovación, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, CONICET, CCT-Santa Fe, Ruta Nacional N° 168 Km 0, s/n, Paraje el Pozo, Santa Fe S3000, Argentina;
| | - Renata Reinheimer
- Member of Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas de la República Argentina (CONICET), Instituto de Agrobiotecnología del Litoral, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, FCA, CONICET, CCT-Santa Fe, Ruta Nacional N° 168 Km 0, s/n, Paraje el Pozo, Santa Fe S3000, Argentina
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Leydon AR, Downing B, Sanchez JS, Loll-Krippleber R, Belliveau NM, Rodriguez-Mias RA, Bauer A, Watson IJ, Bae L, Villén J, Brown GW, Nemhauser JL. A conserved function of corepressors is to nucleate assembly of the transcriptional preinitiation complex. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.01.587599. [PMID: 38617365 PMCID: PMC11014602 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.01.587599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
The plant corepressor TPL is recruited to diverse chromatin contexts, yet its mechanism of repression remains unclear. Previously, we have leveraged the fact that TPL retains its function in a synthetic transcriptional circuit in the yeast model Saccharomyces cerevisiae to localize repressive function to two distinct domains. Here, we employed two unbiased whole genome approaches to map the physical and genetic interactions of TPL at a repressed locus. We identified SPT4, SPT5 and SPT6 as necessary for repression with the SPT4 subunit acting as a bridge connecting TPL to SPT5 and SPT6. We also discovered the association of multiple additional constituents of the transcriptional preinitiation complex at TPL-repressed promoters, specifically those involved in early transcription initiation events. These findings were validated in yeast and plants through multiple assays, including a novel method to analyze conditional loss of function of essential genes in plants. Our findings support a model where TPL nucleates preassembly of the transcription activation machinery to facilitate rapid onset of transcription once repression is relieved.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin Downing
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Andrew Bauer
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195, USA
| | | | - Lena Bae
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195, USA
| | - Judit Villén
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195, USA
| | - Grant W. Brown
- Department of Biochemistry and Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, CA
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Li Q, Yu H, Chang W, Chang S, Guzmán M, Faure L, Wallner ES, Yan H, Greb T, Wang L, Yao R, Nelson DC. SMXL5 attenuates strigolactone signaling in Arabidopsis thaliana by inhibiting SMXL7 degradation. MOLECULAR PLANT 2024; 17:631-647. [PMID: 38475994 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2024.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Hormone-activated proteolysis is a recurring theme of plant hormone signaling mechanisms. In strigolactone signaling, the enzyme receptor DWARF14 (D14) and an F-box protein, MORE AXILLARY GROWTH2 (MAX2), mark SUPPRESSOR OF MAX2 1-LIKE (SMXL) family proteins SMXL6, SMXL7, and SMXL8 for rapid degradation. Removal of these transcriptional corepressors initiates downstream growth responses. The homologous proteins SMXL3, SMXL4, and SMXL5, however, are resistant to MAX2-mediated degradation. We discovered that the smxl4 smxl5 mutant has enhanced responses to strigolactone. SMXL5 attenuates strigolactone signaling by interfering with AtD14-SMXL7 interactions. SMXL5 interacts with AtD14 and SMXL7, providing two possible ways to inhibit SMXL7 degradation. SMXL5 function is partially dependent on an ethylene-responsive-element binding-factor-associated amphiphilic repression (EAR) motif, which typically mediates interactions with the TOPLESS family of transcriptional corepressors. However, we found that loss of the EAR motif reduces SMXL5-SMXL7 interactions and the attenuation of strigolactone signaling by SMXL5. We hypothesize that integration of SMXL5 into heteromeric SMXL complexes reduces the susceptibility of SMXL6/7/8 proteins to strigolactone-activated degradation and that the EAR motif promotes the formation or stability of these complexes. This mechanism may provide a way to spatially or temporally fine-tune strigolactone signaling through the regulation of SMXL5 expression or translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingtian Li
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Yazhouwan National Laboratory, Sanya 572025, China; Hainan Seed Industry Laboratory, Sanya 57205, China.
| | - Haiyang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Wenwen Chang
- Key Laboratory of Seed Innovation, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Sunhyun Chang
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Michael Guzmán
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Lionel Faure
- School of the Sciences, Biology Division, Texas Woman's University, Denton, TX 76204, USA
| | - Eva-Sophie Wallner
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Heqin Yan
- Yazhouwan National Laboratory, Sanya 572025, China
| | - Thomas Greb
- Centre for Organismal Studies (COS), Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Seed Innovation, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050021, China
| | - Ruifeng Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Developmental Regulation, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
| | - David C Nelson
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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10
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Khan M, Djamei A. TOPLESS Corepressors as an Emerging Hub of Plant Pathogen Effectors. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2024; 37:190-195. [PMID: 38205771 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-10-23-0158-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Transcriptional corepressors form an ancient and essential layer of gene expression control in eukaryotes. TOPLESS and TOPLESS-RELATED (TPL/TPR) proteins constitute a conserved family of Groucho (Gro)/thymidine uptake 1 (Tup1)-type transcriptional corepressors and control diverse growth, developmental, and stress signaling responses in plants. Because of their central and versatile regulatory roles, they act as a signaling hub to integrate various input signaling pathways in the transcriptional responses. Recently, increasing pieces of evidence indicate the roles of TPL/TPR family proteins in the modulation of plant immunity. This is supported by studies on effectors of distantly related pathogens that target TPL/TPR proteins in planta. In this short review, we will summarize the latest findings concerning pathogens targeting plant TPL/TPR proteins to manipulate plant signaling responses for the successful invasion of their hosts. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamoona Khan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Armin Djamei
- Department of Plant Pathology, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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11
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Huang L, Ökmen B, Stolze SC, Kastl M, Khan M, Hilbig D, Nakagami H, Djamei A, Doehlemann G. The fungal pathogen Ustilago maydis targets the maize corepressor RELK2 to modulate host transcription for tumorigenesis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 241:1747-1762. [PMID: 38037456 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Ustilago maydis is a biotrophic fungus that causes tumor formation on all aerial parts of maize. U. maydis secretes effector proteins during penetration and colonization to successfully overcome the plant immune response and reprogram host physiology to promote infection. In this study, we functionally characterized the U. maydis effector protein Topless (TPL) interacting protein 6 (Tip6). We found that Tip6 interacts with the N-terminus of RELK2 through its two Ethylene-responsive element binding factor-associated amphiphilic repression (EAR) motifs. We show that the EAR motifs are essential for the virulence function of Tip6 and critical for altering the nuclear distribution pattern of RELK2. We propose that Tip6 mimics the recruitment of RELK2 by plant repressor proteins, thus disrupting host transcriptional regulation. We show that a large group of AP2/ERF B1 subfamily transcription factors are misregulated in the presence of Tip6. Our study suggests a regulatory mechanism where the U. maydis effector Tip6 utilizes repressive domains to recruit the corepressor RELK2 to disrupt the transcriptional networks of the host plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Huang
- Institute for Plant Sciences and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne, 50674, Germany
| | - Bilal Ökmen
- Department of Microbial Interactions, IMIT/ZMBP, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, 72076, Germany
| | - Sara Christina Stolze
- Protein Mass Spectrometry, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, 50829, Germany
| | - Melanie Kastl
- Institute for Plant Sciences and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne, 50674, Germany
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, 53127, Germany
| | - Mamoona Khan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Bonn, 53115, Germany
| | - Daniel Hilbig
- Institute for Plant Sciences and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne, 50674, Germany
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Rheumatology, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, 53127, Germany
| | - Hirofumi Nakagami
- Protein Mass Spectrometry, Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, 50829, Germany
- Basic Immune System of Plants, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, 50829, Germany
| | - Armin Djamei
- Department of Plant Pathology, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Bonn, 53115, Germany
| | - Gunther Doehlemann
- Institute for Plant Sciences and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), University of Cologne, Cologne, 50674, Germany
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12
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Aalders TR, de Sain M, Gawehns F, Oudejans N, Jak YD, Dekker HL, Rep M, van den Burg HA, Takken FL. Specific members of the TOPLESS family are susceptibility genes for Fusarium wilt in tomato and Arabidopsis. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2024; 22:248-261. [PMID: 37822043 PMCID: PMC10754003 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.14183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Vascular wilt diseases caused by Fusarium oxysporum are a major threat to many agriculturally important crops. Genetic resistance is rare and inevitably overcome by the emergence of new races. To identify potentially durable and non-race-specific genetic resistance against Fusarium wilt diseases, we set out to identify effector targets in tomato that mediate susceptibility to the fungus. For this purpose, we used the SIX8 effector protein, an important and conserved virulence factor present in many pathogenic F. oxysporum isolates. Using protein pull-downs and yeast two-hybrid assays, SIX8 was found to interact specifically with two members of the tomato TOPLESS family: TPL1 and TPL2. Loss-of-function mutations in TPL1 strongly reduced disease susceptibility to Fusarium wilt and a tpl1;tpl2 double mutant exerted an even higher level of resistance. Similarly, Arabidopsis tpl;tpr1 mutants became significantly less diseased upon F. oxysporum inoculation as compared to wildtype plants. We conclude that TPLs encode susceptibility genes whose mutation can confer resistance to F. oxysporum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R. Aalders
- Molecular Plant PathologySwammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Mara de Sain
- Molecular Plant PathologySwammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Fleur Gawehns
- Molecular Plant PathologySwammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Nina Oudejans
- Molecular Plant PathologySwammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Yoran D. Jak
- Molecular Plant PathologySwammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Henk L. Dekker
- Mass Spectrometry of BiomoleculesSwammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Martijn Rep
- Molecular Plant PathologySwammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Harrold A. van den Burg
- Molecular Plant PathologySwammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Frank L.W. Takken
- Molecular Plant PathologySwammerdam Institute for Life Sciences (SILS), University of AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
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13
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Nagarajan N, Khan M, Djamei A. Manipulation of Auxin Signaling by Smut Fungi during Plant Colonization. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:1184. [PMID: 38132785 PMCID: PMC10744876 DOI: 10.3390/jof9121184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
A common feature of many plant-colonizing organisms is the exploitation of plant signaling and developmental pathways to successfully establish and proliferate in their hosts. Auxins are central plant growth hormones, and their signaling is heavily interlinked with plant development and immunity responses. Smuts, as one of the largest groups in basidiomycetes, are biotrophic specialists that successfully manipulate their host plants and cause fascinating phenotypes in so far largely enigmatic ways. This review gives an overview of the growing understanding of how and why smut fungi target the central and conserved auxin growth signaling pathways in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Armin Djamei
- Department of Plant Pathology, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany; (N.N.); (M.K.)
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14
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Xie P, Wu Y, Xie Q. Evolution of cereal floral architecture and threshability. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 28:1438-1450. [PMID: 37673701 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2023.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Hulled grains, while providing natural protection for seeds, pose a challenge to manual threshing due to the pair of glumes tightly encasing them. Based on natural evolution and artificial domestication, gramineous crops evolved various hull-like floral organs. Recently, progress has been made in uncovering novel domesticated genes associated with cereal threshability and deciphering common regulatory modules pertinent to the specification of hull-like floral organs. Here we review morphological similarities, principal regulators, and common mechanisms implicated in the easy-threshing traits of crops. Understanding the shared and unique features in the developmental process of cereal threshability may not only shed light on the convergent evolution of cereals but also facilitate the de novo domestication of wild cereal germplasm resources through genome-editing technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xie
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China
| | - Yaorong Wu
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China
| | - Qi Xie
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, P. R. China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, National Center of Technology Innovation for Maize, Syngenta Group China, Beijing 102206, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China.
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15
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Zhan Z, Wang N, Chen Z, Zhang Y, Geng K, Li D, Wang Z. Effects of water stress on endogenous hormones and free polyamines in different tissues of grapevines ( Vitis vinifera L. cv. 'Merlot'). FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2023; 50:993-1009. [PMID: 37788830 DOI: 10.1071/fp22225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Water stress can affect plant ecological distribution, crop growth and carbohydrate distribution, impacting berry quality. However, previous studies mainly focused on short-term water stress or osmotic stress and few studies paid attention to the responses of grape to long-term water stresses. Grapevines were subjected to no water stress (CK), mild water stress (T1) and moderate water stress (T2). Hundred-berry weight and malic acid content were reduced under T1 and T2; however, glucose and fructose content showed the opposite trend. Endogenous hormones and polyamines (PAs) can regulate plant growth and development as well as physiological metabolic processes. T1 and T2 could increase abscisic acid content, however, indole-3-acetic acid, jasmonate, gibberellins 3 and 4, cytokinin and trans -zeatin contents were slightly decreased. Three species of PAs (putrescine, spermidine and spermine) were detected, presenting obvious tissue specificity. Furthermore, there was a statistically positive correlation relating spermidine content in the pulp with glucose and fructose contents of grape berries; and a negative correlation with organic acid. In summary, water stress had a profound influence on hormonally-driven changes in physiology and berry quality, indicating that endogenous hormones and the PAs play a critical role in the development and ripening of grape berries under water stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhennan Zhan
- School of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Wang
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, People's Republic of China
| | - Zumin Chen
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanxia Zhang
- School of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, People's Republic of China
| | - Kangqi Geng
- School of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongmei Li
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenping Wang
- School of Life Science, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, People's Republic of China; and School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia 750021, People's Republic of China
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16
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Zhou XE, Zhang Y, Yao J, Zheng J, Zhou Y, He Q, Moreno J, Lam VQ, Cao X, Sugimoto K, Vanegas-Cano L, Kariapper L, Suino-Powell K, Zhu Y, Novick S, Griffin PR, Zhang F, Howe GA, Melcher K. Assembly of JAZ-JAZ and JAZ-NINJA complexes in jasmonate signaling. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 4:100639. [PMID: 37322867 PMCID: PMC10721472 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2023.100639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Jasmonates (JAs) are plant hormones with crucial roles in development and stress resilience. They activate MYC transcription factors by mediating the proteolysis of MYC inhibitors called JAZ proteins. In the absence of JA, JAZ proteins bind and inhibit MYC through the assembly of MYC-JAZ-Novel Interactor of JAZ (NINJA)-TPL repressor complexes. However, JAZ and NINJA are predicted to be largely intrinsically unstructured, which has precluded their experimental structure determination. Through a combination of biochemical, mutational, and biophysical analyses and AlphaFold-derived ColabFold modeling, we characterized JAZ-JAZ and JAZ-NINJA interactions and generated models with detailed, high-confidence domain interfaces. We demonstrate that JAZ, NINJA, and MYC interface domains are dynamic in isolation and become stabilized in a stepwise order upon complex assembly. By contrast, most JAZ and NINJA regions outside of the interfaces remain highly dynamic and cannot be modeled in a single conformation. Our data indicate that the small JAZ Zinc finger expressed in Inflorescence Meristem (ZIM) motif mediates JAZ-JAZ and JAZ-NINJA interactions through separate surfaces, and our data further suggest that NINJA modulates JAZ dimerization. This study advances our understanding of JA signaling by providing insights into the dynamics, interactions, and structure of the JAZ-NINJA core of the JA repressor complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Edward Zhou
- Department of Structural Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Yaguang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Yao
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Molecular Medicine, UF Scripps Biomedical Research, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Yuxin Zhou
- Department of Structural Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA; Key Laboratory of Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing He
- Department of Structural Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Javier Moreno
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Vinh Q Lam
- Department of Molecular Medicine, UF Scripps Biomedical Research, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Xiaoman Cao
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Koichi Sugimoto
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Leidy Vanegas-Cano
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Leena Kariapper
- Department of Structural Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Kelly Suino-Powell
- Department of Structural Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Yuanye Zhu
- Department of Structural Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA; Key Laboratory of Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Scott Novick
- Department of Molecular Medicine, UF Scripps Biomedical Research, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Patrick R Griffin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, UF Scripps Biomedical Research, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Structural Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA; Key Laboratory of Pesticide, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Gregg A Howe
- MSU-DOE Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Plant Resilience Institute, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Karsten Melcher
- Department of Structural Biology, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA.
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17
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Avdovic M, Garcia-Navarrete M, Ruiz-Sanchis D, Wabnik K. Dynamic context-dependent regulation of auxin feedback signaling in synthetic gene circuits. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2309007120. [PMID: 37812708 PMCID: PMC10589675 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2309007120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Phytohormone auxin plays a key role in regulating plant organogenesis. However, understanding the complex feedback signaling network that involves at least 29 proteins in Arabidopsis in the dynamic context remains a significant challenge. To address this, we transplanted an auxin-responsive feedback circuit responsible for plant organogenesis into yeast. By generating dynamic microfluidic conditions controlling gene expression, protein degradation, and binding affinity of auxin response factors to DNA, we illuminate feedback signal processing principles in hormone-driven gene expression. In particular, we recorded the regulatory mode shift between stimuli counting and rapid signal integration that is context-dependent. Overall, our study offers mechanistic insights into dynamic auxin response interplay trackable by synthetic gene circuits, thereby offering instructions for engineering plant architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merisa Avdovic
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), 28223Madrid, Spain
| | - Mario Garcia-Navarrete
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), 28223Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego Ruiz-Sanchis
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), 28223Madrid, Spain
| | - Krzysztof Wabnik
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas (CBGP), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM)-Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), 28223Madrid, Spain
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18
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Li W, Yan J, Zhang Y, Zhang F, Guan Z, Yao Y, Chang Y, Tu H, Li X, Wang H, Xiong H, Lai X, Yin P, Xiong L. Serine protease NAL1 exerts pleiotropic functions through degradation of TOPLESS-related corepressor in rice. NATURE PLANTS 2023; 9:1130-1142. [PMID: 37349549 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01449-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
NARROW LEAF 1 (NAL1) is a breeding-valuable pleiotropic gene that affects multiple agronomic traits in rice, although the molecular mechanism is largely unclear. Here, we report that NAL1 is a serine protease and displays a novel hexameric structure consisting of two ATP-mediated doughnut-shaped trimeric complexes. Moreover, we identified TOPLESS-related corepressor OsTPR2 involved in multiple growth and development processes as the substrate of NAL1. We found that NAL1 degraded OsTPR2, thus modulating the expression of downstream genes related to hormone signalling pathways, eventually achieving its pleiotropic physiological function. An elite allele, NAL1A, which may have originated from wild rice, could increase grain yield. Furthermore, the NAL1 homologues in different crops have a similar pleiotropic function to NAL1. Our study uncovers a NAL1-OsTPR2 regulatory module and provides gene resources for the design of high-yield crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Junjie Yan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zeyuan Guan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yilong Yao
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Chang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Haifu Tu
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaokai Li
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Huaijun Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Haiyan Xiong
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuelei Lai
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Yin
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lizhong Xiong
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.
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19
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Ma Y, Ran J, Li G, Wang M, Yang C, Wen X, Geng X, Zhang L, Li Y, Zhang Z. Revealing the Roles of the JAZ Family in Defense Signaling and the Agarwood Formation Process in Aquilaria sinensis. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9872. [PMID: 37373020 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24129872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Jasmonate ZIM-domain family proteins (JAZs) are repressors in the signaling cascades triggered by jasmonates (JAs). It has been proposed that JAs play essential roles in the sesquiterpene induction and agarwood formation processes in Aquilaria sinensis. However, the specific roles of JAZs in A. sinensis remain elusive. This study employed various methods, including phylogenetic analysis, real-time quantitative PCR, transcriptomic sequencing, yeast two-hybrid assay, and pull-down assay, to characterize A. sinensis JAZ family members and explore their correlations with WRKY transcription factors. The bioinformatic analysis revealed twelve putative AsJAZ proteins in five groups and sixty-four putative AsWRKY transcription factors in three groups. The AsJAZ and AsWRKY genes exhibited various tissue-specific or hormone-induced expression patterns. Some AsJAZ and AsWRKY genes were highly expressed in agarwood or significantly induced by methyl jasmonate in suspension cells. Potential relationships were proposed between AsJAZ4 and several AsWRKY transcription factors. The interaction between AsJAZ4 and AsWRKY75n was confirmed by yeast two-hybrid and pull-down assays. This study characterized the JAZ family members in A. sinensis and proposed a model of the function of the AsJAZ4/WRKY75n complex. This will advance our understanding of the roles of the AsJAZ proteins and their regulatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimian Ma
- National Engineering Laboratory for Breeding of Endangered Medicinal Materials, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiadong Ran
- National Engineering Laboratory for Breeding of Endangered Medicinal Materials, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guoqiong Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Breeding of Endangered Medicinal Materials, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Mengchen Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Breeding of Endangered Medicinal Materials, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Chengmin Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Breeding of Endangered Medicinal Materials, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xin Wen
- National Engineering Laboratory for Breeding of Endangered Medicinal Materials, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xin Geng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Breeding of Endangered Medicinal Materials, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Liping Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Breeding of Endangered Medicinal Materials, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Breeding of Endangered Medicinal Materials, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
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20
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Macioszek VK, Jęcz T, Ciereszko I, Kononowicz AK. Jasmonic Acid as a Mediator in Plant Response to Necrotrophic Fungi. Cells 2023; 12:1027. [PMID: 37048100 PMCID: PMC10093439 DOI: 10.3390/cells12071027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Jasmonic acid (JA) and its derivatives, all named jasmonates, are the simplest phytohormones which regulate multifarious plant physiological processes including development, growth and defense responses to various abiotic and biotic stress factors. Moreover, jasmonate plays an important mediator's role during plant interactions with necrotrophic oomycetes and fungi. Over the last 20 years of research on physiology and genetics of plant JA-dependent responses to pathogens and herbivorous insects, beginning from the discovery of the JA co-receptor CORONATINE INSENSITIVE1 (COI1), research has speeded up in gathering new knowledge on the complexity of plant innate immunity signaling. It has been observed that biosynthesis and accumulation of jasmonates are induced specifically in plants resistant to necrotrophic fungi (and also hemibiotrophs) such as mostly investigated model ones, i.e., Botrytis cinerea, Alternaria brassicicola or Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. However, it has to be emphasized that the activation of JA-dependent responses takes place also during susceptible interactions of plants with necrotrophic fungi. Nevertheless, many steps of JA function and signaling in plant resistance and susceptibility to necrotrophs still remain obscure. The purpose of this review is to highlight and summarize the main findings on selected steps of JA biosynthesis, perception and regulation in the context of plant defense responses to necrotrophic fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violetta Katarzyna Macioszek
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Biology and Plant Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bialystok, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Tomasz Jęcz
- Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
| | - Iwona Ciereszko
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Department of Biology and Plant Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bialystok, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Andrzej Kiejstut Kononowicz
- Department of Plant Ecophysiology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-237 Lodz, Poland
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21
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Rhizogenic Agrobacterium protein RolB interacts with the TOPLESS repressor proteins to reprogram plant immunity and development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2210300120. [PMID: 36634142 PMCID: PMC9934019 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2210300120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhizogenic Agrobacterium strains comprise biotrophic pathogens that cause hairy root disease (HRD) on hydroponically grown Solanaceae and Cucurbitaceae crops, besides being widely explored agents for the creation of hairy root cultures for the sustainable production of plant-specialized metabolites. Hairy root formation is mediated through the expression of genes encoded on the T-DNA of the root-inducing (Ri) plasmid, of which several, including root oncogenic locus B (rolB), play a major role in hairy root development. Despite decades of research, the exact molecular function of the proteins encoded by the rol genes remains enigmatic. Here, by means of TurboID-mediated proximity labeling in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) hairy roots, we identified the repressor proteins TOPLESS (TPL) and Novel Interactor of JAZ (NINJA) as direct interactors of RolB. Although these interactions allow RolB to act as a transcriptional repressor, our data hint at another in planta function of the RolB oncoprotein. Hence, by a series of plant bioassays, transcriptomic and DNA-binding site enrichment analyses, we conclude that RolB can mitigate the TPL functioning so that it leads to a specific and partial reprogramming of phytohormone signaling, immunity, growth, and developmental processes. Our data support a model in which RolB manipulates host transcription, at least in part, through interaction with TPL, to facilitate hairy root development. Thereby, we provide important mechanistic insights into this renowned oncoprotein in HRD.
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Zhang M, Zhao R, Huang K, Wei Z, Guo B, Huang S, Li Z, Jiang W, Wu T, Du X. OsWRKY76 positively regulates drought stress via OsbHLH148-mediated jasmonate signaling in rice. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1168723. [PMID: 37089644 PMCID: PMC10113545 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1168723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Drought stress is a major environmental threat that limits plant growth and crop productivity. Therefore, it is necessary to uncover the molecular mechanisms behind drought tolerance in crops. Here, OsWRKY76 positively regulated drought stress in rice. OsWRKY76 expression was induced by PEG treatment, dehydration stress, and exogenous MeJA rather than by no treatment. Notably, OsWRKY76 knockout weakened drought tolerance at the seedling stage and decreased MeJA sensitivity. OsJAZ12 was significantly induced by drought stress, and its expression was significantly higher in OsWRKY76-knockout mutants than in wild-type ZH11 under drought stress. Yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays showed that OsWRKY76 interacted with OsJAZ12. OsWRKY76 weakened the interaction between OsbHLH148 and OsJAZ12 in yeast cells. The OsJAZ12 protein repressed the transactivation activity of OsbHLH148, and this repression was partly restored by OsWRKY76 in rice protoplasts. Moreover, OsDREB1E expression was lower in OsWRKY76-knockout mutants than in wild-type ZH11 under drought stress, but it was upregulated under normal growth conditions. Yeast one-hybrid, electrophoretic mobility shift, and dual-luciferase assays showed that OsWRKY76 and OsbHLH148 bound directly to the OsDREB1E promoter and activated OsDREB1E expression in response to drought stress. These results suggest that OsWRKY76 confers drought tolerance through OsbHLH148-mediated jasmonate signaling in rice, offering a new clue to uncover the mechanisms behind drought tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Tao Wu
- *Correspondence: Tao Wu, ; Xinglin Du,
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Bindics J, Khan M, Uhse S, Kogelmann B, Baggely L, Reumann D, Ingole KD, Stirnberg A, Rybecky A, Darino M, Navarrete F, Doehlemann G, Djamei A. Many ways to TOPLESS - manipulation of plant auxin signalling by a cluster of fungal effectors. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 236:1455-1470. [PMID: 35944559 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plant biotrophic pathogens employ secreted molecules, called effectors, to suppress the host immune system and redirect the host's metabolism and development in their favour. Putative effectors of the gall-inducing maize pathogenic fungus Ustilago maydis were analysed for their ability to induce auxin signalling in plants. Using genetic, biochemical, cell-biological, and bioinformatic approaches we functionally elucidate a set of five, genetically linked effectors, called Topless (TPL) interacting protein (Tips) effectors that induce auxin signalling. We show that Tips induce auxin signalling by interfering with central corepressors of the TPL family. CRISPR-Cas9 mutants and deletion strain analysis indicate that the auxin signalling inducing subcluster effectors plays a redundant role in virulence. Although none of the Tips seem to have a conserved interaction motif, four of them bind solely to the N-terminal TPL domain and, for Tip1 and Tip4, we demonstrate direct competition with auxin/indole-3-acetic acid transcriptional repressors for their binding to TPL class of corepressors. Our findings reveal that TPL proteins, key regulators of growth-defence antagonism, are a major target of the U. maydis effectome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janos Bindics
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences (OEAW), Vienna Bio Center (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mamoona Khan
- Department of Plant Pathology, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Nussallee 9, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Simon Uhse
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences (OEAW), Vienna Bio Center (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Benjamin Kogelmann
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences (OEAW), Vienna Bio Center (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Laura Baggely
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences (OEAW), Vienna Bio Center (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Reumann
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences (OEAW), Vienna Bio Center (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kishor D Ingole
- Department of Plant Pathology, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Nussallee 9, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexandra Stirnberg
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences (OEAW), Vienna Bio Center (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna Rybecky
- CEPLAS, Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Martin Darino
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences (OEAW), Vienna Bio Center (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fernando Navarrete
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences (OEAW), Vienna Bio Center (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gunther Doehlemann
- CEPLAS, Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, 50674, Cologne, Germany
| | - Armin Djamei
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences (OEAW), Vienna Bio Center (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Plant Pathology, Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Nussallee 9, 53115, Bonn, Germany
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), OT Gatersleben, Corrensstraße 3, D-06466, Stadt Seeland, Germany
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A single helix repression domain is functional across diverse eukaryotes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2206986119. [PMID: 36191192 PMCID: PMC9564828 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2206986119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The corepressor TOPLESS (TPL) and its paralogs coordinately regulate a large number of genes critical to plant development and immunity. As in many members of the larger pan-eukaryotic Tup1/TLE/Groucho corepressor family, TPL contains a Lis1 Homology domain (LisH), whose function is not well understood. We have previously found that the LisH in TPL-and specifically the N-terminal 18 amino acid alpha-helical region (TPL-H1)-can act as an autonomous repression domain. We hypothesized that homologous domains across diverse LisH-containing proteins could share the same function. To test that hypothesis, we built a library of H1s that broadly sampled the sequence and evolutionary space of LisH domains, and tested their activity in a synthetic transcriptional repression assay in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Using this approach, we found that repression activity was highly conserved and likely the ancestral function of this motif. We also identified key residues that contribute to repressive function. We leveraged this new knowledge for two applications. First, we tested the role of mutations found in somatic cancers on repression function in two human LisH-containing proteins. Second, we validated function of many of our repression domains in plants, confirming that these sequences should be of use to synthetic biology applications across many eukaryotes.
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Figueiredo MRAD, Strader LC. Intrinsic and extrinsic regulators of Aux/IAA protein degradation dynamics. Trends Biochem Sci 2022; 47:865-874. [PMID: 35817652 PMCID: PMC9464691 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2022.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone auxin acts through regulated degradation of Auxin/INDOLE-3-ACETIC ACID (Aux/IAA) proteins to regulate transcriptional events. In this review, we examine the composition and function of each Aux/IAA structural motif. We then focus on recent characterization of Aux/IAA N-terminal disordered regions, formation of secondary structure within these disordered regions, and post-translational modifications (PTMs) that affect Aux/IAA function and stability. We propose how structural variations between Aux/IAA family members may be tuned for differential transcriptional repression and degradation dynamics.
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26
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An C, Deng L, Zhai H, You Y, Wu F, Zhai Q, Goossens A, Li C. Regulation of jasmonate signaling by reversible acetylation of TOPLESS in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2022; 15:1329-1346. [PMID: 35780296 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2022.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The plant hormone jasmonate (JA) regulates plant immunity and adaptive growth by orchestrating a genome-wide transcriptional program. Key regulators of JA-responsive gene expression include the master transcription factor MYC2, which is repressed by the conserved Groucho/Tup1-like corepressor TOPLESS (TPL) in the resting state. However, the mechanisms underlying TPL-mediated transcriptional repression of MYC2 activity and hormone-dependent switching between repression and de-repression remain enigmatic. Here, we report the regulation of TPL activity and JA signaling by reversible acetylation of TPL. We found that the histone acetyltransferase GCN5 could mediate TPL acetylation, which enhances its interaction with the NOVEL-INTERACTOR-OF-JAZ (NINJA) adaptor and promotes its recruitment to MYC2 target promoters, facilitating transcriptional repression. Conversely, TPL deacetylation by the histone deacetylase HDA6 weakens TPL-NINJA interaction and inhibits TPL recruitment to MYC2 target promoters, facilitating transcriptional activation. In the resting state, the opposing activities of GCN5 and HDA6 maintain TPL acetylation homeostasis, promoting transcriptional repression activity of TPL. In response to JA elicitation, HDA6 expression is transiently induced, resulted in decreased TPL acetylation and repressor activity, thereby transcriptional activation of MYC2 target genes. Thus, the GCN5-TPL-HDA6 module maintains the homeostasis of acetylated TPL, thereby determining the transcriptional state of JA-responsive genes. Our findings uncovered a mechanism by which the TPL corepressor activity in JA signaling is actively tuned in a rapid and reversible manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunpeng An
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huawei Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Yanrong You
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fangming Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qingzhe Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Alain Goossens
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, Technologiepark 71, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Chuanyou Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Innovation Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
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27
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Liu R, Niimi H, Ueda M, Takaoka Y. Coordinately regulated transcription factors EIN3/EIL1 and MYCs in ethylene and jasmonate signaling interact with the same domain of MED25. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2022; 86:1405-1412. [PMID: 35876657 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbac119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Ethylene (ET) and jasmonate (JA) are plant hormones that act synergistically to regulate plant development and defense against necrotrophic fungi infections, and antagonistically in response to wounds and apical hook formation. Previous studies revealed that the coordination of these responses is due to dynamic protein-protein interactions (PPI) between their master transcription factors (TFs) EIN3/EIL1 and MYC in ET and JA signaling, respectively. In addition, both TFs are activated via interactions with the same transcriptional mediator MED25, which upregulates downstream gene expression. Herein, we analyzed the PPI between EIN3/EIL1 and MED25, and as with the PPI between MYC3 and MED25, found that the short binding domain of MED25 (CMIDM) is also responsible for the interaction with EIN3/EIL1 - a finding which suggests that both TFs compete for binding with MED25. These results further inform our understanding of the coordination between the ET and JA regulatory systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqi Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hikaru Niimi
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Minoru Ueda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Molecular and Chemical Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yousuke Takaoka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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28
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Cancé C, Martin-Arevalillo R, Boubekeur K, Dumas R. Auxin response factors are keys to the many auxin doors. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 235:402-419. [PMID: 35434800 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In plants, most developmental programs depend on the action of auxin. The best described model of the auxin signaling pathway, which explains most, but not all, of the auxin transcriptional responses, relies on a de-repression mechanism. The auxin/indole-3-acetic acid repressors (Aux/IAAs) interact with the auxin response factors (ARFs), the transcription factors of the auxin signaling pathway, leading to repression of the ARF-controlled genes. Auxin induces Aux/IAA degradation, releases ARFs and activates transcription. However, this elegant model is not suitable for all ARFs. Indeed, in Arabidopsis, which has 22 ARFs, only five of them fit into the model since they are the ones able to interact with Aux/IAAs. The remaining 17 have a limited capacity to interact with the repressors, and their mechanisms of action are still unclear. The differential interactions between ARF and Aux/IAA proteins constitute one of many examples of the biochemical and structural diversification of ARFs that affect their action and therefore affect auxin transcriptional responses. A deeper understanding of the structural properties of ARFs is fundamental to obtaining a better explanation of the action of auxin in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coralie Cancé
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, IRIG-DBSCI-LPCV, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Raquel Martin-Arevalillo
- Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Kenza Boubekeur
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, IRIG-DBSCI-LPCV, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Renaud Dumas
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, INRAE, IRIG-DBSCI-LPCV, 38000, Grenoble, France
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29
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Wang W, Ye J, Xu H, Liu X, Fu Y, Zhang H, Rouached H, Whelan J, Shen Z, Zheng L. OsbHLH061 links TOPLESS/TOPLESS-RELATED repressor proteins with POSITIVE REGULATOR OF IRON HOMEOSTASIS 1 to maintain iron homeostasis in rice. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 234:1753-1769. [PMID: 35288933 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
As excess iron (Fe) is toxic, uptake of this essential micronutrient must be tightly controlled. Previous studies have shown that Oryza sativa (rice) POSITIVE REGULATOR OF IRON HOMEOSTASIS1 (OsPRI1) acts upstream of the iron-related transcription factor 2 (OsIRO2) and OsIRO3 to positively regulate root-to-shoot Fe translocation. However, as expression of OsPRI1 is constitutive it is unclear how the Fe-deficiency response is turned off to prevent toxicity when Fe is sufficient. The bHLH transcription factor OsbHLH061 interacts with OsPRI1, and this study used molecular, genetics, biochemical and physiological approaches to functionally characterise OsbHLH061 and how it affects Fe homeostasis. OsbHLH061 knockout or overexpression lines increase or decrease Fe accumulation in shoots respectively. Mechanistically, OsbHLH061 expression is upregulated by high Fe, and physically interacts with OsPRI1, the OsbHLH061-OsPRI1 complex recruits TOPLESS/TOPLESS-RELATED (OsTPL/TPR) co-repressors to repress OsIRO2 and OsIRO3 expression. The OsbHLH061 ethylene-responsive element-binding factor-associated amphiphilic repression (EAR) motif is required for this transcriptional repression activity. These results define a functional OsTPL/TPR-OsbHLH061-OsPRI1-OsIRO2/3 module that negatively controls long-distance transport of Fe in plants for adaptation to changing Fe environments and maintain Fe homeostasis in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wujian Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Jun Ye
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Heng Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Xi Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Yue Fu
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Hatem Rouached
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - James Whelan
- Department of Animal, Plant and Soil Sciences, ARC Centre of Excellence in Plant Energy Biology, School of Life Sciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Vic., 3086, Australia
| | - Zhenguo Shen
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
| | - Luqing Zheng
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210095, China
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30
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Maitland MER, Lajoie GA, Shaw GS, Schild-Poulter C. Structural and Functional Insights into GID/CTLH E3 Ligase Complexes. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5863. [PMID: 35682545 PMCID: PMC9180843 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23115863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-subunit E3 ligases facilitate ubiquitin transfer by coordinating various substrate receptor subunits with a single catalytic center. Small molecules inducing targeted protein degradation have exploited such complexes, proving successful as therapeutics against previously undruggable targets. The C-terminal to LisH (CTLH) complex, also called the glucose-induced degradation deficient (GID) complex, is a multi-subunit E3 ligase complex highly conserved from Saccharomyces cerevisiae to humans, with roles in fundamental pathways controlling homeostasis and development in several species. However, we are only beginning to understand its mechanistic basis. Here, we review the literature of the CTLH complex from all organisms and place previous findings on individual subunits into context with recent breakthroughs on its structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E. R. Maitland
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada;
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6G 2V4, Canada; (G.A.L.); (G.S.S.)
| | - Gilles A. Lajoie
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6G 2V4, Canada; (G.A.L.); (G.S.S.)
| | - Gary S. Shaw
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6G 2V4, Canada; (G.A.L.); (G.S.S.)
| | - Caroline Schild-Poulter
- Robarts Research Institute, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 5B7, Canada;
- Department of Biochemistry, Schulich School of Medicine & Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6G 2V4, Canada; (G.A.L.); (G.S.S.)
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31
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Saini R, Nandi AK. TOPLESS in the regulation of plant immunity. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 109:1-12. [PMID: 35347548 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-022-01258-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This review presents the multiple ways how topless and topless-related proteins regulate defense activation in plants and help in optimizing the defense-growth tradeoff. Eukaryotic gene expression is tightly regulated at various levels by hormones, transcription regulators, post-translational modifications, and transcriptional coregulators. TOPLESS (TPL)/TOPLESS-related (TPR) corepressors regulate gene expression by interacting with other transcription factors. TPRs regulate auxin, gibberellins, jasmonic acid, strigolactone, and brassinosteroid signaling in plants. In general, except for GA, TPLs suppress these signaling pathways to prevent unwanted activation of hormone signaling. The association of TPL/TPRs in these hormonal signaling reflects a wide role of this class of corepressors in plants' normal and stress physiology. The involvement of TPL in immune responses was first demonstrated a decade ago as a repressor of DND1 and DND2 that are negative regulators of plant immune response. Over the last decade, several research groups have established a larger role of TPL/TPRs in plant immunity during both pattern- and effector-triggered immunity. Very recent research unraveled the significant involvement of TPRs in balancing the growth and defense trade-off. TPRs, along with proteasomal degradation complex, miRNA, and phasiRNA, suppress the activation of autoimmunity in plants under normal conditions and promote defense under pathogen attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reena Saini
- 415, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Ashis Kumar Nandi
- 415, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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32
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Lin L, Du M, Li S, Sun C, Wu F, Deng L, Chen Q, Li C. Mediator complex subunit MED25 physically interacts with DST to regulate spikelet number in rice. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 64:871-883. [PMID: 35212455 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Grain number is a flexible trait and contributes significantly to grain yield. In rice, the zinc finger transcription factor DROUGHT AND SALT TOLERANCE (DST) controls grain number by directly regulating cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase 2 (OsCKX2) expression. Although specific upstream regulators of the DST-OsCKX2 module have been identified, the mechanism employed by DST to regulate the expression of OsCKX2 remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that DST-interacting protein 1 (DIP1), known as Mediator subunit OsMED25, acts as an interacting coactivator of DST. Phenotypic analyses revealed that OsMED25-RNAi and the osmed25 mutant plants exhibited enlarged panicles, with enhanced branching and spikelet number, similar to the dst mutant. Genetic analysis indicated that OsMED25 acts in the same pathway as the DST-OsCKX2 module to regulate spikelet number per panicle. Further biochemical analysis showed that OsMED25 physically interacts with DST at the promoter region of OsCKX2, and then recruits RNA polymerase II (Pol II) to activate OsCKX2 transcription. Thus, OsMED25 was involved in the communication between DST and Pol II general transcriptional machinery to regulate spikelet number. In general, our findings reveal a novel function of OsMED25 in DST-OsCKX2 modulated transcriptional regulation, thus enhancing our understanding of the regulatory mechanism underlying DST-OsCKX2-mediated spikelet number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihao Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Minmin Du
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Shuyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Chuanlong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Fangming Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Lei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Qian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Agronomy, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
| | - Chuanyou Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics, National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
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Li C, Xu M, Cai X, Han Z, Si J, Chen D. Jasmonate Signaling Pathway Modulates Plant Defense, Growth, and Their Trade-Offs. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23073945. [PMID: 35409303 PMCID: PMC8999811 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid-derived jasmonates (JAs) play a crucial role in a variety of plant development and defense mechanisms. In recent years, significant progress has been made toward understanding the JA signaling pathway. In this review, we discuss JA biosynthesis, as well as its core signaling pathway, termination mechanisms, and the evolutionary origin of JA signaling. JA regulates not only plant regeneration, reproductive growth, and vegetative growth but also the responses of plants to stresses, including pathogen as well as virus infection, herbivore attack, and abiotic stresses. We also focus on the JA signaling pathway, considering its crosstalk with the gibberellin (GA), auxin, and phytochrome signaling pathways for mediation of the trade-offs between growth and defense. In summary, JA signals regulate multiple outputs of plant defense and growth and act to balance growth and defense in order to adapt to complex environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Li
- Correspondence: (C.L.); (D.C.)
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Faizah R, Putranto RA, Raharti VR, Supena N, Sukma D, Budiani A, Wening S, Sudarsono S. Defense response changes in roots of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) seedlings after internal symptoms of Ganoderma boninense Pat. infection. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:139. [PMID: 35331141 PMCID: PMC8944027 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03493-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of basal stem rot (BSR) disease in oil palm is associated with lignin during vegetative growth and salicylic acid (SA) biosynthesis. The increase in the lignin content, SA accumulation, growth, and root biomass could indicate the resistance of oil palm seedlings to BSR disease. Therefore, although there are many studies on the interactions between the Ganoderma boninense and oil palm, research on evaluation of physiological processes, biochemistry, and molecules occurring during early internal symptoms of BSR in roots of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) are essential. RESULTS Ganoderma boninense inoculation indicated that C01, C02, and C05 seedlings were susceptible, while the other three seedlings, C03, C07, and C08, were resistant based on Ganoderma Disease Index (GDI). Infection by G. boninense in the most susceptible seedlings C05 reduced fresh weight of roots (FW) by 9.0%, and lignin content by 10.9%. The most resistant seedlings C08 were reduced by only 8.4%, and 0.2% regarding their fresh weight and lignin content, respectively. BSR disease induced SA accumulation in the most susceptible C08 and decreased peroxidase (PRX) enzyme (EC 1.11.1.7) activities in root tissues of oil palm seedlings except C07 and C08 where PRX activities remained high in the 4 months after planting. Infection with G. boninense also increased glutathione S-transferase U19-like (EgGSTU19) gene expression in the root tissues of susceptible seedlings, while laccase-24 (EgLCC24) gene expression was associated with resistance against BSR disease. Based on the relative expression of twelve genes, two genes are categorized as receptors (EgWAKL5, EgMIK1), two genes as biosynthesis signal transduction compound (EgOPR5, EgACO1), five genes as defense responses (EgROMT, EgSOT12, EgLCC24, EgGLT3, EgGSTU19), and one gene as trans-resveratrol di-O-methyltransferase-like (EgRNaseIII) predicted related to BSR infection. While two other genes remain unknown (EgUnk1, EgUnk2). CONCLUSIONS Ganoderma infection-induced SA accumulation and lignification in resistant accessions promote the seedlings root biomass. Oil palm seedlings have a synergistic physical, biochemical, and molecular defense mechanism to the BSR disease. The utilization of nucleotide-based molecular markers using EgLCC24 gene is able to detect resistant oil palm seedlings to G. boninense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rokhana Faizah
- Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Study Program, Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB University), Jl. Meranti, Dramaga Campus, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia.
- Indonesian Oil Palm Research Institute, Jl. Brigjen Katamso No. 51, Medan, North Sumatera, 20158, Indonesia.
| | - Riza Arief Putranto
- Indonesian Research Institute for Biotechnology and Bioindustry, Jl. Taman Kencana No. 1, Bogor, 16128, Indonesia
- PT Riset Perkebunan Nusantara (Nusantara Estate Crops Research), Jl. Salak no. 1A, Bogor, 16128, Indonesia
| | - Vivi Restu Raharti
- Department of Agrotechnology, Agriculture Faculty, Jenderal Soedirman University, Jl. Dr. Soeparno No. 63, Karangwangkal, North Purwokerto, Central Java, 53122, Indonesia
| | - Nanang Supena
- Indonesian Oil Palm Research Institute, Jl. Brigjen Katamso No. 51, Medan, North Sumatera, 20158, Indonesia
| | - Dewi Sukma
- Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Study Program, Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB University), Jl. Meranti, Dramaga Campus, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia
| | - Asmini Budiani
- Indonesian Research Institute for Biotechnology and Bioindustry, Jl. Taman Kencana No. 1, Bogor, 16128, Indonesia
| | - Sri Wening
- Indonesian Oil Palm Research Institute, Jl. Brigjen Katamso No. 51, Medan, North Sumatera, 20158, Indonesia
| | - Sudarsono Sudarsono
- Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Study Program, Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB University), Jl. Meranti, Dramaga Campus, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia
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Navarrete F, Gallei M, Kornienko AE, Saado I, Khan M, Chia KS, Darino MA, Bindics J, Djamei A. TOPLESS promotes plant immunity by repressing auxin signaling and is targeted by the fungal effector Naked1. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 3:100269. [PMID: 35529945 PMCID: PMC9073326 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2021.100269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In plants, the antagonism between growth and defense is hardwired by hormonal signaling. The perception of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) from invading microorganisms inhibits auxin signaling and plant growth. Conversely, pathogens manipulate auxin signaling to promote disease, but how this hormone inhibits immunity is not fully understood. Ustilago maydis is a maize pathogen that induces auxin signaling in its host. We characterized a U. maydis effector protein, Naked1 (Nkd1), that is translocated into the host nucleus. Through its native ethylene-responsive element binding factor-associated amphiphilic repression (EAR) motif, Nkd1 binds to the transcriptional co-repressors TOPLESS/TOPLESS-related (TPL/TPRs) and prevents the recruitment of a transcriptional repressor involved in hormonal signaling, leading to the de-repression of auxin and jasmonate signaling and thereby promoting susceptibility to (hemi)biotrophic pathogens. A moderate upregulation of auxin signaling inhibits the PAMP-triggered reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst, an early defense response. Thus, our findings establish a clear mechanism for auxin-induced pathogen susceptibility. Engineered Nkd1 variants with increased expression or increased EAR-mediated TPL/TPR binding trigger typical salicylic-acid-mediated defense reactions, leading to pathogen resistance. This implies that moderate binding of Nkd1 to TPL is a result of a balancing evolutionary selection process to enable TPL manipulation while avoiding host recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Navarrete
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences (OEAW), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Michelle Gallei
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences (OEAW), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Aleksandra E. Kornienko
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences (OEAW), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Indira Saado
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), OT Gatersleben, Corrensstraße 3, 06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Mamoona Khan
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), OT Gatersleben, Corrensstraße 3, 06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Khong-Sam Chia
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), OT Gatersleben, Corrensstraße 3, 06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany
| | - Martin A. Darino
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences (OEAW), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Janos Bindics
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences (OEAW), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Armin Djamei
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences (OEAW), Vienna BioCenter (VBC), Dr. Bohr-Gasse 3, 1030 Vienna, Austria
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK), OT Gatersleben, Corrensstraße 3, 06466 Stadt Seeland, Germany
- Corresponding author
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Yamaguchi N. The epigenetic mechanisms regulating floral hub genes and their potential for manipulation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:1277-1287. [PMID: 34752611 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Gene regulatory networks formed by transcription factors play essential roles in the regulation of gene expression during plant reproductive development. These networks integrate endogenous, phytohormonal, and environmental cues. Molecular genetic, biochemical, and chemical analyses performed mainly in Arabidopsis have identified network hub genes and revealed the contributions of individual components to these networks. Here, I outline current understanding of key epigenetic regulatory circuits identified by research on plant reproduction, and highlight significant recent examples of genetic engineering and chemical applications to modulate the epigenetic regulation of gene expression. Furthermore, I discuss future prospects for applying basic plant science to engineer useful floral traits in a predictable manner as well as the potential side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobutoshi Yamaguchi
- Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5, Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
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Abstract
Auxin signaling regulates growth and developmental processes in plants. The core of nuclear auxin signaling relies on just three components: TIR1/AFBs, Aux/IAAs, and ARFs. Each component is itself made up of several domains, all of which contribute to the regulation of auxin signaling. Studies of the structural aspects of these three core signaling components have deepened our understanding of auxin signaling dynamics and regulation. In addition to the structured domains of these components, intrinsically disordered regions within the proteins also impact auxin signaling outcomes. New research is beginning to uncover the role intrinsic disorder plays in auxin-regulated degradation and subcellular localization. Structured and intrinsically disordered domains affect auxin perception, protein degradation dynamics, and DNA binding. Taken together, subtle differences within the domains and motifs of each class of auxin signaling component affect signaling outcomes and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Morffy
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
- Center for Science and Engineering Living Systems (CSELS), Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - Lucia C Strader
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
- Center for Science and Engineering Living Systems (CSELS), Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
- Center for Engineering Mechanobiology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
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Temmerman A, Guillory A, Bonhomme S, Goormachtig S, Struk S. Masks Start to Drop: Suppressor of MAX2 1-Like Proteins Reveal Their Many Faces. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:887232. [PMID: 35645992 PMCID: PMC9133912 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.887232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Although the main players of the strigolactone (SL) signaling pathway have been characterized genetically, how they regulate plant development is still poorly understood. Of central importance are the SUPPRESSOR OF MAX2 1-LIKE (SMXL) proteins that belong to a family of eight members in Arabidopsis thaliana, of which one subclade is involved in SL signaling and another one in the pathway of the chemically related karrikins. Through proteasomal degradation of these SMXLs, triggered by either DWARF14 (D14) or KARRIKIN INSENSITIVE2 (KAI2), several physiological processes are controlled, such as, among others, shoot and root architecture, seed germination, and seedling photomorphogenesis. Yet another clade has been shown to be involved in vascular development, independently of the D14 and KAI2 actions and not relying on proteasomal degradation. Despite their role in several aspects of plant development, the exact molecular mechanisms by which SMXLs regulate them are not completely unraveled. To fill the major knowledge gap in understanding D14 and KAI2 signaling, SMXLs are intensively studied, making it challenging to combine all the insights into a coherent characterization of these important proteins. To this end, this review provides an in-depth exploration of the recent data regarding their physiological function, evolution, structure, and molecular mechanism. In addition, we propose a selection of future perspectives, focusing on the apparent localization of SMXLs in subnuclear speckles, as observed in transient expression assays, which we couple to recent advances in the field of biomolecular condensates and liquid-liquid phase separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Temmerman
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ambre Guillory
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), Versailles, France
- LIPME, Université de Toulouse, INRAE, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Sandrine Bonhomme
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin (IJPB), Versailles, France
| | - Sofie Goormachtig
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sylwia Struk
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- VIB-Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent, Belgium
- *Correspondence: Sylwia Struk,
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Takaoka Y, Suzuki K, Nozawa A, Takahashi H, Sawasaki T, Ueda M. Protein-protein interactions between jasmonate-related master regulator MYC and transcriptional mediator MED25 depend on a short binding domain. J Biol Chem 2021; 298:101504. [PMID: 34929168 PMCID: PMC8752898 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A network of protein–protein interactions (PPI) is involved in the activation of (+)-7-iso-jasmonoyl-L-isoleucine (JA-Ile), a plant hormone that regulates plant defense responses as well as plant growth and development. In the absence of JA-Ile, inhibitory protein jasmonate-ZIM-domain (JAZ) represses JA-related transcription factors, including a master regulator, MYC. In contrast, when JA-Ile accumulates in response to environmental stresses, PPI occurs between JAZ and the F-box protein COI1, which triggers JAZ degradation, resulting in derepressed MYC that can interact with the transcriptional mediator MED25 and upregulate JA-Ile-related gene expression. Activated JA signaling is eventually suppressed through the catabolism of JA-Ile and feedback suppression by JAZ splice variants containing a cryptic MYC-interacting domain (CMID). However, the detailed structural basis of some PPIs involved in JA-Ile signaling remains unclear. Herein, we analyzed PPI between MYC3 and MED25, focusing on the key interactions that activate the JA-Ile signaling pathway. Biochemical assays revealed that a short binding domain of MED25 (CMIDM) is responsible for the interaction with MYC, and that a bipartite interaction is critical for the formation of a stable complex. We also show the mode of interaction between MED25 and MYC is closely related to that of CMID and MYC. In addition, quantitative analyses on the binding of MYC3-JAZs and MYC3-MED25 revealed the order of binding affinity as JAZJas < MED25CMIDM < JAZCMID, suggesting a mechanism for how the transcriptional machinery causes activation and negative feedback regulation during jasmonate signaling. These results further illuminate the transcriptional machinery responsible for JA-Ile signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousuke Takaoka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
| | - Kaho Suzuki
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Akira Nozawa
- Proteo-Science Center (PROS), Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Takahashi
- Proteo-Science Center (PROS), Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sawasaki
- Proteo-Science Center (PROS), Ehime University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Minoru Ueda
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan; Department of Molecular and Chemical Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
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Müllender M, Varrelmann M, Savenkov EI, Liebe S. Manipulation of auxin signalling by plant viruses. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2021; 22:1449-1458. [PMID: 34420252 PMCID: PMC8518663 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Compatible plant-virus interactions result in dramatic changes of the plant transcriptome and morphogenesis, and are often associated with rapid alterations in plant hormone homeostasis and signalling. Auxin controls many aspects of plant organogenesis, development, and growth; therefore, plants can rapidly perceive and respond to changes in the cellular auxin levels. Auxin signalling is a tightly controlled process and, hence, is highly vulnerable to changes in the mRNA and protein levels of its components. There are several core nuclear components of auxin signalling. In the nucleus, the interaction of auxin response factors (ARFs) and auxin/indole acetic acid (Aux/IAA) proteins is essential for the control of auxin-regulated pathways. Aux/IAA proteins are negative regulators, whereas ARFs are positive regulators of the auxin response. The interplay between both is essential for the transcriptional regulation of auxin-responsive genes, which primarily regulate developmental processes but also modulate the plant immune system. Recent studies suggest that plant viruses belonging to different families have developed various strategies to disrupt auxin signalling, namely by (a) changing the subcellular localization of Aux/IAAs, (b) preventing degradation of Aux/IAAs by stabilization, or (c) inhibiting the transcriptional activity of ARFs. These interactions perturb auxin signalling and experimental evidence from various studies highlights their importance for virus replication, systemic movement, interaction with vectors for efficient transmission, and symptom development. In this microreview, we summarize and discuss the current knowledge on the interaction of plant viruses with auxin signalling components of their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Varrelmann
- Department of PhytopathologyInstitute of Sugar Beet ResearchGöttingenGermany
| | - Eugene I. Savenkov
- Department of Plant BiologyUppsala BioCenter SLU, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Linnean Center for Plant BiologyUppsalaSweden
| | - Sebastian Liebe
- Department of PhytopathologyInstitute of Sugar Beet ResearchGöttingenGermany
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Rehman NU, Li X, Zeng P, Guo S, Jan S, Liu Y, Huang Y, Xie Q. Harmony but Not Uniformity: Role of Strigolactone in Plants. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1616. [PMID: 34827614 PMCID: PMC8615677 DOI: 10.3390/biom11111616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Strigolactones (SLs) represent an important new plant hormone class marked by their multifunctional roles in plants and rhizosphere interactions, which stimulate hyphal branching in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and seed germination of root parasitic plants. SLs have been broadly implicated in regulating root growth, shoot architecture, leaf senescence, nodulation, and legume-symbionts interaction, as well as a response to various external stimuli, such as abiotic and biotic stresses. These functional properties of SLs enable the genetic engineering of crop plants to improve crop yield and productivity. In this review, the conservation and divergence of SL pathways and its biological processes in multiple plant species have been extensively discussed with a particular emphasis on its interactions with other different phytohormones. These interactions may shed further light on the regulatory networks underlying plant growth, development, and stress responses, ultimately providing certain strategies for promoting crop yield and productivity with the challenges of global climate and environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveed Ur Rehman
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (N.U.R.); (X.L.); (P.Z.); (S.G.)
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xi Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (N.U.R.); (X.L.); (P.Z.); (S.G.)
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Peichun Zeng
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (N.U.R.); (X.L.); (P.Z.); (S.G.)
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shaoying Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (N.U.R.); (X.L.); (P.Z.); (S.G.)
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Saad Jan
- Agriculture Department, Entomology Section Bacha Khan University, Charsadda 24420, Pakistan;
| | - Yunfeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, College of Life Sciences and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China;
| | - Yifeng Huang
- Institute of Crop and Nuclear Technology Utilization, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Science, Hangzhou 310001, China
| | - Qingjun Xie
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Breeding, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (N.U.R.); (X.L.); (P.Z.); (S.G.)
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Sepulveda-Garcia E, Fulton EC, Parlan EV, O’Connor LE, Fleming AA, Replogle AJ, Rocha-Sosa M, Gendron JM, Thines B. Unique N-Terminal Interactions Connect F-BOX STRESS INDUCED (FBS) Proteins to a WD40 Repeat-like Protein Pathway in Arabidopsis. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:2228. [PMID: 34686037 PMCID: PMC8537223 DOI: 10.3390/plants10102228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
SCF-type E3 ubiquitin ligases provide specificity to numerous selective protein degradation events in plants, including those that enable survival under environmental stress. SCF complexes use F-box (FBX) proteins as interchangeable substrate adaptors to recruit protein targets for ubiquitylation. FBX proteins almost universally have structure with two domains: A conserved N-terminal F-box domain interacts with a SKP protein and connects the FBX protein to the core SCF complex, while a C-terminal domain interacts with the protein target and facilitates recruitment. The F-BOX STRESS INDUCED (FBS) subfamily of plant FBX proteins has an atypical structure, however, with a centrally located F-box domain and additional conserved regions at both the N- and C-termini. FBS proteins have been linked to environmental stress networks, but no ubiquitylation target(s) or biological function has been established for this subfamily. We have identified two WD40 repeat-like proteins in Arabidopsis that are highly conserved in plants and interact with FBS proteins, which we have named FBS INTERACTING PROTEINs (FBIPs). FBIPs interact exclusively with the N-terminus of FBS proteins, and this interaction occurs in the nucleus. FBS1 destabilizes FBIP1, consistent with FBIPs being ubiquitylation targets SCFFBS1 complexes. This work indicates that FBS proteins may function in stress-responsive nuclear events, and it identifies two WD40 repeat-like proteins as new tools with which to probe how an atypical SCF complex, SCFFBS, functions via FBX protein N-terminal interaction events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar Sepulveda-Garcia
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad del Papaloapan, Tuxtepec 68301, Mexico;
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62250, Mexico;
| | - Elena C. Fulton
- Biology Department, University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, WA 98416, USA; (E.C.F.); (E.V.P.); (L.E.O.); (A.A.F.); (A.J.R.)
| | - Emily V. Parlan
- Biology Department, University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, WA 98416, USA; (E.C.F.); (E.V.P.); (L.E.O.); (A.A.F.); (A.J.R.)
| | - Lily E. O’Connor
- Biology Department, University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, WA 98416, USA; (E.C.F.); (E.V.P.); (L.E.O.); (A.A.F.); (A.J.R.)
| | - Anneke A. Fleming
- Biology Department, University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, WA 98416, USA; (E.C.F.); (E.V.P.); (L.E.O.); (A.A.F.); (A.J.R.)
| | - Amy J. Replogle
- Biology Department, University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, WA 98416, USA; (E.C.F.); (E.V.P.); (L.E.O.); (A.A.F.); (A.J.R.)
| | - Mario Rocha-Sosa
- Departamento de Biología Molecular de Plantas, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca 62250, Mexico;
| | - Joshua M. Gendron
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA;
| | - Bryan Thines
- Biology Department, University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, WA 98416, USA; (E.C.F.); (E.V.P.); (L.E.O.); (A.A.F.); (A.J.R.)
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Patel R, Mehta K, Goswami D, Saraf M. An Anecdote on Prospective Protein Targets for Developing Novel Plant Growth Regulators. Mol Biotechnol 2021; 64:109-129. [PMID: 34561838 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-021-00404-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Phytohormones are the main regulatory molecules of core signalling networks associated with plant life cycle regulation. Manipulation of hormone signalling cascade enables the control over physiological traits of plant, which has major applications in field of agriculture and food sustainability. Hence, stable analogues of these hormones are long sought after and many of them are currently known, but the quest for more effective, stable and economically viable analogues is still going on. This search has been further strengthened by the identification of the components of signalling cascade such as receptors, downstream cascade members and transcription factors. Furthermore, many proteins of phytohormone cascades are available in crystallized forms. Such crystallized structures can provide the basis for identification of novel interacting compounds using in silico approach. Plenty of computational tools and bioinformatics software are now available that can aid in this process. Here, the metadata of all the major phytohormone signalling cascades are presented along with discussion on major protein-ligand interactions and protein components that may act as a potential target for manipulation of phytohormone signalling cascade. Furthermore, structural aspects of phytohormones and their known analogues are also discussed that can provide the basis for the synthesis of novel analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Patel
- Department of Microbiology & Biotechnology, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India
| | - Krina Mehta
- Department of Microbiology & Biotechnology, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India
| | - Dweipayan Goswami
- Department of Microbiology & Biotechnology, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India.
| | - Meenu Saraf
- Department of Microbiology & Biotechnology, University School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, 380009, India.
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Baile F, Merini W, Hidalgo I, Calonje M. EAR domain-containing transcription factors trigger PRC2-mediated chromatin marking in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2021; 33:2701-2715. [PMID: 34003929 PMCID: PMC8408475 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Polycomb group (PcG) complexes ensure that every cell in an organism expresses the genes needed at a particular stage, time, or condition. However, it is still not fully understood how PcG complexes PcG-repressive complex 1 (PRC1) and PRC2 are recruited to target genes in plants. Recent findings in Arabidopsis thaliana support the notion that PRC2 recruitment is mediated by different transcription factors (TFs). However, it is unclear how all these TFs interact with PRC2 and whether they also recruit PRC1 activity. Here, by using a system to bind selected TFs to a synthetic promoter lacking the complexity of PcG target promoters in vivo, we show that while binding of the TF VIVIPAROUS1/ABSCISIC ACID-INSENSITIVE3-LIKE1 recapitulates PRC1 and PRC2 marking, the binding of other TFs only renders PRC2 marking. Interestingly, all these TFs contain an Ethylene-responsive element binding factor-associated Amphiphilic Repression (EAR) domain that triggers both HISTONE DEACETYLASE COMPLEX and PRC2 activities, connecting two different repressive mechanisms. Furthermore, we show that different TFs can have an additive effect on PRC2 activity, which may be required to maintain long-term repression of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Baile
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry and Photosynthesis (IBVF-CSIC-US), Avenida Américo Vespucio 49, 41092, Seville, Spain
| | - Wiam Merini
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry and Photosynthesis (IBVF-CSIC-US), Avenida Américo Vespucio 49, 41092, Seville, Spain
| | - Inés Hidalgo
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry and Photosynthesis (IBVF-CSIC-US), Avenida Américo Vespucio 49, 41092, Seville, Spain
| | - Myriam Calonje
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry and Photosynthesis (IBVF-CSIC-US), Avenida Américo Vespucio 49, 41092, Seville, Spain
- Author for correspondence:
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Wang Y, Mostafa S, Zeng W, Jin B. Function and Mechanism of Jasmonic Acid in Plant Responses to Abiotic and Biotic Stresses. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8568. [PMID: 34445272 PMCID: PMC8395333 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
As sessile organisms, plants must tolerate various environmental stresses. Plant hormones play vital roles in plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Among these hormones, jasmonic acid (JA) and its precursors and derivatives (jasmonates, JAs) play important roles in the mediation of plant responses and defenses to biotic and abiotic stresses and have received extensive research attention. Although some reviews of JAs are available, this review focuses on JAs in the regulation of plant stress responses, as well as JA synthesis, metabolism, and signaling pathways. We summarize recent progress in clarifying the functions and mechanisms of JAs in plant responses to abiotic stresses (drought, cold, salt, heat, and heavy metal toxicity) and biotic stresses (pathogen, insect, and herbivore). Meanwhile, the crosstalk of JA with various other plant hormones regulates the balance between plant growth and defense. Therefore, we review the crosstalk of JAs with other phytohormones, including auxin, gibberellic acid, salicylic acid, brassinosteroid, ethylene, and abscisic acid. Finally, we discuss current issues and future opportunities in research into JAs in plant stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Biao Jin
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China; (Y.W.); (S.M.); (W.Z.)
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Li C, Shen Q, Cai X, Lai D, Wu L, Han Z, Zhao T, Chen D, Si J. JA signal-mediated immunity of Dendrobium catenatum to necrotrophic Southern Blight pathogen. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:360. [PMID: 34362300 PMCID: PMC8344041 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03134-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dendrobium catenatum belongs to the Orchidaceae, and is a precious Chinese herbal medicine. In the past 20 years, D. catenatum industry has developed from an endangered medicinal plant to multi-billion dollar grade industry. The necrotrophic pathogen Sclerotium delphinii has a devastating effection on over 500 plant species, especially resulting in widespread infection and severe yield loss in the process of large-scale cultivation of D. catenatum. It has been widely reported that Jasmonate (JA) is involved in plant immunity to pathogens, but the mechanisms of JA-induced plant resistance to S. delphinii are unclear. RESULTS In the present study, the role of JA in enhancing D. catenatum resistance to S. delphinii was investigated. We identified 2 COI1, 13 JAZ, and 12 MYC proteins in D. catenatum genome. Subsequently, systematic analyses containing phylogenetic relationship, gene structure, protein domain, and motif architecture of core JA pathway proteins were conducted in D. catenatum and the newly characterized homologs from its closely related orchid species Phalaenopsis equestris and Apostasia shenzhenica, along with the well-investigated homologs from Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa. Public RNA-seq data were investigated to analyze the expression patterns of D. catenatum core JA pathway genes in various tissues and organs. Transcriptome analysis of MeJA and S. delphinii treatment showed exogenous MeJA changed most of the expression of the above genes, and several key members, including DcJAZ1/2/5 and DcMYC2b, are involved in enhancing defense ability to S. delphinii in D. catenatum. CONCLUSIONS The findings indicate exogenous MeJA treatment affects the expression level of DcJAZ1/2/5 and DcMYC2b, thereby enhancing D. catenatum resistance to S. delphinii. This research would be helpful for future functional identification of core JA pathway genes involved in breeding for disease resistance in D. catenatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Qiuyi Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Xiang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Danni Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Lingshang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Zhigang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Tianlun Zhao
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Donghong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China.
| | - Jinping Si
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China.
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Hao J, Wang D, Wu Y, Huang K, Duan P, Li N, Xu R, Zeng D, Dong G, Zhang B, Zhang L, Inzé D, Qian Q, Li Y. The GW2-WG1-OsbZIP47 pathway controls grain size and weight in rice. MOLECULAR PLANT 2021; 14:1266-1280. [PMID: 33930509 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2021.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of seed size is a key strategy for improving crop yield and is also a basic biological question. However, the molecular mechanisms by which plants determine their seed size remain elusive. Here, we report that the GW2-WG1-OsbZIP47 regulatory module controls grain width and weight in rice. WG1, which encodes a glutaredoxin protein, promotes grain growth by increasing cell proliferation. Interestingly, WG1 interacts with the transcription factor OsbZIP47 and represses its transcriptional activity by associating with the transcriptional co-repressor ASP1, indicating that WG1 may act as an adaptor protein to recruit the transcriptional co-repressor. In contrary, OsbZIP47 restricts grain growth by decreasing cell proliferation. Further studies reveal that the E3 ubiquitin ligase GW2 ubiquitinates WG1 and targets it for degradation. Genetic analyses confirm that GW2, WG1, and OsbZIP47 function in a common pathway to control grain growth. Taken together, our findings reveal a genetic and molecular framework for the control of grain size and weight by the GW2-WG1-OsbZIP47 regulatory module, providing new targets for improving seed size and weight in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqin Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Dekai Wang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Yingbao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ke Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Penggen Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Na Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ran Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Dali Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Guojun Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Baolan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Limin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Dirk Inzé
- Ghent University, Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Qian Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China.
| | - Yunhai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Cell and Chromosome Engineering, CAS Centre for Excellence in Molecular Plant Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China.
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48
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Plant AR, Larrieu A, Causier B. Repressor for hire! The vital roles of TOPLESS-mediated transcriptional repression in plants. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 231:963-973. [PMID: 33909309 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptional corepressors play important roles in establishing the appropriate levels of gene expression during growth and development. The TOPLESS (TPL) family of corepressors are critical for all plant life. TPLs are involved in numerous developmental processes and in the response to extrinsic challenges. As such these proteins have been the focus of intense study since Long and colleagues first described the TPL corepressor in 2006. In this review we will explore the evolutionary history of these essential plant-specific proteins, their mechanism of action based on recent structural analyses, and the myriad of pathways in which they function. We speculate how relatively minor changes in the peptide sequence of transcriptional regulators allowed them to recruit TPL into new processes, driving innovation and resulting in TPL becoming vital for plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair Robert Plant
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Centre for Plant Science, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Antoine Larrieu
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Centre for Plant Science, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Barry Causier
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Centre for Plant Science, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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49
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Leydon AR, Wang W, Gala HP, Gilmour S, Juarez-Solis S, Zahler ML, Zemke JE, Zheng N, Nemhauser JL. Repression by the Arabidopsis TOPLESS corepressor requires association with the core mediator complex. eLife 2021; 10:66739. [PMID: 34075876 PMCID: PMC8203292 DOI: 10.7554/elife.66739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The plant corepressor TOPLESS (TPL) is recruited to a large number of loci that are selectively induced in response to developmental or environmental cues, yet the mechanisms by which it inhibits expression in the absence of these stimuli are poorly understood. Previously, we had used the N-terminus of Arabidopsis thaliana TPL to enable repression of a synthetic auxin response circuit in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast). Here, we leveraged the yeast system to interrogate the relationship between TPL structure and function, specifically scanning for repression domains. We identified a potent repression domain in Helix 8 located within the CRA domain, which directly interacted with the Mediator middle module subunits Med21 and Med10. Interactions between TPL and Mediator were required to fully repress transcription in both yeast and plants. In contrast, we found that multimer formation, a conserved feature of many corepressors, had minimal influence on the repression strength of TPL.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Seattle, United States
| | - Hardik P Gala
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Sabrina Gilmour
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | | | - Mollye L Zahler
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Joseph E Zemke
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Ning Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Seattle, United States.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
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50
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Ito T, Fukazawa J. SCARECROW-LIKE3 regulates the transcription of gibberellin-related genes by acting as a transcriptional co-repressor of GAI-ASSOCIATED FACTOR1. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 105:463-482. [PMID: 33474657 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-020-01101-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
SCL3 inhibits transcriptional activity of IDD-DELLA complex by acting as a co-repressor and repression activity is enhanced in the presence of GAF1 in a TOPLESS-independent manner. GRAS [GIBBERELLIN-INSENSITIVE (GAI), REPRESSOR OF ga1-3 (RGA) and SCARECROW (SCR)] proteins are a family of plant-specific transcriptional regulators that play diverse roles in development and signaling. GRAS family DELLA proteins act as growth repressors by inhibiting gibberellin (GA) signaling in response to developmental and environmental cues. DELLAs also act as co-activators of transcription factor GAI-ASSOCIATED FACTOR1 (GAF1)/INDETERMINATE DOMAIN2 (IDD2), the GAF1-DELLA complex activating transcription of GAF1 target genes. GAF1 also interacts with TOPLESS (TPL), a transcriptional co-repressor, in the absence of DELLA, the GAF1-TPL complex repressing transcription of the target genes. SCARECROW-LIKE3 (SCL3), another member of the GRAS family, is thought to inhibit transcriptional activity of the IDD-DELLA complex through competitive interaction with IDD. Here, we also revealed that SCL3 inhibits transcriptional activation by the GAF1-DELLA complex via repression activity rather than via competitive inhibition of the GAF1-DELLA interaction. Moreover, the repression activity of SCL3 was enhanced by GAF1 in a TPL-independent manner. While the GRAS domain of DELLA has transcriptional activation activity, that of SCL3 has repression activity. SCL3 also inhibited transcriptional activity of GAF1-RGA fusion proteins. Results from the co-immunoprecipitation assays and the yeast three-hybrid assay suggested the possibility that SCL3 forms a ternary complex with GAF1 and DELLA. These findings provide important information on DELLA-regulated GA signaling and new insight into the transcriptional repression mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Ito
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan.
| | - Jutarou Fukazawa
- Graduate School of Integrated Sciences for Life, Hiroshima University, Kagamiyama, Higashi-Hiroshima, Hiroshima, 739-8526, Japan
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