1
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Zhang Y, Zhu S, Hu J, Gu M. Femtosecond laser direct nanolithography of perovskite hydration for temporally programmable holograms. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6661. [PMID: 39107331 PMCID: PMC11303552 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51148-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Modern nanofabrication technologies have propelled significant advancement of high-resolution and optically thin holograms. However, it remains a long-standing challenge to tune the complex hologram patterns at the nanoscale for temporal light field control. Here, we report femtosecond laser direct lithography of perovskites with nanoscale feature size and pixel-level temporal dynamics control for temporally programmable holograms. Specifically, under tightly focused laser irradiation, the organic molecules of layered perovskites (PEA)2PbI4 can be exfoliated with nanometric thickness precision and subwavelength lateral size. This creates inorganic lead halide capping nanostructures that retard perovskite hydration, enabling tunable hydration time constant. Leveraging advanced inverse design methods, temporal holograms in which multiple independent images are multiplexed with low cross talk are demonstrated. Furthermore, cascaded holograms are constructed to form temporally holographic neural networks with programmable optical inference functionality. Our work opens up new opportunities for tunable photonic devices with broad impacts on holography display and storage, high-dimensional optical encryption and artificial intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Zhang
- School of Artificial Intelligence Science and Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.
- Institute of Photonic Chips, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.
| | - Shengting Zhu
- School of Artificial Intelligence Science and Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Photonic Chips, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinming Hu
- School of Artificial Intelligence Science and Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Photonic Chips, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Gu
- School of Artificial Intelligence Science and Technology, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.
- Institute of Photonic Chips, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.
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2
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Zhou C, Liang W, Xie Z, Ma J, Yang H, Yang X, Hu Y, Duan H, Yuan X. Optical vectorial-mode parity Hall effect: a case study with cylindrical vector beams. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4022. [PMID: 38740787 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48187-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The vectorial optical field (VOF) assumes a pivotal role in light-matter interactions. Beyond its inherent polarization topology, the VOF also encompasses an intrinsic degree of freedom associated with parity (even or odd), corresponding to a pair of degenerate orthogonal modes. However, previous research has not delved into the simultaneous manipulation of both even and odd parities. In this study, we introduce and validate the previously unexplored parity Hall effect for vectorial modes using a metasurface design. Our focus lies on a cylindrical vector beam (CVB) as a representative case. Through the tailored metasurface, we effectively separate two degenerate CVBs with distinct parities in divergent directions, akin to the observed spin states split in the spin Hall effect. Additionally, we provide experimental evidence showcasing the capabilities of this effect in multi-order CVB demultiplexing and parity-demultiplexed CVB-encoded holography. This effect unveils promising opportunities for various applications, including optical communication and imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyu Zhou
- Nanophotonics Research Center, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics & State Key Laboratory of Radio Frequency Heterogeneous Integration, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weili Liang
- Nanophotonics Research Center, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics & State Key Laboratory of Radio Frequency Heterogeneous Integration, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhenwei Xie
- Nanophotonics Research Center, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics & State Key Laboratory of Radio Frequency Heterogeneous Integration, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Jia Ma
- Nanophotonics Research Center, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics & State Key Laboratory of Radio Frequency Heterogeneous Integration, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hui Yang
- National Research Center for High-Efficiency Grinding, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Xing Yang
- National Research Center for High-Efficiency Grinding, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Yueqiang Hu
- National Research Center for High-Efficiency Grinding, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China
- Greater Bay Area Institute for Innovation, Hunan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Huigao Duan
- National Research Center for High-Efficiency Grinding, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, China.
- Greater Bay Area Institute for Innovation, Hunan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Xiaocong Yuan
- Nanophotonics Research Center, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics & State Key Laboratory of Radio Frequency Heterogeneous Integration, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
- Research Centre for Frontier Fundamental Studies, Zhejiang Lab, Hangzhou, China.
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Gong J, Xiong L, Pu M, Li X, Ma X, Luo X. Visible Meta-Displays for Anti-Counterfeiting with Printable Dielectric Metasurfaces. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2308687. [PMID: 38342615 PMCID: PMC11077653 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202308687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Metasurfaces, 2D arrays of nanostructures, have gained significant attention in recent years due to their ability to manipulate light at the subwavelength scale. Their diverse applications range from advanced optical devices to sensing and imaging technologies. However, the mass production of dielectric metasurfaces with tailored properties for visible light has remained a challenge. Therefore, the demand for efficient and cost-effective fabrication methods for metasurfaces has driven the continuing development of various techniques. In this research article, a high-throughput production method is presented for multifunctional dielectric metasurfaces in the visible light range using one-step high-index TiO2-polymer composite (TPC) printing, which is a variant of nanoprinting lithography (NIL) for the direct replication of patterned multifunctional dielectric metasurfaces using a TPC material as the printing ink. The batch fabrication of dielectric metasurfaces is demonstrated with controlled geometry and excellent optical response, enabling high-performance light-matter interactions for potential applications of visible meta-displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jintao Gong
- National Key Laboratory of Optical Field Manipulation Science and TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesChengdu610209China
- State Key Laboratory of Optical Technologies on Nano‐Fabrication and Micro‐EngineeringInstitute of Optics and ElectronicsChinese Academy of SciencesChengdu610209China
| | - Lingxing Xiong
- National Key Laboratory of Optical Field Manipulation Science and TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesChengdu610209China
- State Key Laboratory of Optical Technologies on Nano‐Fabrication and Micro‐EngineeringInstitute of Optics and ElectronicsChinese Academy of SciencesChengdu610209China
- Key Laboratory for Information Science of Electromagnetic Waves (MoE)Fudan UniversityShanghai200433China
| | - Mingbo Pu
- National Key Laboratory of Optical Field Manipulation Science and TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesChengdu610209China
- State Key Laboratory of Optical Technologies on Nano‐Fabrication and Micro‐EngineeringInstitute of Optics and ElectronicsChinese Academy of SciencesChengdu610209China
- College of Materials Sciences and Opto‐Electronic TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Xiong Li
- National Key Laboratory of Optical Field Manipulation Science and TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesChengdu610209China
- State Key Laboratory of Optical Technologies on Nano‐Fabrication and Micro‐EngineeringInstitute of Optics and ElectronicsChinese Academy of SciencesChengdu610209China
- College of Materials Sciences and Opto‐Electronic TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Xiaoliang Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Optical Field Manipulation Science and TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesChengdu610209China
- State Key Laboratory of Optical Technologies on Nano‐Fabrication and Micro‐EngineeringInstitute of Optics and ElectronicsChinese Academy of SciencesChengdu610209China
- College of Materials Sciences and Opto‐Electronic TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Xiangang Luo
- National Key Laboratory of Optical Field Manipulation Science and TechnologyChinese Academy of SciencesChengdu610209China
- State Key Laboratory of Optical Technologies on Nano‐Fabrication and Micro‐EngineeringInstitute of Optics and ElectronicsChinese Academy of SciencesChengdu610209China
- College of Materials Sciences and Opto‐Electronic TechnologyUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
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4
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Kang H, Oh D, Jeon N, Kim J, Kim H, Badloe T, Rho J. Tailoring high-refractive-index nanocomposites for manufacturing of ultraviolet metasurfaces. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2024; 10:53. [PMID: 38654843 PMCID: PMC11035676 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-024-00681-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Nanoimprint lithography (NIL) has been utilized to address the manufacturing challenges of high cost and low throughput for optical metasurfaces. To overcome the limitations inherent in conventional imprint resins characterized by a low refractive index (n), high-n nanocomposites have been introduced to directly serve as meta-atoms. However, comprehensive research on these nanocomposites is notably lacking. In this study, we focus on the composition of high-n zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) nanoparticle (NP) concentration and solvents used to produce ultraviolet (UV) metaholograms and quantify the transfer fidelity by the measured conversion efficiency. The utilization of 80 wt% ZrO2 NPs in MIBK, MEK, and acetone results in conversion efficiencies of 62.3%, 51.4%, and 61.5%, respectively, at a wavelength of 325 nm. The analysis of the solvent composition and NP concentration can further enhance the manufacturing capabilities of high-n nanocomposites in NIL, enabling potential practical use of optical metasurfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjung Kang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongkyo Oh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Nara Jeon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Joohoon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongyoon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Trevon Badloe
- Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Republic of Korea
- POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and Metaphotonics, Pohang, Republic of Korea
- National Institute of Nanomaterials Technology (NINT), Pohang, Republic of Korea
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5
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Lu Y, Chen R, Hu C, Liu X, Gan Z, Zhao X, Qiu Y, Zheng S, Zhong Q, Dong Y, Lin C, Hu T. All-silicon metalens for broadband achromatic polarization multiplexing in long-wave infrared wavelengths. APPLIED OPTICS 2024; 63:3242-3249. [PMID: 38856473 DOI: 10.1364/ao.520895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Traditional long-wave infrared polarimetry usually relies on complex optical setups, making it challenging to meet the increasing demand for system miniaturization. To address this problem, we design an all-silicon broadband achromatic polarization-multiplexing metalens (BAPM) operating at the wavelength range of 9-12 µm. A machine-learning-based design method is developed to replace the tedious and computationally intensive simulation of a large number of meta-atoms. The results indicate that the coefficients of variation in focal length of the BAPM are 3.95% and 3.71%, and the average focusing efficiencies are 41.3% and 40.5% under broadband light incidence with x- and y-polarizations, respectively.
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6
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Jin Z, Ren Q, Chen T, Dai Z, Shu F, Fang B, Hong Z, Shen C, Mei S. Vision transformer empowered physics-driven deep learning for omnidirectional three-dimensional holography. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:14394-14404. [PMID: 38859385 DOI: 10.1364/oe.519400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
The inter-plane crosstalk and limited axial resolution are two key points that hinder the performance of three-dimensional (3D) holograms. The state-of-the-art methods rely on increasing the orthogonality of the cross-sections of a 3D object at different depths to lower the impact of inter-plane crosstalk. Such strategy either produces unidirectional 3D hologram or induces speckle noise. Recently, learning-based methods provide a new way to solve this problem. However, most related works rely on convolution neural networks and the reconstructed 3D holograms have limited axial resolution and display quality. In this work, we propose a vision transformer (ViT) empowered physics-driven deep neural network which can realize the generation of omnidirectional 3D holograms. Owing to the global attention mechanism of ViT, our 3D CGH has small inter-plane crosstalk and high axial resolution. We believe our work not only promotes high-quality 3D holographic display, but also opens a new avenue for complex inverse design in photonics.
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7
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Zhang H, Lv X, Jiang C, Sang X, Li Z, Wang K, Sun X, Liu M, Ma H, Zhang Y. Active multi-focus vortex beam terahertz encoding metasurface based on Dirac semimetals. APPLIED OPTICS 2024; 63:888-894. [PMID: 38437384 DOI: 10.1364/ao.506535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
An electromagnetic wavefront can be flexibly manipulated by discrete phase coding on the coding unit. In this paper, we designed two coding metasurfaces with 1-bit and 3-bit based on active tuning of Dirac semimetals by controlling the Fermi level (E F) with an external polarization voltage. The size and structure of the metasurface remain unchanged with this strategy. Both designs were found to be dynamically tunable. The 1-bit coding metasurface enables beam conversion, single-focus switching, and switching between single-focus and multi-focus. On the other hand, the 3-bit coding metasurface enables the switching between vortex beams and single-beam mirror reflections. These proposed structures have potential applications in terahertz (THz) communications and terahertz-focused imaging, opening up new possibilities for the dynamic modulation of THz waves.
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8
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Yang Z, Huang PS, Lin YT, Qin H, Chen J, Han S, Huang W, Deng ZL, Li B, Zúñiga-Pérez J, Genevet P, Wu PC, Song Q. Asymmetric Full-Color Vectorial Meta-holograms Empowered by Pairs of Exceptional Points. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:844-851. [PMID: 38190513 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c03611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Holography holds tremendous promise in applications such as immersive virtual reality and optical communications. With the emergence of optical metasurfaces, planar optical components that have the remarkable ability to precisely manipulate the amplitude, phase, and polarization of light on the subwavelength scale have expanded the potential applications of holography. However, the realization of metasurface-based full-color vectorial holography remains particularly challenging. Here, we report a general approach utilizing a modified Gerchberg-Saxton algorithm to achieve spatially aligned full-color display and incorporating wavelength information with an image compensation strategy. We combine the Pancharatnam-Berry phase and pairs of exceptional points to address the issue of redundant twin images that generally appear for the two orthogonal circular polarizations and to enable full polarization control of the vectorial field. Our results enable the realization of an asymmetric full-color vectorial meta-hologram, paving the way for the development of full-color display, complex beam generation, and secure data storage applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijin Yang
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Po-Sheng Huang
- Department of Photonics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Tsung Lin
- Department of Photonics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Haoye Qin
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jiaxin Chen
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Sanyang Han
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Multifunctional Nanomaterials and Smart Systems, Suzhou Institute of NanoTech and Nano-Bionics (SINANO), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Zi-Lan Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Bo Li
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Suzhou Laboratory, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jesús Zúñiga-Pérez
- Université Cote d'Azur, CNRS, CRHEA, Rue Bernard Gregory, Sophia Antipolis, 06560 Valbonne, France
- Majulab, International Research Laboratory IRL 3654, CNRS, Université Côte d'Azur, Sorbonne Université, National University of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 117543
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371
| | - Patrice Genevet
- Université Cote d'Azur, CNRS, CRHEA, Rue Bernard Gregory, Sophia Antipolis, 06560 Valbonne, France
- Physics Department, Colorado School of Mines, 1523 Illinois Street, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Pin Chieh Wu
- Department of Photonics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
- Center for Quantum Frontiers of Research & Technology (QFort), National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
- Meta-nanoPhotonics Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Qinghua Song
- Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
- Suzhou Laboratory, Suzhou 215123, China
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9
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Cheng W, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Chen H, Lu Z, Zhao F, Wang Y, Wu J, Yang J. Broadband Achromatic Imaging of a Metalens with Optoelectronic Computing Fusion. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:254-260. [PMID: 38133576 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c03891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The remarkable ultrathin ability of metalenses gives them potential as a next-generation imaging candidate. However, the inherent chromatic aberration of metalenses restricts their widespread application. We present an achromatic metalens with optoelectronic computing fusion (OCF) to mitigate the impact of chromatic aberration and simultaneously avoid the significant challenges of nanodesign, nanofabrication, and mass production of metalenses, a method different from previous methods. Leveraging the nonlinear fitting, we demonstrate that OCF can effectively learn the chromatic aberration mapping of metalens and thus restore the chromatic aberration. In terms of the peak signal-to-noise ratio index, there is a maximum improvement of 12 dB, and ∼8 ms is needed to correct the chromatic aberration. Furthermore, the edge extraction of images and super-resolution reconstruction that effectively enhances resolution by a factor of 4 are also demonstrated with OCF. These results offer the possibility of applications of metalenses in mobile cameras, virtual reality, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Cheng
- Center of Material Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410073, China
- College of Computer, Key Laboratory of Advanced Microprocessor Chips and Systems, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410073, China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Center of Material Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410073, China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
- Institute for Quantum Information & State Key Laboratory of High Performance Computing, College of Computer Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410073, China
| | - Yuqing Zhang
- Center of Material Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410073, China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Huan Chen
- Center of Material Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410073, China
| | - Zhechun Lu
- Center of Material Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410073, China
| | - Fen Zhao
- Center of Material Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410073, China
- School of Artificial Intelligence, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Yaohua Wang
- College of Computer, Key Laboratory of Advanced Microprocessor Chips and Systems, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410073, China
| | - Jiagui Wu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Junbo Yang
- Center of Material Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410073, China
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10
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Mohtashami Y, Heki LK, Wong MS, Smith JM, Ewing JJ, Mitchell WJ, Nakamura S, DenBaars SP, Schuller JA. Metasurface Light-Emitting Diodes with Directional and Focused Emission. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:10505-10511. [PMID: 37955625 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c03272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Phased-array metasurfaces enable the imprinting of complex beam structures onto coherent incident light. Recent demonstrations of photoluminescent phased-array metasurfaces highlight possibilities for achieving similar control in electroluminescent light-emitting diodes (LEDs). However, phased-array metasurface LEDs have not yet been demonstrated owing to the complexities of integrating device stacks and electrodes within nanopatterned metasurfaces. Here, we demonstrate metasurface LEDs that emit directional or focused light. We first design nanoribbon elements that achieve the requisite phase control within typical LED device constraints. Subsequently, we demonstrate unidirectional emission that can be engineered at will via phased-array concepts. This control is further exhibited in metasurface LEDs that directly emit focused beams. Finally, we show that these metasurface LEDs exhibit external quantum efficiencies (EQEs) superior to those of unpatterned LEDs. These results demonstrate metasurface designs that are compatible with high-EQE metal-free LED devices and portend opportunities for new classes of metasurface LEDs that directly produce complex beam structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahya Mohtashami
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Larry K Heki
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Matthew S Wong
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Solid State Lighting and Energy Electronics Center, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Jordan M Smith
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Solid State Lighting and Energy Electronics Center, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Jacob J Ewing
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Solid State Lighting and Energy Electronics Center, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - William J Mitchell
- Nanofabrication Facility, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Shuji Nakamura
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Solid State Lighting and Energy Electronics Center, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Steven P DenBaars
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Solid State Lighting and Energy Electronics Center, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Jon A Schuller
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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11
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Ji Z, Chang J, Wang J, Wu Y, Liu Y, Jiang H. Multilevel holographic encryption based on the Tiger Amulet concept. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:39396-39414. [PMID: 38041262 DOI: 10.1364/oe.503226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Optical holographic encryption (OHE) has been extensively researched in the field of information security due to its parallel and multi-dimensional characteristics. However, although some progress in OHE has been made in recent years, inherent security flaws resulting from the robust nature of holograms persist. In this study, we propose a multilevel holographic encryption method based on the Tiger Amulet (TA) concept. Compared with the normal OHE, our method employs two ciphertexts. It strategically utilizes the low-level plaintext as intentional deceptive content to confound the potential eavesdroppers. Furthermore, we ingeniously exploit the hologram's robustness in reverse, thereby establishing an additional protection mechanism to enhance the security of the middle-level plaintext. Leveraging the TA concept, the high-level plaintext can only be decrypted when two matched ciphertexts are combined and collimated. The TA based decryption mechanism enhances the security and sensitivity deciphering high-level plaintext. Benefiting from the security mechanisms above, our proposed method demonstrates promising applicability across diverse scenarios and holds the potential to redefine the landscape of multilevel OHE design.
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12
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Zheng M, Shen Y, Zheng L, She X, Jin C. Transfer-Printing Hydrogel-Based Platform for Moisture-Driven Dynamic Display and Optical Anti-Counterfeiting. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:45239-45248. [PMID: 37703469 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c10929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Humidity-responsive materials offer a promising approach to achieving tunable metasurface systems due to their fast and reversible swelling responses to moisture, which enables many important applications, such as real-time humidity sensing, optical switches, dynamic displays, and optical information encryption. However, the humidity-responsive structural coloration generally cannot provide a high spatial resolution and requires a complex patterning process. Here, we present a scalable moisture-driven color-changing Fabry-Pérot (FP)-like cavity composed of a polyvinyl alcohol layer sandwiched between an upper gold nanoparticles assembly and a bottom gold mirror. Through nanoparticle contact printing, we pixelated these cavities with sub-micrometer sizes without crosstalk and achieved an ultrahigh display resolution of ∼400 nm. Meanwhile, these nanoparticle-based FP (NBFP) cavities exhibit more vibrant colors than those of conventional film-based ones due to broadband absorption of the disordered nanoparticle assembly. Moreover, the NBFP cavities exhibit a rapid response (<300 ms), benefiting from the membrane pores formed in the gaps between the adjacent nanoparticles. Finally, we demonstrated the applications of the NBFP cavities in optical anti-counterfeiting and dynamic multi-color printing. These results suggest that our approach will help to realize a colorful, fast, and ultrahigh-resolution dynamic display device in optical security and colorimetric sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manchun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Lin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xiaoyi She
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Chongjun Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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13
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Zhang N, Xiong B, Zhang X, Yuan X. High-capacity and multi-dimensional orbital angular momentum multiplexing holography. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:31884-31897. [PMID: 37859003 DOI: 10.1364/oe.499899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Optical holography has been investigated for enhancing information capacity and encryption. Here, the multi-vortex geometric orbital angular momentum (MVG-OAM) multiplexing holography is proposed and experimentally implemented, which encodes information into MVG beams with different central OAM, sub-beam OAM, and coherent-state phase. The orthogonality of the above three parameters are analyzed, respectively, which point out the feasibility of using them for holographic multiplexing. A three-dimensional multiplexing holography is realized by combining these three parameters, which offers potential applications for information storage, optical encryption, and display.
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14
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Zhao T, Lv X, Wang Y, Wu Y. Design of a Metasurface with Long Depth of Focus Using Superoscillation. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2500. [PMID: 37764531 PMCID: PMC10537551 DOI: 10.3390/nano13182500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Longitudinal optical field modulation is very important for applications such as optical imaging, spectroscopy, and optical manipulation. It can achieve high-resolution imaging or manipulation of the target object, but it is also limited by its depth of focus. The depth of focus determines whether the target object can be clearly imaged or manipulated at different distances, so extending the depth of focus can improve the adaptability and flexibility of the system. However, how to extend the depth of focus is still a significant challenge. In this paper, we use a super-oscillation phase modulation optimization method to design a polarization-independent metalens with extended focal depth, taking the axial focal depth length as the optimization objective. The optimized metalens has a focal depth of 13.07 μm (about 22.3 λ), and in the whole focal depth range, the transverse full width at half maximum values are close to the Rayleigh diffraction limit, and the focusing efficiency is above 10%. The results of this paper provide a new idea for the design of a metalens with a long focal depth and may have application value in imaging, lithography, and detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Zhao
- Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics (CIOMP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Xiao Lv
- Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics (CIOMP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics (CIOMP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Yihui Wu
- Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics (CIOMP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
- GD Changguang Zhongke Bio Co., Ltd., Foshan 528200, China
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15
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Wang Y, Zhang S, Liu M, Huo P, Tan L, Xu T. Compact meta-optics infrared camera based on a polarization-insensitive metalens with a large field of view. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:4709-4712. [PMID: 37656592 DOI: 10.1364/ol.499942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
Metasurfaces have recently emerged as a crucial tool because they achieve spherical-aberration-free focusing when exposed to normal incident light. Nevertheless, these metasurfaces often exhibit considerable coma when subjected to oblique incident light, thereby limiting their imaging field of view. In light of this, our study presents the design and an experimental demonstration of a polarization-insensitive, large-field-of-view metalens that uses a silicon metasurface. The metalens is specifically tailored to the long-wavelength infrared region and possesses a numerical aperture of 0.81, which is capable of focusing light at incident angles up to ±80°. Moreover, we successfully build a meta-optics camera by integrating the large field-of-view metalens on top of an image sensor, thus enabling wide-angle thermal imaging of practical scenes. This research provides new, to the best of our knowledge, insights for designing and realizing large-field-of-view optical systems and holds promise for applications in night vision imaging and security monitoring.
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16
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Ren H, Maier SA. Nanophotonic Materials for Twisted-Light Manipulation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2106692. [PMID: 34716627 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202106692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Twisted light, an unbounded set of helical spatial modes carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM), offers not only fundamental new insights into structured light-matter interactions, but also a new degree of freedom to boost optical and quantum information capacity. However, current OAM experiments still rely on bulky, expensive, and slow-response diffractive or refractive optical elements, hindering today's OAM systems to be largely deployed. In the last decade, nanophotonics has transformed the photonic design and unveiled a diverse range of compact and multifunctional nanophotonic devices harnessing the generation and detection of OAM modes. Recent metasurface devices developed for OAM generation in both real and momentum space, presenting design principle and exemplary devices, are summarized. Moreover, recent development of whispering-gallery-mode-based passive and tunable microcavities, capable of extracting degenerate OAM modes for on-chip vortex emission and lasing, is summarized. In addition, the design principle of different plasmonic devices and photodetectors recently developed for on-chip OAM detection is discussed. Current challenges faced by the nanophotonic field for twisted-light manipulation and future advances to meet these challenges are further discussed. It is believed that twisted-light manipulation in nanophotonics will continue to make significant impact on future development of ultracompact, ultrahigh-capacity, and ultrahigh-speed OAM systems-on-a-chip.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Ren
- MQ Photonics Research Centre, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Stefan A Maier
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 80539, Munich, Germany
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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17
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McPolin CPT, Vila YN, Krasavin AV, Llorca J, Zayats AV. Multimode hybrid gold-silicon nanoantennas for tailored nanoscale optical confinement. NANOPHOTONICS 2023; 12:2997-3005. [PMID: 37457505 PMCID: PMC10344444 DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2023-0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
High-index dielectric nanoantennas, which provide an interplay between electric and magnetic modes, have been widely used as building blocks for a variety of devices and metasurfaces, both in linear and nonlinear regimes. Here, we investigate hybrid metal-semiconductor nanoantennas, consisting of a multimode silicon nanopillar core coated with a gold layer, that offer an enhanced degree of control over the mode selection and confinement, and emission of light on the nanoscale exploiting high-order electric and magnetic resonances. Cathodoluminescence spectra revealed a multitude of resonant modes supported by the nanoantennas due to hybridization of the Mie resonances of the core and the plasmonic resonances of the shell. Eigenmode analysis revealed the modes that exhibit enhanced field localization at the gold interface, together with high confinement within the nanopillar volume. Consequently, this architecture provides a flexible means of engineering nanoscale components with tailored optical modes and field confinement for a plethora of applications, including sensing, hot-electron photodetection and nanophotonics with cylindrical vector beams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cillian P. T. McPolin
- Department of Physics and London Centre for Nanotechnology, King’s College London, Strand, LondonWC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Yago N. Vila
- Department of Physics and London Centre for Nanotechnology, King’s College London, Strand, LondonWC2R 2LS, UK
- Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Escola Tècnica Superior d’Enginyeria de Telecomunicacions de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alexey V. Krasavin
- Department of Physics and London Centre for Nanotechnology, King’s College London, Strand, LondonWC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Jordi Llorca
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, EEBE, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anatoly V. Zayats
- Department of Physics and London Centre for Nanotechnology, King’s College London, Strand, LondonWC2R 2LS, UK
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18
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Hao H, Jin J, Li X, Pu M, Ma X, Luo X. Flexible long-wave infrared snapshot multispectral imaging with a pixel-level spectral filter array. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:21200-21211. [PMID: 37381225 DOI: 10.1364/oe.492776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
This paper proposes and demonstrates a flexible long-wave infrared snapshot multispectral imaging system consisting of a simple re-imaging system and a pixel-level spectral filter array. A six-band multispectral image in the spectral range of 8-12 µm with full width at half maximum of about 0.7 µm each band is acquired in the experiment. The pixel-level multispectral filter array is placed at the primary imaging plane of the re-imaging system instead of directly encapsulated on the detector chip, which diminishes the complexity of pixel-level chip packaging. Furthermore, the proposed method possesses the merit of flexible functions switching between multispectral imaging and intensity imaging by plugging and unplugging the pixel-level spectral filter array. Our approach could be viable for various practical long-wave infrared detection applications.
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19
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Wang M, Lin Y, Wang M, Yi JM, Gao X, Li DY, Liu JP, Cao B, Wang CH, Wang JF, Xu K. Double-sided asymmetric metasurfaces achieving sub-microscale focusing from a GaN green laser diode. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:20740-20749. [PMID: 37381190 DOI: 10.1364/oe.493257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
We proposed and demonstrated a highly efficient sub-microscale focusing from a GaN green laser diode (LD) integrated with double-sided asymmetric metasurfaces. The metasurfaces consist of two nanostructures in a GaN substrate: nanogratings on one side and a geometric phase based metalens on the other side. When it was integrated on the edge emission facet of a GaN green LD, linearly polarized emission was firstly converted to the circularly polarized state by the nanogratings functioning as a quarter-wave plate, the phase gradient was then controlled by the metalens on the exit side. In the end, the double-sided asymmetric metasurfaces achieve a sub micro-focusing from linearly polarized states. Experimental results show the full width at half maximum of the focused spot size is about 738 nm at the wavelength 520 nm and the focusing efficiency is about 72.8%. Our results lay a foundation for the multi-functional applications in optical tweezers, laser direct writing, visible light communication, and biological chip.
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20
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Yang Y, Zhang X, Liu K, Zhang H, Shi L, He M, Guo Y. Exploring the limits of metasurface polarization multiplexing capability based on deep learning. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:17065-17075. [PMID: 37157770 DOI: 10.1364/oe.490002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Metasurfaces provide a new approach for planar optics and thus have realized multifunctional meta-devices with different multiplexing strategies, among which polarization multiplexing has received much attention due to its convenience. At present, a variety of design methods of polarization multiplexed metasurfaces have been developed based on different meta-atoms. However, as the number of polarization states increases, the response space of meta-atoms becomes more and more complex, and it is difficult for these methods to explore the limit of polarization multiplexing. Deep learning is one of the important routes to solve this problem because it can realize the effective exploration of huge data space. In this work, a design scheme for polarization multiplexed metasurfaces based on deep learning is proposed. The scheme uses a conditional variational autoencoder as an inverse network to generate structural designs and combines a forward network that can predict meta-atoms' responses to improve the accuracy of designs. The cross-shaped structure is used to establish a complicated response space containing different polarization state combinations of incident and outgoing light. The multiplexing effects of the combinations with different numbers of polarization states are tested by utilizing the proposed scheme to design nanoprinting and holographic images. The polarization multiplexing capability limit of four channels (a nanoprinting image and three holographic images) is determined. The proposed scheme lays the foundation for exploring the limits of metasurface polarization multiplexing capability.
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21
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Zhang F, Kong LJ, Zhang Z, Zhang J, Zhang X. Laguerre Gaussian mode holography and its application in optical encryption. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:12922-12931. [PMID: 37157441 DOI: 10.1364/oe.488116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Holography provides an approach to reconstructing both intensity and phase information, and has many applications for microscopic imaging, optical security, and data storage. Recently, the azimuthal Laguerre-Gaussian (LG) mode index, orbital angular momentum (OAM), has been implemented in holography technologies as an independent degree of freedom for high-security encryption. The radial index (RI) of LG mode, however, has not been implemented as an information carrier in holography. Here we propose and demonstrate the RI holography by using strong RI selectivity in the spatial-frequency domain. Furthermore, the LG holography is realized theoretically and experimentally with the (RI, OAM) spanning from (1, -15) to (7, 15), which leads to a 26bit LG-multiplexing hologram for high-security optical encryption. Based on LG holography, a high-capacity holographic information system can be constructed. In our experiments, a LG-multiplexing holography with a span of 217 independent LG channels has been realized, which is inaccessible at present for the OAM holography.
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22
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Shi Z, Wan Z, Zhan Z, Liu K, Liu Q, Fu X. Super-resolution orbital angular momentum holography. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1869. [PMID: 37015931 PMCID: PMC10073211 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37594-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Computer-generated holograms are crucial for a wide range of applications such as 3D displays, information encryption, data storage, and opto-electronic computing. Orbital angular momentum (OAM), as a new degree of freedom with infinite orthogonal states, has been employed to expand the hologram bandwidth. However, in order to reduce strong multiplexing crosstalk, OAM holography suffers from a fundamental sampling criterion that the image sampling distance should be no less than the diameter of largest addressable OAM mode, which severely hinders the increase in resolution and capacity. Here we establish a comprehensive model on multiplexing crosstalk in OAM holography, propose a pseudo incoherent approach that is almost crosstalk-free, and demonstrate an analogous coherent solution by temporal multiplexing, which dramatically eliminates the crosstalk and largely relaxes the constraint upon sampling condition of OAM holography, exhibiting a remarkable resolution enhancement by several times, far beyond the conventional resolution limit of OAM holography, as well as a large scaling of OAM multiplexing capacity at fixed resolution. Our method enables OAM-multiplexed holographic reconstruction with high quality, high resolution, and high capacity, offering an efficient and practical route towards the future high-performance holographic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijian Shi
- Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Space-time Information Sensing Technology, Beijing, 100084, China
- Key Laboratory of Photonic Control Technology (Tsinghua University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zhensong Wan
- Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Space-time Information Sensing Technology, Beijing, 100084, China
- Key Laboratory of Photonic Control Technology (Tsinghua University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Ziyu Zhan
- Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Space-time Information Sensing Technology, Beijing, 100084, China
- Key Laboratory of Photonic Control Technology (Tsinghua University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Kaige Liu
- Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Space-time Information Sensing Technology, Beijing, 100084, China
- Key Laboratory of Photonic Control Technology (Tsinghua University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Space-time Information Sensing Technology, Beijing, 100084, China.
- Key Laboratory of Photonic Control Technology (Tsinghua University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Xing Fu
- Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Space-time Information Sensing Technology, Beijing, 100084, China.
- Key Laboratory of Photonic Control Technology (Tsinghua University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, 100084, China.
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23
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So S, Kim J, Badloe T, Lee C, Yang Y, Kang H, Rho J. Multicolor and 3D Holography Generated by Inverse-Designed Single-Cell Metasurfaces. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2208520. [PMID: 36575136 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202208520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Metasurface-generated holography has emerged as a promising route for fully reproducing vivid scenes by manipulating the optical properties of light using ultra-compact devices. However, achieving multiple holographic images using a single metasurface is still difficult due to the capacity limit of a single meta-atom. In this work, an inverse design method based on gradient-descent optimization is presented to encode multiple pieces of holographic information into a single metasurface. The proposed method allows the inverse design of single-cell metasurfaces without the need for complex meta-atom design strategies, facilitating high-throughput fabrication using broadband low-loss materials. By exploiting the proposed design method, both multiplane red-green-blue (RGB) color and three-dimensional (3D) holograms are designed and experimentally demonstrated. Multiplane RGB color holograms with nine distinct holograms are achieved, which demonstrate the state-of-the-art data capacity of a phase-only metasurface. The first experimental demonstration of metasurface-generated 3D holograms with completely independent and distinct images in each plane is also presented. The current research findings provide a viable route for practical metasurface-generated holography by demonstrating the high-density holography produced by a single metasurface. It is expected to ultimately lead to optical storage, display, and full-color imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunae So
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Electro-Mechanical Systems Engineering, Korea University, Sejong, 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Joohoon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Trevon Badloe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Artificial Intelligence, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Chihun Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghwan Yang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjung Kang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and Metaphotonics, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- National Institute of Nanomaterials Technology (NINT), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
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24
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Yang H, He P, Ou K, Hu Y, Jiang Y, Ou X, Jia H, Xie Z, Yuan X, Duan H. Angular momentum holography via a minimalist metasurface for optical nested encryption. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2023; 12:79. [PMID: 36977672 PMCID: PMC10050323 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01125-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Metasurfaces can perform high-performance multi-functional integration by manipulating the abundant physical dimensions of light, demonstrating great potential in high-capacity information technologies. The orbital angular momentum (OAM) and spin angular momentum (SAM) dimensions have been respectively explored as the independent carrier for information multiplexing. However, fully managing these two intrinsic properties in information multiplexing remains elusive. Here, we propose the concept of angular momentum (AM) holography which can fully synergize these two fundamental dimensions to act as the information carrier, via a single-layer, non-interleaved metasurface. The underlying mechanism relies on independently controlling the two spin eigenstates and arbitrary overlaying them in each operation channel, thereby spatially modulating the resulting waveform at will. As a proof of concept, we demonstrate an AM meta-hologram allowing the reconstruction of two sets of holographic images, i.e., the spin-orbital locked and the spin-superimposed ones. Remarkably, leveraging the designed dual-functional AM meta-hologram, we demonstrate a novel optical nested encryption scheme, which is able to achieve parallel information transmission with ultra-high capacity and security. Our work opens a new avenue for optionally manipulating the AM, holding promising applications in the fields of optical communication, information security and quantum science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yang
- National Research Center for High-Efficiency Grinding, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
- Nanophotonics Research Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-scale Optical Information Technology, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060,, Guangdong, China
| | - Peng He
- National Research Center for High-Efficiency Grinding, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Kai Ou
- Institute of Precision Optical Engineering, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yueqiang Hu
- National Research Center for High-Efficiency Grinding, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China.
- Greater Bay Area Institute for Innovation, Hunan University, Guangzhou, 511300,, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Yuting Jiang
- National Research Center for High-Efficiency Grinding, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Xiangnian Ou
- National Research Center for High-Efficiency Grinding, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
| | - Honghui Jia
- National Research Center for High-Efficiency Grinding, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
- Greater Bay Area Institute for Innovation, Hunan University, Guangzhou, 511300,, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Zhenwei Xie
- Nanophotonics Research Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-scale Optical Information Technology, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060,, Guangdong, China.
| | - Xiaocong Yuan
- Nanophotonics Research Center, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Micro-scale Optical Information Technology, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060,, Guangdong, China
| | - Huigao Duan
- National Research Center for High-Efficiency Grinding, College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China.
- Greater Bay Area Institute for Innovation, Hunan University, Guangzhou, 511300,, Guangdong Province, China.
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25
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Wang L, Dong J, Zhang W, Zheng C, Liu L. Deep Learning Assisted Optimization of Metasurface for Multi-Band Compatible Infrared Stealth and Radiative Thermal Management. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:1030. [PMID: 36985924 PMCID: PMC10058171 DOI: 10.3390/nano13061030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Infrared (IR) stealth plays a vital role in the modern military field. With the continuous development of detection technology, multi-band (such as near-IR laser and middle-IR) compatible IR stealth is required. Combining rigorous coupled wave analysis (RCWA) with Deep Learning (DL), we design a Ge/Ag/Ge multilayer circular-hole metasurface capable of multi-band IR stealth. It achieves low average emissivity of 0.12 and 0.17 in the two atmospheric windows (3~5 μm and 8~14 μm), while it achieves a relatively high average emissivity of 0.61 between the two atmospheric windows (5~8 μm) for the purpose of radiative thermal management. Additionally, the metasurface has a narrow-band high absorptivity of 0.88 at the near-infrared wavelength (1.54 μm) for laser guidance. For the optimized structure, we also analyze the potential physical mechanisms. The structure we optimized is geometrically simple, which may find practical applications aided with advanced nano-fabrication techniques. Also, our work is instructive for the implementation of DL in the design and optimization of multifunctional IR stealth materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
- Optics and Thermal Radiation Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jian Dong
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
- Optics and Thermal Radiation Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
- Optics and Thermal Radiation Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Chong Zheng
- Science and Technology on Optical Radiation Laboratory, Beijing 100854, China
| | - Linhua Liu
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China
- Optics and Thermal Radiation Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
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26
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Wang Z, Chen T, Chen Q, Tu K, Feng Q, Lv G, Wang A, Ming H. Reducing crosstalk of a multi-plane holographic display by the time-multiplexing stochastic gradient descent. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:7413-7424. [PMID: 36859872 DOI: 10.1364/oe.483590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Multi-plane reconstruction is essential for realizing a holographic three-dimensional (3D) display. One fundamental issue in conventional multi-plane Gerchberg-Saxton (GS) algorithm is the inter-plane crosstalk, mainly caused by the neglect of other planes' interference in the process of amplitude replacement at each object plane. In this paper, we proposed the time-multiplexing stochastic gradient descent (TM-SGD) optimization algorithm to reduce the multi-plane reconstruction crosstalk. First, the global optimization feature of stochastic gradient descent (SGD) was utilized to reduce the inter-plane crosstalk. However, the crosstalk optimization effect would degrade as the number of object planes increases, due to the imbalance between input and output information. Thus, we further introduced the time-multiplexing strategy into both the iteration and reconstruction process of multi-plane SGD to increase input information. In TM-SGD, multiple sub-holograms are obtained through multi-loop iteration and then sequentially refreshed on spatial light modulator (SLM). The optimization condition between the holograms and the object planes converts from one-to-many to many-to-many, improving the optimization of inter-plane crosstalk. During the persistence of vision, multiple sub-hologram jointly reconstruct the crosstalk-free multi-plane images. Through simulation and experiment, we confirmed that TM-SGD could effectively reduce the inter-plane crosstalk and improve image quality.The proposed TM-SGD-based holographic display has wide applications in tomographic 3D visualization for biology, medical science, and engineering design, which need to reconstruct multiple independent tomographic images without inter-plane crosstalk.
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Kong LJ, Sun Y, Zhang F, Zhang J, Zhang X. High-Dimensional Entanglement-Enabled Holography. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:053602. [PMID: 36800449 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.053602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
As an important imaging technique, holography has been realized with different physical dimensions of light, including polarization, wavelength, and time. Recently, quantum holography has been demonstrated by utilizing polarization entangled state with the advantages of high robustness and enhanced spatial resolution, comparing with classical holography. However, the polarization is only a two-dimensional degree of freedom, which greatly limits the capacity of quantum holography. Here, we propose a method to realize high-dimensional quantum holography by using high-dimensional orbital angular momentum (OAM) entanglement. A high-capacity OAM-encoded quantum holographic system can be obtained by multiplexing a wide range of OAM-dependent holographic images. Proof-of-principle experiments with four- and six-dimensional OAM entangled states have been implemented and verify the feasibility of our idea. Our experimental results also demonstrate that the high-dimensional quantum holography shows a high robustness to classical noise. What is more, the level of security of the holographic imaging encryption system can be greatly improved in our high-dimensional quantum holography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Jun Kong
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurements of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Nanophotonics and Ultrafine Optoelectronic Systems, School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Yifan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurements of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Nanophotonics and Ultrafine Optoelectronic Systems, School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Furong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurements of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Nanophotonics and Ultrafine Optoelectronic Systems, School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Jingfeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurements of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Nanophotonics and Ultrafine Optoelectronic Systems, School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081 Beijing, China
| | - Xiangdong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurements of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Nanophotonics and Ultrafine Optoelectronic Systems, School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, 100081 Beijing, China
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Khaleghi SSM, Wen D, Cadusch J, Crozier KB. Multicolor detour phase holograms based on an Al plasmonic color filter. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:2061-2071. [PMID: 36785228 DOI: 10.1364/oe.480812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The remarkable advances in nanofabrication that have occurred over the last decade present opportunities for the realization of new types of holograms. In this work, for the first time to the best of our knowledge, a method for phase multicolor holograms based on nanohole arrays is described. The nanoholes are in an aluminum film that is interposed between the glass substrate and a silicon dioxide layer. The nanoholes serve as color filters for blue, green, and red wavelengths and provide the necessary phase distribution via the detour phase method. Our nanohole arrays are optimized to maximize the transmission efficiency of the red, green, and blue channels and to minimize the cross-talk between them. We design two multicolor holograms based on these filters and simulate their performance. The results show good fidelity to the desired holographic images. The proposed structure has the advantages of being very compact, of requiring only a simple fabrication method with one lithography step, and of employing materials (aluminum and silicon dioxide) that are compatible with standard CMOS technology.
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Shi R, Hu S, Sun C, Wang B, Cai Q. Broadband Achromatic Metalens in the Visible Light Spectrum Based on Fresnel Zone Spatial Multiplexing. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:4298. [PMID: 36500921 PMCID: PMC9738994 DOI: 10.3390/nano12234298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Metalenses composed of a large number of subwavelength nanostructures provide the possibility for the miniaturization and integration of the optical system. Broadband polarization-insensitive achromatic metalenses in the visible light spectrum have attracted researchers because of their wide applications in optical integrated imaging. This paper proposes a polarization-insensitive achromatic metalens operating over a continuous bandwidth from 470 nm to 700 nm. The silicon nitride nanopillars of 488 nm and 632.8 nm are interleaved by Fresnel zone spatial multiplexing method, and the particle swarm algorithm is used to optimize the phase compensation. The maximum time-bandwidth product in the phase library is 17.63. The designed focal length can be maintained in the visible light range from 470 nm to 700 nm. The average focusing efficiency reaches 31.71%. The metalens can achieve broadband achromatization using only one shape of nanopillar, which is simple in design and easy to fabricate. The proposed metalens is expected to play an important role in microscopic imaging, cameras, and other fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixue Shi
- School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronics Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Shuling Hu
- School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronics Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Chuanqi Sun
- School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronics Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Institute of Microelectronics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Qingzhong Cai
- School of Instrumentation and Optoelectronics Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
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Ullah N, Zhao R, Huang L. Recent Advancement in Optical Metasurface: Fundament to Application. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:1025. [PMID: 35888842 PMCID: PMC9322754 DOI: 10.3390/mi13071025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Metasurfaces have gained growing interest in recent years due to their simplicity in manufacturing and lower insertion losses. Meanwhile, they can provide unprecedented control over the spatial distribution of transmitted and reflected optical fields in a compact form. The metasurfaces are a kind of planar array of resonant subwavelength components that, depending on the intended optical wavefronts to be sculpted, can be strictly periodic or quasi-periodic, or even aperiodic. For instance, gradient metasurfaces, a subtype of metasurfaces, are designed to exhibit spatially changing optical responses, which result in spatially varying amplitudes of scattered fields and the associated polarization of these fields. This paper starts off by presenting concepts of anomalous reflection and refraction, followed by a brief discussion on the Pancharatanm-Berry Phase (PB) and Huygens' metasurfaces. As an introduction to wavefront manipulation, we next present their key applications. These include planar metalens, cascaded meta-systems, tunable metasurfaces, spectrometer retroreflectors, vortex beams, and holography. The review concludes with a summary, preceded by a perspective outlining our expectations for potential future research work and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naqeeb Ullah
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (N.U.); (R.Z.)
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Balochistan University of Information Technology, Engineering and Management Sciences, Quetta 87300, Pakistan
| | - Ruizhe Zhao
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (N.U.); (R.Z.)
| | - Lingling Huang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center of Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China; (N.U.); (R.Z.)
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Hsu WL, Chen YC, Yeh SP, Zeng QC, Huang YW, Wang CM. Review of Metasurfaces and Metadevices: Advantages of Different Materials and Fabrications. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12121973. [PMID: 35745310 PMCID: PMC9231017 DOI: 10.3390/nano12121973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Flat optics, metasurfaces, metalenses, and related materials promise novel on-demand light modulation within ultrathin layers at wavelength scale, enabling a plethora of next-generation optical devices, also known as metadevices. Metadevices designed with different materials have been proposed and demonstrated for different applications, and the mass production of metadevices is necessary for metadevices to enter the consumer electronics market. However, metadevice manufacturing processes are mainly based on electron beam lithography, which exhibits low productivity and high costs for mass production. Therefore, processes compatible with standard complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor manufacturing techniques that feature high productivity, such as i-line stepper and nanoimprint lithography, have received considerable attention. This paper provides a review of current metasurfaces and metadevices with a focus on materials and manufacturing processes. We also provide an analysis of the relationship between the aspect ratio and efficiency of different materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Lun Hsu
- Department of Optics and Photonics, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan; (W.-L.H.); (Y.-C.C.); (S.P.Y.); (Q.-C.Z.)
| | - Yen-Chun Chen
- Department of Optics and Photonics, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan; (W.-L.H.); (Y.-C.C.); (S.P.Y.); (Q.-C.Z.)
| | - Shang Ping Yeh
- Department of Optics and Photonics, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan; (W.-L.H.); (Y.-C.C.); (S.P.Y.); (Q.-C.Z.)
| | - Qiu-Chun Zeng
- Department of Optics and Photonics, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan; (W.-L.H.); (Y.-C.C.); (S.P.Y.); (Q.-C.Z.)
| | - Yao-Wei Huang
- Department of Photonics, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (Y.-W.H.); (C.-M.W.)
| | - Chih-Ming Wang
- Department of Optics and Photonics, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan; (W.-L.H.); (Y.-C.C.); (S.P.Y.); (Q.-C.Z.)
- Correspondence: (Y.-W.H.); (C.-M.W.)
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Pixel-level Bayer-type colour router based on metasurfaces. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3288. [PMID: 35672323 PMCID: PMC9174490 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31019-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The three primary colour model, i.e., red, green, and blue model, based on the colour perception of the human eye, has been widely used in colour imaging. The most common approach for obtaining colour information is to use a Bayer colour filter, which filters colour light with four pixels of an imaging sensor to form an effective colour pixel. However, its energy utilization efficiency and colour collection efficiency are limited to a low level due to the three-channel filtering nature. Here, by employing an inverse-design method, we demonstrate a pixel-level metasurface-based Bayer-type colour router that presents peak colour collection efficiencies of 58%, 59%, and 49% for red, green and blue light, and an average energy utilization efficiency as high as 84% over the visible region (400 nm–700 nm), which is twice as high as that of a commercial Bayer colour filter. Furthermore, by using a 200 µm × 200 µm metasurface-based colour router sample working with a monochromatic imaging sensor, colour imaging is further realized, obtaining an image intensity twice that achieved by a commercial Bayer colour filter. Our work innovates the mechanism of high-efficiency spectrum information acquisition, which is expected to have promising applications in the development of next-generation imaging systems. Though metasurface-based 3D colour routers are attractive for next-generation colour imaging systems, their complex fabrication and poor performance remain a bottleneck. Here, the authors use the inverse-design method to realize high performance metasurface-based Bayer-type colour routers.
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Wang M, Cheng Y, Wu L. Ultra-broadband high-efficiency circular polarization conversion and terahertz wavefront manipulation based on an all-metallic reflective metasurface. APPLIED OPTICS 2022; 61:4833-4842. [PMID: 36255967 DOI: 10.1364/ao.454099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, an all-metal metasurface (MS), which can achieve high-efficient reflective circular-polarization conversion and multifunctional terahertz (THz) wavefront manipulation in an ultra-broadband frequency range, is proposed and investigated theoretically. The proposed all-metal MS consists of the periodic array of a gold vertical-split-ring (VSR) structure adhered on gold substrate. Numerical simulation results indicate that the proposed MS structure can convert the incident circular-polarization (CP) wave into its orthogonal component after reflection with a conversion coefficient over 95% from 0.8 to 1.65 THz (relative bandwidth of 68.3%). The full 2π phase shift of the proposed MS in this frequency range can be obtained by changing the rotation angle of the VSR structure along the wave propagation direction. As proof of concept for the multifunctional wavefront manipulation, anomalous reflection, reflective planar focusing, and vortex beam generation are numerically demonstrated based on the Pancharatnam-Berry (PB) phase principle. Our work can provide an effective method of enhancing the performance of reflective-type all-metal MS and show endless potential in wavefront manipulation and communication applications in THz and even optical region.
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Zhao K, Zhang Z, Zang H, Luo H, Lu Y, Wang P. Resolving the subwavelength width of nanoslits by full-Stokes polarization analysis of scattered light. OPTICS LETTERS 2022; 47:2654-2657. [PMID: 35648897 DOI: 10.1364/ol.455057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Due to the diffraction limit, subwavelength nanoslits (whose width is strictly smaller than λ/2) are hard to resolve by optical microscopy. Here, we overcome the diffraction limit by measuring the full Stokes parameters of the scattered field of the subwavelength nanoslits with varying width under the illumination of a linearly-polarized laser with a 45° polarization orientation angle. Because of the depolarization effect arising from the different phase delay and amplitude transmittance for TM polarization (perpendicular to the long axis of slit) and TE polarization (parallel to the long axis of slit), the state of polarization (SOP) of the scattered light strongly depends on the slit width for subwavelength nanoslits. After correcting for residual background light, the nanoslit width measured by the SOP of scattered light is consistent with the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) measurement. The simulation and experiment in this work demonstrate a new far-field optical technique to determine the width of subwavelength nanoslits by studying the SOP of the scattered light.
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Yamada N, Saito H, Ikezawa S, Iwami K. Demonstration of a multicolor metasurface holographic movie based on a cinematographic approach. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:17591-17603. [PMID: 36221578 DOI: 10.1364/oe.457460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study uses a dielectric metasurface to demonstrates a multicolor holographic movie. Overlapping of multiple-wavelength images at 445 nm, 532 nm, and 633 nm was achieved by maintaining the ratio between the wavelengths and the pixel periods constant. Polarization-independent pillar waveguides made of single-crystal silicon are used as meta-atoms. A movie of the rotating earth was designed by the iterative Fourier transform algorithm and fabricated using electron beam lithography to a silicon-on-sapphire substrate. The multicolor movie consists of 20 frames was successfully reproduced at the maximum speed of 30 frames per second.
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36
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Zhang XG, Sun YL, Zhu B, Jiang WX, Yu Q, Tian HW, Qiu CW, Zhang Z, Cui TJ. A metasurface-based light-to-microwave transmitter for hybrid wireless communications. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2022; 11:126. [PMID: 35513383 PMCID: PMC9072331 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-00817-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Signal conversion plays an important role in many applications such as communication, sensing, and imaging. Realizing signal conversion between optical and microwave frequencies is a crucial step to construct hybrid communication systems that combine both optical and microwave wireless technologies to achieve better features, which are highly desirable in the future wireless communications. However, such a signal conversion process typically requires a complicated relay to perform multiple operations, which will consume additional hardware/time/energy resources. Here, we report a light-to-microwave transmitter based on the time-varying and programmable metasurface integrated with a high-speed photoelectric detection circuit into a hybrid. Such a transmitter can convert a light intensity signal to two microwave binary frequency shift keying signals by using the dispersion characteristics of the metasurface to implement the frequency division multiplexing. To illustrate the metasurface-based transmitter, a hybrid wireless communication system that allows dual-channel data transmissions in a light-to-microwave link is demonstrated, and the experimental results show that two different videos can be transmitted and received simultaneously and independently. Our metasurface-enabled signal conversion solution may enrich the functionalities of metasurfaces, and could also stimulate new information-oriented applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ge Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, 210096, Nanjing, China
| | - Ya Lun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, 210096, Nanjing, China
| | - Bingcheng Zhu
- National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, 210096, Nanjing, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security, Southeast University, 210096, Nanjing, China
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, 211111, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Xiang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, 210096, Nanjing, China.
- Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security, Southeast University, 210096, Nanjing, China.
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, 211111, Nanjing, China.
| | - Qian Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, 210096, Nanjing, China
| | - Han Wei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, 210096, Nanjing, China
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Zaichen Zhang
- National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, 210096, Nanjing, China.
- Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security, Southeast University, 210096, Nanjing, China.
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, 211111, Nanjing, China.
| | - Tie Jun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, 210096, Nanjing, China.
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Khalid AUR, Feng F, Khan MI, Yuan X, Somekh MG. All-dielectric metasurface designs for spin-tunable beam splitting via simultaneous manipulation of propagation and geometric phases. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:13459-13468. [PMID: 35472957 DOI: 10.1364/oe.453505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Metasurfaces offer diverse wavefront control by manipulating amplitude, phase, and polarization of light which is beneficial to design subwavelength scaled integrated photonic devices. Metasurfaces based tunable circular polarization (CP) beam splitting is one functionality of interest in polarization control. Here, we propose and numerically realize metasurface based spin tunable beam splitter which splits the incoming CP beam into two different directions and tune the splitting angles by switching the handedness of incident light polarization. The proposed design approach has potential in applications such as optical communication, multiplexing, and imaging.
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Jie K, Huang H, Qin S, Guo J, Liu H, Meng H, Wang F, Yang X, Wei Z. Electronically Controlled Time-Domain Integral Average Depolarizer Based on a Barium Titanate (BTO) Metasurface. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12071228. [PMID: 35407345 PMCID: PMC9003384 DOI: 10.3390/nano12071228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A depolarizer, a kind of optical element that converts polarized light to unpolarized light, has been found massive applications in classical optics. However, depolarizers based on metasurface which can be applied in integrated optics have rarely been proposed. In this paper, an electronically controlled metasurface depolarizer is demonstrated based on the time-domain integral average method and nano-material barium titanate. It obtains emergent light with a degree of polarization reduced to 2.5% when hit by linearly polarized light at 633 nm, and has a transmission efficiency greater than 72%. This depolarizing metasurface can be designed on-demand, immunizing the degree of the emergent light from its size, and has the simple electronic control with high-speed response.
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He H, Dai G, Cheng H, Wang Y, Jia X, Yin M, Huang Q, Lu Y. Arbitrary active control of the Pancharatnam-Berry phase in a terahertz metasurface. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:11444-11458. [PMID: 35473088 DOI: 10.1364/oe.450117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Active phase-control metasurfaces show outstanding capability in the active manipulation of light propagation, while the previous active phase control methods have many constraints in the cost of simulation or the phase modulation range. In this paper, we design and demonstrate a phase controlled metastructure based on two circular split ring resonators (CSRRs) composed of silicon and Au with different widths, which can continuously achieve an arbitrary Pancharatnam-Berry (PB) phase between -π and π before or after active control. The PB phase of such a metasurface before active control is determined by the rotation angle of the Au-composed CSRR, while the PB phase after active control is determined by the rotation angle of the silicon-composed CSRR. And active control of the PB phase is realized by varying conductivity of silicon under an external optical pump. Based on this metastructure, active control of light deflection, metalens with arbitrary reconfigurable focal points and achromatic metalens under selective frequencies are designed and simulated. Moreover, the experimental results demonstrate that focal spots of metalens can be actively controlled by the optical pump, in accord with the simulated ones. Our metastructure implements a plethora of metasurfaces' active phase modulation and provides applications in active light manipulation.
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Kim G, Kim S, Kim H, Lee J, Badloe T, Rho J. Metasurface-empowered spectral and spatial light modulation for disruptive holographic displays. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:4380-4410. [PMID: 35266481 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr07909c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The holographic display, one of the most realistic ways to reconstruct optical images in three-dimensional (3D) space, has gained a lot of attention as a next-generation display platform for providing deeper immersive experiences to users. So far, diffractive optical elements (DOEs) and spatial light modulators (SLMs) have been used to generate holographic images by modulating electromagnetic waves at each pixel. However, such architectures suffer from limitations in terms of having a resolution of only a few microns and the bulkiness of the entire optical system. In this review, we describe novel metasurfaces-based nanophotonic platforms that have shown exceptional control of electromagnetic waves at the subwavelength scale as promising candidates to overcome existing restrictions, while realizing flat optical devices. After introducing the fundamentals of metasurfaces in terms of spatial and spectral wavefront modulation, we present a variety of multiplexing approaches for high-capacity and full-color metaholograms exploiting the multiple properties of light as an information carrier. We then review tunable metaholograms using active materials modulated by several external stimuli. Afterward, we discuss the integration of metasurfaces with other optical elements required for future 3D display platforms in augmented/virtual reality (AR/VR) displays such as lenses, beam splitters, diffusers, and eye-tracking sensors. Finally, we address the challenges of conventional nanofabrication methods and introduce scalable preparation techniques that can be applied to metasurface-based nanophotonic technologies towards commercially and ergonomically viable future holographic displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyeongtae Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seokwoo Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hongyoon Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jihae Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Trevon Badloe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
- POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and Metaphotonics, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
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Chen H, Qin Z, Hu T, Chen Z, Zhan P, Wang Z. Dielectric loading method for doubly resonant enhancement of third-harmonic generation from complementary split-ring resonators. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:225204. [PMID: 35180712 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac56bb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nonlinear optical response could be greatly enhanced when metasurfaces support plasmonic resonances at both fundamental and harmonic wavelengths. However, it is still challenging to fulfill the doubly resonant condition. Here, we propose a dielectric-loading method, which simply coats a conformal thin dielectric layer onto the plasmonic metasurfaces, to introduce an additional degree of freedom and make the doubly resonant condition easily fulfilled. We demonstrate that by simultaneously tuning the thickness of the coated dielectric layer and the geometrical parameters of the gold complementary split-ring resonators (CSRRs), the doubly resonant enhancement of third harmonic generation (THG) could be achieved for any given fundamental wavelengths. We also experimentally verify this concept and show that the THG intensity in the dielectric-loaded CSRRs under the doubly resonant condition could be further increased about 3 times as compared with the case of the conventional CSRRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- School of Physics and National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaofu Qin
- School of Physics and National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Taozheng Hu
- School of Physics and National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhuo Chen
- School of Physics and National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Zhan
- School of Physics and National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenlin Wang
- School of Physics and National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, 22 Hankou Road, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
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42
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Wang L, Wang T, Yan R, Yue X, Wang H, Wang Y, Zhang J. Tunable structural colors generated by hybrid Si 3N 4 and Al metasurfaces. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:7299-7307. [PMID: 35299494 DOI: 10.1364/oe.451040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Metasurfaces with the capability of spectrum manipulation at subwavelength can generate structural colors. However, their practical applications in dynamic displays are limited because their optical performance is immutable after the fabrication of the metasurfaces. In this study, we demonstrate a color-tunable metasurface using numerical analysis. Moreover, we select a low-refractive-index dielectric material, Si3N4, which leaks the electric field to its surroundings. We investigate the potencial of these metasurfaces by simulations to achieve color-tuneable devices with encrypted watermarks. This modulation of colors can be applied to encrypted watermarks, anti-counterfeiting, and dynamic displays.
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43
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Ding Y, Chen X, Duan Y, Huang H, Zhang L, Chang S, Guo X, Ni X. Metasurface-Dressed Two-Dimensional on-Chip Waveguide for Free-Space Light Field Manipulation. ACS PHOTONICS 2022; 9:398-404. [PMID: 35224133 PMCID: PMC8855832 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.1c01577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We show that a metasurface-coated two-dimensional (2D) slab waveguide enables the generation of arbitrary complex light fields by combining the extreme versatility and freedom on the wavefront control of optical metasurfaces with the compactness of photonic integrated circuits. We demonstrated off-chip 2D focusing and holographic projection with our metasurface-dressed photonic integrated devices. This technology holds the potential for many other optical applications requiring 2D light field manipulation with full on-chip integration, such as solid-state LiDAR and near-eye AR/VR displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimin Ding
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania
State University, University
Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Xi Chen
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania
State University, University
Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Yao Duan
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania
State University, University
Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Haiyang Huang
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania
State University, University
Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Lidan Zhang
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania
State University, University
Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Shengyuan Chang
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania
State University, University
Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Xuexue Guo
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania
State University, University
Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Xingjie Ni
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania
State University, University
Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- Material
Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
- E-mail:
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44
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He J, Wan M, Zhang X, Yuan S, Zhang L, Wang J. Generating ultraviolet perfect vortex beams using a high-efficiency broadband dielectric metasurface. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:4806-4816. [PMID: 35209454 DOI: 10.1364/oe.451218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Due to the topological charge-independent doughnut spatial structure as well as the association of orbital angular momentums, perfect vortex beams promise significant advances in fiber communication, optical manipulation and quantum optics. Inspired by the development of planar photonics, several plasmonic and dielectric metasurfaces have been constructed to generate perfect vortex beams, instead of conventional bulky configuration. However, owing to the intrinsic Ohmic losses and interband electron transitions in materials, these metasurface-based vortex beam generators only work at optical frequencies up to the visible range. Herein, using silicon nitride nanopillars as high-efficiency half-wave plates, broadband and high-performance metasurfaces are designed and demonstrated numerically to directly produce perfect vortex beams in the ultraviolet region, by combining the phase profiles of spiral phase plate, axicon and Fourier transformation lens based on geometric phase. The conversion efficiency of the metasurface is up to 86.6% at the design wavelength. Moreover, the influence of several control parameters on perfect vortex beam structures is discussed. We believe that this ultraviolet dielectric generator of perfect vortex beams will find many significant applications, such as high-resolution spectroscopy, optical tweezer and on-chip communication.
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45
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Huang Y, Xiao T, Xie Z, Zheng J, Su Y, Chen W, Liu K, Tang M, Zhu J, Li L. Single-layered phase-change metasurfaces achieving efficient wavefront manipulation and reversible chiral transmission. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:1337-1350. [PMID: 35209296 DOI: 10.1364/oe.447545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Efficient control of the phase and polarization of light is of significant importance in modern optics and photonics. However, traditional methods are often accompanied with cascaded and bulky designs that cannot fulfill the ongoing demand for further integrations. Here, a single-layered metasurface composed of nonvolatile phase-change material Ge2Sb2Se4Te1 (GSST) is proposed with tunable spin-orbit interactions in subwavelength scale. According to the spin-dependent destructive or constructive interference, asymmetric transmission for circularly polarized incidence (extinction ratio > 8:1) can be achieved when GSST is in an amorphous state. Moreover, when GSST changes to crystalline state, reversed chiral transmission (extinction ratio > 12:1) can be observed due to the existence of intrinsic chirality. In addition, as the average cross-polarized transmitted amplitude is larger than 85%, arbitrary wavefront manipulations can be achieved in both states simultaneously based on the theory of Pancharatnam-Berry phase. As a proof of concept, several functional metasurface devices are designed and characterized to further demonstrate the validation of our design methodology. It is believed that these multifunctional devices with ultrahigh compactness are promising for various applications including chiroptical spectroscopy, EM communication, chiral imaging, and information encryption.
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46
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Guo X, Zhong J, Li B, Qi S, Li Y, Li P, Wen D, Liu S, Wei B, Zhao J. Full-Color Holographic Display and Encryption with Full-Polarization Degree of Freedom. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2103192. [PMID: 34363242 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202103192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Metasurfaces provide a compact and powerful platform for manipulating the fundamental properties of light, and have shown unprecedented capabilities in both optical holographic display and information encryption. For increasing information display/storage capacity, metasurfaces with more polarization manipulation channel and full-color holographic functionality are now an urgent requirement. Here, a minimalist dielectric metasurface with the capability of full-color holography encoded with arbitrary polarization is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. Without the daunting exploratory and computational problem in nanostructure searching, full-color holographic images can be multiplexed into arbitrary polarization channels through vectorial ptychography and k-space ptychography based on tetratomic macropixel geometric phase metasurfaces. Thanks to the full degree of freedom tuning in polarization and color spaces, the application scenarios such as holographic 3D imaging and information encryption are realized. The strategy exhibits promising potential in applications of 3Dl display, augmented/virtual reality, high-density data storage, and encryption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuyue Guo
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Optical Information Technology, School of Physical Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, China
| | - Jinzhan Zhong
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Optical Information Technology, School of Physical Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, China
| | - Bingjie Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Optical Information Technology, School of Physical Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, China
| | - Shuxia Qi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Optical Information Technology, School of Physical Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, China
| | - Yu Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Optical Information Technology, School of Physical Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, China
- Xi'an Mingde Institute of Technology, Xi'an, 710124, China
| | - Peng Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Optical Information Technology, School of Physical Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, China
| | - Dandan Wen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Optical Information Technology, School of Physical Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, China
| | - Sheng Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Optical Information Technology, School of Physical Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, China
| | - Bingyan Wei
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Optical Information Technology, School of Physical Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, China
| | - Jianlin Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Material Physics and Chemistry under Extraordinary Conditions, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Optical Information Technology, School of Physical Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, 710129, China
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47
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Jung C, Kim G, Jeong M, Jang J, Dong Z, Badloe T, Yang JKW, Rho J. Metasurface-Driven Optically Variable Devices. Chem Rev 2021; 121:13013-13050. [PMID: 34491723 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Optically variable devices (OVDs) are in tremendous demand as optical indicators against the increasing threat of counterfeiting. Conventional OVDs are exposed to the danger of fraudulent replication with advances in printing technology and widespread copying methods of security features. Metasurfaces, two-dimensional arrays of subwavelength structures known as meta-atoms, have been nominated as a candidate for a new generation of OVDs as they exhibit exceptional behaviors that can provide a more robust solution for optical anti-counterfeiting. Unlike conventional OVDs, metasurface-driven OVDs (mOVDs) can contain multiple optical responses in a single device, making them difficult to reverse engineered. Well-known examples of mOVDs include ultrahigh-resolution structural color printing, various types of holography, and polarization encoding. In this review, we discuss the new generation of mOVDs. The fundamentals of plasmonic and dielectric metasurfaces are presented to explain how the optical responses of metasurfaces can be manipulated. Then, examples of monofunctional, tunable, and multifunctional mOVDs are discussed. We follow up with a discussion of the fabrication methods needed to realize these mOVDs, classified into prototyping and manufacturing techniques. Finally, we provide an outlook and classification of mOVDs with respect to their capacity and security level. We believe this newly proposed concept of OVDs may bring about a new era of optical anticounterfeit technology leveraging the novel concepts of nano-optics and nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunghwan Jung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyeongtae Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsu Jeong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehyuck Jang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Zhaogang Dong
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 138634, Singapore
| | - Trevon Badloe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Joel K W Yang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 138634, Singapore.,Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 487372, Singapore
| | - Junsuk Rho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea.,POSCO-POSTECH-RIST Convergence Research Center for Flat Optics and Metaphotonics, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
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48
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Shan X, Li Z, Dai Q, Li J, Fu R, He Z, Tao J, Zheng G. Metasurfaces with single-sized antennas for reconstructing full-color holographic images without cross talk. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:5417-5420. [PMID: 34724489 DOI: 10.1364/ol.442477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Designing a color hologram with conventional metasurfaces usually resorts to a supercell strategy or single-sized approach with different incident angles. However, these designs still have their own drawbacks that need to be further solved. Herein, we show a new, to the best of our knowledge, single-sized strategy to design full-color geometric meta-holograms by utilizing the conjugation property of two circularly polarized lights with opposite handedness and diffraction dispersion. The experimentally captured holographic color images are reconstructed with high quality and without cross talk, which agrees well with our theoretical prediction. Moreover, only with an appropriate combination of wavelength and polarization state can color images be observed accurately. Our strategy provides a simple and effective approach for full-color meta-holography and offers significant potential in image display, information storage, etc.
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49
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Yi S, Xiang J, Zhou M, Wu Z, Yang L, Yu Z. Angle-based wavefront sensing enabled by the near fields of flat optics. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6002. [PMID: 34650050 PMCID: PMC8516895 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26169-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a long history of using angle sensors to measure wavefront. The best example is the Shack-Hartmann sensor. Compared to other methods of wavefront sensing, angle-based approach is more broadly used in industrial applications and scientific research. Its wide adoption is attributed to its fully integrated setup, robustness, and fast speed. However, there is a long-standing issue in its low spatial resolution, which is limited by the size of the angle sensor. Here we report a angle-based wavefront sensor to overcome this challenge. It uses ultra-compact angle sensor built from flat optics. It is directly integrated on focal plane array. This wavefront sensor inherits all the benefits of the angle-based method. Moreover, it improves the spatial sampling density by over two orders of magnitude. The drastically improved resolution allows angle-based sensors to be used for quantitative phase imaging, enabling capabilities such as video-frame recording of high-resolution surface topography. Generally, wavefronts are measured using angle-based sensors like the Shack-Hartmann sensor. Here, the authors present an angle-sensitive device that uses flat optics integrated on a focal plane array for compact wavefront sensing with improved resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soongyu Yi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jin Xiang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ming Zhou
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Zhicheng Wu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Lan Yang
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Zongfu Yu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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50
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Sun T, Hu J, Ma S, Xu F, Wang C. Polarization-insensitive achromatic metalens based on computational wavefront coding. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:31902-31914. [PMID: 34615272 DOI: 10.1364/oe.433017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Broadband achromatic metalens imaging is of great interest in various applications, such as integrated imaging and augmented/virtual reality display. Current methods of achromatic metalenses mainly rely on the compensation of a linear phase dispersion implemented with complex nanostructures. Here, we propose and experimentally demonstrate a polarization-insensitive achromatic metalens (PIA-ML) based on computational wavefront coding. In this method, simple circular or square nanopillars are individually coded such that the focal depths at wavelengths at both ends of the achromatic bandwidth overlap at the designed focal plane, which removes the limitation of requiring a linear phase dispersion. An optimized PIA-ML that works in the full optical communication band from 1300 to 1700nm was obtained using a particle swarm optimization algorithm. Experimental results show that both focusing and imaging of the fabricated metalens are consistent with theoretical predictions within the broadband wavelength range, which provides a new methodology for ultra-broadband achromatic imaging with simple-shaped nanostructures.
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