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Msellemu D, Tanner M, Yadav R, Moore SJ. Occupational exposure to malaria, leishmaniasis and arbovirus vectors in endemic regions: A systematic review. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PARASITOLOGY & VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES 2024; 6:100185. [PMID: 39027087 PMCID: PMC11252614 DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2024.100185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Vector-borne diseases, including dengue, leishmaniasis and malaria, may be more common among individuals whose occupations or behaviours bring them into frequent contact with these disease vectors outside of their homes. A systematic review was conducted to ascertain at-risk occupations and situations that put individuals at increased risk of exposure to these disease vectors in endemic regions and identify the most suitable interventions for each exposure. The review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines on articles published between 1945 and October 2021, searched in 16 online databases. The primary outcome was incidence or prevalence of dengue, leishmaniasis or malaria. The review excluded ecological and qualitative studies, abstracts only, letters, commentaries, reviews, and studies of laboratory-acquired infections. Studies were appraised, data extracted, and a descriptive analysis conducted. Bite interventions for each risk group were assessed. A total of 1170 articles were screened and 99 included. Malaria, leishmaniasis and dengue were presented in 47, 41 and 24 articles, respectively; some articles presented multiple conditions. The most represented populations were soldiers, 38% (43 of 112 studies); refugees and travellers, 15% (17) each; migrant workers, 12.5% (14); miners, 9% (10); farmers, 5% (6); rubber tappers and missionaries, 1.8% (2) each; and forest workers, 0.9% (1). Risk of exposure was categorised into round-the-clock or specific times of day/night dependent on occupation. Exposure to these vectors presents a critical and understudied concern for outdoor workers and mobile populations. When devising interventions to provide round-the-clock vector bite protection, two populations are considered. First, mobile populations, characterized by their high mobility, may find potential benefits in insecticide-treated clothing, though more research and optimization are essential. Treated clothing offers personal vector protection and holds promise for economically disadvantaged individuals, especially when enabling them to self-treat their clothing to repel vectors. Secondly, semi-permanent and permanent settlement populations can receive a combination of interventions that offer both personal and community protection, including spatial repellents, suitable for extended stays. Existing research is heavily biased towards tourism and the military, diverting attention and resources from vulnerable populations where these interventions are most required like refugee populations as well as those residing in sub-Saharan Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Msellemu
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit, Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Tanzania
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marcel Tanner
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rajpal Yadav
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
- Academy of Public Health Entomology, Udaipur, 313 002, India
| | - Sarah J. Moore
- Vector Control Product Testing Unit, Environmental Health and Ecological Sciences Department, Ifakara Health Institute, Tanzania
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Kreuzstrasse 2, 4123, Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4003, Basel, Switzerland
- The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology (NM-AIST), P.O. Box 447, Tengeru, Arusha, Tanzania
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Leandro AS, Chiba de Castro WA, Garey MV, Maciel-de-Freitas R. Spatial analysis of dengue transmission in an endemic city in Brazil reveals high spatial structuring on local dengue transmission dynamics. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8930. [PMID: 38637572 PMCID: PMC11026424 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59537-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
In the last decades, dengue has become one of the most widespread mosquito-borne arboviruses in the world, with an increasing incidence in tropical and temperate regions. The mosquito Aedes aegypti is the dengue primary vector and is more abundant in highly urbanized areas. Traditional vector control methods have showing limited efficacy in sustaining mosquito population at low levels to prevent dengue virus outbreaks. Considering disease transmission is not evenly distributed in the territory, one perspective to enhance vector control efficacy relies on identifying the areas that concentrate arbovirus transmission within an endemic city, i.e., the hotspots. Herein, we used a 13-month timescale during the SARS-Cov-2 pandemic and its forced reduction in human mobility and social isolation to investigate the spatiotemporal association between dengue transmission in children and entomological indexes based on adult Ae. aegypti trapping. Dengue cases and the indexes Trap Positive Index (TPI) and Adult Density Index (ADI) varied seasonally, as expected: more than 51% of cases were notified on the first 2 months of the study, and higher infestation was observed in warmer months. The Moran's Eigenvector Maps (MEM) and Generalized Linear Models (GLM) revealed a strong large-scale spatial structuring in the positive dengue cases, with an unexpected negative correlation between dengue transmission and ADI. Overall, the global model and the purely spatial model presented a better fit to data. Our results show high spatial structure and low correlation between entomological and epidemiological data in Foz do Iguaçu dengue transmission dynamics, suggesting the role of human mobility might be overestimated and that other factors not evaluated herein could be playing a significant role in governing dengue transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- André S Leandro
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Centro de Controle de Zoonoses, Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Foz do Iguaçu, Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil
| | | | | | - Rafael Maciel-de-Freitas
- Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
- Department of Arbovirology, Bernhard-Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, Germany.
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Ortega-López LD, Betancourth MP, León R, Kohl A, Ferguson HM. Behaviour and distribution of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes and their relation to dengue incidence in two transmission hotspots in coastal Ecuador. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0010932. [PMID: 38683840 PMCID: PMC11081501 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dengue (DENV) transmission is endemic throughout coastal Ecuador, showing heterogeneous incidence patterns in association with fine-scale variation in Aedes aegypti vector populations and other factors. Here, we investigated the impact of micro-climate and neighbourhood-level variation in urbanization on Aedes abundance, resting behaviour and associations with dengue incidence in two endemic areas. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Aedes aegypti were collected in Quinindé and Portoviejo, two urban cantons with hyperendemic dengue transmission in coastal Ecuador. Aedes vectors were sampled in and around houses within urban and peri-urban neighbourhoods at four time periods. We tested for variation in vector abundance and resting behaviour in relation to neighbourhood urbanization level and microclimatic factors. Aedes abundance increased towards the end of the rainy season, was significantly higher in Portoviejo than in Quinindé, and in urban than in peri-urban neighbourhoods. Aedes vectors were more likely to rest inside houses in Portoviejo but had similar abundance in indoor and outdoor resting collections in Quinindé. Over the study period, DENV incidence was lower in Quinindé than in Portoviejo. Relationships between weekly Ae. aegypti abundance and DENV incidence were highly variable between trapping methods; with positive associations being detected only between BG-sentinel and outdoor Prokopack collections. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Aedes aegypti abundance was significantly higher in urban than peri-urban neighbourhoods, and their resting behaviour varied between study sites. This fine-scale spatial heterogeneity in Ae. aegypti abundance and behaviour could generate site-specific variation in human exposure and the effectiveness of indoor-based interventions. The trap-dependent nature of associations between Aedes abundance and local DENV incidence indicates further work is needed to identify robust entomological indicators of infection risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo D. Ortega-López
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Mauro Pazmiño Betancourth
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Renato León
- Laboratorio de Entomología Médica & Medicina Tropical LEMMT, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales COCIBA, Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Alain Kohl
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Heather M. Ferguson
- School of Biodiversity, One Health and Veterinary Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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Durrance-Bagale A, Hoe N, Lai J, Liew JWK, Clapham H, Howard N. Dengue vector control in high-income, city settings: A scoping review of approaches and methods. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0012081. [PMID: 38630673 PMCID: PMC11023197 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dengue virus (DENV) is endemic to many parts of the world and has serious health and socioeconomic effects even in high-income countries, especially with rapid changes in the climate globally. We explored the literature on dengue vector control methods used in high-income, city settings and associations with dengue incidence, dengue prevalence, or mosquito vector densities. METHODS Studies of any design or year were included if they reported effects on human DENV infection or Aedes vector indices of dengue-specific vector control interventions in high-income, city settings. RESULTS Of 24 eligible sources, most reported research in the United States (n = 8) or Australia (n = 5). Biocontrol (n = 12) and chemical control (n = 13) were the most frequently discussed vector control methods. Only 6 sources reported data on the effectiveness of a given method in reducing human DENV incidence or prevalence, 2 described effects of larval and adult control on Aedes DENV positivity, 20 reported effectiveness in reducing vector density, using insecticide, larvicide, source reduction, auto-dissemination of pyriproxyfen and Wolbachia, and only 1 described effects on human-vector contact. CONCLUSIONS As most studies reported reductions in vector densities, rather than any effects on human DENV incidence or prevalence, we can draw no clear conclusions on which interventions might be most effective in reducing dengue in high-income, city areas. More research is needed linking evidence on the effects of different DENV vector control methods with dengue incidence/prevalence or mosquito vector densities in high-income, city settings as this is likely to differ from low-income settings. This is a significant evidence gap as climate changes increase the global reach of DENV. The importance of community involvement was clear in several studies, although it is impossible to tease out the relative contributions of this from other control methods used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Durrance-Bagale
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Department of Global Health & Development, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nirel Hoe
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jane Lai
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Hannah Clapham
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Natasha Howard
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, Department of Global Health & Development, London, United Kingdom
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Lee YP, Wen TH. Understanding the spread of infectious diseases in edge areas of hotspots: dengue epidemics in tropical metropolitan regions. Int J Health Geogr 2023; 22:36. [PMID: 38072931 PMCID: PMC10710714 DOI: 10.1186/s12942-023-00355-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Identifying clusters or hotspots from disease maps is critical in research and practice. Hotspots have been shown to have a higher potential for transmission risk and may be the source of infections, making them a priority for controlling epidemics. However, the role of edge areas of hotspots in disease transmission remains unclear. This study aims to investigate the role of edge areas in disease transmission by examining whether disease incidence rate growth is higher in the edges of disease hotspots during outbreaks. Our data is based on the three most severe dengue epidemic years in Kaohsiung city, Taiwan, from 1998 to 2020. We employed conditional autoregressive (CAR) models and Bayesian areal Wombling methods to identify significant edge areas of hotspots based on the extent of risk difference between adjacent areas. The difference-in-difference (DID) estimator in spatial panel models measures the growth rate of risk by comparing the incidence rate between two groups (hotspots and edge areas) over two time periods. Our results show that in years characterized by exceptionally large-scale outbreaks, the edge areas of hotspots have a more significant increase in disease risk than hotspots, leading to a higher risk of disease transmission and potential disease foci. This finding explains the geographic diffusion mechanism of epidemics, a pattern mixed with expansion and relocation, indicating that the edge areas play an essential role. The study highlights the importance of considering edge areas of hotspots in disease transmission. Furthermore, it provides valuable insights for policymakers and health authorities in designing effective interventions to control large-scale disease outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Peng Lee
- Department of Geography, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
- National Science and Technology Center for Disaster Reduction, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzai-Hung Wen
- Department of Geography, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Kirstein OD, Culquichicon C, Che-Mendoza A, Navarrete-Carballo J, Wang J, Bibiano-Marin W, Gonzalez-Olvera G, Ayora-Talavera G, Earnest J, Puerta-Guardo H, Pavia-Ruz N, Correa-Morales F, Medina-Barreiro A, Manrique-Saide P, Vazquez-Prokopec GM. Targeted indoor residual insecticide applications shift Aedes aegypti age structure and arbovirus transmission potential. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21271. [PMID: 38042955 PMCID: PMC10693548 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48620-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023] Open
Abstract
While residual insecticide applications have the potential to decrease pathogen transmission by reducing the density of vectors and shifting the age structure of the adult mosquito population towards younger stages of development, this double entomological impact has not been documented for Aedes aegypti. Aedes collected from households enrolled in a cluster-randomized trial evaluating the epidemiological impact of targeted indoor residual spraying (TIRS) in Merida, Mexico, were dissected and their age structure characterized by the Polovodova combined with Christopher's ovariole growth methods. In total, 813 females were dissected to characterize age structure at 1, 3, 6, and 9 months post-TIRS. Significant differences in the proportion of nulliparous Ae. aegypti females between the treatment groups was found at one-month post-TIRS (control: 35% vs. intervention: 59%), three months (20% vs. 49%) but not at six or nine months post-TIRS. TIRS significantly shiftted Ae. aegypti age structure towards younger stages and led to a non-linear reduction in survivorship compared to the control arm. Reduced survivorship also reduced the number of arbovirus transmitting females (those who survived the extrinsic incubation period). Our findings provide strong evidence of the full entomological impact of TIRS, with important implications for quantifying the epidemiological impact of vector control methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar David Kirstein
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, 400 Dowman Dr. 5Th Floor, Suite E530, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Carlos Culquichicon
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, 400 Dowman Dr. 5Th Floor, Suite E530, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Azael Che-Mendoza
- Unidad Colaborativa de Bioensayos Entomológicos, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Juan Navarrete-Carballo
- Unidad Colaborativa de Bioensayos Entomológicos, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Joyce Wang
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, 400 Dowman Dr. 5Th Floor, Suite E530, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Wilberth Bibiano-Marin
- Unidad Colaborativa de Bioensayos Entomológicos, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Gonzalez-Olvera
- Unidad Colaborativa de Bioensayos Entomológicos, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Guadalupe Ayora-Talavera
- Laboratorio de Virología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi", Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - James Earnest
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, 400 Dowman Dr. 5Th Floor, Suite E530, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Henry Puerta-Guardo
- Unidad Colaborativa de Bioensayos Entomológicos, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Norma Pavia-Ruz
- Laboratorio de Hematología, Centro de Investigaciones Regionales "Dr. Hideyo Noguchi", Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | | | - Anuar Medina-Barreiro
- Unidad Colaborativa de Bioensayos Entomológicos, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Pablo Manrique-Saide
- Unidad Colaborativa de Bioensayos Entomológicos, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - Gonzalo M Vazquez-Prokopec
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, 400 Dowman Dr. 5Th Floor, Suite E530, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Velez ID, Uribe A, Barajas J, Uribe S, Ángel S, Suaza-Vasco JD, Mejia Torres MC, Arbeláez MP, Santacruz-Sanmartin E, Duque L, Martínez L, Posada T, Patiño AC, Gonzalez SM, Velez AL, Ramírez J, Salazar M, Gómez S, Osorio JE, Iturbe-Ormaetxe I, Dong Y, Muzzi FC, Rances E, Johnson PH, Smithyman R, Col B, Green BR, Frossard T, Brown-Kenyon J, Joubert DA, Grisales N, Ritchie SA, Denton JA, Gilles JRL, Anders KL, Kutcher SC, Ryan PA, O’Neill SL. Large-scale releases and establishment of wMel Wolbachia in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes throughout the Cities of Bello, Medellín and Itagüí, Colombia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011642. [PMID: 38032856 PMCID: PMC10688688 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The wMel strain of Wolbachia has been successfully introduced into Aedes aegypti mosquitoes and has been shown to reduce the transmission of dengue and other Aedes-borne viruses. Here we report the entomological results from phased, large-scale releases of Wolbachia infected Ae. aegypti mosquitoes throughout three contiguous cities located in the Aburrá Valley, Colombia. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Local wMel Wolbachia-infected Ae. aegypti mosquitoes were generated and then released in an initial release pilot area in 2015-2016, which resulted in the establishment of Wolbachia in the local mosquito populations. Subsequent large-scale releases, mainly involving vehicle-based releases of adult mosquitoes along publicly accessible roads and streets, were undertaken across 29 comunas throughout Bello, Medellín and Itagüí Colombia between 2017-2022. In 9 comunas these were supplemented by egg releases that were undertaken by staff or community members. By the most recent monitoring, Wolbachia was found to be stable and established at consistent levels in local mosquito populations (>60% prevalence) in the majority (67%) of areas. CONCLUSION These results, from the largest contiguous releases of wMel Wolbachia mosquitoes to date, highlight the operational feasibility of implementing the method in large urban settings. Based on results from previous studies, we expect that Wolbachia establishment will be sustained long term. Ongoing monitoring will confirm Wolbachia persistence in local mosquito populations and track its establishment in the remaining areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Darío Velez
- World Mosquito Program, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Alexander Uribe
- World Mosquito Program, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Jovany Barajas
- World Mosquito Program, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Sandra Uribe
- World Mosquito Program, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Sandra Ángel
- World Mosquito Program, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | | | | | | | - Lorena Duque
- World Mosquito Program, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Luis Martínez
- World Mosquito Program, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Tania Posada
- World Mosquito Program, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | | | - Ana Lucía Velez
- World Mosquito Program, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Jennifer Ramírez
- World Mosquito Program, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Marlene Salazar
- World Mosquito Program, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Sandra Gómez
- World Mosquito Program, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Jorge E. Osorio
- World Mosquito Program, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | | | - Yi Dong
- World Mosquito Program, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | | | - Edwige Rances
- World Mosquito Program, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | | | - Ruth Smithyman
- World Mosquito Program, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Bruno Col
- World Mosquito Program, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | | | - Tibor Frossard
- World Mosquito Program, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | | | | | - Nelson Grisales
- World Mosquito Program, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | | | - Jai A. Denton
- World Mosquito Program, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Peter A. Ryan
- World Mosquito Program, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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Espinosa MO, Andreo V, Paredes G, Leaplaza C, Heredia V, Periago MV, Abril M. Risk Stratification to Guide Prevention and Control Strategies for Arboviruses Transmitted by Aedes aegypti. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:362. [PMID: 37505658 PMCID: PMC10386430 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8070362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Strategies for the prevention of arboviral diseases transmitted by Aedes aegypti have traditionally focused on vector control. This remains the same to this day, despite a lack of documented evidence on its efficacy due to a lack of coverage and sustainability. The continuous growth of urban areas and generally unplanned urbanization, which favor the presence of Ae. aegypti, demand resources, both material and human, as well as logistics to effectively lower the population's risk of infection. These considerations have motivated the development of tools to identify areas with a recurrent concentration of arboviral cases during an outbreak to be able to prioritize preventive actions and optimize available resources. This study explores the existence of spatial patterns of dengue incidence in the locality of Tartagal, in northeastern Argentina, during the outbreaks that occurred between 2010 and 2020. Approximately half (50.8%) of the cases recorded during this period were concentrated in 35.9% of the urban area. Additionally, an important overlap was found between hotspot areas of dengue and chikungunya (Kendall's W = 0.92; p-value < 0.001) during the 2016 outbreak. Moreover, 65.9% of the cases recorded in 2022 were geolocalized within the hotspot areas detected between 2010 and 2020. These results can be used to generate a risk map to implement timely preventive control strategies that prioritize these areas to reduce their vulnerability while optimizing the available resources and increasing the scope of action.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Verónica Andreo
- Instituto de Altos Estudios Espaciales Mario Gulich, UNC-CONAE, Falda del Cañete, Córdoba X5187XAC, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, Buenos Aires C1425FQB, Argentina
| | - Gladys Paredes
- Hospital Juan Domingo Perón, Alberdi 855, Tartagal A4560AQI, Argentina
| | - Carlos Leaplaza
- Hospital Juan Domingo Perón, Alberdi 855, Tartagal A4560AQI, Argentina
| | - Viviana Heredia
- Hospital Juan Domingo Perón, Alberdi 855, Tartagal A4560AQI, Argentina
| | - María Victoria Periago
- Fundación Mundo Sano, Paraguay 1535, Buenos Aires C1061ABC, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, Buenos Aires C1425FQB, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Abril
- Fundación Mundo Sano, Paraguay 1535, Buenos Aires C1061ABC, Argentina
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Facchinelli L, Alsharif B, Jones JD, Matope A, Barbosa RMR, Ayres CFJ, McCall PJ. Mapping Aedes aegypti indoor resting behavior reveals a preference vulnerable to householder-led vector control. PNAS NEXUS 2023; 2:pgad226. [PMID: 37497049 PMCID: PMC10368326 DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgad226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Many mosquito vectors rest inside human habitations, a behavioral trait that is exploited for vector control by indoor residual spraying (IRS) of interior walls with insecticide. Although IRS and its refined version targeted IRS are very effective against Aedes aegypti, they are expensive and logistically challenging to deliver in densely populated urban areas where outbreaks of dengue and other arboviruses are the greatest challenge. In experiments in Recife, Brazil, we set out to quantify the indoor resting behavior of Ae. aegypti at a level beyond that previously reported. We found that significantly more Ae. aegypti males, unfed and fed females visited the base of walls (height 0-20 cm, corresponding to 12.3% of the total wall surface) more frequently than upper wall areas, with the difference more pronounced at higher temperatures. When the lowest 20 cm of the walls was treated with an appropriate insecticide and colored black, we recorded up to 85% cumulative mortality after 24-h exposure in the experimental room. The findings are significant because feasibly, householders could treat this small and accessible target zone manually, without the need for visits by costly IRS teams or equipment, reducing insecticide use and enabling communities to actively protect their own indoor environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bashir Alsharif
- Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fiocruz Pernambuco, 50.740-465 Recife (PE), Brazil
| | - Jeff D Jones
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, L15QA, Liverpool, UK
| | - Agnes Matope
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, L15QA, Liverpool, UK
| | - Rôsangela M R Barbosa
- Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fiocruz Pernambuco, 50.740-465 Recife (PE), Brazil
| | - Constância F J Ayres
- Departamento de Entomologia, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Fiocruz Pernambuco, 50.740-465 Recife (PE), Brazil
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Montenegro-Quiñonez CA, Louis VR, Horstick O, Velayudhan R, Dambach P, Runge-Ranzinger S. Interventions against Aedes/dengue at the household level: a systematic review and meta-analysis. EBioMedicine 2023; 93:104660. [PMID: 37352828 PMCID: PMC10333437 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Because the evidence for the role of structural housing and combinations of interventions (domestic or peri-domestic) against Aedes mosquitoes or dengue is still lacking, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to analyse and synthesize research focusing on the household as the unit of allocation. METHODS We searched MEDLINE, LILACS, and Web of Science databases until February 2023 using three general keyword categories: (1) "Aedes" or "dengue"; (2) structural housing interventions including "house", "water", or "drainage"; and (3) vector control interventions of potential relevance and their combinations. We performed a qualitative content analysis and a meta-analysis for 13 entries on dengue seroconversion data. FINDINGS 14,272 articles were screened by titles, 615 by abstracts, 79 by full-text. 61 were selected. Satisfactory data quality allowed for detailed content analysis. Interventions at the household level against the immature mosquito stages (21 studies, 34%) showed positive or mixed results in entomological and epidemiological outcomes (86% and 75% respectively). Combined interventions against immature and adult stages (11 studies, 18%) performed similarly (91% and 67%) while those against the adult mosquitoes (29 studies, 48%) performed less well (79%, 22%). A meta-analysis on seroconversion outcomes showed a not-statistically significant reduction for interventions (log odds-ratio: -0.18 [-0.51, 0.14 95% CI]). INTERPRETATION No basic research on housing structure or modification was eligible for this systematic review but many interventions with clear impact on vector indices and, to a lesser extent, on dengue were described. The small and not-statistically significant effect size of the meta-analysis highlights the difficulty of proving effectiveness against this highly-clustered disease and of overcoming practical implementation obstacles (e.g. efficacy loss, compliance). The long-term success of interventions depends on suitability, community commitment and official support and promotion. The choice of a specific vector control package needs to take all these context-specific aspects into consideration. FUNDING This work was funded by a grant from the World Health Organization (2021/1121668-0, PO 202678425, NTD/VVE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Alberto Montenegro-Quiñonez
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; Instituto de Investigaciones, Centro Universitario de Zacapa, Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala, Guatemala.
| | - Valérie R Louis
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Olaf Horstick
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Raman Velayudhan
- Department of Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD), World Health Organization, Switzerland.
| | - Peter Dambach
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Silvia Runge-Ranzinger
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health (HIGH), Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.
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11
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Seang-Arwut C, Hanboonsong Y, Muenworn V, Rocklöv J, Haque U, Ekalaksananan T, Paul RE, Overgaard HJ. Indoor resting behavior of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) in northeastern Thailand. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:127. [PMID: 37060087 PMCID: PMC10103527 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05746-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aedes aegypti is a vector of several arboviruses, notably dengue virus (DENV), which causes dengue fever and is often found resting indoors. Culex spp. are largely nuisance mosquitoes but can include species that are vectors of zoonotic pathogens. Vector control is currently the main method to control dengue outbreaks. Indoor residual spraying can be part of an effective vector control strategy but requires an understanding of the resting behavior. Here we focus on the indoor-resting behavior of Ae. aegypti and Culex spp. in northeastern Thailand. METHODS Mosquitoes were collected in 240 houses in rural and urban settings from May to August 2019 at two collection times (morning/afternoon), in four room types (bedroom, bathroom, living room and kitchen) in each house and at three wall heights (< 0.75 m, 0.75-1.5 m, > 1.5 m) using a battery-driven aspirator and sticky traps. Household characteristics were ascertained. Mosquitoes were identified as Ae. aegypti, Aedes albopictus and Culex spp. Dengue virus was detected in Ae. aegypti. Association analyses between urban/rural and within-house location (wall height, room), household variables, geckos and mosquito abundance were performed. RESULTS A total of 2874 mosquitoes were collected using aspirators and 1830 using sticky traps. Aedes aegypti and Culex spp. accounted for 44.78% and 53.17% of the specimens, respectively. Only 2.05% were Ae. albopictus. Aedes aegypti and Culex spp. rested most abundantly at intermediate and low heights in bedrooms or bathrooms (96.6% and 85.2% for each taxon of the total, respectively). Clothes hanging at intermediate heights were associated with higher mean numbers of Ae. aegypti in rural settings (0.81 [SEM: 0.08] vs. low: 0.61 [0.08] and high: 0.32 [0.09]). Use of larval control was associated with lower numbers of Ae. aegypti (yes: 0.61 [0.08]; no: 0.70 [0.07]). All DENV-positive Ae. aegypti (1.7%, 5 of 422) were collected in the rural areas and included specimens with single, double and even triple serotype infections. CONCLUSIONS Knowledge of the indoor resting behavior of adult mosquitoes and associated environmental factors can guide the choice of the most appropriate and effective vector control method. Our work suggests that vector control using targeted indoor residual spraying and/or potentially spatial repellents focusing on walls at heights lower than 1.5 m in bedrooms and bathrooms could be part of an integrated effective strategy for dengue vector control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chadapond Seang-Arwut
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Yupa Hanboonsong
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Vithee Muenworn
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Joacim Rocklöv
- Heidelberg Institute of Global Health & Heidelberg Interdisciplinary Centre for Scientific Computing, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Section of Sustainable Health, Umeå University, Umea, Sweden
| | - Ubydul Haque
- Rutgers Global Health Institute, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Tipaya Ekalaksananan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Richard E Paul
- UMR2000, Ecology and Emergence of Arthropod-Borne Pathogens Unit, Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, 75015, Paris, France
| | - Hans J Overgaard
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand.
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås, Norway.
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12
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Facchinelli L, Badolo A, McCall PJ. Biology and Behaviour of Aedes aegypti in the Human Environment: Opportunities for Vector Control of Arbovirus Transmission. Viruses 2023; 15:636. [PMID: 36992346 PMCID: PMC10053764 DOI: 10.3390/v15030636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aedes aegypti is a ubiquitous vector of arboviruses mostly in urbanised areas throughout the tropics and subtropics and a growing threat beyond. Control of Ae. aegypti is difficult and costly, and no vaccines are available for most of the viruses it transmits. With practical control solutions our goal, ideally suitable for delivery by householders in affected communities, we reviewed the literature on adult Ae. aegypti biology and behaviour, within and close to the human home, the arena where such interventions must impact. We found that knowledge was vague or important details were missing for multiple events or activities in the mosquito life cycle, such as the duration or location of the many periods when females rest between blood feeding and oviposition. The existing body of literature, though substantial, is not wholly reliable, and evidence for commonly held "facts" range from untraceable to extensive. Source references of some basic information are poor or date back more than 60 years, while other information that today is accepted widely as "fact" is not supported by evidence in the literature. Many topics, e.g., sugar feeding, resting preferences (location and duration), and blood feeding, merit being revisited in new geographical regions and ecological contexts to identify vulnerabilities for exploitation in control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Facchinelli
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Athanase Badolo
- Laboratoire d’Entomologie Fondamentale et Appliquée, Université Joseph KI-ZERBO, Ouagadougou 03 BP 7021, Burkina Faso
| | - Philip J. McCall
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
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13
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Preventive residual insecticide applications successfully controlled Aedes aegypti in Yucatan, Mexico. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21998. [PMID: 36539478 PMCID: PMC9768150 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26577-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Insecticide-based approaches remain a key pillar for Aedes-borne virus (ABV, dengue, chikungunya, Zika) control, yet they are challenged by the limited effect of traditional outdoor insecticide campaigns responding to reported arboviral cases and by the emergence of insecticide resistance in mosquitoes. A three-arm Phase II unblinded entomological cluster randomized trial was conducted in Merida, Yucatan State, Mexico, to quantify the entomological impact of targeted indoor residual spraying (TIRS, application of residual insecticides in Ae. aegypti indoor resting sites) applied preventively 2 months before the beginning of the arbovirus transmission season. Trial arms involved the use of two insecticides with unrelated modes of action (Actellic 300CS, pirimiphos-methyl, and SumiShield 50WG, clothianidin) and a control arm where TIRS was not applied. Entomological impact was quantified by Prokopack adult collections performed indoors during 10 min per house. Regardless of the insecticide, conducting a preventive TIRS application led to significant reductions in indoor Ae. aegypti densities, which were maintained at the same levels as in the low arbovirus transmission period (Actellic 300CS reduced Ae. aegypti density up to 8 months, whereas SumiShield 50WG up to 6 months). The proportional reduction in Ae. aegypti abundance in treatment houses compared to control houses was 50-70% for Actellic 300CS and 43-63% for SumiShield 50WG. Total operational costs including insecticide ranged from US$4.2 to US$10.5 per house, depending on the insecticide cost. Conducting preventive residual insecticide applications can maintain Ae. aegypti densities at low levels year-round with important implications for preventing ABVs in the Americas and beyond.
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14
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Estimation of the incubation period and generation time of SARS-CoV-2 Alpha and Delta variants from contact tracing data. Epidemiol Infect 2022; 151:e5. [PMID: 36524247 PMCID: PMC9837419 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268822001947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative information on epidemiological quantities such as the incubation period and generation time of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants is scarce. We analysed a dataset collected during contact tracing activities in the province of Reggio Emilia, Italy, throughout 2021. We determined the distributions of the incubation period for the Alpha and Delta variants using information on negative polymerase chain reaction tests and the date of last exposure from 282 symptomatic cases. We estimated the distributions of the intrinsic generation time using a Bayesian inference approach applied to 9724 SARS-CoV-2 cases clustered in 3545 households where at least one secondary case was recorded. We estimated a mean incubation period of 4.9 days (95% credible intervals, CrI, 4.4-5.4) for Alpha and 4.5 days (95% CrI 4.0-5.0) for Delta. The intrinsic generation time was estimated to have a mean of 7.12 days (95% CrI 6.27-8.44) for Alpha and of 6.52 days (95% CrI 5.54-8.43) for Delta. The household serial interval was 2.43 days (95% CrI 2.29-2.58) for Alpha and 2.74 days (95% CrI 2.62-2.88) for Delta, and the estimated proportion of pre-symptomatic transmission was 48-51% for both variants. These results indicate limited differences in the incubation period and intrinsic generation time of SARS-CoV-2 variants Alpha and Delta compared to ancestral lineages.
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15
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Shragai T, Pérez-Pérez J, Del Pilar Quimbayo-Forero M, Rojo R, Harrington LC, Rúa-Uribe G. Distance to public transit predicts spatial distribution of dengue virus incidence in Medellín, Colombia. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8333. [PMID: 35585133 PMCID: PMC9117184 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12115-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue is a growing global threat in some of the world’s most rapidly growing landscapes. Research shows that urbanization and human movement affect the spatial dynamics and magnitude of dengue outbreaks; however, precise effects of urban growth on dengue are not well understood because of a lack of sufficiently fine-scaled data. We analyzed nine years of address-level dengue case data in Medellin, Colombia during a period of public transit expansion. We correlate changes in the spread and magnitude of localized outbreaks to changes in accessibility and usage of public transit. Locations closer to and with a greater utilization of public transit had greater dengue incidence. This relationship was modulated by socioeconomic status; lower socioeconomic status locations experienced stronger effects of public transit accessibility and usage on dengue incidence. Public transit is a vital urban resource, particularly among low socioeconomic populations. These results highlight the importance of public health services concurrent with urban growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talya Shragai
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | | | | | - Raúl Rojo
- Centro Administrativo la Alpujarra, Secretaría de Salud de Medellín, 050015, Medellín, Colombia
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16
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Biala TA, Afolabi YO, Khaliq AQM. How efficient is contact tracing in mitigating the spread of COVID-19? a mathematical modeling approach. APPLIED MATHEMATICAL MODELLING 2022; 103:714-730. [PMID: 34815616 PMCID: PMC8603240 DOI: 10.1016/j.apm.2021.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Contact Tracing (CT) is one of the measures taken by government and health officials to reduce the spread of the novel coronavirus. In this paper, we investigate its efficacy by developing a compartmental model for assessing its impact on mitigating the spread of the virus. We describe the impact on the reproduction number R 0 of COVID-19. In particular, we discuss the importance and relevance of parameters of the model such as the number of reported cases, effectiveness of tracking and monitoring policy, and the transmission rates to contact tracing. We describe the terms "perfect tracking", "perfect monitoring" and "perfect reporting" to indicate that traced contacts will be tracked while incubating, tracked contacts are efficiently monitored so that they do not cause secondary infections, and all infected persons are reported, respectively. We consider three special scenarios: (1) perfect monitoring and perfect tracking of contacts of a reported case, (2) perfect reporting of cases and perfect monitoring of tracked reported cases and (3) perfect reporting and perfect tracking of contacts of reported cases. Furthermore, we gave a lower bound on the proportion of contacts to be traced to ensure that the effective reproduction, R c , is below one and describe R c in terms of observable quantities such as the proportion of reported and traced cases. Model simulations using the COVID-19 data obtained from John Hopkins University for some selected states in the US suggest that even late intervention of CT may reasonably reduce the transmission of COVID-19 and reduce peak hospitalizations and deaths. In particular, our findings suggest that effective monitoring policy of tracked cases and tracking of traced contacts while incubating are more crucial than tracing more contacts. The use of CT coupled with other measures such as social distancing, use of face mask, self-isolation or quarantine and lockdowns will greatly reduce the spread of the epidemic as well as peak hospitalizations and total deaths.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Biala
- Department of Mathematics, The Ohio State University, USA
| | - Y O Afolabi
- Department of Mathematics, University of Louisiana at Lafayette, USA
| | - A Q M Khaliq
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Middle Tennessee State University, USA
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17
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Review of the ecology and behaviour of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus in Western Africa and implications for vector control. CURRENT RESEARCH IN PARASITOLOGY & VECTOR-BORNE DISEASES 2022; 2:100074. [PMID: 35726222 PMCID: PMC7612875 DOI: 10.1016/j.crpvbd.2021.100074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Western Africa is vulnerable to arboviral disease transmission, having recently experienced major outbreaks of chikungunya, dengue, yellow fever and Zika. However, there have been relatively few studies on the natural history of the two major human arbovirus vectors in this region, Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus, potentially limiting the implementation of effective vector control. We systematically searched for and reviewed relevant studies on the behaviour and ecology of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus in Western Africa, published over the last 40 years. We identified 73 relevant studies, over half of which were conducted in Nigeria, Senegal, or Côte d'Ivoire. Most studies investigated the ecology of Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus, exploring the impact of seasonality and land cover on mosquito populations and identifying aquatic habitats. This review highlights the adaptation of Ae. albopictus to urban environments and its invasive potential, and the year-round maintenance of Ae. aegypti populations in water storage containers. However, important gaps were identified in the literature on the behaviour of both species, particularly Ae. albopictus. In Western Africa, Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus appear to be mainly anthropophilic and to bite predominantly during the day, but further research is needed to confirm this to inform planning of effective vector control strategies. We discuss the public health implications of these findings and comment on the suitability of existing and novel options for control in Western Africa.
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18
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Yu JJ, Bong LJ, Panthawong A, Chareonviriyaphap T, Liu WT, Neoh KB. Effects of piperonyl butoxide synergism and cuticular thickening on the contact irritancy response of field Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) to deltamethrin. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:5557-5565. [PMID: 34390293 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exploiting indoor-resting mosquitoes' innate behavioral responses to commonly used insecticide is crucial in vector control programs. Indoor residual spraying (IRS) and long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) treated with pyrethroids have become widely used for controlling dengue fever vectors. The present study tested the effects of piperonyl butoxide (PBO) synergism and cuticular thickening on the contact irritancy response of field A. aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) to deltamethrin in Taiwan and Thailand. RESULTS The escape response of field mosquitoes treated with PBO was significantly elicited, with an escape percentage increase between 2- and 10-fold. In addition, the escape time was significantly lower in PBO-pretreated mosquitoes compared with field mosquitoes treated with deltamethrin alone. PBO-pretreated mosquitoes from seven out of 11 field strains exhibited a knockdown percentage of 11.23-54.91%, significantly higher than that of mosquitoes in corresponding strains treated with deltamethrin only. The Annan, Zhongxi, Sanmin, and North strains exhibited weak knockdown responses (≤3.75%). The mortality of PBO-pretreated field mosquitoes increased 2- to 75-fold compared with those treated with deltamethrin alone (mortality: 0-6.70%). Furthermore, the effect of cuticular thickness on the escape response of field mosquitoes was significant, that is, the escape response marginally increased inversely to cuticular thickness. By contrast, cuticular thickness was not significantly associated with knockdown or mortality percentage. CONCLUSION Irritant behavior in mosquitoes was significantly elicited by PBO synergism. PBO incorporating deltamethrin IRS or LLINs may be effective for controlling dengue fever vectors. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Jia Yu
- Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Lee-Jin Bong
- Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Amonrat Panthawong
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Wei-Ting Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kok-Boon Neoh
- Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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White T, Mincham G, Montgomery BL, Jansen CC, Huang X, Williams CR, Flower RLP, Faddy HM, Frentiu FD, Viennet E. Past and future epidemic potential of chikungunya virus in Australia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009963. [PMID: 34784371 PMCID: PMC8631637 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Australia is theoretically at risk of epidemic chikungunya virus (CHIKV) activity as the principal vectors are present on the mainland Aedes aegypti) and some islands of the Torres Strait (Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus). Both vectors are highly invasive and adapted to urban environments with a capacity to expand their distributions into south-east Queensland and other states in Australia. We sought to estimate the epidemic potential of CHIKV, which is not currently endemic in Australia, by considering exclusively transmission by the established vector in Australia, Ae. aegypti, due to the historical relevance and anthropophilic nature of the vector. Methodology/Principal findings We estimated the historical (1995–2019) epidemic potential of CHIKV in eleven Australian locations, including the Torres Strait, using a basic reproduction number equation. We found that the main urban centres of Northern Australia could sustain an epidemic of CHIKV. We then estimated future trends in epidemic potential for the main centres for the years 2020 to 2029. We also conducted uncertainty and sensitivity analyses on the variables comprising the basic reproduction number and found high sensitivity to mosquito population size, human population size, impact of vector control and human infectious period. Conclusions/Significance By estimating the epidemic potential for CHIKV transmission on mainland Australia and the Torres Strait, we identified key areas of focus for controlling vector populations and reducing human exposure. As the epidemic potential of the virus is estimated to rise towards 2029, a greater focus on control and prevention measures should be implemented in at-risk locations. Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is transmitted primarily by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes and causes a potentially debilitating febrile and arthralgic disease. The virus is a threat to public health in regions where the primary vectors are established, as evidenced by past epidemics in the Indian Ocean Islands, South America and the Caribbean. In Australia, there are established populations of Ae. aegypti both on the mainland and in the Torres Strait, and of Ae. albopictus in the Torres Strait. This provides a theoretical potential for CHIKV transmission, as seen historically with dengue virus (DENV). It is therefore important to understand the epidemic potential of CHIKV in Australia. We estimated the basic reproduction number (R0) of CHIKV during the years 1995–2019 for 11 Urban Centres and Localities (UCLs) in Australia, and found that Brisbane, Cairns, Darwin, Rockhampton, Thursday Island, and Townsville were all susceptible to CHIKV epidemics. We then forecasted epidemic potential from 2020–2029 and found an increase in R0 across the six main UCLs. By highlighting factors that significantly influence the epidemic potential of CHIKV in Australia, our study supports evidence-based decision making for vector control and public health programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy White
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
- Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gina Mincham
- Research and Innovation Services, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Brian L. Montgomery
- Metro South Public Health Unit, Metro South Hospital and Health Service, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Cassie C. Jansen
- Communicable Diseases Branch, Queensland Department of Health, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Xiaodong Huang
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Craig R. Williams
- UniSA Clinical & Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Robert L. P. Flower
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
- Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Helen M. Faddy
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
- Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
- School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Petrie, Queensland, Australia
| | - Francesca D. Frentiu
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Elvina Viennet
- Centre for Immunology and Infection Control, School of Biomedical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
- Research and Development, Australian Red Cross Lifeblood, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
- * E-mail:
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20
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Che-Mendoza A, González-Olvera G, Medina-Barreiro A, Arisqueta-Chablé C, Bibiano-Marin W, Correa-Morales F, Kirstein OD, Manrique-Saide P, Vazquez-Prokopec GM. Efficacy of targeted indoor residual spraying with the pyrrole insecticide chlorfenapyr against pyrethroid-resistant Aedes aegypti. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009822. [PMID: 34606519 PMCID: PMC8516273 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is an increased need to mitigate the emergence of insecticide resistance and incorporate new formulations and modes of application to control the urban vector Aedes aegypti. Most research and development of insecticide formulations for the control of Ae. aegypti has focused on their peridomestic use as truck-mounted ULV-sprays or thermal fogs despite the widespread knowledge that most resting Ae. aegypti are found indoors. A recent modification of indoor residual spraying (IRS), termed targeted IRS (TIRS) works by restricting applications to 1.5 m down to the floor and on key Ae. aegypti resting sites (under furniture). TIRS also opens the possibility of evaluating novel residual insecticide formulations currently being developed for malaria IRS. Methods We evaluated the residual efficacy of chlorfenapyr, formulated as Sylando 240SC, for 12 months on free-flying field-derived pyrethroid-resistant Ae. aegypti using a novel experimental house design in Merida, Mexico. On a monthly basis, 600 female Ae. aegypti were released into the houses and left indoors with access to sugar solution for 24 hours. After the exposure period, dead and alive mosquitoes were counted in houses treated with chlorfenapyr as well as untreated control houses to calculate 24-h mortality. An evaluation for these exposed cohorts of surviving mosquitoes was extended up to seven days under laboratory conditions to quantify “delayed mortality”. Results Mean acute (24-h) mortality of pyrethroid-resistant Ae. aegypti ranged 80–97% over 5 months, dropping below 30% after 7 months post-TIRS. If delayed mortality was considered (quantifying mosquito mortality up to 7 days after exposure), residual efficacy was above 90% for up to 7 months post-TIRS application. Generalized Additive Mixed Models quantified a residual efficacy of chlorfenapyr of 225 days (ca. 7.5 months). Conclusions Chlorfenapyr represents a new option for TIRS control of Ae. aegypti in urban areas, providing a highly-effective time of protection against indoor Ae. aegypti females of up to 7 months. Vector control (VC) for managing Aedes aegypti and reducing transmission of Aedes-borne diseases is largely focused on peridomestic insecticide applications. However, the indoor resting behavior of Ae. aegypti and the acceleration of insecticide resistance owed to reduced modes of action have diminished the effectiveness of many VC tools. A targeted Indoor residual spraying (TIRS) modality in experimental housing units was employed to investigate the potential of chlorfenapyr, a pyrrole-class insecticide with known effectiveness to resistant mosquito species. This was the first investigation for chlorfenapyr use against locally resistant Ae. aegypti (Merida, Mexico) with this approach. Two treatment arms were investigated in the present study: TIRS and a control house where only water was sprayed. A comparison of entomological efficacy for TIRS applied to interior perimeter walls below 1.5 m with chlorfenapyr (formulated as Sylando 240SC) at 250 mg/m2 over 12 months was assessed. TIRS chlorfenapyr treatments were highly efficacious and led to acute mortalities (after 24 exposure) above 80% up to 5 months; delayed mortalities (to Ae. aegypti) were monitored over seven days post exposures vs untreated controls. When delayed mortality was considered, residual efficacy of chlorfenapyr extended to 7 months. These data provide evidence that TIRS chlorfenapyr is an effective Aedes management tool that surpassed efficacy profiles for other TIRS insecticides that have been previously reported with this method. Further, Chlorfenapyr emerges as a novel addition to Ae. aegypti VC, and future studies should focus on its effectiveness and residual power as part of Phase II-III TIRS trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azael Che-Mendoza
- Unidad Colaborativa para Bioensayos Entomologicos, Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - Gabriela González-Olvera
- Unidad Colaborativa para Bioensayos Entomologicos, Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - Anuar Medina-Barreiro
- Unidad Colaborativa para Bioensayos Entomologicos, Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - Carlos Arisqueta-Chablé
- Unidad Colaborativa para Bioensayos Entomologicos, Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - Wilberth Bibiano-Marin
- Unidad Colaborativa para Bioensayos Entomologicos, Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - Fabián Correa-Morales
- Centro Nacional de Programas Preventivos y Control de Enfermedades (CENAPRECE) Secretaria de Salud Mexico, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Oscar D. Kirstein
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Pablo Manrique-Saide
- Unidad Colaborativa para Bioensayos Entomologicos, Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
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Sun H, Binder RA, Dickens B, de Sessions PF, Rabaa MA, Ho EXP, Cook AR, Carrillo FB, Monterrey JC, Kuan G, Balmaseda A, Ooi EE, Harris E, Sessions OM. Viral genome-based Zika virus transmission dynamics in a paediatric cohort during the 2016 Nicaragua epidemic. EBioMedicine 2021; 72:103596. [PMID: 34627081 PMCID: PMC8511802 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2021.103596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nicaragua experienced a large Zika epidemic in 2016, with up to 50% of the population in Managua infected. With the domesticated Aedes aegypti mosquito as its vector, it is widely assumed that Zika virus transmission occurs within the household and/or via human mobility. We investigated these assumptions by using viral genomes to trace Zika transmission spatially. METHODS We analysed serum samples from 119 paediatric Zika cases participating in the long-standing Paediatric Dengue Cohort Study in Managua, which was expanded to include Zika in 2015. An optimal spanning directed tree was constructed by minimizing the differences in viral sequence diversity composition between patient nodes, where low-frequency variants were used to increase the resolution of the inferred Zika outbreak dynamics. FINDINGS Out of the 18 houses where pairwise difference in sample collection dates among all the household members was within 30 days, we only found two where viruses from individuals within the same household were up to 10th-most closely linked to each other genetically. We also identified a substantial number of transmission events involving long geographical distances (n=30), as well as potential super-spreading events in the estimated transmission tree. INTERPRETATION Our finding highlights that community transmission, often involving long geographical distances, played a much more important role in epidemic spread than within-household transmission. FUNDING This study was supported by an NUS startup grant (OMS) and grants R01 AI099631 (AB), P01 AI106695 (EH), P01 AI106695-03S1 (FB), and U19 AI118610 (EH) from the US National Institutes of Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyang Sun
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Raquel A. Binder
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Sustainable Sciences Institute, Managua, Nicaragua
| | - Borame Dickens
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore
| | | | - Maia A. Rabaa
- The Hospital for Tropical Diseases, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Programme, Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Alex R Cook
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Fausto Bustos Carrillo
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Sustainable Sciences Institute, Managua, Nicaragua
| | | | - Guillermina Kuan
- Sustainable Sciences Institute, Managua, Nicaragua
- Health Center Sócrates Flores Vivas, Ministry of Health, Managua, Nicaragua
| | - Angel Balmaseda
- Sustainable Sciences Institute, Managua, Nicaragua
- Laboratorio Nacional de Virología, Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico y Referencia, Ministry of Health, Managua, Nicaragua
| | - Eng Eong Ooi
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eva Harris
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccinology, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - October M. Sessions
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore
- Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Pharmacy, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Schaber KL, Morrison AC, Elson WH, Astete-Vega H, Córdova-López JJ, Ríos López EJ, Flores WLQ, Santillan ASV, Scott TW, Waller LA, Kitron U, Barker CM, Perkins TA, Rothman AL, Vazquez-Prokopec GM, Elder JP, Paz-Soldan VA. The impact of dengue illness on social distancing and caregiving behavior. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009614. [PMID: 34280204 PMCID: PMC8354465 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human mobility among residential locations can drive dengue virus (DENV) transmission dynamics. Recently, it was shown that individuals with symptomatic DENV infection exhibit significant changes in their mobility patterns, spending more time at home during illness. This change in mobility is predicted to increase the risk of acquiring infection for those living with or visiting the ill individual. It has yet to be considered, however, whether social contacts are also changing their mobility, either by socially distancing themselves from the infectious individual or increasing contact to help care for them. Social, or physical, distancing and caregiving could have diverse yet important impacts on DENV transmission dynamics; therefore, it is necessary to better understand the nature and frequency of these behaviors including their effect on mobility. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Through community-based febrile illness surveillance and RT-PCR infection confirmation, 67 DENV positive (DENV+) residents were identified in the city of Iquitos, Peru. Using retrospective interviews, data were collected on visitors and home-based care received during the illness. While 15% of participants lost visitors during their illness, 22% gained visitors; overall, 32% of all individuals (particularly females) received visitors while symptomatic. Caregiving was common (90%), particularly caring by housemates (91%) and caring for children (98%). Twenty-eight percent of caregivers changed their behavior enough to have their work (and, likely, mobility patterns) affected. This was significantly more likely when caring for individuals with low "health-related quality of well-being" during illness (Fisher's Exact, p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our study demonstrates that social contacts of individuals with dengue modify their patterns of visitation and caregiving. The observed mobility changes could impact a susceptible individual's exposure to virus or a presymptomatic/clinically inapparent individual's contribution to onward transmission. Accounting for changes in social contact mobility is imperative in order to get a more accurate understanding of DENV transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L. Schaber
- Program of Population Biology, Ecology and Evolution, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Amy C. Morrison
- Department of Virology and Emerging Infections, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Lima and Iquitos, Peru
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - William H. Elson
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Helvio Astete-Vega
- Department of Virology and Emerging Infections, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Lima and Iquitos, Peru
| | - Jhonny J. Córdova-López
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Esther Jennifer Ríos López
- Department of Virology and Emerging Infections, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Lima and Iquitos, Peru
| | - W. Lorena Quiroz Flores
- Department of Virology and Emerging Infections, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Lima and Iquitos, Peru
| | | | - Thomas W. Scott
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Lance A. Waller
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Uriel Kitron
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Christopher M. Barker
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - T. Alex Perkins
- Department of Biological Sciences and Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Alan L. Rothman
- Institute for Immunology and Informatics and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Gonzalo M. Vazquez-Prokopec
- Program of Population Biology, Ecology and Evolution, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - John P. Elder
- School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Valerie A. Paz-Soldan
- Department of Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Temperature, traveling, slums, and housing drive dengue transmission in a non-endemic metropolis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009465. [PMID: 34115753 PMCID: PMC8221794 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue is steadily increasing worldwide and expanding into higher latitudes. Current non-endemic areas are prone to become endemic soon. To improve understanding of dengue transmission in these settings, we assessed the spatiotemporal dynamics of the hitherto largest outbreak in the non-endemic metropolis of Buenos Aires, Argentina, based on detailed information on the 5,104 georeferenced cases registered during summer-autumn of 2016. The highly seasonal dengue transmission in Buenos Aires was modulated by temperature and triggered by imported cases coming from regions with ongoing outbreaks. However, local transmission was made possible and consolidated heterogeneously in the city due to housing and socioeconomic characteristics of the population, with 32.8% of autochthonous cases occurring in slums, which held only 6.4% of the city population. A hierarchical spatiotemporal model accounting for imperfect detection of cases showed that, outside slums, less-affluent neighborhoods of houses (vs. apartments) favored transmission. Global and local spatiotemporal point-pattern analyses demonstrated that most transmission occurred at or close to home. Additionally, based on these results, a point-pattern analysis was assessed for early identification of transmission foci during the outbreak while accounting for population spatial distribution. Altogether, our results reveal how social, physical, and biological processes shape dengue transmission in Buenos Aires and, likely, other non-endemic cities, and suggest multiple opportunities for control interventions. Dengue fever is mainly transmitted by a mosquito species that is highly urbanized, and lays eggs and develops mostly in artificial water containers. Dengue transmission is sustained year-round in most tropical regions of the world, but in many subtropical/temperate regions it occurs only in the warmest months. To improve understanding of dengue transmission in these regions, we analyzed one of the largest outbreaks in Buenos Aires city, a subtropical metropolis. Based on information on 5,104 georeferenced cases during summer-autumn 2016, we found that most transmission occurred in or near home, that slums had the highest risk of transmission, and that, outside slums, less-affluent neighborhoods of houses (vs. apartments) favored transmission. We showed that the cumulative effects of temperature over the previous few weeks set the temporal limits for transmission to occur, and that the outbreak was sparked by infected people arriving from regions with ongoing outbreaks. Additionally, we implemented a statistical method to identify transmission foci in real-time that improves targeting control interventions. Our results deepen the understanding of dengue transmission as a result of social, physical, and biological processes, and pose multiple opportunities for improving control of dengue and other mosquito-borne viruses such as Zika, chikungunya, and yellow fever.
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Fustec B, Phanitchat T, Aromseree S, Pientong C, Thaewnongiew K, Ekalaksananan T, Cerqueira D, Poinsignon A, Elguero E, Bangs MJ, Alexander N, Overgaard HJ, Corbel V. Serological biomarker for assessing human exposure to Aedes mosquito bites during a randomized vector control intervention trial in northeastern Thailand. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009440. [PMID: 34043621 PMCID: PMC8189451 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Aedes mosquitoes are vectors for several major arboviruses of public health concern including dengue viruses. The relationships between Aedes infestation and disease transmission are complex wherein the epidemiological dynamics can be difficult to discern because of a lack of robust and sensitive indicators for predicting transmission risk. This study investigates the use of anti-Aedes saliva antibodies as a serological biomarker for Aedes mosquito bites to assess small scale variations in adult Aedes density and dengue virus (DENV) transmission risk in northeastern Thailand. Individual characteristics, behaviors/occupation and socio-demographics, climatic and epidemiological risk factors associated with human-mosquito exposure are also addressed. Methods The study was conducted within a randomized clustered control trial in Roi Et and Khon Kaen provinces over a consecutive 19 months period. Thirty-six (36) clusters were selected, each of ten houses. Serological and entomological surveys were conducted in all houses every four months and monthly in three sentinel households per cluster between September 2017 and April 2019 for blood spot collections and recording concurrent immature and adult Aedes indices. Additionally, the human exposure to Aedes mosquito bites (i.e., Mosquito Exposure Index or MEI) was estimated by ELISA measuring levels of human antibody response to the specific Nterm-34 kDa salivary antigen. The relationships between the MEI, vector infestation indices (adult and immature stages) and vector DENV infection were evaluated using a two-level (house and individual levels) mixed model analysis with one-month lag autoregressive correlation. Results There was a strong positive relationship between the MEI and adult Aedes (indoor and outdoor) density. Individuals from households with a medium mosquito density (mean difference: 0.091, p<0.001) and households with a high mosquito density (mean difference: 0.131, p<0.001) had higher MEI’s compared to individuals from households without Aedes. On a similar trend, individuals from households with a low, medium or high indoor Aedes densities (mean difference: 0.021, p<0.007, 0.053, p<0.0001 and 0.037, p<0.0001 for low, medium and high levels of infestation, respectively) had higher MEI than individuals from houses without indoor Aedes. The MEI was driven by individual characteristics, such as gender, age and occupation/behaviors, and varied according to climatic, seasonal factors and vector control intervention (p<0.05). Nevertheless, the study did not demonstrate a clear correlation between MEI and the presence of DENV-infected Aedes. Conclusion This study represents an important step toward the validation of the specific IgG response to the Aedes salivary peptide Nterm-34kDa as a proxy measure for Aedes infestation levels and human-mosquito exposure risk in a dengue endemic setting. The use of the IgG response to the Nterm-34 kDa peptide as a viable diagnostic tool for estimating dengue transmission requires further investigations and validation in other geographical and transmission settings. Aedes mosquitoes and the viruses they transmit are major public health concerns for over half of the global human population. However, the quantitative relationships between virus transmission and vector mosquito infestation remain unclear despite numerous indicators used to estimate transmission risk and predict dengue outbreaks. The aim of this study is to investigate the use of a salivary biomarker to assess the small-scale variation in human exposure to Aedes bites and the risk of dengue infection in the context of a vector control intervention in northeastern Thailand. A cohort of 539 persons visited every four months, including 161 individuals visited monthly, were recruited for routine serological and concurrent household entomological surveys during 19 consecutive months follow-up. Antibody response to Aedes bites was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays to assess the mosquito exposure index (MEI) and association with the Aedes adult and immature abundance as well as the presence of dengue virus (DENV) in adult mosquitoes (transmission risk). Additionally, the individual (cohort), climatic, and vector control intervention risk factors associated with MEI are explored. This study demonstrates that the MEI was strongly related to household adult Aedes density, particularly indoors resting mosquitoes. Additionally, the MEI was influenced by individual characteristics (i.e., person age, gender, staying indoors), and varied according to seasons and intervention. Nonetheless, no clear relationship between MEI and dengue transmission risk (i.e., vector infection) was detected. This study demonstrated the potential usefulness of the MEI to assess heterogeneity in adult Aedes infestation indices that could assist public health authorities to rapidly identify mosquito “hot spots” and the timeliness of effective vector control interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedicte Fustec
- Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- MIVEGEC, Univ Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail: (BF); (VC)
| | - Thipruethai Phanitchat
- Department of Medical Entomology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok
| | - Sirinart Aromseree
- Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Chamsai Pientong
- Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | | | - Tipaya Ekalaksananan
- Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
- HPV & EBV and Carcinogenesis Research Group, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Dominique Cerqueira
- Public Health & Malaria Control, International SOS, Mimika, Papua, Indonesia
| | | | - Eric Elguero
- MIVEGEC, Univ Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Michael J. Bangs
- Public Health & Malaria Control, International SOS, Mimika, Papua, Indonesia
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Neal Alexander
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Vincent Corbel
- Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- MIVEGEC, Univ Montpellier, IRD, CNRS, Montpellier, France
- * E-mail: (BF); (VC)
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Abstract
The rapid spread of infectious diseases is a major public health problem. Recent developments in fighting these diseases have heightened the need for a contact tracing process. Contact tracing can be considered an ideal method for controlling the transmission of infectious diseases. The result of the contact tracing process is performing diagnostic tests, treating for suspected cases or self-isolation, and then treating for infected persons; this eventually results in limiting the spread of diseases. This paper proposes a technique named TraceAll that traces all contacts exposed to the infected patient and produces a list of these contacts to be considered potentially infected patients. Initially, it considers the infected patient as the querying user and starts to fetch the contacts exposed to him. Secondly, it obtains all the trajectories that belong to the objects moved nearby the querying user. Next, it investigates these trajectories by considering the social distance and exposure period to identify if these objects have become infected or not. The experimental evaluation of the proposed technique with real data sets illustrates the effectiveness of this solution. Comparative analysis experiments confirm that TraceAll outperforms baseline methods by 40% regarding the efficiency of answering contact tracing queries.
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Dzul-Manzanilla F, Correa-Morales F, Che-Mendoza A, Palacio-Vargas J, Sánchez-Tejeda G, González-Roldan JF, López-Gatell H, Flores-Suárez AE, Gómez-Dantes H, Coelho GE, da Silva Bezerra HS, Pavia-Ruz N, Lenhart A, Manrique-Saide P, Vazquez-Prokopec GM. Identifying urban hotspots of dengue, chikungunya, and Zika transmission in Mexico to support risk stratification efforts: a spatial analysis. Lancet Planet Health 2021; 5:e277-e285. [PMID: 33964237 PMCID: PMC8114339 DOI: 10.1016/s2542-5196(21)00030-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effective Aedes aegypti control is limited, in part, by the difficulty in achieving sufficient intervention coverage. To maximise the effect of vector control, areas with persistently high numbers of Aedes-borne disease cases could be identified and prioritised for preventive interventions. We aimed to identify persistent Aedes-borne disease hotspots in cities across southern Mexico. METHODS In this spatial analysis, geocoded cases of dengue, chikungunya, and Zika from nine endemic Mexican cities were aggregated at the census-tract level. We included cities that were located in southern Mexico (the arbovirus endemic region of Mexico), with a high burden of dengue cases (ie, more than 5000 cases reported during a 10-year period), and listed as high priority for the Mexican dengue control and prevention programme. The Getis-Ord Gi*(d) statistic was applied to yearly slices of the dataset to identify spatial hotspots of each disease in each city. We used Kendall's W coefficient to quantify the agreement in the distribution of each virus. FINDINGS 128 507 dengue, 4752 chikungunya and 25 755 Zika clinical cases were reported between Jan 1, 2008, and Dec 31, 2016. All cities showed evidence of transmission heterogeneity, with a mean of 17·6% (SD 4·7) of their total area identified as persistent disease hotspots. Hotspots accounted for 25·6% (SD 9·7; range 12·8-43·0) of the population and 32·1% (10·5; 19·6-50·5) of all Aedes-borne disease cases reported. We found an overlap between hotspots of 61·7% for dengue and Zika and 53·3% for dengue and chikungunya. Dengue hotspots in 2008-16 were significantly associated with dengue hotspots detected during 2017-20 in five of the nine cities. Heads of vector control confirmed hotspot areas as problem zones for arbovirus transmission. INTERPRETATION This study provides evidence of the overlap of Aedes-borne diseases within geographical hotspots and a methodological framework for the stratification of arbovirus transmission risk within urban areas, which can guide the implementation of surveillance and vector control. FUNDING USAID, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Canadian Institutes of Health Research, International Development Research Centre, Fondo Mixto CONACyT (Mexico)-Gobierno del Estado de Yucatan, and the US National Institutes of Health. TRANSLATION For the Spanish translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Dzul-Manzanilla
- Centro Nacional de Programas Preventivos y Control de Enfermedades (CENAPRECE), Ministry of Health, Mexico
| | - Fabián Correa-Morales
- Centro Nacional de Programas Preventivos y Control de Enfermedades (CENAPRECE), Ministry of Health, Mexico
| | - Azael Che-Mendoza
- Collaborative Unit for Entomological Bioassays (UCBE), Campus de Ciencias Biologicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
| | | | - Gustavo Sánchez-Tejeda
- Centro Nacional de Programas Preventivos y Control de Enfermedades (CENAPRECE), Ministry of Health, Mexico
| | | | - Hugo López-Gatell
- Subsecretaria de Prevencion y Promocion de la Salud, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Adriana E Flores-Suárez
- Facultad de Ciencias Biologicas Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo Leon, San Nicolas de los Garza, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Hector Gómez-Dantes
- Health Systems Research Center, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Giovanini E Coelho
- Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), Department of Communicable Diseases and Environmental Determinants of Health, Washington DC, USA
| | - Haroldo S da Silva Bezerra
- Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), Department of Communicable Diseases and Environmental Determinants of Health, Washington DC, USA
| | - Norma Pavia-Ruz
- Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - Audrey Lenhart
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Pablo Manrique-Saide
- Collaborative Unit for Entomological Bioassays (UCBE), Campus de Ciencias Biologicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, Merida, Yucatan, Mexico
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Devine GJ, Vazquez-Prokopec GM, Bibiano-Marín W, Pavia-Ruz N, Che-Mendoza A, Medina-Barreiro A, Villegas J, Gonzalez-Olvera G, Dunbar MW, Ong O, Ritchie SA, Churcher TS, Kirstein OD, Manrique-Saide P. The entomological impact of passive metofluthrin emanators against indoor Aedes aegypti: A randomized field trial. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009036. [PMID: 33497375 PMCID: PMC7864418 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the absence of vaccines or drugs, insecticides are the mainstay of Aedes-borne disease control. Their utility is challenged by the slow deployment of resources, poor community compliance and inadequate household coverage. Novel application methods are required. Methodology and principal findings A 10% w/w metofluthrin “emanator” that passively disseminates insecticide from an impregnated net was evaluated in a randomized trial of 200 houses in Mexico. The devices were introduced at a rate of 1 per room and replaced at 3-week intervals. During each of 7 consecutive deployment cycles, indoor resting mosquitoes were sampled using aspirator collections. Assessments of mosquito landing behaviours were made in a subset of houses. Pre-treatment, there were no differences in Aedes aegypti indices between houses recruited to the control and treatment arms. Immediately after metofluthrin deployment, the entomological indices between the trial arms diverged. Averaged across the trial, there were significant reductions in Abundance Rate Ratios for total Ae. aegypti, female abundance and females that contained blood meals (2.5, 2.4 and 2.3-times fewer mosquitoes respectively; P<0.001). Average efficacy was 60.2% for total adults, 58.3% for females, and 57.2% for blood-fed females. The emanators also reduced mosquito landings by 90% from 12.5 to 1.2 per 10-minute sampling period (P<0.05). Homozygous forms of the pyrethroid resistant kdr alleles V410L, V1016L and F1534C were common in the target mosquito population; found in 39%, 24% and 95% of mosquitoes collected during the trial. Conclusions/Significance This is the first randomized control trial to evaluate the entomological impact of any volatile pyrethroid on urban Ae. aegypti. It demonstrates that volatile pyrethroids can have a sustained impact on Ae. aegypti population densities and human-vector contact indoors. These effects occur despite the presence of pyrethroid-resistant alleles in the target population. Formulations like these may have considerable utility for public health vector control responses. Insecticidal control tools are heavily relied on for the control of mosquito-borne viruses such as dengue, chikungunya and Zika, but the logistics associated with conventional insecticide use (e.g. space sprays and residual formulations) are challenging. Considerable time and resources are required to treat household interiors; an impediment exacerbated by the difficulty in gaining entrance to households, and sometimes by limited compliance in the community. Another constraint to effective insecticide use is that many mosquito populations are resistant to the chemicals used. Volatile pyrethroids, exhibiting both lethal and behavioural effects on mosquitoes are available in formulations that release insecticides passively to the air, at room temperature. These may be suitable for deployment in houses with the aim of creating “bite-free” spaces. By removing the need for conventional application methods, these devices might be rapidly deployed with minimum disruption to households. This is the first large-scale, randomized control trial to evaluate the entomological impacts of volatile pyrethroids in an urban environment. Using metofluthrin as an example, we confirm that some formulations have a significant impact on Aedes aegypti densities and landing behaviour indoors. These effects occur despite the presence of pyrethroid-resistance alleles associated with conventional insecticide resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor J Devine
- Mosquito Control Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Wilbert Bibiano-Marín
- Unidad Colaborativa de Bioensayos Entomológicos, Campus de Ciencias. Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Norma Pavia-Ruz
- Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, México
| | - Azael Che-Mendoza
- Unidad Colaborativa de Bioensayos Entomológicos, Campus de Ciencias. Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Anuar Medina-Barreiro
- Unidad Colaborativa de Bioensayos Entomológicos, Campus de Ciencias. Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Josue Villegas
- Unidad Colaborativa de Bioensayos Entomológicos, Campus de Ciencias. Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Gabriela Gonzalez-Olvera
- Unidad Colaborativa de Bioensayos Entomológicos, Campus de Ciencias. Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Mike W Dunbar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Oselyne Ong
- Mosquito Control Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Scott A Ritchie
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Queensland, Cairns, Australia
| | - Thomas S Churcher
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Oscar D Kirstein
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Pablo Manrique-Saide
- Unidad Colaborativa de Bioensayos Entomológicos, Campus de Ciencias. Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México
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Yu JJ, Bong LJ, Panthawong A, Chareonviriyaphap T, Neoh KB. Repellency and Contact Irritancy Responses of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) Against Deltamethrin and Permethrin: A Cross-Regional Comparison. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 58:379-389. [PMID: 32876326 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjaa172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Control strategies exploiting the innate response of mosquitoes to chemicals are urgently required to complement existing traditional approaches. We therefore examined the behavioral responses of 16 field strains of Aedes aegypti (L.) from two countries, to deltamethrin and permethrin by using an excito-repellency (ER) test system. The result demonstrated that the escape percentage of Ae. aegypti exposed to pyrethroids did not vary significantly between the two countries in both contact and noncontact treatment despite the differing epidemiological patterns. Deltamethrin (contact: 3.57 ± 2.06% to 31.20 ± 10.71%; noncontact: 1.67 ± 1.67% to 17.31 ± 14.85%) elicited relatively lower responses to field mosquitoes when compared with permethrin (contact: 16.15 ± 4.07% to 74.19 ± 4.69%; noncontact: 3.45 ± 2.00% to 41.59 ± 6.98%) in contact and noncontact treatments. Compared with field strains, the mean percentage of escaping laboratory susceptible strain individuals were significantly high after treatments (deltamethrin contact: 72.26 ± 6.95%, noncontact: 61.10 ± 12.31%; permethrin contact: 78.67 ± 9.67%, noncontact: 67.07 ± 7.02%) and the escaped individuals spent significantly shorter time escaping from the contact and noncontact chamber. The results indicated a significant effect of resistance ratio on mean escape percentage, but some strains varied idiosyncratically compared to the increase in insecticide resistance. The results also illustrated that the resistance ratio had a significant effect on the mortality in treatments. However, the mortality in field mosquitoes that prematurely escaped from the treated contact chamber or in mosquitoes that stayed up to the 30-min experimental period showed no significant difference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Jia Yu
- Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Lee-Jin Bong
- Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Amonrat Panthawong
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Kok-Boon Neoh
- Department of Entomology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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29
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Kirstein OD, Ayora-Talavera G, Koyoc-Cardeña E, Chan Espinoza D, Che-Mendoza A, Cohuo-Rodriguez A, Granja-Pérez P, Puerta-Guardo H, Pavia-Ruz N, Dunbar MW, Manrique-Saide P, Vazquez-Prokopec GM. Natural arbovirus infection rate and detectability of indoor female Aedes aegypti from Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0008972. [PMID: 33395435 PMCID: PMC7781390 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Arbovirus infection in Aedes aegypti has historically been quantified from a sample of the adult population by pooling collected mosquitoes to increase detectability. However, there is a significant knowledge gap about the magnitude of natural arbovirus infection within areas of active transmission, as well as the sensitivity of detection of such an approach. We used indoor Ae. aegypti sequential sampling with Prokopack aspirators to collect all mosquitoes inside 200 houses with suspected active ABV transmission from the city of Mérida, Mexico, and tested all collected specimens by RT-PCR to quantify: a) the absolute arbovirus infection rate in individually tested Ae. aegypti females; b) the sensitivity of using Prokopack aspirators in detecting ABV-infected mosquitoes; and c) the sensitivity of entomological inoculation rate (EIR) and vectorial capacity (VC), two measures ABV transmission potential, to different estimates of indoor Ae. aegypti abundance. The total number of Ae. aegypti (total catch, the sum of all Ae. aegypti across all collection intervals) as well as the number on the first 10-min of collection (sample, equivalent to a routine adult aspiration session) were calculated. We individually tested by RT-PCR 2,161 Aedes aegypti females and found that 7.7% of them were positive to any ABV. Most infections were CHIKV (77.7%), followed by DENV (11.4%) and ZIKV (9.0%). The distribution of infected Aedes aegypti was overdispersed; 33% houses contributed 81% of the infected mosquitoes. A significant association between ABV infection and Ae. aegypti total catch indoors was found (binomial GLMM, Odds Ratio > 1). A 10-min indoor Prokopack collection led to a low sensitivity of detecting ABV infection (16.3% for detecting infected mosquitoes and 23.4% for detecting infected houses). When averaged across all infested houses, mean EIR ranged between 0.04 and 0.06 infective bites per person per day, and mean VC was 0.6 infectious vectors generated from a population feeding on a single infected host per house/day. Both measures were significantly and positively associated with Ae. aegypti total catch indoors. Our findings provide evidence that the accurate estimation and quantification of arbovirus infection rate and transmission risk is a function of the sampling effort, the local abundance of Aedes aegypti and the intensity of arbovirus circulation. Aedes-borne diseases comprise a serious public health burden in many parts of the world, usually affecting low income areas. The ability to detect virus circulation within a population may be key in responding to the threat of outbreaks, providing a cost-effective approach for triggering vector control. Unfortunately, gaps in the knowledge of natural Aedes-borne virus (ABV) infection in Aedes aegypti have led to uncertainties in the consideration of arbovirus surveillance in mosquitoes. Here, we show that the natural infection rate in a mosquito population may not be a function of where Aedes aegypti are, but rather where key human-mosquito contacts occur. Sampling 200 houses with suspected ABV active transmission led us to quantify high virus infection rates in all Aedes aegypti present in the house and use such information to estimate the sensitivity of indoor aspiration with Prokopack devices and two measures of ABV transmission potential. Our findings provide evidence that the accurate quantification of arbovirus infection rate and transmission risk is a function of the sampling effort, the local abundance of Aedes aegypti and the intensity of arbovirus circulation. Results from this study are relevant to understand the value of virus testing of vector populations, and for the design of entomological endpoints relevant for epidemiological trials quantifying the impact of vector control on ABVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar David Kirstein
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Guadalupe Ayora-Talavera
- Laboratorio de Virología. Centro de Investigaciones Regionales “Dr. Hideyo Noguchi”, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Edgar Koyoc-Cardeña
- Unidad Colaborativa de Bioensayos Entomológicos, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Daniel Chan Espinoza
- Unidad Colaborativa de Bioensayos Entomológicos, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Azael Che-Mendoza
- Unidad Colaborativa de Bioensayos Entomológicos, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Azael Cohuo-Rodriguez
- Unidad Colaborativa de Bioensayos Entomológicos, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Pilar Granja-Pérez
- Laboratorio Estatal de Salud Pública, Servicios de Salud de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Henry Puerta-Guardo
- Unidad Colaborativa de Bioensayos Entomológicos, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Norma Pavia-Ruz
- Laboratorio de Hematología. Centro de Investigaciones Regionales “Dr. Hideyo Noguchi”, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Mike W. Dunbar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Pablo Manrique-Saide
- Unidad Colaborativa de Bioensayos Entomológicos, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Yucatán, México
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Lindsay SW, Davies M, Alabaster G, Altamirano H, Jatta E, Jawara M, Carrasco-Tenezaca M, von Seidlein L, Shenton FC, Tusting LS, Wilson AL, Knudsen J. Recommendations for building out mosquito-transmitted diseases in sub-Saharan Africa: the DELIVER mnemonic. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 376:20190814. [PMID: 33357059 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
In sub-Saharan Africa, most transmission of mosquito-transmitted diseases, such as malaria or dengue, occurs within or around houses. Preventing mosquito house entry and reducing mosquito production around the home would help reduce the transmission of these diseases. Based on recent research, we make key recommendations for reducing the threat of mosquito-transmitted diseases through changes to the built environment. The mnemonic, DELIVER, recommends the following best practices: (i) Doors should be screened, self-closing and without surrounding gaps; (ii) Eaves, the space between the wall and roof, should be closed or screened; (iii) houses should be Lifted above the ground; (iv) Insecticide-treated nets should be used when sleeping in houses at night; (v) houses should be Ventilated, with at least two large-screened windows to facilitate airflow; (vi) Environmental management should be conducted regularly inside and around the home; and (vii) Roofs should be solid, rather than thatch. DELIVER is a package of interventions to be used in combination for maximum impact. Simple changes to the built environment will reduce exposure to mosquito-transmitted diseases and help keep regions free from these diseases after elimination. This article is part of the theme issue 'Novel control strategies for mosquito-borne diseases'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven W Lindsay
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Michael Davies
- Bartlett School Environment, Energy & Resources, Faculty of the Built Environment, University College London, London WC1H 0NN, UK
| | | | - Hector Altamirano
- Bartlett School Environment, Energy & Resources, Faculty of the Built Environment, University College London, London WC1H 0NN, UK
| | - Ebrima Jatta
- National Malaria Control Programme, Banjul, The Gambia
| | - Musa Jawara
- Medical Research Council Unit Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Fajara, The Gambia
| | | | - Lorenz von Seidlein
- Mahidol Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Fiona C Shenton
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Lucy S Tusting
- Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Anne L Wilson
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
| | - Jakob Knudsen
- The Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts, School of Architecture, Design and Conservation, The School of Architecture, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Dzib-Florez S, Ponce-García G, Medina-Barreiro A, González-Olvera G, Contreras-Perera Y, Del Castillo-Centeno F, Ahmed AMM, Che-Mendoza A, McCall PJ, Vazquez-Prokopec G, Manrique-Saide P. Evaluating Over-the-Counter Household Insecticide Aerosols for Rapid Vector Control of Pyrethroid-Resistant Aedes aegypti. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 103:2108-2112. [PMID: 32748782 PMCID: PMC7646803 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.20-0515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Vector control methods that mobilize and impact rapidly during dengue, Zika, and chikungunya outbreaks are urgently needed in urban contexts. We investigated whether one person using a handheld aerosolized insecticide could achieve efficacy levels comparable to targeted indoor residual spraying (TIRS), using pyrethroid-resistant Aedes aegypti in a semi-field setting with experimental houses in Mexico. The insecticide product (H24, a carbamate and pyrethroid mixture), available over-the-counter locally, was sprayed only on known Ae. aegypti-resting surfaces, for example, walls less than 1.5 m and dark hidden areas. In six identical houses with paired bedrooms, one bedroom was treated, and the other remained an untreated control. Each week for 8 weeks, 100 female pyrethroid-resistant Ae. aegypti were released in each bedroom and followed up daily. Mortality rates in treated bedrooms exceeded 90% for at least 2 weeks, and more than 80% (89.2; 95% CI: 79.98-98.35) for 3 weeks or more. Mortality rates in control houses were zero. Results demonstrate that the immediate impact of TIRS can be delivered by one person using existing products, at an estimated cost for the average household in Mexico of under US$3 per month. Triggered by early outbreak signs, dissemination via community hubs and mass/social media of instructions to treat the home immediately, with monthly re-treatment thereafter, provides a simple means to engage and empower householders. Compatible with integrated vector management strategies, it enables self-protection even if existing agencies falter, a situation exemplified by the potential impact on vector control of the restrictions imposed during the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Dzib-Florez
- Unidad Colaborativa para Bioensayos Entomológicos, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, México
| | - Gustavo Ponce-García
- Laboratorio de Entomología Médica, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, San Nicolás de los Garza, México
| | - Anuar Medina-Barreiro
- Unidad Colaborativa para Bioensayos Entomológicos, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, México
| | - Gabriela González-Olvera
- Unidad Colaborativa para Bioensayos Entomológicos, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, México
- Servicios de Salud de Yucatán (SSY), Mérida, México
| | - Yamili Contreras-Perera
- Unidad Colaborativa para Bioensayos Entomológicos, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, México
| | - Felipe Del Castillo-Centeno
- Unidad Colaborativa para Bioensayos Entomológicos, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, México
| | - Ahmed M. M. Ahmed
- Unidad Colaborativa para Bioensayos Entomológicos, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, México
- Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Azael Che-Mendoza
- Unidad Colaborativa para Bioensayos Entomológicos, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, México
| | - Philip J. McCall
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Pablo Manrique-Saide
- Unidad Colaborativa para Bioensayos Entomológicos, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, México
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Bomfim R, Pei S, Shaman J, Yamana T, Makse HA, Andrade JS, Lima Neto AS, Furtado V. Predicting dengue outbreaks at neighbourhood level using human mobility in urban areas. J R Soc Interface 2020; 17:20200691. [PMID: 33109025 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2020.0691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue is a vector-borne disease transmitted by the Aedes genus mosquito. It causes financial burdens on public health systems and considerable morbidity and mortality. Tropical regions in the Americas and Asia are the areas most affected by the virus. Fortaleza is a city with approximately 2.6 million inhabitants in northeastern Brazil that, during the recent decades, has been suffering from endemic dengue transmission, interspersed with larger epidemics. The objective of this paper is to study the impact of human mobility in urban areas on the spread of the dengue virus, and to test whether human mobility data can be used to improve predictions of dengue virus transmission at the neighbourhood level. We present two distinct forecasting systems for dengue transmission in Fortaleza: the first using artificial neural network methods and the second developed using a mechanistic model of disease transmission. We then present enhanced versions of the two forecasting systems that incorporate bus transportation data cataloguing movement among 119 neighbourhoods in Fortaleza. Each forecasting system was used to perform retrospective forecasts for historical dengue outbreaks from 2007 to 2015. Results show that both artificial neural networks and mechanistic models can accurately forecast dengue cases, and that the inclusion of human mobility data substantially improves the performance of both forecasting systems. While the mechanistic models perform better in capturing seasons with large-scale outbreaks, the neural networks more accurately forecast outbreak peak timing, peak intensity and annual dengue time series. These results have two practical implications: they support the creation of public policies from the use of the models created here to combat the disease and help to understand the impact of urban mobility on the epidemic in large cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Bomfim
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Informática Aplicada Universidade de Fortaleza, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Sen Pei
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jeffrey Shaman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Teresa Yamana
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Hernán A Makse
- Levich Institute and Physics Department, City College of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - José S Andrade
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Campus do Pici, 60451-970 Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Antonio S Lima Neto
- Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Fortaleza (SMS-Fortaleza), Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil.,Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade de Fortaleza (UNIFOR), Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Vasco Furtado
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Informática Aplicada Universidade de Fortaleza, Fortaleza, Brazil
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Manrique-Saide P, Dean NE, Halloran ME, Longini IM, Collins MH, Waller LA, Gomez-Dantes H, Lenhart A, Hladish TJ, Che-Mendoza A, Kirstein OD, Romer Y, Correa-Morales F, Palacio-Vargas J, Mendez-Vales R, Pérez PG, Pavia-Ruz N, Ayora-Talavera G, Vazquez-Prokopec GM. The TIRS trial: protocol for a cluster randomized controlled trial assessing the efficacy of preventive targeted indoor residual spraying to reduce Aedes-borne viral illnesses in Merida, Mexico. Trials 2020; 21:839. [PMID: 33032661 PMCID: PMC7542575 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-020-04780-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current urban vector control strategies have failed to contain dengue epidemics and to prevent the global expansion of Aedes-borne viruses (ABVs: dengue, chikungunya, Zika). Part of the challenge in sustaining effective ABV control emerges from the paucity of evidence regarding the epidemiological impact of any Aedes control method. A strategy for which there is limited epidemiological evidence is targeted indoor residual spraying (TIRS). TIRS is a modification of classic malaria indoor residual spraying that accounts for Aedes aegypti resting behavior by applying residual insecticides on exposed lower sections of walls (< 1.5 m), under furniture, and on dark surfaces. METHODS/DESIGN We are pursuing a two-arm, parallel, unblinded, cluster randomized controlled trial to quantify the overall efficacy of TIRS in reducing the burden of laboratory-confirmed ABV clinical disease (primary endpoint). The trial will be conducted in the city of Merida, Yucatan State, Mexico (population ~ 1million), where we will prospectively follow 4600 children aged 2-15 years at enrollment, distributed in 50 clusters of 5 × 5 city blocks each. Clusters will be randomly allocated (n = 25 per arm) using covariate-constrained randomization. A "fried egg" design will be followed, in which all blocks of the 5 × 5 cluster receive the intervention, but all sampling to evaluate the epidemiological and entomological endpoints will occur in the "yolk," the center 3 × 3 city blocks of each cluster. TIRS will be implemented as a preventive application (~ 1-2 months prior to the beginning of the ABV season). Active monitoring for symptomatic ABV illness will occur through weekly household visits and enhanced surveillance. Annual sero-surveys will be performed after each transmission season and entomological evaluations of Ae. aegypti indoor abundance and ABV infection rates monthly during the period of active surveillance. Epidemiological and entomological evaluation will continue for up to three transmission seasons. DISCUSSION The findings from this study will provide robust epidemiological evidence of the efficacy of TIRS in reducing ABV illness and infection. If efficacious, TIRS could drive a paradigm shift in Aedes control by considering Ae. aegypti behavior to guide residual insecticide applications and changing deployment to preemptive control (rather than in response to symptomatic cases), two major enhancements to existing practice. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04343521 . Registered on 13 April 2020. The protocol also complies with the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) (Additional file 1). PRIMARY SPONSOR National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIH/NIAID).
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Manrique-Saide
- Unidad Colaborativa de Bioensayos Entomológicos, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Merida, Mexico
| | - Natalie E Dean
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - M Elizabeth Halloran
- Center for Inference and Dynamics of Infectious Diseases, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Ira M Longini
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Matthew H Collins
- Hope Clinic of the Emory Vaccine Center, Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Decatur, GA, 30030, USA
| | - Lance A Waller
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Hector Gomez-Dantes
- Health Systems Research Center, National Institute of Public Health, Cuernavaca, Mexico
| | - Audrey Lenhart
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Thomas J Hladish
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Azael Che-Mendoza
- Unidad Colaborativa de Bioensayos Entomológicos, Campus de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Merida, Mexico
| | - Oscar D Kirstein
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Math and Science Center, Emory University, 400 Dowman Drive, 5th floor, Suite E530, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Yamila Romer
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Math and Science Center, Emory University, 400 Dowman Drive, 5th floor, Suite E530, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Fabian Correa-Morales
- Centro Nacional de Programas Preventivos y Control de Enfermedades (CENAPRECE) Secretaría de Salud Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | | | - Norma Pavia-Ruz
- Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, Merida, Mexico
| | - Guadalupe Ayora-Talavera
- Centro de Investigaciones Regionales Hideyo Noguchi, Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, Merida, Mexico
| | - Gonzalo M Vazquez-Prokopec
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Math and Science Center, Emory University, 400 Dowman Drive, 5th floor, Suite E530, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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Zhang Y, Riera J, Ostrow K, Siddiqui S, de Silva H, Sarkar S, Fernando L, Gardner L. Modeling the relative role of human mobility, land-use and climate factors on dengue outbreak emergence in Sri Lanka. BMC Infect Dis 2020; 20:649. [PMID: 32883213 PMCID: PMC7469426 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-020-05369-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background More than 80,000 dengue cases including 215 deaths were reported nationally in less than 7 months between 2016 and 2017, a fourfold increase in the number of reported cases compared to the average number over 2010–2016. The region of Negombo, located in the Western province, experienced the greatest number of dengue cases in the country and is the focus area of our study, where we aim to capture the spatial-temporal dynamics of dengue transmission. Methods We present a statistical modeling framework to evaluate the spatial-temporal dynamics of the 2016–2017 dengue outbreak in the Negombo region of Sri Lanka as a function of human mobility, land-use, and climate patterns. The analysis was conducted at a 1 km × 1 km spatial resolution and a weekly temporal resolution. Results Our results indicate human mobility to be a stronger indicator for local outbreak clusters than land-use or climate variables. The minimum daily temperature was identified as the most influential climate variable on dengue cases in the region; while among the set of land-use patterns considered, urban areas were found to be most prone to dengue outbreak, followed by areas with stagnant water and then coastal areas. The results are shown to be robust across spatial resolutions. Conclusions Our study highlights the potential value of using travel data to target vector control within a region. In addition to illustrating the relative relationship between various potential risk factors for dengue outbreaks, the results of our study can be used to inform where and when new cases of dengue are likely to occur within a region, and thus help more effectively and innovatively, plan for disease surveillance and vector control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Department of Civil and Systems Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.,Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Jefferson Riera
- Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Kayla Ostrow
- Department of Civil and Systems Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Sauleh Siddiqui
- Department of Environmental Science, American University, Washington, DC, 20016, USA
| | - Harendra de Silva
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colombo, Colombo, 00900, Sri Lanka
| | - Sahotra Sarkar
- Department of Philosophy, Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Lakkumar Fernando
- Centre for Clinical Management of Dengue and Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever, Negombo, 11500, Sri Lanka
| | - Lauren Gardner
- Department of Civil and Systems Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.
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Filipović I, Hapuarachchi HC, Tien WP, Razak MABA, Lee C, Tan CH, Devine GJ, Rašić G. Using spatial genetics to quantify mosquito dispersal for control programs. BMC Biol 2020; 18:104. [PMID: 32819378 PMCID: PMC7439557 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-020-00841-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hundreds of millions of people get a mosquito-borne disease every year and nearly one million die. Transmission of these infections is primarily tackled through the control of mosquito vectors. The accurate quantification of mosquito dispersal is critical for the design and optimization of vector control programs, yet the measurement of dispersal using traditional mark-release-recapture (MRR) methods is logistically challenging and often unrepresentative of an insect’s true behavior. Using Aedes aegypti (a major arboviral vector) as a model and two study sites in Singapore, we show how mosquito dispersal can be characterized by the spatial analyses of genetic relatedness among individuals sampled over a short time span without interruption of their natural behaviors. Results Using simple oviposition traps, we captured adult female Ae. aegypti across high-rise apartment blocks and genotyped them using genome-wide SNP markers. We developed a methodology that produces a dispersal kernel for distance which results from one generation of successful breeding (effective dispersal), using the distance separating full siblings and 2nd- and 3rd-degree relatives (close kin). The estimated dispersal distance kernel was exponential (Laplacian), with a mean dispersal distance (and dispersal kernel spread σ) of 45.2 m (95% CI 39.7–51.3 m), and 10% probability of a dispersal > 100 m (95% CI 92–117 m). Our genetically derived estimates matched the parametrized dispersal kernels from previous MRR experiments. If few close kin are captured, a conventional genetic isolation-by-distance analysis can be used, as it can produce σ estimates congruent with the close-kin method if effective population density is accurately estimated. Genetic patch size, estimated by spatial autocorrelation analysis, reflects the spatial extent of the dispersal kernel “tail” that influences, for example, the critical radii of release zones and the speed of Wolbachia spread in mosquito replacement programs. Conclusions We demonstrate that spatial genetics can provide a robust characterization of mosquito dispersal. With the decreasing cost of next-generation sequencing, the production of spatial genetic data is increasingly accessible. Given the challenges of conventional MRR methods, and the importance of quantified dispersal in operational vector control decisions, we recommend genetic-based dispersal characterization as the more desirable means of parameterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Filipović
- Mosquito Control Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia.
| | | | - Wei-Ping Tien
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, 11, Biopolis Way, #06-05-08, Singapore, 138667, Singapore
| | | | - Caleb Lee
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, 11, Biopolis Way, #06-05-08, Singapore, 138667, Singapore
| | - Cheong Huat Tan
- Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, 11, Biopolis Way, #06-05-08, Singapore, 138667, Singapore
| | - Gregor J Devine
- Mosquito Control Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Gordana Rašić
- Mosquito Control Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia.
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Guzzetta G, Vairo F, Mammone A, Lanini S, Poletti P, Manica M, Rosa R, Caputo B, Solimini A, Torre AD, Scognamiglio P, Zumla A, Ippolito G, Merler S. Spatial modes for transmission of chikungunya virus during a large chikungunya outbreak in Italy: a modeling analysis. BMC Med 2020; 18:226. [PMID: 32762750 PMCID: PMC7412829 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-020-01674-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The spatial spread of many mosquito-borne diseases occurs by focal spread at the scale of a few hundred meters and over longer distances due to human mobility. The relative contributions of different spatial scales for transmission of chikungunya virus require definition to improve outbreak vector control recommendations. METHODS We analyzed data from a large chikungunya outbreak mediated by the mosquito Aedes albopictus in the Lazio region, Italy, consisting of 414 reported human cases between June and November 2017. Using dates of symptom onset, geographic coordinates of residence, and information from epidemiological questionnaires, we reconstructed transmission chains related to that outbreak. RESULTS Focal spread (within 1 km) accounted for 54.9% of all cases, 15.8% were transmitted at a local scale (1-15 km) and the remaining 29.3% were exported from the main areas of chikungunya circulation in Lazio to longer distances such as Rome and other geographical areas. Seventy percent of focal infections (corresponding to 38% of the total 414 cases) were transmitted within a distance of 200 m (the buffer distance adopted by the national guidelines for insecticide spraying). Two main epidemic clusters were identified, with a radius expanding at a rate of 300-600 m per month. The majority of exported cases resulted in either sporadic or no further transmission in the region. CONCLUSIONS Evidence suggest that human mobility contributes to seeding a relevant number of secondary cases and new foci of transmission over several kilometers. Reactive vector control based on current guidelines might allow a significant number of secondary clusters in untreated areas, especially if the outbreak is not detected early. Existing policies and guidelines for control during outbreaks should recommend the prioritization of preventive measures in neighboring territories with known mobility flows to the main areas of transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Guzzetta
- Center for Information Technology, Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Trento, Italy
| | - Francesco Vairo
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani" IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
| | - Alessia Mammone
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Lanini
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Piero Poletti
- Center for Information Technology, Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Trento, Italy
| | - Mattia Manica
- Centro Agricoltura Alimenti e Ambiente, Università di Trento, San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy
| | - Roberto Rosa
- Centro Agricoltura Alimenti e Ambiente, Università di Trento, San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy.,Dipartimento di Biodiversità ed Ecologia Molecolare/Centro Ricerca e Innovazione, Fondazione Edmund Mach, San Michele all'Adige, Italy
| | - Beniamino Caputo
- Dipartimento di Sanitá Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Angelo Solimini
- Dipartimento di Sanitá Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Della Torre
- Dipartimento di Sanitá Pubblica e Malattie Infettive, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Scognamiglio
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Alimuddin Zumla
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Center for Clinical Microbiology, University College London, London, UK.,the National Institute of Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at UCL Hospitals, London, UK
| | - Giuseppe Ippolito
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani" IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Merler
- Center for Information Technology, Fondazione Bruno Kessler, Trento, Italy
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Dantés HG, Manrique-Saide P, Vazquez-Prokopec G, Morales FC, Siqueira Junior JB, Pimenta F, Coelho G, Bezerra H. Prevention and control of Aedes transmitted infections in the post-pandemic scenario of COVID-19: challenges and opportunities for the region of the Americas. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2020; 115:e200284. [PMID: 32785481 PMCID: PMC7405801 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760200284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic challenges public health systems around the world. Tropical countries will face complex epidemiological scenarios involving the simultaneous transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) with viruses transmitted by Aedes aegypti. The occurrence of arboviral diseases with COVID-19 in the Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) region presents challenges and opportunities for strengthening health services, surveillance and control programs. Financing of training, equipment and reconversion of hospital spaces will have a negative effect on already the limited resource directed to the health sector. The strengthening of the diagnostic infrastructure reappears as an opportunity for the national reference laboratories. Sharing of epidemiological information for the modeling of epidemiological scenarios allows collaboration between health, academic and scientific institutions. The fear of contagion by COVID-19 is constraining people with arboviral diseases to search for care which can lead to an increase in serious cases and could disrupt the operation of vector-control programs due to the reluctance of residents to open their doors to health personnel. Promoting intense community participation along with the incorporation of long lasting innovations in vector control offers new opportunities for control. The COVID-19 pandemic offers challenges and opportunities that must provoke positive behavioral changes and encourage more permanent self-care actions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Fabiano Pimenta
- Secretaria de Saúde de Belo Horizonte, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Giovanini Coelho
- Neglected, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases, Department of Communicable Diseases and Environmental Determinants of Health, Pan-American Health Organization/World Health Organization, Washington, United States of America
| | - Haroldo Bezerra
- Neglected, Tropical and Vector-Borne Diseases, Department of Communicable Diseases and Environmental Determinants of Health, Pan-American Health Organization/World Health Organization, Washington, United States of America
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38
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Mores GB, Schuler-Faccini L, Hasenack H, Fetzer LO, Souza GD, Ferraz G. Site Occupancy by Aedes aegypti in a Subtropical City is Most Sensitive to Control during Autumn and Winter Months. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 103:445-454. [PMID: 32394876 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.19-0366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Aedes aegypti mosquito inhabits most tropical and subtropical regions of the globe, where it transmits arboviral diseases of substantial public health relevance, such as dengue fever. In subtropical regions, Ae. aegypti often presents an annual abundance cycle driven by weather conditions. Because different population states may show varying responses to control, we are interested in studying what time of the year is most appropriate for control. To do so, we developed two dynamic site-occupancy models based on more than 200 weeks of mosquito trapping data from nearly 900 sites in a subtropical Brazilian city. Our phenomenological, Markovian models, fitted to data in a Bayesian framework, accounted for failure to detect mosquitoes in two alternative ways and for temporal variation in dynamic rates of local extinction and colonization of new sites. Infestation varied from nearly full cover of the city area in late summer, to between 10% and 67% of sites occupied in winter depending on the model. Sensitivity analysis reveals that changes in dynamic rates should have the greatest impact on site occupancy during autumn and early winter months, when the mosquito population is declining. We discuss the implications of this finding to the timing of mosquito control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Barradas Mores
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Lavinia Schuler-Faccini
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Serviço de Genética Médica, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,INAGEMP, Instituto Nacional de Genetica Medica Populacional, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Heinrich Hasenack
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Liane Oliveira Fetzer
- Núcleo de Vigilância de Roedores e Vetores, Diretoria Geral de Vigilância em Saúde, Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Getúlio Dornelles Souza
- Núcleo de Vigilância de Roedores e Vetores, Diretoria Geral de Vigilância em Saúde, Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Gonçalo Ferraz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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39
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Cavany SM, España G, Lloyd AL, Waller LA, Kitron U, Astete H, Elson WH, Vazquez-Prokopec GM, Scott TW, Morrison AC, Reiner Jr. RC, Perkins TA. Optimizing the deployment of ultra-low volume and targeted indoor residual spraying for dengue outbreak response. PLoS Comput Biol 2020; 16:e1007743. [PMID: 32310958 PMCID: PMC7200023 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent years have seen rising incidence of dengue and large outbreaks of Zika and chikungunya, which are all caused by viruses transmitted by Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. In most settings, the primary intervention against Aedes-transmitted viruses is vector control, such as indoor, ultra-low volume (ULV) spraying. Targeted indoor residual spraying (TIRS) has the potential to more effectively impact Aedes-borne diseases, but its implementation requires careful planning and evaluation. The optimal time to deploy these interventions and their relative epidemiological effects are, however, not well understood. We used an agent-based model of dengue virus transmission calibrated to data from Iquitos, Peru to assess the epidemiological effects of these interventions under differing strategies for deploying them. Specifically, we compared strategies where spray application was initiated when incidence rose above a threshold based on incidence in recent years to strategies where spraying occurred at the same time(s) each year. In the absence of spraying, the model predicted 361,000 infections [inter-quartile range (IQR): 347,000-383,000] in the period 2000-2010. The ULV strategy with the fewest median infections was spraying twice yearly, in March and October, which led to a median of 172,000 infections [IQR: 158,000-183,000], a 52% reduction from baseline. Compared to spraying once yearly in September, the best threshold-based strategy utilizing ULV had fewer median infections (254,000 vs. 261,000), but required more spraying (351 vs. 274 days). For TIRS, the best strategy was threshold-based, which led to the fewest infections of all strategies tested (9,900; [IQR: 8,720-11,400], a 94% reduction), and required fewer days spraying than the equivalent ULV strategy (280). Although spraying twice each year is likely to avert the most infections, our results indicate that a threshold-based strategy can become an alternative to better balance the translation of spraying effort into impact, particularly if used with a residual insecticide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M. Cavany
- Department of Biological Sciences & Eck Institute of Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Guido España
- Department of Biological Sciences & Eck Institute of Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Alun L. Lloyd
- Department of Mathematics & Biomathematics Graduate Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lance A. Waller
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Uriel Kitron
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | | | - William H. Elson
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | | | - Thomas W. Scott
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Amy C. Morrison
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Robert C. Reiner Jr.
- Institute of Health Metrics and Evaluation, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - T. Alex Perkins
- Department of Biological Sciences & Eck Institute of Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
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40
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Hladish TJ, Pearson CAB, Toh KB, Rojas DP, Manrique-Saide P, Vazquez-Prokopec GM, Halloran ME, Longini IM. Designing effective control of dengue with combined interventions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:3319-3325. [PMID: 31974303 PMCID: PMC7022216 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1903496117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Viruses transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, such as dengue, Zika, and chikungunya, have expanding ranges and seem unabated by current vector control programs. Effective control of these pathogens likely requires integrated approaches. We evaluated dengue management options in an endemic setting that combine novel vector control and vaccination using an agent-based model for Yucatán, Mexico, fit to 37 y of data. Our intervention models are informed by targeted indoor residual spraying (TIRS) experiments; trial outcomes and World Health Organization (WHO) testing guidance for the only licensed dengue vaccine, CYD-TDV; and preliminary results for in-development vaccines. We evaluated several implementation options, including varying coverage levels; staggered introductions; and a one-time, large-scale vaccination campaign. We found that CYD-TDV and TIRS interfere: while the combination outperforms either alone, performance is lower than estimated from their separate benefits. The conventional model hypothesized for in-development vaccines, however, performs synergistically with TIRS, amplifying effectiveness well beyond their independent impacts. If the preliminary performance by either of the in-development vaccines is upheld, a one-time, large-scale campaign followed by routine vaccination alongside aggressive new vector control could enable short-term elimination, with nearly all cases avoided for a decade despite continuous dengue reintroductions. If elimination is impracticable due to resource limitations, less ambitious implementations of this combination still produce amplified, longer-lasting effectiveness over single-approach interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Hladish
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611;
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Carl A B Pearson
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
- Centre for Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, United Kingdom
- South African Centre for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa 7600
| | - Kok Ben Toh
- School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Diana Patricia Rojas
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
- Division of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville QLD 4814, Australia
| | - Pablo Manrique-Saide
- Collaborative Unit for Entomological Bioassays, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Mexico 9700
| | | | - M Elizabeth Halloran
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109
- Center for Inference and Dynamics of Infectious Diseases, Seattle, WA 98109
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Ira M Longini
- Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
- Center for Inference and Dynamics of Infectious Diseases, Seattle, WA 98109
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41
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Ab Hamid N, Mohd Noor SN, Susubi J, Isa NR, Md Rodzay R, Bachtiar Effendi AM, Hafisool AA, Azman FA, Abdullah SF, Kamarul Zaman MK, Wasi Ahmad N, Lee HL. Semi-field evaluation of the bio-efficacy of two different deltamethrin formulations against Aedes species in an outdoor residual spraying study. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03230. [PMID: 31993521 PMCID: PMC6976940 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, dengue incidence has trended upward worldwide causing urgent needs for new or modified vector control methods. We modified the existing indoor residual spraying (IRS) method by applying insecticide on the outer walls of building structures in an outdoor residual spraying (ORS) study. A semi-field study was conducted to investigate the bio-efficacy of two different deltamethrin formulations: K-Othrine® Polyzone, new polymer-enhanced deltamethrin formulated as a suspension concentrate (SC-PE), and K-Othrine® WG 250, traditional deltamethrin formulated as water dispersible granule (WG). The residual bio-efficacy of deltamethrin SC-PE was compared to deltamethrin WG on finished cement surfaces applied to the outer walls at the Institute for Medical Research (IMR), Malaysia. Standard WHO cone wall bioassays were adapted to evaluate the effective duration of action of these deltamethrin formulations against susceptible laboratory-reared and wild, free-flying Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus. Analyses of bioassay results showed that deltamethrin SC-PE 30 mg/m2 has improved longevity in comparison to deltamethrin WG 30 mg/m2. Deltamethrin SC-PE 30 mg/m2 was effective until week 17 (producing > 80% mortality), surpassing deltamethrin WG 30 mg/m2 which only lasted until week 10. This was supported by post-hoc test analyses which demonstrated that deltamethrin SC-PE 30 mg/m2 produced the highest mean of mortality in laboratory-reared Aedes species and the wild Ae. albopictus. However, the effective duration of action of deltamethrin SC-PE (17 weeks) was less than the recommended period by WHO (6 months) but was reasonable given that the spraying was undertaken outdoor. This preliminary data could be of use for the deployment of locally adapted ORS operation in controlling dengue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurulhusna Ab Hamid
- Medical Entomology Unit and WHO Collaborating Center for Vectors, Institute for Medical Research, Ministry of Health, Malaysia, Jalan Pahang, 50588, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Siti Nurfadhlina Mohd Noor
- Medical Entomology Unit and WHO Collaborating Center for Vectors, Institute for Medical Research, Ministry of Health, Malaysia, Jalan Pahang, 50588, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - John Susubi
- Vector Borne Disease Control Program, Kilu'ufi Hospital, Malaita Province, Solomon Islands
- School of Diploma in Applied Parasitology and Entomology, SEAMEO – TROPMED Regional Center Malaysia, Institute for Medical Research, Ministry of Health, Malaysia, Jalan Pahang, 50588, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nur Rasyidah Isa
- Medical Entomology Unit and WHO Collaborating Center for Vectors, Institute for Medical Research, Ministry of Health, Malaysia, Jalan Pahang, 50588, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rohaiyu Md Rodzay
- Medical Entomology Unit and WHO Collaborating Center for Vectors, Institute for Medical Research, Ministry of Health, Malaysia, Jalan Pahang, 50588, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ainaa Mardia Bachtiar Effendi
- Medical Entomology Unit and WHO Collaborating Center for Vectors, Institute for Medical Research, Ministry of Health, Malaysia, Jalan Pahang, 50588, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Afiq Ahnaf Hafisool
- Medical Entomology Unit and WHO Collaborating Center for Vectors, Institute for Medical Research, Ministry of Health, Malaysia, Jalan Pahang, 50588, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Fatin Atirah Azman
- Medical Entomology Unit and WHO Collaborating Center for Vectors, Institute for Medical Research, Ministry of Health, Malaysia, Jalan Pahang, 50588, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Siti Farah Abdullah
- Medical Entomology Unit and WHO Collaborating Center for Vectors, Institute for Medical Research, Ministry of Health, Malaysia, Jalan Pahang, 50588, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Khairi Kamarul Zaman
- Medical Entomology Unit and WHO Collaborating Center for Vectors, Institute for Medical Research, Ministry of Health, Malaysia, Jalan Pahang, 50588, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nazni Wasi Ahmad
- Medical Entomology Unit and WHO Collaborating Center for Vectors, Institute for Medical Research, Ministry of Health, Malaysia, Jalan Pahang, 50588, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Han Lim Lee
- Medical Entomology Unit and WHO Collaborating Center for Vectors, Institute for Medical Research, Ministry of Health, Malaysia, Jalan Pahang, 50588, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Romer Y, Valadez-Gonzalez N, Contreras-Capetillo S, Manrique-Saide P, Vazquez-Prokopec G, Pavia-Ruz N. Zika Virus Infection in Pregnant Women, Yucatan, Mexico. Emerg Infect Dis 2019; 25:1452-1460. [PMID: 31310215 PMCID: PMC6649335 DOI: 10.3201/eid2508.180915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection was associated with a high incidence of symptomatic disease but no congenital syndrome. We report demographic, epidemiologic, and clinical findings for a prospective cohort of pregnant women during the initial phase of Zika virus introduction into Yucatan, Mexico. We monitored 115 pregnant women for signs of active or recent Zika virus infection. The estimated cumulative incidence of Zika virus infection was 0.31 and the ratio of symptomatic to asymptomatic cases was 1.7 (range 1.3–4.0 depending on age group). Exanthema was the most sensitive clinical sign but also the least specific. Conjunctival hyperemia, joint edema, and exanthema were the combination of signs that had the highest specificity but low sensitivity. We did not find evidence of vertical transmission or fetal anomalies, likely because of the low number of pregnant women tested. We also did not find evidence of congenital disease. Our findings emphasize the limited predictive value of clinical features in areas where Zika virus cocirculates with other flaviviruses.
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43
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Mosquito Age Grading and Vector-Control Programmes. Trends Parasitol 2019; 36:39-51. [PMID: 31836285 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2019.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
An ability to characterize the age of mosquito populations could provide cost-effective and compelling entomological evidence for the potential epidemiological impacts of vector control. The average age of a mosquito population is the most important determinant of vectorial capacity and the likelihood of disease transmission. Yet, despite decades of research, defining the age of a wild-caught mosquito remains a challenging, impractical, and unreliable process. Emerging chemometric and existing transcriptional approaches may overcome many of the limitations of current morphological techniques, but their utility in terms of field-based monitoring programmes remains largely untested. Herein, we review the potential advantages and disadvantages of new and existing age-grading tools in an operational context.
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44
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Correa-Morales F, Riestra-Morales M, Bibiano-Marín W, Dzul-Manzanilla F, Del Castillo-Centeno LF, Palacio-Vargas JA, Che-Mendoza A, Gonzalez-Olvera G, Lopez-Monroy B, Vazquez-Prokopec G, Manrique-Saide P. Bioefficacy of Two Nonpyrethroid Insecticides for Targeted Indoor Residual Spraying Against Pyrethroid-Resistant Aedes aegypti. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MOSQUITO CONTROL ASSOCIATION 2019; 35:291-294. [PMID: 31922939 DOI: 10.2987/19-6866.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the efficacy of bendiocarb (Ficam W® 80%) and pirimiphos-methyl (Actellic 300CS® 28.16%), applied to different surfaces potentially sprayable within houses during the application of a targeted indoor residual spraying (TIRS) against a field pyrethroid-resistant strain of Aedes aegypti. Bioassays with cones were performed on cement (walls), wood (doors), and textile (cloth) surfaces within typical houses in the Mexican city of Merida (n = 10). Optimal residual efficacy (>80% of mean mortality) of bendiocarb ranged from 3 months (cement) to 2 months (wood and textiles). Residual efficacy of pirimiphos-methyl ranged from 5 months (cement) to 2 months (wood and textiles). Both insecticides proved to be effective as adulticides against field Ae. aegypti and may be useful in mosquito control programs implementing TIRS with pyrethroid-resistant populations.
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45
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O'Neill SL, Ryan PA, Turley AP, Wilson G, Retzki K, Iturbe-Ormaetxe I, Dong Y, Kenny N, Paton CJ, Ritchie SA, Brown-Kenyon J, Stanford D, Wittmeier N, Jewell NP, Tanamas SK, Anders KL, Simmons CP. Scaled deployment of Wolbachia to protect the community from dengue and other Aedes transmitted arboviruses. Gates Open Res 2019; 2:36. [PMID: 30596205 DOI: 10.12688/gatesopenres.12844.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: A number of new technologies are under development for the control of mosquito transmitted viruses, such as dengue, chikungunya and Zika that all require the release of modified mosquitoes into the environment. None of these technologies has been able to demonstrate evidence that they can be implemented at a scale beyond small pilots. Here we report the first successful citywide scaled deployment of Wolbachia in the northern Australian city of Townsville. Methods: The wMel strain of Wolbachia was backcrossed into a local Aedes aegypti genotype and mass reared mosquitoes were deployed as eggs using mosquito release containers (MRCs). In initial stages these releases were undertaken by program staff but in later stages this was replaced by direct community release including the development of a school program that saw children undertake releases. Mosquito monitoring was undertaken with Biogents Sentinel (BGS) traps and individual mosquitoes were screened for the presence of Wolbachia with a Taqman qPCR or LAMP diagnostic assay. Dengue case notifications from Queensland Health Communicable Disease Branch were used to track dengue cases in the city before and after release. Results: Wolbachia was successfully established into local Ae. aegypti mosquitoes across 66 km 2 in four stages over 28 months with full community support. A feature of the program was the development of a scaled approach to community engagement. Wolbachia frequencies have remained stable since deployment and to date no local dengue transmission has been confirmed in any area of Townsville after Wolbachia has established, despite local transmission events every year for the prior 13 years and an epidemiological context of increasing imported cases. Conclusion: Deployment of Wolbachia into Ae. aegypti populations can be readily scaled to areas of ~60km 2 quickly and cost effectively and appears in this context to be effective at stopping local dengue transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott L O'Neill
- Institute of Vector-Borne Disease, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Peter A Ryan
- Institute of Vector-Borne Disease, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Andrew P Turley
- Institute of Vector-Borne Disease, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Geoff Wilson
- Institute of Vector-Borne Disease, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Kate Retzki
- Institute of Vector-Borne Disease, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | | | - Yi Dong
- Institute of Vector-Borne Disease, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Nichola Kenny
- Institute of Vector-Borne Disease, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Christopher J Paton
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, 4878, Australia
| | - Scott A Ritchie
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, 4878, Australia
| | - Jack Brown-Kenyon
- Institute of Vector-Borne Disease, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Darren Stanford
- Institute of Vector-Borne Disease, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Natalie Wittmeier
- Institute of Vector-Borne Disease, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Nicholas P Jewell
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, USA.,Centre for Statistical Methodology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Stephanie K Tanamas
- Institute of Vector-Borne Disease, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Katherine L Anders
- Institute of Vector-Borne Disease, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Cameron P Simmons
- Institute of Vector-Borne Disease, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
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46
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Schaber KL, Paz-Soldan VA, Morrison AC, Elson WHD, Rothman AL, Mores CN, Astete-Vega H, Scott TW, Waller LA, Kitron U, Elder JP, Barker CM, Perkins TA, Vazquez-Prokopec GM. Dengue illness impacts daily human mobility patterns in Iquitos, Peru. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007756. [PMID: 31545804 PMCID: PMC6776364 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human mobility plays a central role in shaping pathogen transmission by generating spatial and/or individual variability in potential pathogen-transmitting contacts. Recent research has shown that symptomatic infection can influence human mobility and pathogen transmission dynamics. Better understanding the complex relationship between symptom severity, infectiousness, and human mobility requires quantification of movement patterns throughout infectiousness. For dengue virus (DENV), human infectiousness peaks 0–2 days after symptom onset, making it paramount to understand human movement patterns from the beginning of illness. Methodology and principal findings Through community-based febrile surveillance and RT-PCR assays, we identified a cohort of DENV+ residents of the city of Iquitos, Peru (n = 63). Using retrospective interviews, we measured the movements of these individuals when healthy and during each day of symptomatic illness. The most dramatic changes in mobility occurred during the first three days after symptom onset; individuals visited significantly fewer locations (Wilcoxon test, p = 0.017) and spent significantly more time at home (Wilcoxon test, p = 0.005), compared to when healthy. By 7–9 days after symptom onset, mobility measures had returned to healthy levels. Throughout an individual’s symptomatic period, the day of illness and their subjective sense of well-being were the most significant predictors for the number of locations and houses they visited. Conclusions/Significance Our study is one of the first to collect and analyze human mobility data at a daily scale during symptomatic infection. Accounting for the observed changes in human mobility throughout illness will improve understanding of the impact of disease on DENV transmission dynamics and the interpretation of public health-based surveillance data. Dengue is the most important mosquito-borne viral disease of humans worldwide. Due to the limited mobility of the mosquitoes that transmit dengue virus, human mobility can be a key to both understanding an individual’s exposure to the virus and explaining the spread of dengue throughout a population. Accurate disease models should include human mobility; however, changes in human movement patterns due to the presence of symptoms need to be taken into account. We quantified the impact of symptom presence on human mobility throughout the infectious period by analyzing a dataset on the daily movements of dengue virus infected individuals. Accounting for these changing patterns of mobility will improve understanding of the complex relationship between symptom severity, human movement, and dengue virus transmission. Furthermore, dengue transmission models that incorporate symptom-driven mobility changes can be used to evaluate scenarios and strategies for disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L. Schaber
- Program of Population Biology, Ecology and Evolution, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Valerie A. Paz-Soldan
- Department of Global Community Health and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States of America
| | - Amy C. Morrison
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - William H. D. Elson
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Alan L. Rothman
- Institute for Immunology and Informatics and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Christopher N. Mores
- Department of Virology and Emerging Infections, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Lima and Iquitos, Peru
| | - Helvio Astete-Vega
- Department of Virology and Emerging Infections, U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6, Lima and Iquitos, Peru
| | - Thomas W. Scott
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Lance A. Waller
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Uriel Kitron
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - John P. Elder
- Graduate School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Christopher M. Barker
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - T. Alex Perkins
- Department of Biological Sciences and Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Gonzalo M. Vazquez-Prokopec
- Program of Population Biology, Ecology and Evolution, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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47
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O'Neill SL, Ryan PA, Turley AP, Wilson G, Retzki K, Iturbe-Ormaetxe I, Dong Y, Kenny N, Paton CJ, Ritchie SA, Brown-Kenyon J, Stanford D, Wittmeier N, Jewell NP, Tanamas SK, Anders KL, Simmons CP. Scaled deployment of Wolbachia to protect the community from dengue and other Aedes transmitted arboviruses. Gates Open Res 2019. [PMID: 30596205 DOI: 10.12688/gatesopenres.12844.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: A number of new technologies are under development for the control of mosquito transmitted viruses, such as dengue, chikungunya and Zika that all require the release of modified mosquitoes into the environment. None of these technologies has been able to demonstrate evidence that they can be implemented at a scale beyond small pilots. Here we report the first successful citywide scaled deployment of Wolbachia in the northern Australian city of Townsville. Methods: The wMel strain of Wolbachia was backcrossed into a local Aedes aegypti genotype and mass reared mosquitoes were deployed as eggs using mosquito release containers (MRCs). In initial stages these releases were undertaken by program staff but in later stages this was replaced by direct community release including the development of a school program that saw children undertake releases. Mosquito monitoring was undertaken with Biogents Sentinel (BGS) traps and individual mosquitoes were screened for the presence of Wolbachia with a Taqman qPCR or LAMP diagnostic assay. Dengue case notifications from Queensland Health Communicable Disease Branch were used to track dengue cases in the city before and after release. Results: Wolbachia was successfully established into local Ae. aegypti mosquitoes across 66 km 2 in four stages over 28 months with full community support. A feature of the program was the development of a scaled approach to community engagement. Wolbachia frequencies have remained stable since deployment and to date no local dengue transmission has been confirmed in any area of Townsville after Wolbachia has established, despite local transmission events every year for the prior 13 years and an epidemiological context of increasing imported cases. Conclusion: Deployment of Wolbachia into Ae. aegypti populations can be readily scaled to areas of ~60km 2 quickly and cost effectively and appears in this context to be effective at stopping local dengue transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott L O'Neill
- Institute of Vector-Borne Disease, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Peter A Ryan
- Institute of Vector-Borne Disease, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Andrew P Turley
- Institute of Vector-Borne Disease, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Geoff Wilson
- Institute of Vector-Borne Disease, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Kate Retzki
- Institute of Vector-Borne Disease, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | | | - Yi Dong
- Institute of Vector-Borne Disease, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Nichola Kenny
- Institute of Vector-Borne Disease, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Christopher J Paton
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, 4878, Australia
| | - Scott A Ritchie
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, 4878, Australia
| | - Jack Brown-Kenyon
- Institute of Vector-Borne Disease, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Darren Stanford
- Institute of Vector-Borne Disease, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Natalie Wittmeier
- Institute of Vector-Borne Disease, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Nicholas P Jewell
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, USA.,Centre for Statistical Methodology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Stephanie K Tanamas
- Institute of Vector-Borne Disease, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Katherine L Anders
- Institute of Vector-Borne Disease, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Cameron P Simmons
- Institute of Vector-Borne Disease, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
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48
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O'Neill SL, Ryan PA, Turley AP, Wilson G, Retzki K, Iturbe-Ormaetxe I, Dong Y, Kenny N, Paton CJ, Ritchie SA, Brown-Kenyon J, Stanford D, Wittmeier N, Jewell NP, Tanamas SK, Anders KL, Simmons CP. Scaled deployment of Wolbachia to protect the community from dengue and other Aedes transmitted arboviruses. Gates Open Res 2019; 2:36. [PMID: 30596205 PMCID: PMC6305154 DOI: 10.12688/gatesopenres.12844.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: A number of new technologies are under development for the control of mosquito transmitted viruses, such as dengue, chikungunya and Zika that all require the release of modified mosquitoes into the environment. None of these technologies has been able to demonstrate evidence that they can be implemented at a scale beyond small pilots. Here we report the first successful citywide scaled deployment of
Wolbachia in the northern Australian city of Townsville. Methods: The
wMel strain of
Wolbachia was backcrossed into a local
Aedes aegypti genotype and mass reared mosquitoes were deployed as eggs using mosquito release containers (MRCs). In initial stages these releases were undertaken by program staff but in later stages this was replaced by direct community release including the development of a school program that saw children undertake releases. Mosquito monitoring was undertaken with Biogents Sentinel (BGS) traps and individual mosquitoes were screened for the presence of
Wolbachia with a Taqman qPCR or LAMP diagnostic assay. Dengue case notifications from Queensland Health Communicable Disease Branch were used to track dengue cases in the city before and after release. Results:
Wolbachia was successfully established into local
Ae. aegypti mosquitoes across 66 km
2 in four stages over 28 months with full community support. A feature of the program was the development of a scaled approach to community engagement.
Wolbachia frequencies have remained stable since deployment and to date no local dengue transmission has been confirmed in any area of Townsville after
Wolbachia has established, despite local transmission events every year for the prior 13 years and an epidemiological context of increasing imported cases. Conclusion: Deployment of
Wolbachia into
Ae. aegypti populations can be readily scaled to areas of ~60km
2 quickly and cost effectively and appears in this context to be effective at stopping local dengue transmission
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott L O'Neill
- Institute of Vector-Borne Disease, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Peter A Ryan
- Institute of Vector-Borne Disease, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Andrew P Turley
- Institute of Vector-Borne Disease, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Geoff Wilson
- Institute of Vector-Borne Disease, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Kate Retzki
- Institute of Vector-Borne Disease, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | | | - Yi Dong
- Institute of Vector-Borne Disease, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Nichola Kenny
- Institute of Vector-Borne Disease, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Christopher J Paton
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, 4878, Australia
| | - Scott A Ritchie
- College of Public Health, Medical and Veterinary Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, 4878, Australia
| | - Jack Brown-Kenyon
- Institute of Vector-Borne Disease, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Darren Stanford
- Institute of Vector-Borne Disease, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Natalie Wittmeier
- Institute of Vector-Borne Disease, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Nicholas P Jewell
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, USA.,Centre for Statistical Methodology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,Department of Medical Statistics, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Stephanie K Tanamas
- Institute of Vector-Borne Disease, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Katherine L Anders
- Institute of Vector-Borne Disease, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Cameron P Simmons
- Institute of Vector-Borne Disease, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
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49
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Corbel V, Durot C, Achee NL, Chandre F, Coulibaly MB, David JP, Devine GJ, Dusfour I, Fonseca DM, Griego J, Juntarajumnong W, Lenhart A, Kasai S, Martins AJ, Moyes C, Ng LC, Pinto J, Pompon JF, Muller P, Raghavendra K, Roiz D, Vatandoost H, Vontas J, Weetman D. Second WIN International Conference on "Integrated approaches and innovative tools for combating insecticide resistance in vectors of arboviruses", October 2018, Singapore. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:331. [PMID: 31269996 PMCID: PMC6610869 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3591-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The past 40 years have seen a dramatic emergence of epidemic arboviral diseases transmitted primarily by mosquitoes. The frequency and magnitude of the epidemics, especially those transmitted by urban Aedes species, have progressively increased over time, accelerating in the past 10 years. To reduce the burden and threat of vector-borne diseases, the World Health Organization (WHO) has recently adopted the Global Vector Control Response (GVCR) in order to support countries in implementing effective sustainable vector control. The evidence-base to support vector control is however limited for arboviral diseases which make prioritization difficult. Knowledge gaps in the distribution, mechanisms and impact of insecticide resistance on vector control impedes the implementation of locally tailored Aedes control measures. This report summarizes the main outputs of the second international conference of the Worldwide Insecticide resistance Network (WIN) on "Integrated approaches and innovative tools for combating insecticide resistance in arbovirus vectors" held in Singapore, 1-3 October 2018. The aims of the conference were to review progress and achievements made in insecticide resistance surveillance worldwide, and to discuss the potential of integrated vector management and innovative technologies for efficiently controlling arboviral diseases. The conference brought together 150 participants from 26 countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Corbel
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC UM1-CNRS 5290-IRD 224), B.P. 64501, 911 Avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Claire Durot
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC UM1-CNRS 5290-IRD 224), B.P. 64501, 911 Avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Nicole L. Achee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame (UND), 239 Galvin Life Science Center, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
| | - Fabrice Chandre
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC UM1-CNRS 5290-IRD 224), B.P. 64501, 911 Avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | | | - Jean-Philippe David
- Laboratoire d’Ecologie Alpine (LECA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR 5553, CNRS, Université Grenoble-Alpes, Domaine universitaire de Saint-Martin d’Hères, 2233 rue de la piscine, 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Gregor J. Devine
- Mosquito Control Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Queensland 4006 Australia
| | - Isabelle Dusfour
- Institut Pasteur de la Guyane (IPG), 23 avenue Pasteur B.P. 6010, 97306 Cayenne Cedex, French Guiana
| | - Dina M. Fonseca
- Rutgers University (RU), Center for Vector Biology, 180 Jones Avenue, New Brunswick, NJ 08901 USA
| | - John Griego
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame (UND), 239 Galvin Life Science Center, Notre Dame, IN 46556 USA
| | - Waraporn Juntarajumnong
- Department of Entomology, Kasetsart University (KU), 50 Ngam Wong Wan Rd, Ladyaow Chatuchak, Bangkok, 10900 Thailand
| | - Audrey Lenhart
- Center for Global Health/Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria/Entomology Branch, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1600 Clifton Rd. NE, MS G-49; Bldg. 23, Atlanta, GA 30329 USA
| | - Shinji Kasai
- Department of Medical Entomology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjukuku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ademir J. Martins
- Instituto Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Avenida Brasil, 4365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ CEP: 21040-360 Brazil
| | - Catherine Moyes
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LF UK
| | - Lee Ching Ng
- Environmental Health Institute (EHI), National Environment Agency (NEA), 11 Biopolis Way, Helios Block, #04-03/04 & #06-05/08, Singapore, Singapore
| | - João Pinto
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Rua da Junqueira 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Julien F. Pompon
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857 Singapore
| | - Pie Muller
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, PO Box 4002, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kamaraju Raghavendra
- Department of Health Research, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research (NIMR), GoI Sector 8, Dwarka, Delhi 110 077 India
| | - David Roiz
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Maladies Infectieuses et Vecteurs, Ecologie, Génétique, Evolution et Contrôle (MIVEGEC UM1-CNRS 5290-IRD 224), B.P. 64501, 911 Avenue Agropolis, 34394 Montpellier Cedex 5, France
| | - Hassan Vatandoost
- Department of Medical Entomology & Vector Control, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), School of Public Health and Institute for Environmental Research, Pour Sina Street, P.O. Box: 14155-6446, Tehran, Iran
| | - John Vontas
- Institute Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (IMBB), Foundation for Research and Technology (FORTH), Panepistimioupoli, Voutes, 70013 Heraklio, Crete Greece
- Pesticide Science Laboratory, Agricultural University of Athens, Ieara Odoes 75, 118 Athens, Greece
| | - David Weetman
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Pembroke Place, Liverpool, L35QA UK
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Cousien A, Abel S, Monthieux A, Andronico A, Calmont I, Cervantes M, Césaire R, Gallian P, de Lamballerie X, Laouénan C, Najioullah F, Pierre-François S, Pircher M, Salje H, ten Bosch QA, Cabié A, Cauchemez S. Assessing Zika Virus Transmission Within Households During an Outbreak in Martinique, 2015-2016. Am J Epidemiol 2019; 188:1389-1396. [PMID: 30995296 PMCID: PMC6601520 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwz091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2015, Zika virus (ZIKV) has caused large epidemics in the Americas. Households are natural targets for control interventions, but quantification of the contribution of household transmission to overall spread is needed to guide policy. We developed a modeling framework to evaluate this contribution and key epidemic features of the ZIKV epidemic in Martinique in 2015-2016 from the joint analysis of a household transmission study (n = 68 households), a study among symptomatic pregnant women (n = 281), and seroprevalence surveys of blood donors (n = 457). We estimated that the probability of mosquito-mediated within-household transmission (from an infected member to a susceptible one) was 21% (95% credible interval (CrI): 5, 51), and the overall probability of infection from outside the household (i.e., in the community) was 39% (95% CrI: 27, 50). Overall, 50% (95% CrI: 43, 58) of the population was infected, with 22% (95% CrI: 5, 46) of infections acquired in households and 40% (95% CrI: 23, 56) being asymptomatic. The probability of presenting with Zika-like symptoms due to another cause was 16% (95% CrI: 10, 23). This study characterized the contribution of household transmission in ZIKV epidemics, demonstrating the benefits of integrating multiple data sets to gain more insight into epidemic dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Cousien
- Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, Unité Mixte de Recherche 2000, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Abel
- Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Martinique, Fort-de-France, Martinique
| | - Alice Monthieux
- Service de Gynécologie Obstétrique, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Martinique, Fort-de-France, Martinique
| | - Alessio Andronico
- Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, Unité Mixte de Recherche 2000, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Calmont
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Centre d’Investigation Clinique 1424, Fort-de-France, Martinique
| | - Minerva Cervantes
- Infection Antimicrobials Modelling Evolution, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1137, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
- Département d’Épidémiologie, Biostatistique et Recherche Clinique, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bichat Claude Bernard, Paris, France
| | - Raymond Césaire
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Martinique, Fort-de-France, Martinique
| | - Pierre Gallian
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Émergence des Pathologies Virales, Aix-Marseille University, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement 190, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale 1207, École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique, Instituts Hospitalo-Universitaires Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Etablissement Français du Sang Provence Alpes Côte d’Azur et Corse, Marseille, France
| | - Xavier de Lamballerie
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Émergence des Pathologies Virales, Aix-Marseille University, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement 190, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale 1207, École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique, Instituts Hospitalo-Universitaires Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Cédric Laouénan
- Infection Antimicrobials Modelling Evolution, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1137, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France
- Département d’Épidémiologie, Biostatistique et Recherche Clinique, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bichat Claude Bernard, Paris, France
| | - Fatiha Najioullah
- Laboratoire de Virologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Martinique, Fort-de-France, Martinique
| | - Sandrine Pierre-François
- Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Martinique, Fort-de-France, Martinique
| | - Mathilde Pircher
- Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Martinique, Fort-de-France, Martinique
| | - Henrik Salje
- Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, Unité Mixte de Recherche 2000, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
| | - Quirine A ten Bosch
- Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, Unité Mixte de Recherche 2000, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
| | - André Cabié
- Service de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Martinique, Fort-de-France, Martinique
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Centre d’Investigation Clinique 1424, Fort-de-France, Martinique
- Equipe d’Accueil 4537, Université des Antilles, Fort-de-France, Martinique
| | - Simon Cauchemez
- Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, Unité Mixte de Recherche 2000, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris, France
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