1
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Stokes K, Sun Y, Thomas JL, Passaretti P, White H, Goldberg Oppenheimer P. Conductivity optimisation of graphene oxide-M13 bacteriophage nanocomposites: towards graphene-based gas micronano-sensors. DISCOVER NANO 2024; 19:152. [PMID: 39289302 PMCID: PMC11408459 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-024-04101-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 09/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) and M13 bacteriophage can self-assemble to form ultra-low density porous structures, known as GraPhage13 aerogels (GPA). Due to the insulating nature of GPA and the challenges in producing highly conductive aerogels, it is paramount to explore ways to enhance the conductivity of GPA. Herein, we have developed a method to enhance the conductivity of GPA, via the integration and optimisation of 5 nm and 20 nm diameter gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) into the aerogel structure and systematically analysed the morphology, composition and spectroscopic properties of the resulting GPA-Au nanocomposite. The fabricated GPA-Au nanocomposites exhibited remarkable increases in conductivity, with the integration of 5 nm AuNPs leading to a 53-fold increase compared to GPA, achieving a performance of up to 360 nS/cm, which is within the range suitable for miniaturised semiconductor devices. The mechanism behind the conductivity enhancement was further investigated and attributed to GO-AuNP interactions increasing the carrier density by introducing new energy levels in the GO band gap or shifting its Fermi level towards the conduction band. These findings demonstrate the potential of functionalised AuNPs to significantly improve the electrical properties of GPA, paving the way for their application in gas sensors for biological and chemical detection and a new range of advanced semiconductor devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Stokes
- School of Chemical Engineering, Advanced Nanomaterials Structures and Applications Laboratories, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Yiwei Sun
- School of Chemical Engineering, Advanced Nanomaterials Structures and Applications Laboratories, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
- Paragraf Limited, Cambridge, PE28 3EB, UK.
| | - Jarrod L Thomas
- School of Chemical Engineering, Advanced Nanomaterials Structures and Applications Laboratories, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Paolo Passaretti
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Henry White
- BAE-Systems - Air Sector, Buckingham House, FPC 267, Filton, Bristol, UK
| | - Pola Goldberg Oppenheimer
- School of Chemical Engineering, Advanced Nanomaterials Structures and Applications Laboratories, College of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
- Healthcare Technologies Institute, Institute of Translational Medicine, Mindelsohn Way, Birmingham, B15 2TH, UK.
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2
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Farka D, Ciganek M, Veselý D, Kalina L, Krajčovič J. Epitaxial Guidance of Adamantyl-Substituted Polythiophenes by Self-Assembled Monolayers. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:38733-38742. [PMID: 39310142 PMCID: PMC11411674 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c04616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 08/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/25/2024]
Abstract
The anisotropic nature of charge transport through organic materials requires high control over the self-assembly of the organic materials. This is particularly so for conductive polymers, where transport occurs mainly along the polymers' backbone. Herein, we demonstrate the use of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) to influence the self-assembly of poly(3-adamantylmethylthiophene). We employ two different SAMs, which interact with either the adamantyl- or the thiophene-functionality, respectively, and acquire distinct topologies as compared to the unmodified Au(111) surface. We compare these results with unmodified glass and mica (muscovite) surfaces, which are typically employed in the field of optoelectronics. We prove the usefulness and applicability of epitaxial effects and adamantyl substituents for organic electronics. This presents a viable way toward improved electronic performance for the field as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Farka
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry (IOCB), Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo Náměstí 2, Prague 160 00, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Ciganek
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology
(BUT), Purkyňova
118, Brno CZ-612 00, Czech Republic
| | - Dominik Veselý
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology
(BUT), Purkyňova
118, Brno CZ-612 00, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Kalina
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology
(BUT), Purkyňova
118, Brno CZ-612 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Krajčovič
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology
(BUT), Purkyňova
118, Brno CZ-612 00, Czech Republic
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3
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Ma F, Choi SI, Lee D, Jeon SB, Park S, Cho SP, Boo JH, Kim S. Directed crystallization of a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) film by an iron(III) dodecyl sulfate lamellar superstructure. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7871. [PMID: 39284799 PMCID: PMC11405900 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-51621-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS), a successfully commercialized polymeric semiconductor material, has potential as a transparent electrode in flexible electronic devices, yet has insufficient conductivity. We present the synthesis, properties, and directed crystallization of the PEDOT:dodecyl sulfate (PEDOT:DS) film. Iron(III) dodecyl sulfate (Fe(DS)3) multi-lamellar vesicles (MLVs), a new growth template, are used to synthesize and direct the growth of the PEDOT:DS film via vapor-phase polymerization of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene to form huge PEDOT:DS co-crystal domains within the MLV superstructure. The polycrystalline film has metallic conductivity (avg. ~1.0 × 104 S cm-1), is highly transparent and mechanically durable yet flexible, and suitable for next-generation flexible electronics. These noteworthy properties are conferred by the MLV lamellar superstructure of Fe(DS)3, a selective oxidant and an efficient in situ dopant that enhances the film hydrophobicity and durability. Sophisticated MLV-type oxidants are foreseen to enable the synthesis of more conductive, transparent, robust, flexible, and water-stable polymer electrode materials in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Ma
- Department of Materials Engineering, Paichai University, Daejeon, Korea
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Hunan University of Arts and Science, Changde, Hunan Province, China
| | - Sang-Il Choi
- Department of Materials Engineering, Paichai University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Dooyong Lee
- Department of Physics Education, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sung Bae Jeon
- Department of Materials Engineering, Paichai University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Sungkyun Park
- Department of Physics, Pusan National University, Busan, Korea
| | - Sung-Pyo Cho
- National Center for Inter-University Research Facilities, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
- Graphene Research Center, Advanced Institute of Convergence Technology, Suwon, Korea
| | - Jin-Hyo Boo
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Sungsoo Kim
- Department of Materials Engineering, Paichai University, Daejeon, Korea.
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4
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Zhang X, Xin D, Yu Z, Sun J, Li Q, He X, Liu Z, Lei Z. Highly capacitive MXene film by incorporating poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) hollow spheres prepared through an interfacial oxidation polymerization. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 677:472-481. [PMID: 39154440 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.08.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Sheets stacking of Ti3C2Tx MXene dramatically reduces the ion-accessible sites and brings a sluggish reaction kinetics. While introducing transitional metal oxides or polymers in the MXene films could partially alleviate such issue, their enhanced performances are realized at the expense of electrode conductivity or cycling stability. Herein, we report an alternative spacer of conductive poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) hollow spheres (HSs) which are fabricated by a facile template-assisted interfacial polymerization. The Fe3+ ions electrostatically adsorbed on the -SO3H groups of the sulfonated polystyrene spheres (S-PS) initiate the polymerization of uniform PEDOT shell, yielding uniform PEDOT HSs after dissolving the S-PS core. Introducing these PEDOT HSs in the MXene film generates the highly flexible MXene-PEDOT (MP) films featuring hierarchically porous network and high conductivity (283 S cm-1). Consequently, specific capacitance of 218 F g-1 at 3 mV s-1, along with a forty-folds decrease in relaxation time constant (1.0 vs 39.8 s) has been achieved. Moreover, the MP film also exhibits nearly thickness-independent capacitive performances with film thickness in the range of 10-46 μm. A maximal energy density of 21.2 μWh cm-2 at 1015 μW cm-2 together with 92 % capacitance retention over 5000 cycles are achieved for the MP-based solid-state supercapacitor. The intrinsic high conductivity, excellent mechanical flexibility and good structure integrity are responsible for such outstanding electrochemical behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianchi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, MOE, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, 620 West Chang'an Street, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China
| | - Diheng Xin
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, MOE, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, 620 West Chang'an Street, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China
| | - Zhiyuan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, MOE, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, 620 West Chang'an Street, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, MOE, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, 620 West Chang'an Street, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China
| | - Qi Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, MOE, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, 620 West Chang'an Street, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China
| | - Xuexia He
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, MOE, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, 620 West Chang'an Street, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China
| | - Zonghuai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, MOE, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, 620 West Chang'an Street, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China
| | - Zhibin Lei
- Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, MOE, Shaanxi Engineering Lab for Advanced Energy Technology, Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Advanced Energy Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, 620 West Chang'an Street, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710119, China.
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5
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Xu Y, Yan J, Zhou W, Ouyang J. Development of High Performance Thermoelectric Polymers via Doping or Dedoping Engineering. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202400329. [PMID: 38736306 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202400329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
It is of great significance to develop high-performance thermoelectric (TE) materials, because they can be used to harvest waste heat into electricity and there is abundant waste heat on earth. The conventional TE materials are inorganic semimetals or semiconductors like Bi2Te3 and its derivatives. However, they have problems of high cost, scarce/toxic elements, high thermal conductivity, and poor mechanical flexibility. Organic TE materials emerged as the next-generation TE materials because of their merits including solution processability, low cost, abundant element, low intrinsic thermal conductivity, and high mechanical flexibility. Organic TE materials are mainly conducting polymers because of their high conductivity. Both the conductivity and Seebeck coefficient depend on the doping level, and they are interdependent. Hence, the TE properties of polymers can be improved through doping/dedoping engineering. There are three types of doping forms, oxidative (or reductive) doping, protonic acid doping, and charge transfer doping. Accordingly, they can be dedoped by different approaches. In this article, we review the methods to dope and dedope p-type and n-type TE polymers and the combination of doping and dedoping to optimize their TE properties. Secondary doping is also covered, since it can significantly enhance the conductivity of some TE polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Xu
- National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, No. 377 Linquan Street, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117574, China
| | - Jin Yan
- National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, No. 377 Linquan Street, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, No. 377 Linquan Street, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Jianyong Ouyang
- National University of Singapore (Suzhou) Research Institute, No. 377 Linquan Street, Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117574, China
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6
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Cheng W, Zheng Z, Li X, Zhu Y, Zeng S, Zhao D, Yu H. A General Synthesis Method for Patterning PEDOT toward Wearable Electronics and Bioelectronics. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2024; 7:0383. [PMID: 38779489 PMCID: PMC11109514 DOI: 10.34133/research.0383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The conductive polymer poly-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT), recognized for its superior electrical conductivity and biocompatibility, has become an attractive material for developing wearable technologies and bioelectronics. Nevertheless, the complexities associated with PEDOT's patterning synthesis on diverse substrates persist despite recent technological progress. In this study, we introduce a novel deep eutectic solvent (DES)-induced vapor phase polymerization technique, facilitating nonrestrictive patterning polymerization of PEDOT across diverse substrates. By controlling the quantity of DES adsorbed per unit area on the substrates, PEDOT can be effectively patternized on cellulose, wood, plastic, glass, and even hydrogels. The resultant patterned PEDOT exhibits numerous benefits, such as an impressive electronic conductivity of 282 S·m-1, a high specific surface area of 5.29 m2·g-1, and an extensive electrochemical stability range from -1.4 to 2.4 V in a phosphate-buffered saline. To underscore the practicality and diverse applications of this DES-induced approach, we present multiple examples emphasizing its integration into self-supporting flexible electrodes, neuroelectrode interfaces, and precision circuit repair methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanke Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education,
Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Zihao Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education,
Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaona Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education,
Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education,
Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Suqing Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education,
Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Dawei Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education,
Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- Key Laboratory on Resources Chemicals and Materials of Ministry of Education,
Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, China
| | - Haipeng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education,
Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
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7
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Martinelli A, Nitti A, Po R, Pasini D. C2-Symmetrical 3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene Monomers through a Divergent Approach. J Org Chem 2024; 89:4237-4243. [PMID: 38420939 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
We present a divergent synthetic approach to C2-symmetrical 3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) monomers in which functionalities can be introduced as pendant chains from the ethylene bridge. The key synthon, obtained through a high yielding trans-etherification, is the chiral EDOT with bromomethyl pendant groups and is prone to substitution reactions with oxygen-based nucleophiles. Elimination of the key precursor affords a diene that can be elaborated into unprecedented PhEDOT monomers using the Diels-Alder reaction. The strategy is further validated by the synthesis of a dithiane-containing EDOT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Martinelli
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM Research Unit, University of Pavia, Via Torquato Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Andrea Nitti
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM Research Unit, University of Pavia, Via Torquato Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Riccardo Po
- New Energies, Renewable Energies and Materials Science Research Center, Eni S.p.A., Via Giacomo Fauser 4, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Dario Pasini
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM Research Unit, University of Pavia, Via Torquato Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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8
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Tu L, Wang J, Wu Z, Li J, Yang W, Liu B, Wu S, Xia X, Wang Y, Woo HY, Shi Y. Cyano-Functionalized Pyrazine: A Structurally Simple and Easily Accessible Electron-Deficient Building Block for n-Type Organic Thermoelectric Polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202319658. [PMID: 38265195 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202319658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Developing low-cost and high-performance n-type polymer semiconductors is essential to accelerate the application of organic thermoelectrics (OTEs). To achieve this objective, it is critical to design strong electron-deficient building blocks with simple structure and easy synthesis, which are essential for the development of n-type polymer semiconductors. Herein, we synthesized two cyano-functionalized highly electron-deficient building blocks, namely 3,6-dibromopyrazine-2-carbonitrile (CNPz) and 3,6-Dibromopyrazine-2,5-dicarbonitrile (DCNPz), which feature simple structures and facile synthesis. CNPz and DCNPz can be obtained via only one-step reaction and three-step reactions from cheap raw materials, respectively. Based on CNPz and DCNPz, two acceptor-acceptor (A-A) polymers, P(DPP-CNPz) and P(DPP-DCNPz) are successfully developed, featuring deep-positioned lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy levels, which are beneficial to n-type organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) and OTEs performance. An optimal unipolar electron mobility of 0.85 and 1.85 cm2 V-1 s-1 is obtained for P(DPP-CNPz) and P(DPP-DCNPz), respectively. When doped with N-DMBI, P(DPP-CNPz) and P(DPP-DCNPz) show high n-type electrical conductivities/power factors of 25.3 S cm-1 /41.4 μW m-1 K-2 , and 33.9 S cm-1 /30.4 μW m-1 K-2 , respectively. Hence, the cyano-functionalized pyrazine CNPz and DCNPz represent a new class of structurally simple, low-cost and readily accessible electron-deficient building block for constructing n-type polymer semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Tu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, No.189, Jiuhua South Road, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, China
| | - Junwei Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Ziang Wu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-713, Korea
| | - Jianfeng Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Wanli Yang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Siqi Wu
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, No.189, Jiuhua South Road, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, China
| | - Xiaomin Xia
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, No.189, Jiuhua South Road, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, China
| | - Yimei Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, China
| | - Han Young Woo
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-713, Korea
| | - Yongqiang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, No.189, Jiuhua South Road, Wuhu, Anhui, 241002, China
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9
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Park J, Jang JG, Kang K, Kim SH, Kwak J. High Thermoelectric Performance in Solution-Processed Semicrystalline PEDOT:PSS Films by Strong Acid-Base Treatment: Limitations and Potential. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2308368. [PMID: 38236169 PMCID: PMC10933597 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202308368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Thermoelectric (TE) generation with solution-processable conducting polymers offers substantial potential in low-temperature energy harvesting based on high tunability in materials, processes, and form-factors. However, manipulating the TE and charge transport properties accompanies structural and energetic disorders, restricting the enhancement of thermoelectric power factor (PF). Here, solution-based strong acid-base treatment techniques are introduced to modulate the doping level of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) thin films with preserving its molecular orientation, enabling to achieve a remarkably high PF of 534.5 µW m-1 K-2 . Interestingly, theoretical modeling suggested that further de-doping can increase the PF beyond the experimental value. However, it is impossible to reach this value experimentally, even without any degradation of PEDOT crystallinity. Uncovering the underlying reason for the limitation, an analysis of the relationship among the microstructure-thermoelectric performance-charge transport property revealed that inter-domain connectivity via tie-chains and the resultant percolation for transport are crucial factors in achieving high TE performance, as in charge transport. It is believed that the methods and fundamental understandings in this work would contribute to the exploitation of conducting polymer-based low-temperature energy harvesting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juhyung Park
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringInter‐University Semiconductor Research CenterSoft Foundry InstituteSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Gyu Jang
- Department of Carbon Convergence EngineeringWonkwang UniversityIksan54538Republic of Korea
| | - Keehoon Kang
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringResearch Institute of Advanced MaterialsInstitute of Applied PhysicsSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hyun Kim
- Department of Carbon Convergence EngineeringWonkwang UniversityIksan54538Republic of Korea
| | - Jeonghun Kwak
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringInter‐University Semiconductor Research CenterSoft Foundry InstituteSeoul National UniversitySeoul08826Republic of Korea
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10
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Xiong Y, Chikkaraddy R, Readman C, Hu S, Xiong K, Peng J, Lin Q, Baumberg JJ. Metal to insulator transition for conducting polymers in plasmonic nanogaps. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2024; 13:3. [PMID: 38161207 PMCID: PMC10757999 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01344-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Conjugated polymers are promising material candidates for many future applications in flexible displays, organic circuits, and sensors. Their performance is strongly affected by their structural conformation including both electrical and optical anisotropy. Particularly for thin layers or close to crucial interfaces, there are few methods to track their organization and functional behaviors. Here we present a platform based on plasmonic nanogaps that can assess the chemical structure and orientation of conjugated polymers down to sub-10 nm thickness using light. We focus on a representative conjugated polymer, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), of varying thickness (2-20 nm) while it undergoes redox in situ. This allows dynamic switching of the plasmonic gap spacer through a metal-insulator transition. Both dark-field (DF) and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra track the optical anisotropy and orientation of polymer chains close to a metallic interface. Moreover, we demonstrate how this influences both optical and redox switching for nanothick PEDOT devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuling Xiong
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Rohit Chikkaraddy
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
- School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Charlie Readman
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Shu Hu
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Kunli Xiong
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Jialong Peng
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies and Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Novel Nano-Optoelectronic Information Materials and Devices, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Qianqi Lin
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
- Hybrid Materials for Opto-Electronics Group, Department of Molecules and Materials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Molecules Center and Center for Brain-Inspired Nano Systems, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Jeremy J Baumberg
- NanoPhotonics Centre, Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK.
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11
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Duan Y, Rahmanudin A, Chen S, Kim N, Mohammadi M, Tybrandt K, Jonsson MP. Tuneable Anisotropic Plasmonics with Shape-Symmetric Conducting Polymer Nanoantennas. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2303949. [PMID: 37528506 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202303949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
A wide range of nanophotonic applications rely on polarization-dependent plasmonic resonances, which usually requires metallic nanostructures that have anisotropic shape. This work demonstrates polarization-dependent plasmonic resonances instead by breaking symmetry via material permittivity. The study shows that molecular alignment of a conducting polymer can lead to a material with polarization-dependent plasma frequency and corresponding in-plane hyperbolic permittivity region. This result is not expected based only on anisotropic charge mobility but implies that also the effective mass of the charge carriers becomes anisotropic upon polymer alignment. This unique feature is used to demonstrate circularly symmetric nanoantennas that provide different plasmonic resonances parallel and perpendicular to the alignment direction. The nanoantennas are further tuneable via the redox state of the polymer. Importantly, polymer alignment could blueshift the plasma wavelength and resonances by several hundreds of nanometers, forming a novel approach toward reaching the ultimate goal of redox-tunable conducting polymer nanoantennas for visible light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulong Duan
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-601 74, Sweden
| | - Aiman Rahmanudin
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-601 74, Sweden
| | - Shangzhi Chen
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-601 74, Sweden
| | - Nara Kim
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-601 74, Sweden
| | - Mohsen Mohammadi
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-601 74, Sweden
| | - Klas Tybrandt
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-601 74, Sweden
| | - Magnus P Jonsson
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology (ITN), Linköping University, Norrköping, SE-601 74, Sweden
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12
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Kaushal JB, Raut P, Kumar S. Organic Electronics in Biosensing: A Promising Frontier for Medical and Environmental Applications. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:976. [PMID: 37998151 PMCID: PMC10669243 DOI: 10.3390/bios13110976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
The promising field of organic electronics has ushered in a new era of biosensing technology, thus offering a promising frontier for applications in both medical diagnostics and environmental monitoring. This review paper provides a comprehensive overview of organic electronics' remarkable progress and potential in biosensing applications. It explores the multifaceted aspects of organic materials and devices, thereby highlighting their unique advantages, such as flexibility, biocompatibility, and low-cost fabrication. The paper delves into the diverse range of biosensors enabled by organic electronics, including electrochemical, optical, piezoelectric, and thermal sensors, thus showcasing their versatility in detecting biomolecules, pathogens, and environmental pollutants. Furthermore, integrating organic biosensors into wearable devices and the Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystem is discussed, wherein they offer real-time, remote, and personalized monitoring solutions. The review also addresses the current challenges and future prospects of organic biosensing, thus emphasizing the potential for breakthroughs in personalized medicine, environmental sustainability, and the advancement of human health and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Bala Kaushal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (J.B.K.); (P.R.)
| | - Pratima Raut
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA; (J.B.K.); (P.R.)
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Durham School of Architectural Engineering and Construction, Scott Campus, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Omaha, NE 68182, USA
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13
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Ding G, Zhao J, Zhou K, Zheng Q, Han ST, Peng X, Zhou Y. Porous crystalline materials for memories and neuromorphic computing systems. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:7071-7136. [PMID: 37755573 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00259d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Porous crystalline materials usually include metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) and zeolites, which exhibit exceptional porosity and structural/composition designability, promoting the increasing attention in memory and neuromorphic computing systems in the last decade. From both the perspective of materials and devices, it is crucial to provide a comprehensive and timely summary of the applications of porous crystalline materials in memory and neuromorphic computing systems to guide future research endeavors. Moreover, the utilization of porous crystalline materials in electronics necessitates a shift from powder synthesis to high-quality film preparation to ensure high device performance. This review highlights the strategies for preparing porous crystalline materials films and discusses their advancements in memory and neuromorphic electronics. It also provides a detailed comparative analysis and presents the existing challenges and future research directions, which can attract the experts from various fields (e.g., materials scientists, chemists, and engineers) with the aim of promoting the applications of porous crystalline materials in memory and neuromorphic computing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanglong Ding
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
| | - JiYu Zhao
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Kui Zhou
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Qi Zheng
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Su-Ting Han
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Xiaojun Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Frontiers Science Center for Smart Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Ye Zhou
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.
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14
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Gamboa J, Paulo-Mirasol S, Estrany F, Torras J. Recent Progress in Biomedical Sensors Based on Conducting Polymer Hydrogels. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2023; 6:1720-1741. [PMID: 37115912 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Biosensors are increasingly taking a more active role in health science. The current needs for the constant monitoring of biomedical signals, as well as the growing spending on public health, make it necessary to search for materials with a combination of properties such as biocompatibility, electroactivity, resorption, and high selectivity to certain bioanalytes. Conducting polymer hydrogels seem to be a very promising materials, since they present many of the necessary properties to be used as biosensors. Furthermore, their properties can be shaped and enhanced by designing conductive polymer hydrogel-based composites with more specific functionalities depending on the end application. This work will review the recent state of the art of different biological hydrogels for biosensor applications, discuss the properties of the different components alone and in combination, and reveal their high potential as candidate materials in the fabrication of all-organic diagnostic, wearable, and implantable sensor devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian Gamboa
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/Eduard Maristany, 10-14, Ed. I.2, Barcelona 08019, Spain
| | - Sofia Paulo-Mirasol
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/Eduard Maristany, 10-14, Ed. I.2, Barcelona 08019, Spain
| | - Francesc Estrany
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/Eduard Maristany, 10-14, Ed. I.2, Barcelona 08019, Spain
| | - Juan Torras
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/Eduard Maristany, 10-14, Ed. I.2, Barcelona 08019, Spain
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15
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Lv TR, Zhang WH, Yang YQ, Zhang JC, Yin MJ, Yin Z, Yong KT, An QF. Micro/Nano-Fabrication of Flexible Poly(3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene)-Based Conductive Films for High-Performance Microdevices. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2301071. [PMID: 37069773 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202301071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
With the increasing demands for novel flexible organic electronic devices, conductive polymers are now becoming the rising star for reaching such targets, which has witnessed significant breakthroughs in the fields of thermoelectric devices, solar cells, sensors, and hydrogels during the past decade due to their outstanding conductivity, solution-processing ability, as well as tailorability. However, the commercialization of those devices still lags markedly behind the corresponding research advances, arising from the not high enough performance and limited manufacturing techniques. The conductivity and micro/nano-structure of conductive polymer films are two critical factors for achieving high-performance microdevices. In this review, the state-of-the-art technologies for developing organic devices by using conductive polymers are comprehensively summarized, which will begin with a description of the commonly used synthesis methods and mechanisms for conductive polymers. Next, the current techniques for the fabrication of conductive polymer films will be proffered and discussed. Subsequently, approaches for tailoring the nanostructures and microstructures of conductive polymer films are summarized and discussed. Then, the applications of micro/nano-fabricated conductive films-based devices in various fields are given and the role of the micro/nano-structures on the device performances is highlighted. Finally, the perspectives on future directions in this exciting field are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Run Lv
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Wen-Hai Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Utilization of Carbon Based Energy Resources, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang, 830017, China
| | - Ya-Qiong Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Jia-Chen Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Ming-Jie Yin
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Zhigang Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Power Transmission Equipment & System Security and New Technology, School of Electrical Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Ken-Tye Yong
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
- The Biophotonics and Mechano-Bioengineering Lab, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, 2006, Australia
| | - Quan-Fu An
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
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16
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Brathwaite KG, Wyatt QK, Atassi A, Gregory SA, Throm E, Stalla D, Yee SK, Losego MD, Young MJ. Effects of film thickness on electrochemical properties of nanoscale polyethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT) thin films grown by oxidative molecular layer deposition (oMLD). NANOSCALE 2023; 15:6187-6200. [PMID: 36916453 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr00708a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) (PEDOT) has a high theoretical charge storage capacity, making it of interest for electrochemical applications including energy storage and water desalination. Nanoscale thin films of PEDOT are particularly attractive for these applications to enable faster charging. Recent work has demonstrated that nanoscale thin films of PEDOT can be formed using sequential gas-phase exposures via oxidative molecular layer deposition, or oMLD, which provides advantages in conformality and uniformity on high aspect ratio substrates over other deposition techniques. But to date, the electrochemical properties of these oMLD PEDOT thin films have not been well-characterized. In this work, we examine the electrochemical properties of 5-100 nm thick PEDOT films formed using 20-175 oMLD deposition cycles. We find that film thickness of oMLD PEDOT films affects the orientation of ordered domains leading to a substantial change in charge storage capacity. Interestingly, we observe a minimum in charge storage capacity for an oMLD PEDOT film thickness of ∼30 nm (60 oMLD cycles at 150 °C), coinciding with the highest degree of face-on oriented PEDOT domains as measured using grazing incidence wide angle X-ray scattering (GIWAXS). Thinner and thicker oMLD PEDOT films exhibit higher fractions of oblique (off-angle) orientations and corresponding increases in charge capacity of up to 120 mA h g-1. Electrochemical measurements suggest that higher charge capacity in films with mixed domain orientation arise from the facile transport of ions from the liquid electrolyte into the PEDOT layer. Greater exposure of the electrolyte to PEDOT domain edges is posited to facilitate faster ion transport in these mixed domain films. These insights will inform future design of PEDOT coated high-aspect ratio structures for electrochemical energy storage and water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina G Brathwaite
- Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA.
| | - Quinton K Wyatt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA
| | - Amalie Atassi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332, USA
| | - Shawn A Gregory
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332, USA
| | - Eric Throm
- Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA.
| | - David Stalla
- Electron Microscopy Core Facility, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA
| | - Shannon K Yee
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332, USA
| | - Mark D Losego
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332, USA
| | - Matthias J Young
- Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, 65211, USA
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17
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Kim M, Lim H, Ko SH. Liquid Metal Patterning and Unique Properties for Next-Generation Soft Electronics. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2205795. [PMID: 36642850 PMCID: PMC9951389 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202205795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Room-temperature liquid metal (LM)-based electronics is expected to bring advancements in future soft electronics owing to its conductivity, conformability, stretchability, and biocompatibility. However, various difficulties arise when patterning LM because of its rheological features such as fluidity and surface tension. Numerous attempts are made to overcome these difficulties, resulting in various LM-patterning methods. An appropriate choice of patterning method based on comprehensive understanding is necessary to fully utilize the unique properties. Therefore, the authors aim to provide thorough knowledge about patterning methods and unique properties for LM-based future soft electronics. First, essential considerations for LM-patterning are investigated. Then, LM-patterning methods-serial-patterning, parallel-patterning, intermetallic bond-assisted patterning, and molding/microfluidic injection-are categorized and investigated. Finally, perspectives on LM-based soft electronics with unique properties are provided. They include outstanding features of LM such as conformability, biocompatibility, permeability, restorability, and recyclability. Also, they include perspectives on future LM-based soft electronics in various areas such as radio frequency electronics, soft robots, and heterogeneous catalyst. LM-based soft devices are expected to permeate the daily lives if patterning methods and the aforementioned features are analyzed and utilized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minwoo Kim
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science LabDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐ro, Gwanak‐guSeoul08826South Korea
| | - Hyungjun Lim
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science LabDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐ro, Gwanak‐guSeoul08826South Korea
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringPohang University of Science and Technology77 Chungam‐ro, Nam‐guPohang37673South Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Ko
- Applied Nano and Thermal Science LabDepartment of Mechanical EngineeringSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐ro, Gwanak‐guSeoul08826South Korea
- Institute of Advanced Machinery and Design/Institute of Engineering ResearchSeoul National University1 Gwanak‐ro, Gwanak‐guSeoul08826South Korea
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18
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Yang L, Tao Y, Gordon MP, Menon AK, Chen Y, Prasher RS, Urban JJ. Morphological Ordering of the Organic Layer for High-Performance Hybrid Thermoelectrics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:57460-57470. [PMID: 36524813 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c19156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Inorganic-organic hybrids, such as Te-PEDOT:PSS core/shell nanowires, have emerged as a class of promising thermoelectric materials with combined attributes of mechanical flexibility and low cost. However, the poorly understood structure-property relationship calls for further investigation for performance enhancement. Here, through precise treatments of focused electron beam irradiation and thermal annealing on individual Te-PEDOT:PSS nanowires, new, nonchemical mechanisms are introduced to specifically engineer the organic phase, and the measured results provide an unprecedented piece of evidence, confirming the dominant role of organic shell in charge transport. Paired with the Kang-Snyder model and molecular dynamics simulations, this work provides mechanistic insights in terms of heating-enabled morphological ordering of the polymer chains. The measured results show that thermal annealing on the 42 nm nanowire results in a ZT value of 0.78 at 450 K. Through leveraging the interfacial self-assembly of the organic phase to construct a high electrical conductivity domain, this work lays out a clear framework for the development of next-generation soft thermoelectrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yang
- Department of Advanced Manufacturing and Robotics, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing100871, P. R. China
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Yi Tao
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing210096, P. R. China
| | - Madeleine P Gordon
- Applied Science and Technology Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, California94720, United States
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Akanksha K Menon
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California94720, United States
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia30332, United States
| | - Yunfei Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments, Southeast University, Nanjing210096, P. R. China
| | - Ravi S Prasher
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California94720, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Jeffrey J Urban
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California94720, United States
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19
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Shi Y, Li J, Sun H, Li Y, Wang Y, Wu Z, Jeong SY, Woo HY, Fabiano S, Guo X. Thiazole Imide-Based All-Acceptor Homopolymer with Branched Ethylene Glycol Side Chains for Organic Thermoelectrics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202214192. [PMID: 36282628 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202214192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
n-Type semiconducting polymers with high thermoelectric performance remain challenging due to the scarcity of molecular design strategy, limiting their applications in organic thermoelectric (OTE) devices. Herein, we provide a new approach to enhance the OTE performance of n-doped polymers by introducing acceptor-acceptor (A-A) type backbone bearing branched ethylene glycol (EG) side chains. When doped with 4-(2,3-dihydro-1,3-dimethyl-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)-N,N-dimethylbenzenamine (N-DMBI), the A-A homopolymer PDTzTI-TEG exhibits n-type electrical conductivity (σ) up to 34 S cm-1 and power factor value of 15.7 μW m-1 K-2 . The OTE performance of PDTzTI-TEG is far greater than that of homopolymer PBTI-TEG (σ=0.27 S cm-1 ), indicating that introducing electron-deficient thiazole units in the backbone further improves the n-doping efficiency. These results demonstrate that developing A-A type polymers with EG side chains is an effective strategy to enhance n-type OTE performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqiang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Solids, Ministry of Education, and School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, China
| | - Jianfeng Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Hengda Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai, 201620, China.,Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Yongchun Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Yimei Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Ziang Wu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Young Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Young Woo
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-60174, Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Xugang Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech), No. 1088, Xueyuan Road, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
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20
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Yu X, Qiu J, Hu Q, Chen K, Zheng J, Liang S, Du M, Ye H. Tunable Berreman mode in highly conductive organic thin films. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:43590-43600. [PMID: 36523054 DOI: 10.1364/oe.472115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The unique performances of Epsilon-near-zero (ENZ) materials allow them to play a crucial role in many optoelectronic devices and have spawned a wide range of inventive uses. In this paper, we found that the modified PEDOT:PSS film formed with a kind of so-called "Metastable liquid-liquid Contact (MLLC)" solution treatment method can achieve a wide tuning of ENZ wavelength from 1270 nm to 1550 nm in the near-infrared region. We further analyzed the variation trend of imaginary permittivity for these samples with different ENZ wavelengths. The Berreman mode was successfully excited by a simple structural design to realize a tunable polarization absorber.
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21
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Wang Y, Dou Y, Wu Z, Tian Y, Xiong Y, Zhao J, Fang D, Huang F, Cheng YB, Zhong J. Ultrafast-laser-treated poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrenesulfonate) electrodes with enhanced conductivity and transparency for semitransparent perovskite solar cells. Front Chem Sci Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11705-022-2203-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Wang J, Feng K, Jeong SY, Liu B, Wang Y, Wu W, Hou Y, Woo HY, Guo X. Acceptor-acceptor type polymers based on cyano-substituted benzochalcogenadiazole and diketopyrrolopyrrole for high-efficiency n-type organic thermoelectrics. Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-022-00717-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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23
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Wu Z, Yan Y, Zhao Y, Liu Y. Recent Advances in Realizing Highly Aligned Organic Semiconductors by Solution-Processing Approaches. SMALL METHODS 2022; 6:e2200752. [PMID: 35793415 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202200752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Solution-processing approaches are widely used for controlling the aggregation structure of organic semiconductors because they are fast, efficient, and have strong practicability. Effective regulation of the aggregation structure of molecules to achieve highly ordered molecular stacking is key to realizing effective carrier transport and high-performance devices. Numerous studies have achieved highly aligned organic semiconductors using different solution-processing approaches. This article provides a detailed review of the prevalent solution-processing technologies and emerging methods developed over the past few years for the alignment of organic semiconducting materials. These technologies and methods are classified according to the processing principle. This review focuses on the principles of different experimental techniques, improvements upon the conventional methods, and state-of-the-art performance of resulting devices. In addition, a brief discussion of the characteristics and development prospects of various methods is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeng Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Materials and Devices, Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Yongkun Yan
- Laboratory of Molecular Materials and Devices, Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Laboratory of Molecular Materials and Devices, Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
| | - Yunqi Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Materials and Devices, Department of Materials Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, P. R. China
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24
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Choe M, Koo JY, Park I, Ohtsu H, Shim JH, Choi HC, Park SS. Chemical Vapor Deposition of Edge-on Oriented 2D Conductive Metal-Organic Framework Thin Films. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:16726-16731. [PMID: 36095292 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrated the synthesis of a conductive two-dimensional metal-organic framework (MOF) thin film by single-step all-vapor-phase chemical vapor deposition (CVD). The synthesized large-area thin film of Cu3(C6O6)2 has an edge-on-orientation with high crystallinity. Cu3(C6O6)2 thin film-based microdevices were fabricated by e-beam lithography and had an electrical conductivity of 92.95 S/cm. Synthesis of conductive MOF thin films by the all-vapor-phase CVD will enable fundamental studies of physical properties and may help to accomplish practical applications of conductive MOFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myeonggeun Choe
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Young Koo
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Ina Park
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hiroyoshi Ohtsu
- School of Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1, O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Ji Hoon Shim
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Cheul Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Sarah S Park
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
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25
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Keene ST, Michaels W, Melianas A, Quill TJ, Fuller EJ, Giovannitti A, McCulloch I, Talin AA, Tassone CJ, Qin J, Troisi A, Salleo A. Efficient Electronic Tunneling Governs Transport in Conducting Polymer-Insulator Blends. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:10368-10376. [PMID: 35658455 PMCID: PMC9204759 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Electronic transport models for conducting polymers (CPs) and blends focus on the arrangement of conjugated chains, while the contributions of the nominally insulating components to transport are largely ignored. In this work, an archetypal CP blend is used to demonstrate that the chemical structure of the non-conductive component has a substantial effect on charge carrier mobility. Upon diluting a CP with excess insulator, blends with as high as 97.4 wt % insulator can display carrier mobilities comparable to some pure CPs such as polyaniline and low regioregularity P3HT. In this work, we develop a single, multiscale transport model based on the microstructure of the CP blends, which describes the transport properties for all dilutions tested. The results show that the high carrier mobility of primarily insulator blends results from the inclusion of aromatic rings, which facilitate long-range tunneling (up to ca. 3 nm) between isolated CP chains. This tunneling mechanism calls into question the current paradigm used to design CPs, where the solubilizing or ionically conducting component is considered electronically inert. Indeed, optimizing the participation of the nominally insulating component in electronic transport may lead to enhanced electronic mobility and overall better performance in CPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott T Keene
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Wesley Michaels
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Armantas Melianas
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Tyler J Quill
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Elliot J Fuller
- Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94551, United States
| | - Alexander Giovannitti
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - A Alec Talin
- Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94551, United States
| | - Christopher J Tassone
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Light Source, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Jian Qin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Alessandro Troisi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3BX, U.K
| | - Alberto Salleo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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26
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Recent Progress in Conjugated Conducting and Semiconducting Polymers for Energy Devices. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15103661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Advanced conductors (such as conducting and semiconducting polymers) are vital building blocks for modern technologies and biocompatible devices as faster computing and smaller device sizes are demanded. Conjugated conducting and semiconducting polymers (including poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), polyaniline (PANI), polythiophene (PTh), and polypyrrole (PPy)) provide the mechanical flexibility required for the next generation of energy and electronic devices. Electrical conductivity, ionic conductivity, and optoelectronic characteristics of advanced conductors are governed by their texture and constituent nanostructures. Thus, precise textural and nanostructural engineering of advanced conjugated conducting and semiconducting polymers provide an outstanding pathway to facilitate their adoption in various technological applications, including but not limited to energy storage and harvesting devices, flexible optoelectronics, bio-functional materials, and wearable electronics. This review article focuses on the basic interconnection among the nanostructure and the characteristics of conjugated conducting and semiconducting polymers. In addition, the application of conjugated conducting and semiconducting polymers in flexible energy devices and the resulting state-of-the-art device performance will be covered.
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27
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Shu H, Long H, Sun H, Li B, Zhang H, Wang X. Dynamic Model of the Short-Term Synaptic Behaviors of PEDOT-based Organic Electrochemical Transistors with Modified Shockley Equations. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:14622-14629. [PMID: 35557652 PMCID: PMC9088794 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c06864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Neuromorphic computing is an emerging area with prospects to break the energy efficiency bottleneck of artificial intelligence (AI). A crucial challenge for neuromorphic computing is understanding the working principles of artificial synaptic devices. As an emerging class of synaptic devices, organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) have attracted significant interest due to ultralow voltage operation, analog conductance tuning, mechanical flexibility, and biocompatibility. However, little work has been focused on the first-principal modeling of the synaptic behaviors of OECTs. The simulation of OECT synaptic behaviors is of great importance to understanding the OECT working principles as neuromorphic devices and optimizing ultralow power consumption neuromorphic computing devices. Here, we develop a two-dimensional transient drift-diffusion model based on modified Shockley equations for poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)-based OECTs. We reproduced the typical transistor characteristics of these OECTs including the unique non-monotonic transconductance-gate bias curve and frequency dependency of transconductance. Furthermore, typical synaptic phenomena, such as excitatory/inhibitory postsynaptic current (EPSC/IPSC), paired-pulse facilitation/depression (PPF/PPD), and short-term plasticity (STP), are also demonstrated. This work is crucial in guiding the experimental exploration of neuromorphic computing devices and has the potential to serve as a platform for future OECT device simulation based on a wide range of semiconducting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haonian Shu
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 151 W. Woodruff Ave, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Haowei Long
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang
University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, P. R. China
| | - Haibin Sun
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 151 W. Woodruff Ave, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Baochen Li
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 151 W. Woodruff Ave, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Haomiao Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological
Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoxue Wang
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, 151 W. Woodruff Ave, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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28
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Wang S, Zuo G, Kim J, Sirringhaus H. Progress of Conjugated Polymers as Emerging Thermoelectric Materials. Prog Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2022.101548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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29
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Lehane RA, Gamero-Quijano A, Malijauskaite S, Holzinger A, Conroy M, Laffir F, Kumar A, Bangert U, McGourty K, Scanlon MD. Electrosynthesis of Biocompatible Free-Standing PEDOT Thin Films at a Polarized Liquid|Liquid Interface. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:4853-4862. [PMID: 35262332 PMCID: PMC8949726 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c12373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Conducting polymers
(CPs) find applications in energy conversion
and storage, sensors, and biomedical technologies once processed into
thin films. Hydrophobic CPs, like poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)
(PEDOT), typically require surfactant additives, such as poly(styrenesulfonate)
(PSS), to aid their aqueous processability as thin films. However,
excess PSS diminishes CP electrochemical performance, biocompatibility,
and device stability. Here, we report the electrosynthesis of PEDOT
thin films at a polarized liquid|liquid interface, a method nonreliant
on conductive solid substrates that produces free-standing, additive-free,
biocompatible, easily transferrable, and scalable 2D PEDOT thin films
of any shape or size in a single step at ambient conditions. Electrochemical
control of thin film nucleation and growth at the polarized liquid|liquid
interface allows control over the morphology, transitioning from 2D
(flat on both sides with a thickness of <50 nm) to “Janus”
3D (with flat and rough sides, each showing distinct physical properties,
and a thickness of >850 nm) films. The PEDOT thin films were p-doped (approaching the theoretical limit), showed high
π–π conjugation, were processed directly as thin
films without insulating PSS and were thus highly conductive without
post-processing. This work demonstrates that interfacial electrosynthesis
directly produces PEDOT thin films with distinctive molecular architectures
inaccessible in bulk solution or at solid electrode–electrolyte
interfaces and emergent properties that facilitate technological advances.
In this regard, we demonstrate the PEDOT thin film’s superior
biocompatibility as scaffolds for cellular growth, opening immediate
applications in organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) devices
for monitoring cell behavior over extended time periods, bioscaffolds,
and medical devices, without needing physiologically unstable and
poorly biocompatible PSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rob A Lehane
- Bernal Institute, University of Limerick (UL), Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland.,Department of Chemical Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Limerick (UL), Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Alonso Gamero-Quijano
- Bernal Institute, University of Limerick (UL), Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland.,Department of Chemical Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Limerick (UL), Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Sigita Malijauskaite
- Bernal Institute, University of Limerick (UL), Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland.,Department of Chemical Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Limerick (UL), Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Angelika Holzinger
- Bernal Institute, University of Limerick (UL), Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland.,Department of Chemical Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Limerick (UL), Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Michele Conroy
- Bernal Institute, University of Limerick (UL), Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland.,Department of Physics, School of Natural Sciences, University of Limerick (UL), Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Fathima Laffir
- Bernal Institute, University of Limerick (UL), Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Amit Kumar
- School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast (QUB), Belfast BT71 NN, UK
| | - Ursel Bangert
- Bernal Institute, University of Limerick (UL), Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland.,Department of Physics, School of Natural Sciences, University of Limerick (UL), Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Kieran McGourty
- Bernal Institute, University of Limerick (UL), Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland.,Department of Chemical Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Limerick (UL), Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland.,Health Research Institute (HRI), University of Limerick (UL), Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Micheál D Scanlon
- Bernal Institute, University of Limerick (UL), Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland.,Department of Chemical Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Limerick (UL), Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland.,The Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Centre, CRANN Institute, Trinity College Dublin (TCD), Dublin 2 D02 PN40, Ireland
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30
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Liu W, Lei Z, Yang R, Xing W, Tao P, Shang W, Fu B, Song C, Deng T. Facile Approach to Enhance Electrical and Thermal Performance of Conducting Polymer PEDOT:PSS Films via Hot Pressing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:10605-10615. [PMID: 35179373 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c19397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This paper studies the impact of hot pressing on the electrical and thermal performance of thick (thickness >5 μm) conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) films after acid treatment. Thick conducting polymer films usually exhibit low electrical and thermal conductivities similar to bulk polymer because charge and heat carriers are easily scattered by the irregular arrangement of crystalline domains inside the polymer. In this work, the in-plane electrical conductivity of thick hot-pressed PEDOT:PSS film exceeded 1500 S/cm, and 50% enhancement was obtained in comparison with its non-hot-pressed counterparts. Its in-plane thermal conductivity reached as high as 1.11 W/mK (improved by almost 100% compared to acid-treated PEDOT:PSS films), which is comparable to that of some commercial thermal pads. Such electrical and thermal enhancement via the hot-pressing process is attributed to the optimized morphology and microstructures, which provide short paths for thermal and electrical transportation. We have also demonstrated that the hot-pressed PEDOT:PSS films could be potentially utilized as a flexible conductor and heat spreader for application in flexible electronics and thermal management, respectively. This study not only offers a new insight into the process-property relationship for conducting polymers but also further enables the use of PEDOT:PSS films with simultaneously improved electrical and thermal performance in practical applications, such as thermal management for organic electrodes in batteries, flexible electronics, soft robotics, and bioelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendong Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
- Center of Hydrogen Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
- Materials Genome Initiative Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Zhihui Lei
- The State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
- Center of Hydrogen Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Rui Yang
- The State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
- Center of Hydrogen Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Wenkui Xing
- The State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
- Center of Hydrogen Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Peng Tao
- The State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
- Center of Hydrogen Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Wen Shang
- The State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
- Center of Hydrogen Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Benwei Fu
- The State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
- Center of Hydrogen Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Chengyi Song
- The State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
- Center of Hydrogen Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
- Materials Genome Initiative Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Tao Deng
- The State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
- Center of Hydrogen Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
- Materials Genome Initiative Center, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
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31
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Yin C, Mukaida M, Horike S, Kirihara K, Yamane S, Zhang Z, Wei Q. Design and synthesis of proton-dopable organic semiconductors. RSC Adv 2022; 12:6748-6754. [PMID: 35424629 PMCID: PMC8981859 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra00216g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper shows how protonated 3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene moieties can be used as an end group to make organic conductors. An organic semiconductor 2,5-bis(5-(2,3-dihydrothieno[3,4-b][1,4]dioxin-5-yl)-3-dodecylthiophen-2-yl)thieno[3,2-b]thiophene is designed and synthesized. This molecule could be doped by protonic acid in both solution and solid-state, resulting in a broad absorption in the near-infrared range corresponding to polaron and bipolaron absorption. Electrical conductivity of ca. 0.1 S cm-1 was obtained at 100 °C (to avoid the water uptake by the acid). The adducts with protons bound at the end-thiophene α-position were confirmed by 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenzhu Yin
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba 1-1-1, Tennodai Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8572 Japan
- Nanomaterials Research Institute, Department of Materials and Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology 1-1-1 Higashi Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8565 Japan
| | - Masakazu Mukaida
- Nanomaterials Research Institute, Department of Materials and Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology 1-1-1 Higashi Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8565 Japan
| | - Shohei Horike
- Nanomaterials Research Institute, Department of Materials and Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology 1-1-1 Higashi Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8565 Japan
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University 1-1 Rokkodai-cho Kobe 657-8501 Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Kirihara
- Nanomaterials Research Institute, Department of Materials and Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology 1-1-1 Higashi Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8565 Japan
| | - Shogo Yamane
- Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry, Department of Materials and Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) 1-1-1 Higashi Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8565 Japan
| | - Zhenya Zhang
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba 1-1-1, Tennodai Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8572 Japan
| | - Qingshuo Wei
- Nanomaterials Research Institute, Department of Materials and Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology 1-1-1 Higashi Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-8565 Japan
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32
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Khodadadi Yazdi M, Zarrintaj P, Khodadadi A, Arefi A, Seidi F, Shokrani H, Saeb MR, Mozafari M. Polysaccharide-based electroconductive hydrogels: Structure, properties and biomedical applications. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 278:118998. [PMID: 34973800 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Architecting an appropriate platform for biomedical applications requires setting a balance between simplicity and complexity. Polysaccharides (PSAs) play essential roles in our life in food resources, structural materials, and energy storage capacitors. Moreover, the diversity and abundance of PSAs have made them an indispensable part of food ingredients and cosmetics. PSA-based hydrogels have been extensively reviewed in biomedical applications. These hydrogels can be designed in different forms to show optimum performance. For instance, electroactive PSA-based hydrogels respond under an electric stimulus. Such performance can be served in stimulus drug release and determining cell fate. This review classifies and discusses the structure, properties, and applications of the most important polysaccharide-based electroactive hydrogels (agarose, alginate, chitosan, cellulose, and dextran) in medicine, focusing on their usage in tissue engineering, flexible electronics, and drug delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Khodadadi Yazdi
- International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials and Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Payam Zarrintaj
- School of Chemical Engineering, Oklahoma State University, 420 Engineering North, Stillwater, OK 74078, United States
| | - Ali Khodadadi
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Gonabad University of Medical Sciences, Gonabad, Iran
| | - Ahmad Arefi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Farzad Seidi
- International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials and Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Hanieh Shokrani
- International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials and Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Mohammad Reza Saeb
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Masoud Mozafari
- Department of Tissue Engineering & Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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33
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The influence of physicochemical properties on the processibility of conducting polymers: A bioelectronics perspective. Acta Biomater 2022; 139:259-279. [PMID: 34111518 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Conducting polymers (CPs) possess unique electrical and electrochemical properties and hold great potential for different applications in the field of bioelectronics. However, the widespread implementation of CPs in this field has been critically hindered by their poor processibility. There are four key elements that determine the processibility of CPs, which are thermal tunability, chemical stability, solvent compatibility and mechanical robustness. Recent research efforts have focused on enhancing the processibility of these materials through pre- or post-synthesis chemical modifications, the fabrication of CP-based complexes and composites, and the adoption of additive manufacturing techniques. In this review, the physicochemical and structural properties that underlie the performance and processibility of CPs are examined. In addition, current research efforts to overcome technical limitations and broaden the potential applications of CPs in bioelectronics are discussed. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This review details the inherent properties of CPs that have hindered their use in additive manufacturing for the creation of 3D bioelectronics. A fundamental approach is presented with consideration of the chemical structure and how this contributes to their electrical, thermal and mechanical properties. The review then considers how manipulation of these properties has been addressed in the literature including areas where improvements can be made. Finally, the review details the use of CPs in additive manufacturing and the future scope for the use of CPs and their composites in the development of 3D bioelectronics.
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34
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Chen S, Luan T, Di C, Lu MH, Yan XJ, Song C, Deng T. Thickness dependent thermal performance of a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) thin film synthesized via an electrochemical approach. RSC Adv 2022; 12:1897-1903. [PMID: 35425151 PMCID: PMC8979183 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra07991c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymer-based thermal interface materials (TIMs) have attracted wide attention in the field of thermal management because of their outstanding properties including light weight, low cost, corrosion resistance and easy processing. However, the low thermal conductivity (∼0.2 W m-1 K-1) of the intrinsic polymer matrix largely degrades the overall thermal performance of polymer-based TIMs even those containing highly thermal conductive fillers. Hence, enhancing the intrinsic thermal conductivity of the polymer matrix is one of the most critical problems needed to be solved. This paper studies the thermal conductivity of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) films fabricated via cyclic voltammetry. By controlling the number of cycles in the electrochemical synthesis, different thickness of PEDOT films could be obtained. A time-domain thermoreflectance (TDTR) system was employed to evaluate the thermal performance of such as-prepared PEDOT films. We have demonstrated that a PEDOT film with thickness of 40 nm achieves the highest out-of-plane thermal conductivity of ∼0.60 W m-1 K-1, which is almost three folds the thermal conductivity of commercially available pristine PEDOT:PSS film with similar thickness. The X-ray diffraction spectrum reveals that the PEDOT thin film with high crystallinity at the initial stage of electrochemical synthesis leads to enhanced thermal transportation. The findings in this work not only offer an opportunity to fabricate polymer materials exhibiting enhanced thermal conductivity, but also allow one to adjust the thermal performance of conducting polymers in practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dong Chuan Road Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
- Center of Hydrogen Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dong Chuan Road Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
| | - Tian Luan
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dong Chuan Road Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
- Center of Hydrogen Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dong Chuan Road Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
| | - Chen Di
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University 163 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District Nanjing Jiangsu 210093 P. R. China
| | - Ming-Hui Lu
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University 163 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District Nanjing Jiangsu 210093 P. R. China
| | - Xue-Jun Yan
- College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Nanjing University 163 Xianlin Avenue, Qixia District Nanjing Jiangsu 210093 P. R. China
| | - Chengyi Song
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dong Chuan Road Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
- Center of Hydrogen Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dong Chuan Road Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
| | - Tao Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dong Chuan Road Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
- Center of Hydrogen Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University 800 Dong Chuan Road Shanghai 200240 P. R. China
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Farka D, Greunz T, Yumusak C, Cobet C, Mardare CC, Stifter D, Hassel AW, Scharber MC, Sariciftci NS. Overcoming intra-molecular repulsions in PEDTT by sulphate counter-ion. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2021; 22:985-997. [PMID: 34992500 PMCID: PMC8725768 DOI: 10.1080/14686996.2021.1961311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We set out to demonstrate the development of a highly conductive polymer based on poly-(3,4-ethylenedithia thiophene) (PEDTT), PEDOTs structural analogue historically notorious for structural disorder and limited conductivities. The caveat therein was previously described to lie in intra-molecular repulsions. We demonstrate how a tremendous >2600-fold improvement in conductivity and metallic features, such as magnetoconductivity can be achieved. This is achieved through a careful choice of the counter-ion (sulphate) and the use of oxidative chemical vapour deposition (oCVD). It is shown that high structural order on the molecular level was established and the formation of crystallites tens of nanometres in size was achieved. We infer that the sulphate ions therein intercalate between the polymer chains, thus forming densely packed crystals of planar molecules with extended π-systems. Consequently, room-temperature conductivities of above 1000 S cm-1 are achieved, challenging those of conventional PEDOT:PSS. The material is in the critical regime of the metal-insulator transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Farka
- Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells (LIOS) Physical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Johannes Kepler University-Linz, Linz, Austria
- Institute of Chemical Technology of Inorganic Materials (TIM), Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Theresia Greunz
- Center for Surface and Nanoanalytics (ZONA), Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Cigdem Yumusak
- Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells (LIOS) Physical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Christoph Cobet
- Linz School of Education, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Cezarina Cela Mardare
- Institute of Chemical Technology of Inorganic Materials (TIM), Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
- Center of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, Faculty of Medicine/Dental Medicine, Danube Private University, Krems, Austria
| | - David Stifter
- Center for Surface and Nanoanalytics (ZONA), Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Achim Walter Hassel
- Institute of Chemical Technology of Inorganic Materials (TIM), Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Combinatorial Oxide Chemistry (COMBOX), The Institute of Chemical Technology of Inorganic Materials (TIM), Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Markus C. Scharber
- Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells (LIOS) Physical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Niyazi Serdar Sariciftci
- Linz Institute for Organic Solar Cells (LIOS) Physical Chemistry, Johannes Kepler University Linz, Linz, Austria
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Ogle J, Powell D, Flannery L, Whittaker-Brooks L. Interplay between Morphology and Electronic Structure in Emergent Organic and π-d Conjugated Organometal Thin Film Materials. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c03077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Ogle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Daniel Powell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Laura Flannery
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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Ghafourisaleh S, Popov G, Leskelä M, Putkonen M, Ritala M. Oxidative MLD of Conductive PEDOT Thin Films with EDOT and ReCl 5 as Precursors. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:17545-17554. [PMID: 34278140 PMCID: PMC8280639 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c02029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Because of its high conductivity and intrinsic stability, poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT) has gained great attention both in academic research and industry over the years. In this study, we used the oxidative molecular layer deposition (oMLD) technique to deposit PEDOT from 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) and a new inorganic oxidizing agent, rhenium pentachloride (ReCl5). We extensively characterized the properties of the films by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), Raman, and conductivity measurements. The oMLD of polymers is based on the sequential adsorption of the monomer and its oxidation-induced polymerization. However, oMLD has been scarcely used because of the challenge of finding a suitable combination of volatile, reactive, and stable organic monomers applicable at high temperatures. ReCl5 showed promising properties in oMLD because it has high thermal stability and high oxidizing ability for EDOT. PEDOT films were deposited at temperatures of 125-200 °C. EDS and XPS measurements showed that the as-deposited films contained residues of rhenium and chlorine, which could be removed by rinsing the films with deionized water. The polymer films were transparent in the visible region and showed relatively high electrical conductivities within the 2-2000 S cm-1 range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Ghafourisaleh
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Georgi Popov
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Markku Leskelä
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Matti Putkonen
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
| | - Mikko Ritala
- Department of Chemistry, University
of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, Helsinki FI-00014, Finland
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38
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Beaumont C, Turgeon J, Idir M, Neusser D, Lapointe R, Caron S, Dupont W, D’Astous D, Shamsuddin S, Hamza S, Landry É, Ludwigs S, Leclerc M. Water-Processable Self-Doped Conducting Polymers via Direct (Hetero)arylation Polymerization. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Josyane Turgeon
- Département de Chimie, Université Laval, Québec, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Maël Idir
- Département de Chimie, Université Laval, Québec, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - David Neusser
- IPOC-Functional Polymers, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Rosalie Lapointe
- Département de Chimie, Université Laval, Québec, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Samuel Caron
- Département de Chimie, Université Laval, Québec, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - William Dupont
- Département de Chimie, Université Laval, Québec, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Dominic D’Astous
- Département de Chimie, Université Laval, Québec, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | | | - Sarah Hamza
- Polyanalytik, 700 Collip Circle #202, London, Ontario N6G 4X8, Canada
| | - Éric Landry
- Polyanalytik, 700 Collip Circle #202, London, Ontario N6G 4X8, Canada
| | - Sabine Ludwigs
- IPOC-Functional Polymers, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Mario Leclerc
- Département de Chimie, Université Laval, Québec, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
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Yang L, Gordon MP, Menon AK, Bruefach A, Haas K, Scott MC, Prasher RS, Urban JJ. Decoupling electron and phonon transport in single-nanowire hybrid materials for high-performance thermoelectrics. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/20/eabe6000. [PMID: 33990321 PMCID: PMC8121422 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abe6000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Organic-inorganic hybrids have recently emerged as a class of high-performing thermoelectric materials that are lightweight and mechanically flexible. However, the fundamental electrical and thermal transport in these materials has remained elusive due to the heterogeneity of bulk, polycrystalline, thin films reported thus far. Here, we systematically investigate a model hybrid comprising a single core/shell nanowire of Te-PEDOT:PSS. We show that as the nanowire diameter is reduced, the electrical conductivity increases and the thermal conductivity decreases, while the Seebeck coefficient remains nearly constant-this collectively results in a figure of merit, ZT, of 0.54 at 400 K. The origin of the decoupling of charge and heat transport lies in the fact that electrical transport occurs through the organic shell, while thermal transport is driven by the inorganic core. This study establishes design principles for high-performing thermoelectrics that leverage the unique interactions occurring at the interfaces of hybrid nanowires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yang
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Madeleine P Gordon
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Applied Science and Technology Graduate Group, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Akanksha K Menon
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Alexandra Bruefach
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Kyle Haas
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- College of Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - M C Scott
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ravi S Prasher
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jeffrey J Urban
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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40
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Wang H, Yang H, Diao Y, Lu Y, Chrulski K, D'Arcy JM. Solid-State Precursor Impregnation for Enhanced Capacitance in Hierarchical Flexible Poly(3,4-Ethylenedioxythiophene) Supercapacitors. ACS NANO 2021; 15:7799-7810. [PMID: 33819007 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c01887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Increasing capacitance and energy density is a major challenge in developing supercapacitors for flexible portable electronics. A thick electrode with a high mass loading of active electronic material leads to high areal capacitance; however, the higher the loading, the higher the mechanical stiffness and ion diffusion resistance, thereby hampering development of flexible supercapacitors. Here, we show a chemical strategy that leads to a hierarchical electrode structure producing devices with both an exceedingly high areal capacitance and superior flexibility. We utilize α-Fe2O3 particles as an oxidant precursor for controlling oxidative radical polymerization of the conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) from the vapor phase. Our approach impregnates carbon cloth with α-Fe2O3 particles prior to monomer vapor exposure, resulting in state-of-the-art flexible nanofibrillar PEDOT supercapacitors possessing high areal capacitance (2243 mF/cm2 for two-electrode vs 6210 mF/cm2 for three-electrode) and high areal energy density (412 μWh/cm2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Haoru Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Yifan Diao
- Institute of Material Science & Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Yang Lu
- Institute of Material Science & Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Kenneth Chrulski
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Julio M D'Arcy
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
- Institute of Material Science & Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
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42
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Rodríguez-Jiménez S, Bennington MS, Akbarinejad A, Tay EJ, Chan EWC, Wan Z, Abudayyeh AM, Baek P, Feltham HLC, Barker D, Gordon KC, Travas-Sejdic J, Brooker S. Electroactive Metal Complexes Covalently Attached to Conductive PEDOT Films: A Spectroelectrochemical Study. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:1301-1313. [PMID: 33351602 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c16317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The successful covalent attachment, via copper(I)-catalyzed azide alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC), of alkyne-functionalized nickel(II) and copper(II) macrocyclic complexes onto azide (N3)-functionalized poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) films on ITO-coated glass electrodes is reported. To investigate the surface attachment of the selected metal complexes, which are analogues of the cobalt-based complex previously reported to be a molecular catalyst for hydrogen evolution, first, three different PEDOT films were formed by electropolymerization of pure PEDOT or pure N3-PEDOT, and last, 1:2N3-PEDOT:PEDOT were formed by co-polymerizing a 1:4 mixture of N3-EDOT:EDOT monomers. The successful surface immobilization of the complexes on the latter two azide-functionalized films, by CuAAC, was confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and electrochemistry as well as by UV-vis-NIR and resonance Raman spectroelectrochemistry. The ratio between the N3 groups, and hence, the number of surface-attached metal complexes after CuAAC functionalization, in pristine N3-PEDOT versus 1:2N3-PEDOT:PEDOT is expected to be 3:1 and seen to be 2.86:1 with a calculated surface coverage of 3.28 ± 1.04 and 1.15 ± 0.09 nmol/cm2, respectively. The conversion, to the metal complex attached films, was lower for the N3-PEDOT films (Ni 74%, Cu 76%) than for the copolymer 1:2N3-PEDOT:PEDOT films (Ni 83%, Cu 91%) due to the former being more sterically congested. The Raman and UV-vis-NIR results were simulated using density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT), respectively, and showed good agreement with the experimental data. Importantly, the spectroelectrochemical behavior of both anchored metal complexes is analogous to that of the free metal complexes in solution. This proves that PEDOT films are promising conducting scaffolds for the covalent immobilization of metal complexes, as the existing electrochromic features of the complexes are preserved on immobilization, which is important for applications in electrocatalytic proton and carbon dioxide reduction, optoelectronics, and sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Rodríguez-Jiménez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Michael S Bennington
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Alireza Akbarinejad
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
- Polymer Biointerface Centre and School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Elliot J Tay
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Eddie Wai Chi Chan
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
- Polymer Biointerface Centre and School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Ziyao Wan
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
- Polymer Biointerface Centre and School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Abdullah M Abudayyeh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Paul Baek
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
- Polymer Biointerface Centre and School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Humphrey L C Feltham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - David Barker
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
- Polymer Biointerface Centre and School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Keith C Gordon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Jadranka Travas-Sejdic
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
- Polymer Biointerface Centre and School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1010, New Zealand
| | - Sally Brooker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
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Chen H, Moser M, Wang S, Jellett C, Thorley K, Harrison GT, Jiao X, Xiao M, Purushothaman B, Alsufyani M, Bristow H, De Wolf S, Gasparini N, Wadsworth A, McNeill CR, Sirringhaus H, Fabiano S, McCulloch I. Acene Ring Size Optimization in Fused Lactam Polymers Enabling High n-Type Organic Thermoelectric Performance. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 143:260-268. [PMID: 33350307 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c10365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Three n-type fused lactam semiconducting polymers were synthesized for thermoelectric and transistor applications via a cheap, highly atom-efficient, and nontoxic transition-metal free aldol polycondensation. Energy level analysis of the three polymers demonstrated that reducing the central acene core size from two anthracenes (A-A), to mixed naphthalene-anthracene (A-N), and two naphthalene cores (N-N) resulted in progressively larger electron affinities, thereby suggesting an increasingly more favorable and efficient solution doping process when employing 4-(2,3-dihydro-1,3-dimethyl-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)-N,N-dimethylbenzenamine (N-DMBI) as the dopant. Meanwhile, organic field effect transistor (OFET) mobility data showed the N-N and A-N polymers to feature the highest charge carrier mobilities, further highlighting the benefits of aryl core contraction to the electronic performance of the materials. Ultimately, the combination of these two factors resulted in N-N, A-N, and A-A to display power factors (PFs) of 3.2 μW m-1 K-2, 1.6 μW m-1 K-2, and 0.3 μW m-1 K-2, respectively, when doped with N-DMBI, whereby the PFs recorded for N-N and A-N are among the highest reported in the literature for n-type polymers. Importantly, the results reported in this study highlight that modulating the size of the central acene ring is a highly effective molecular design strategy to optimize the thermoelectric performance of conjugated polymers, thus also providing new insights into the molecular design guidelines for the next generation of high-performance n-type materials for thermoelectric applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Chen
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maximilian Moser
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom.,Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Suhao Wang
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Cameron Jellett
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Karl Thorley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, United States
| | - George T Harrison
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xuechen Jiao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Mingfei Xiao
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, United Kingdom
| | - Balaji Purushothaman
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maryam Alsufyani
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Helen Bristow
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom.,Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Stefaan De Wolf
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nicola Gasparini
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Wadsworth
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom.,Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher R McNeill
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Henning Sirringhaus
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, United Kingdom
| | - Simone Fabiano
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, Norrköping SE-60174, Sweden
| | - Iain McCulloch
- Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
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44
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Adeosun WA, Asiri AM, Marwani HM. Real time detection and monitoring of 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine in industrial effluents and water bodies by electrochemical approach based on novel conductive polymeric composite. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 206:111171. [PMID: 32866893 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Much attention has been given to detection and monitoring of hydrazine-based compounds in recent time because of its significant negative impacts on human health and ecosystem (aquatic lives). This prompted the current study focusing on detection of 2, 4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (2, 4-dnphz) using electrochemically synthesized poly-para amino benzoic acid-manganese oxide (P-pABA-MnO2) composite film. The synthesized P-pABA-MnO2 composite film was characterized in terms of its structural and morphological properties by X-ray diffraction spectroscopy and field emission scanning electron microscopy respectively. In addition, functionalities and binding energy of p-PABA-MnO2 were confirmed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy respectively. Finally, electrochemical properties were investigated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. The synthesized P-pABA-MnO2 displayed good electrocatalytic reduction property towards 2, 4-dnphz with ultra-low limit of detection (0.08 μM; S/N = 3) and very high sensitivity (52 μAμ-1Mcm-2). The proposed sensor based on P-pABA-MnO2 also demonstrated good stability in terms of repeatability, reproducibility and interferents effects. Lastly, the proposed sensor was satisfactorily used in detection of 2, 4-dnphz in environmental real samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waheed A Adeosun
- Centre of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR), King Abdulaziz University, P.O Box 80203, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O Box 80203, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Abdullah M Asiri
- Centre of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR), King Abdulaziz University, P.O Box 80203, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O Box 80203, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Hadi M Marwani
- Centre of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research (CEAMR), King Abdulaziz University, P.O Box 80203, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O Box 80203, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
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45
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Krieg L, Meierhofer F, Gorny S, Leis S, Splith D, Zhang Z, von Wenckstern H, Grundmann M, Wang X, Hartmann J, Margenfeld C, Manglano Clavero I, Avramescu A, Schimpke T, Scholz D, Lugauer HJ, Strassburg M, Jungclaus J, Bornemann S, Spende H, Waag A, Gleason KK, Voss T. Toward three-dimensional hybrid inorganic/organic optoelectronics based on GaN/oCVD-PEDOT structures. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5092. [PMID: 33037193 PMCID: PMC7547673 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18914-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The combination of inorganic semiconductors with organic thin films promises new strategies for the realization of complex hybrid optoelectronic devices. Oxidative chemical vapor deposition (oCVD) of conductive polymers offers a flexible and scalable path towards high-quality three-dimensional inorganic/organic optoelectronic structures. Here, hole-conductive poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) grown by oxidative chemical vapor deposition is used to fabricate transparent and conformal wrap-around p-type contacts on three-dimensional microLEDs with large aspect ratios, a yet unsolved challenge in three-dimensional gallium nitride technology. The electrical characteristics of two-dimensional reference structures confirm the quasi-metallic state of the polymer, show high rectification ratios, and exhibit excellent thermal and temporal stability. We analyze the electroluminescence from a three-dimensional hybrid microrod/polymer LED array and demonstrate its improved optical properties compared with a purely inorganic microrod LED. The findings highlight a way towards the fabrication of hybrid three-dimensional optoelectronics on the sub-micron scale. Though integrating functional organic materials with semiconductor nanostructures is attractive for 3D chip processing, realizing these hybrids remains a challenge. Here, the authors report an oxidative chemical vapor deposition-based process for designing novel 3D hybrid optoelectronic structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linus Krieg
- Institute of Semiconductor Technology and Laboratory for Emerging Nanometrology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Langer Kamp 6a/b, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Florian Meierhofer
- Institute of Semiconductor Technology and Laboratory for Emerging Nanometrology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Langer Kamp 6a/b, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sascha Gorny
- Institute of Semiconductor Technology and Laboratory for Emerging Nanometrology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Langer Kamp 6a/b, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Stefan Leis
- Institute of Semiconductor Technology and Laboratory for Emerging Nanometrology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Langer Kamp 6a/b, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Daniel Splith
- Felix-Bloch-Institut für Festkörperphysik, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstraße 5, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Zhipeng Zhang
- Felix-Bloch-Institut für Festkörperphysik, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstraße 5, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Holger von Wenckstern
- Felix-Bloch-Institut für Festkörperphysik, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstraße 5, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marius Grundmann
- Felix-Bloch-Institut für Festkörperphysik, Universität Leipzig, Linnéstraße 5, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Xiaoxue Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio State University, 151 W. Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Jana Hartmann
- Institute of Semiconductor Technology and Laboratory for Emerging Nanometrology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Langer Kamp 6a/b, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany.,Epitaxy Competence Center ec2, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hans-Sommer-Str. 66, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Christoph Margenfeld
- Institute of Semiconductor Technology and Laboratory for Emerging Nanometrology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Langer Kamp 6a/b, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany.,Epitaxy Competence Center ec2, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hans-Sommer-Str. 66, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Irene Manglano Clavero
- Institute of Semiconductor Technology and Laboratory for Emerging Nanometrology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Langer Kamp 6a/b, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany.,Epitaxy Competence Center ec2, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hans-Sommer-Str. 66, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Adrian Avramescu
- OSRAM Opto Semiconductors GmbH, Leibnizstr. 4, 93055, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Tilman Schimpke
- OSRAM Opto Semiconductors GmbH, Leibnizstr. 4, 93055, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Dominik Scholz
- OSRAM Opto Semiconductors GmbH, Leibnizstr. 4, 93055, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Martin Strassburg
- OSRAM Opto Semiconductors GmbH, Leibnizstr. 4, 93055, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jörgen Jungclaus
- Institute of Semiconductor Technology and Laboratory for Emerging Nanometrology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Langer Kamp 6a/b, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Steffen Bornemann
- Institute of Semiconductor Technology and Laboratory for Emerging Nanometrology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Langer Kamp 6a/b, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany.,Epitaxy Competence Center ec2, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hans-Sommer-Str. 66, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Hendrik Spende
- Institute of Semiconductor Technology and Laboratory for Emerging Nanometrology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Langer Kamp 6a/b, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany.,Epitaxy Competence Center ec2, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hans-Sommer-Str. 66, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Andreas Waag
- Institute of Semiconductor Technology and Laboratory for Emerging Nanometrology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Langer Kamp 6a/b, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany.,Epitaxy Competence Center ec2, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Hans-Sommer-Str. 66, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Karen K Gleason
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Tobias Voss
- Institute of Semiconductor Technology and Laboratory for Emerging Nanometrology, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Langer Kamp 6a/b, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany.
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46
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Kim JJ, Fan R, Allison LK, Andrew TL. On-site identification of ozone damage in fruiting plants using vapor-deposited conducting polymer tattoos. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/36/eabc3296. [PMID: 32917623 PMCID: PMC7473748 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc3296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Climate change is leading to increased concentrations of ground-level ozone in farms and orchards. Persistent ozone exposure causes irreversible oxidative damage to plants and reduces crop yield, threatening food supply chains. Here, we show that vapor-deposited conducting polymer tattoos on plant leaves can be used to perform on-site impedance analysis, which accurately reveals ozone damage, even at low exposure levels. Oxidative damage produces a unique change in the high-frequency (>104 Hz) impedance and phase signals of leaves, which is not replicated by other abiotic stressors, such as drought. The polymer tattoos are resilient against ozone-induced chemical degradation and persist on the leaves of fruiting plants, thus allowing for frequent and long-term monitoring of cellular ozone damage in economically important crops, such as grapes and apples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Joon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Ruolan Fan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Linden K Allison
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Trisha L Andrew
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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47
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Del Olmo R, Casado N, Olmedo-Martínez JL, Wang X, Forsyth M. Mixed Ionic-Electronic Conductors Based on PEDOT:PolyDADMA and Organic Ionic Plastic Crystals. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1981. [PMID: 32878189 PMCID: PMC7563752 DOI: 10.3390/polym12091981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mixed ionic-electronic conductors, such as poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) are postulated to be the next generation materials in energy storage and electronic devices. Although many studies have aimed to enhance the electronic conductivity and mechanical properties of these materials, there has been little focus on ionic conductivity. In this work, blends based on PEDOT stabilized by the polyelectrolyte poly(diallyldimethylammonium) (PolyDADMA X) are reported, where the X anion is either chloride (Cl), bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (FSI), bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (TFSI), triflate (CF3SO3) or tosylate (Tos). Electronic conductivity values of 0.6 S cm-1 were achieved in films of PEDOT:PolyDADMA FSI (without any post-treatment), with an ionic conductivity of 5 × 10-6 S cm-1 at 70 °C. Organic ionic plastic crystals (OIPCs) based on the cation N-ethyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium (C2mpyr+) with similar anions were added to synergistically enhance both electronic and ionic conductivities. PEDOT:PolyDADMA X / [C2mpyr][X] composites (80/20 wt%) resulted in higher ionic conductivity values (e.g., 2 × 10-5 S cm-1 at 70 °C for PEDOT:PolyDADMA FSI/[C2mpyr][FSI]) and improved electrochemical performance versus the neat PEDOT:PolyDADMA X with no OIPC. Herein, new materials are presented and discussed including new PEDOT:PolyDADMA and organic ionic plastic crystal blends highlighting their promising properties for energy storage applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Del Olmo
- Joxe Mari Korta Center, POLYMAT University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avda. Tolosa 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain; (R.D.O.); (J.L.O.-M.)
| | - Nerea Casado
- Joxe Mari Korta Center, POLYMAT University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avda. Tolosa 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain; (R.D.O.); (J.L.O.-M.)
| | - Jorge L. Olmedo-Martínez
- Joxe Mari Korta Center, POLYMAT University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avda. Tolosa 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain; (R.D.O.); (J.L.O.-M.)
| | - Xiaoen Wang
- Institute for Frontier Materials (IFM), Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3217, Australia;
| | - Maria Forsyth
- Joxe Mari Korta Center, POLYMAT University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Avda. Tolosa 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain; (R.D.O.); (J.L.O.-M.)
- Institute for Frontier Materials (IFM), Deakin University, Geelong, VIC 3217, Australia;
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011 Bilbao, Spain
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science (ACES), Deakin University, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia
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48
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Khlyustova A, Cheng Y, Yang R. Vapor-deposited functional polymer thin films in biological applications. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:6588-6609. [PMID: 32756662 PMCID: PMC7429282 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb00681e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Functional polymer coatings have become ubiquitous in biological applications, ranging from biomaterials and drug delivery to manufacturing-scale separation of biomolecules using functional membranes. Recent advances in the technology of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) have enabled precise control of the polymer chemistry, coating thickness, and conformality. That comprehensive control of surface properties has been used to elicit desirable interactions at the interface between synthetic materials and living organisms, making vapor-deposited functional polymers uniquely suitable for biological applications. This review captures the recent technological development in vapor-deposited functional polymer coatings, highlighting their biological applications, including membrane-based bio-separations, biosensing and bio-MEMS, drug delivery, and tissue engineering. The conformal nature of vapor-deposited coatings ensures uniform coverage over micro- and nano-structured surfaces, allowing the independent optimization of surface and bulk properties. The substrate-independence of CVD techniques enables facile transfer of surface characteristics among different applications. The vapor-deposited functional polymer thin films tend to be biocompatible because they are free of remnant toxic solvents and precursor molecules, potentially lowering the barrier to clinical success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Khlyustova
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA.
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49
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Wang H, Diao Y, Lu Y, Yang H, Zhou Q, Chrulski K, D'Arcy JM. Energy storing bricks for stationary PEDOT supercapacitors. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3882. [PMID: 32782258 PMCID: PMC7419536 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17708-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fired brick is a universal building material, produced by thousand-year-old technology, that throughout history has seldom served any other purpose. Here, we develop a scalable, cost-effective and versatile chemical synthesis using a fired brick to control oxidative radical polymerization and deposition of a nanofibrillar coating of the conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT). A fired brick’s open microstructure, mechanical robustness and ~8 wt% α-Fe2O3 content afford an ideal substrate for developing electrochemical PEDOT electrodes and stationary supercapacitors that readily stack into modules. Five-minute epoxy serves as a waterproof case enabling the operation of our supercapacitors while submerged underwater and a gel electrolyte extends cycling stability to 10,000 cycles with ~90% capacitance retention. Fired brick is a universal building material, produced by thousand-year-old technology, which throughout history has seldom served any other purpose. Here, the authors show that bricks can store energy after chemical treatment to convert their iron oxide content into conducting polymer nanofibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MI, 63130, USA
| | - Yifan Diao
- Institute of Material Science & Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MI, 63130, USA
| | - Yang Lu
- Institute of Material Science & Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MI, 63130, USA
| | - Haoru Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MI, 63130, USA
| | - Qingjun Zhou
- Institute of Material Science & Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MI, 63130, USA
| | - Kenneth Chrulski
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MI, 63130, USA
| | - Julio M D'Arcy
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MI, 63130, USA. .,Institute of Material Science & Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MI, 63130, USA.
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50
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Al-Qatatsheh A, Morsi Y, Zavabeti A, Zolfagharian A, Salim N, Z. Kouzani A, Mosadegh B, Gharaie S. Blood Pressure Sensors: Materials, Fabrication Methods, Performance Evaluations and Future Perspectives. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E4484. [PMID: 32796604 PMCID: PMC7474433 DOI: 10.3390/s20164484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Advancements in materials science and fabrication techniques have contributed to the significant growing attention to a wide variety of sensors for digital healthcare. While the progress in this area is tremendously impressive, few wearable sensors with the capability of real-time blood pressure monitoring are approved for clinical use. One of the key obstacles in the further development of wearable sensors for medical applications is the lack of comprehensive technical evaluation of sensor materials against the expected clinical performance. Here, we present an extensive review and critical analysis of various materials applied in the design and fabrication of wearable sensors. In our unique transdisciplinary approach, we studied the fundamentals of blood pressure and examined its measuring modalities while focusing on their clinical use and sensing principles to identify material functionalities. Then, we carefully reviewed various categories of functional materials utilized in sensor building blocks allowing for comparative analysis of the performance of a wide range of materials throughout the sensor operational-life cycle. Not only this provides essential data to enhance the materials' properties and optimize their performance, but also, it highlights new perspectives and provides suggestions to develop the next generation pressure sensors for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Al-Qatatsheh
- Faculty of Science, Engineering, and Technology (FSET), Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne VIC 3122, Australia; (Y.M.); (N.S.)
| | - Yosry Morsi
- Faculty of Science, Engineering, and Technology (FSET), Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne VIC 3122, Australia; (Y.M.); (N.S.)
| | - Ali Zavabeti
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville VIC 3010, Australia;
| | - Ali Zolfagharian
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, School of Engineering, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds VIC 3216, Australia; (A.Z.); (A.Z.K.)
| | - Nisa Salim
- Faculty of Science, Engineering, and Technology (FSET), Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne VIC 3122, Australia; (Y.M.); (N.S.)
| | - Abbas Z. Kouzani
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, School of Engineering, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds VIC 3216, Australia; (A.Z.); (A.Z.K.)
| | - Bobak Mosadegh
- Dalio Institute of Cardiovascular Imaging, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA;
| | - Saleh Gharaie
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, School of Engineering, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds VIC 3216, Australia; (A.Z.); (A.Z.K.)
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