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Sun T, Chen R, Ma W, Wang H, Yan Q, Luo J, Zhao S, Zhang X, Li P. Van der Waals quaternary oxides for tunable low-loss anisotropic polaritonics. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 19:758-765. [PMID: 38429492 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-024-01628-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
The discovery of ultraconfined polaritons with extreme anisotropy in a number of van der Waals (vdW) materials has unlocked new prospects for nanophotonic and optoelectronic applications. However, the range of suitable materials for specific applications remains limited. Here we introduce tellurite molybdenum quaternary oxides-which possess non-centrosymmetric crystal structures and extraordinary nonlinear optical properties-as a highly promising vdW family of materials for tunable low-loss anisotropic polaritonics. By employing chemical flux growth and exfoliation techniques, we successfully fabricate high-quality vdW layers of various compounds, including MgTeMoO6, ZnTeMoO6, MnTeMoO6 and CdTeMoO6. We show that these quaternary vdW oxides possess two distinct types of in-plane anisotropic polaritons: slab-confined and edge-confined modes. By leveraging metal cation substitutions, we establish a systematic strategy to finely tune the in-plane polariton propagation, resulting in the selective emergence of circular, elliptical or hyperbolic polariton dispersion, accompanied by ultraslow group velocities (0.0003c) and long lifetimes (5 ps). Moreover, Reststrahlen bands of these quaternary oxides naturally overlap that of α-MoO3, providing opportunities for integration. As an example, we demonstrate that combining α-MoO3 (an in-plane hyperbolic material) with CdTeMoO6 (an in-plane isotropic material) in a heterostructure facilitates collimated, diffractionless polariton propagation. Quaternary oxides expand the family of anisotropic vdW polaritons considerably, and with it, the range of nanophotonics applications that can be envisioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Sun
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Optics Valley Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Runkun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Weiliang Ma
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Optics Valley Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Han Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Qizhi Yan
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Optics Valley Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Junhua Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, China
| | - Sangen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, China.
| | - Xinliang Zhang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Optics Valley Laboratory, Wuhan, China
- Xidian University, Xi'an, China
| | - Peining Li
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics and School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
- Optics Valley Laboratory, Wuhan, China.
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Xie Q, Zhang Y, Janzen E, Edgar JH, Xu XG. Atomic-force-microscopy-based time-domain two-dimensional infrared nanospectroscopy. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024:10.1038/s41565-024-01670-w. [PMID: 38750165 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-024-01670-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
For decades, infrared (IR) spectroscopy has advanced on two distinct frontiers: enhancing spatial resolution and broadening spectroscopic information. Although atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based IR microscopy overcomes Abbe's diffraction limit and reaches sub-10 nm spatial resolutions, time-domain two-dimensional IR spectroscopy (2DIR) provides insights into molecular structures, mode coupling and energy transfers. Here we bridge the boundary between these two techniques and develop AFM-2DIR nanospectroscopy. Our method offers the spatial precision of AFM in combination with the rich spectroscopic information provided by 2DIR. This approach mechanically detects the sample's photothermal responses to a tip-enhanced femtosecond IR pulse sequence and extracts spatially resolved spectroscopic information via FFTs. In a proof-of-principle experiment, we elucidate the anharmonicity of a carbonyl vibrational mode. Further, leveraging the near-field photons' high momenta from the tip enhancement for phase matching, we photothermally probe hyperbolic phonon polaritons in isotope-enriched h10BN. Our measurements unveil an energy transfer between phonon polaritons and phonons, as well as among different polariton modes, possibly aided by scattering at interfaces. The AFM-2DIR nanospectroscopy enables the in situ investigations of vibrational anharmonicity, coupling and energy transfers in heterogeneous materials and nanostructures, especially suitable for unravelling the relaxation process in two-dimensional materials at IR frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, US
| | - Yu Zhang
- Ames National Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, US
| | - Eli Janzen
- Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, US
| | - James H Edgar
- Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, US
| | - Xiaoji G Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, US.
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Pogna EAA, Pistore V, Viti L, Li L, Davies AG, Linfield EH, Vitiello MS. Near-field detection of gate-tunable anisotropic plasmon polaritons in black phosphorus at terahertz frequencies. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2373. [PMID: 38490988 PMCID: PMC10943022 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45264-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Polaritons in two-dimensional layered crystals offer an effective solution to confine, enhance and manipulate terahertz (THz) frequency electromagnetic waves at the nanoscale. Recently, strong THz field confinement has been achieved in a graphene-insulator-metal structure, exploiting THz plasmon polaritons (PPs) with strongly reduced wavelength (λp ≈ λ0/66) compared to the photon wavelength λ0. However, graphene PPs propagate isotropically, complicating the directional control of the THz field, which, on the contrary, can be achieved exploiting anisotropic layered crystals, such as orthorhombic black-phosphorus. Here, we detect PPs, at THz frequencies, in hBN-encapsulated black phosphorus field effect transistors through THz near-field photocurrent nanoscopy. The real-space mapping of the thermoelectrical near-field photocurrents reveals deeply sub-wavelength THz PPs (λp ≈ λ0/76), with dispersion tunable by electrostatic control of the carrier density. The in-plane anisotropy of the dielectric response results into anisotropic polariton propagation along the armchair and zigzag crystallographic axes of black-phosphorus. The achieved directional subwavelength light confinement makes this material system a versatile platform for sensing and quantum technology based on nonlinear optics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva A A Pogna
- NEST, CNR - Istituto Nanoscienze and Scuola Normale Superiore, P. San Silvestro 12, 56127, Pisa, Italy.
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32, 20133, Milano, Italy.
| | - Valentino Pistore
- NEST, CNR - Istituto Nanoscienze and Scuola Normale Superiore, P. San Silvestro 12, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Leonardo Viti
- NEST, CNR - Istituto Nanoscienze and Scuola Normale Superiore, P. San Silvestro 12, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lianhe Li
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - A Giles Davies
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Edmund H Linfield
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Miriam S Vitiello
- NEST, CNR - Istituto Nanoscienze and Scuola Normale Superiore, P. San Silvestro 12, 56127, Pisa, Italy.
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4
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Fu R, Qu Y, Xue M, Liu X, Chen S, Zhao Y, Chen R, Li B, Weng H, Liu Q, Dai Q, Chen J. Manipulating hyperbolic transient plasmons in a layered semiconductor. Nat Commun 2024; 15:709. [PMID: 38267417 PMCID: PMC10808201 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-44971-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Anisotropic materials with oppositely signed dielectric tensors support hyperbolic polaritons, displaying enhanced electromagnetic localization and directional energy flow. However, the most reported hyperbolic phonon polaritons are difficult to apply for active electro-optical modulations and optoelectronic devices. Here, we report a dynamic topological plasmonic dispersion transition in black phosphorus via photo-induced carrier injection, i.e., transforming the iso-frequency contour from a pristine ellipsoid to a non-equilibrium hyperboloid. Our work also demonstrates the peculiar transient plasmonic properties of the studied layered semiconductor, such as the ultrafast transition, low propagation losses, efficient optical emission from the black phosphorus's edges, and the characterization of different transient plasmon modes. Our results may be relevant for the development of future optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rao Fu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences & School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Yusong Qu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology & School of Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | | | - Xinghui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics and Quantum Optics Devices, Institute of Laser Spectroscopy, Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, 030006, China
| | - Shengyao Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Yongqian Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences & School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, 325001, China
| | - Runkun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Boxuan Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences & School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Hongming Weng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences & School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, China
| | - Qian Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology & School of Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
- MOE Key Laboratory of Weak-Light Nonlinear Photonics, TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300457, China.
| | - Qing Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology & School of Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
| | - Jianing Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences & School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China.
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong, 523808, China.
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5
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Mei H, Ren G, Zhao B, Salman J, Jung GY, Chen H, Singh S, Thind AS, Cavin J, Hachtel JA, Chi M, Niu S, Joe G, Wan C, Settineri N, Teat SJ, Chakoumakos BC, Ravichandran J, Mishra R, Kats MA. Colossal Optical Anisotropy from Atomic-Scale Modulations. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2303588. [PMID: 37529860 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202303588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
Materials with large birefringence (Δn, where n is the refractive index) are sought after for polarization control (e.g., in wave plates, polarizing beam splitters, etc.), nonlinear optics, micromanipulation, and as a platform for unconventional light-matter coupling, such as hyperbolic phonon polaritons. Layered 2D materials can feature some of the largest optical anisotropy; however, their use in most optical systems is limited because their optical axis is out of the plane of the layers and the layers are weakly attached. This work demonstrates that a bulk crystal with subtle periodic modulations in its structure-Sr9/8 TiS3 -is transparent and positive-uniaxial, with extraordinary index ne = 4.5 and ordinary index no = 2.4 in the mid- to far-infrared. The excess Sr, compared to stoichiometric SrTiS3 , results in the formation of TiS6 trigonal-prismatic units that break the chains of face-sharing TiS6 octahedra in SrTiS3 into periodic blocks of five TiS6 octahedral units. The additional electrons introduced by the excess Sr form highly oriented electron clouds, which selectively boost the extraordinary index ne and result in record birefringence (Δn > 2.1 with low loss). The connection between subtle structural modulations and large changes in refractive index suggests new categories of anisotropic materials and also tunable optical materials with large refractive-index modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Mei
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Guodong Ren
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Boyang Zhao
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Jad Salman
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Gwan Yeong Jung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Huandong Chen
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Shantanu Singh
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Arashdeep S Thind
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - John Cavin
- Department of Physics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Jordan A Hachtel
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Miaofang Chi
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Shanyuan Niu
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Graham Joe
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Chenghao Wan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Nick Settineri
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Simon J Teat
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Bryan C Chakoumakos
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, 37831, USA
| | - Jayakanth Ravichandran
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
- Core Center for Excellence in NanoImaging, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Rohan Mishra
- Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
- Department of Physics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Mikhail A Kats
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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6
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Zhao Y, Li G, Yao Y, Chen J, Xue M, Bao L, Jin K, Ge C, Chen J. Tunable heterostructural prism for planar polaritonic switch. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2023; 68:1757-1763. [PMID: 37507260 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
The study of phonon polaritons in van der Waals materials at the nanoscale has gained significant attention in recent years due to its potential applications in nanophotonics. The unique properties of these materials, such as their ability to support sub-diffraction imaging, sensing, and hyperlenses, have made them a promising avenue for the development of new techniques in the field. Despite these advancements, there still exists a challenge in achieving dynamically reversible manipulation of phonon polaritons in these materials due to their insulating properties. In this study, we present experimental results on the reversible manipulation of anisotropic phonon polaritons in α-MoO3 on top of a VO2 film, a phase-change material known for its dramatic changes in dielectric properties between its insulating and metallic states. Our findings demonstrate that the engineered VO2 film enables a switch in the propagation of polaritons in the mid-infrared region by modifying the dielectric properties of the film through temperature changes. Our results represent a promising approach to effectively control the flow of light energy at the nanoscale and offer the potential for the design and fabrication of integrated, flat sub-diffraction polaritonic devices. This study adds to the growing body of work in the field of nanophotonics and highlights the importance of considering phase-change materials for the development of new techniques in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqian Zhao
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325001, China; Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ge Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuyu Yao
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117550, Singapore
| | - Jiancui Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mengfei Xue
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325001, China; School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lihong Bao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan 523808, China
| | - Kuijuan Jin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Chen Ge
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Jianing Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan 523808, China.
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7
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Guo X, Lyu W, Chen T, Luo Y, Wu C, Yang B, Sun Z, García de Abajo FJ, Yang X, Dai Q. Polaritons in Van der Waals Heterostructures. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2201856. [PMID: 36121344 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202201856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
2D monolayers supporting a wide variety of highly confined plasmons, phonon polaritons, and exciton polaritons can be vertically stacked in van der Waals heterostructures (vdWHs) with controlled constituent layers, stacking sequence, and even twist angles. vdWHs combine advantages of 2D material polaritons, rich optical structure design, and atomic scale integration, which have greatly extended the performance and functions of polaritons, such as wide frequency range, long lifetime, ultrafast all-optical modulation, and photonic crystals for nanoscale light. Here, the state of the art of 2D material polaritons in vdWHs from the perspective of design principles and potential applications is reviewed. Some fundamental properties of polaritons in vdWHs are initially discussed, followed by recent discoveries of plasmons, phonon polaritons, exciton polaritons, and their hybrid modes in vdWHs. The review concludes with a perspective discussion on potential applications of these polaritons such as nanophotonic integrated circuits, which will benefit from the intersection between nanophotonics and materials science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangdong Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Wei Lyu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Tinghan Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Life Science, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Yang Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Life Science, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Chenchen Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Bei Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Zhipei Sun
- Department of Electronics and Nanoengineering and QTF Centre of Excellence, Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, Espoo, 02150, Finland
| | - F Javier García de Abajo
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona, 08860, Spain
- ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, 08010, Spain
| | - Xiaoxia Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Qing Dai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanophotonic Materials and Devices, CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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8
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Elbanna A, Jiang H, Fu Q, Zhu JF, Liu Y, Zhao M, Liu D, Lai S, Chua XW, Pan J, Shen ZX, Wu L, Liu Z, Qiu CW, Teng J. 2D Material Infrared Photonics and Plasmonics. ACS NANO 2023; 17:4134-4179. [PMID: 36821785 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c10705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) materials including graphene, transition metal dichalcogenides, black phosphorus, MXenes, and semimetals have attracted extensive and widespread interest over the past years for their many intriguing properties and phenomena, underlying physics, and great potential for applications. The vast library of 2D materials and their heterostructures provides a diverse range of electrical, photonic, mechanical, and chemical properties with boundless opportunities for photonics and plasmonic devices. The infrared (IR) regime, with wavelengths across 0.78 μm to 1000 μm, has particular technological significance in industrial, military, commercial, and medical settings while facing challenges especially in the limit of materials. Here, we present a comprehensive review of the varied approaches taken to leverage the properties of the 2D materials for IR applications in photodetection and sensing, light emission and modulation, surface plasmon and phonon polaritons, non-linear optics, and Smith-Purcell radiation, among others. The strategies examined include the growth and processing of 2D materials, the use of various 2D materials like semiconductors, semimetals, Weyl-semimetals and 2D heterostructures or mixed-dimensional hybrid structures, and the engineering of light-matter interactions through nanophotonics, metasurfaces, and 2D polaritons. Finally, we give an outlook on the challenges in realizing high-performance and ambient-stable devices and the prospects for future research and large-scale commercial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Elbanna
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore 138634, Singapore
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Hao Jiang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Qundong Fu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- CINTRA CNRS/NTU/THALES, UMI 3288, Research Techno Plaza, Singapore 637553, Singapore
| | - Juan-Feng Zhu
- Science, Mathematics and Technology (SMT), Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Yuanda Liu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Meng Zhao
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Dongjue Liu
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Samuel Lai
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Xian Wei Chua
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Jisheng Pan
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Ze Xiang Shen
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 637371, Singapore
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program, Energy Research Institute@NTU, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- The Photonics Institute and Center for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798 Singapore
| | - Lin Wu
- Science, Mathematics and Technology (SMT), Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore 487372, Singapore
- Institute of High Performance Computing, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore 138632, Singapore
| | - Zheng Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- CINTRA CNRS/NTU/THALES, UMI 3288, Research Techno Plaza, Singapore 637553, Singapore
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Jinghua Teng
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore 138634, Singapore
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9
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Zhang L, Zhou F, Zhang X, Yang S, Wen B, Yan H, Yildirim T, Song X, Yang Q, Tian M, Wan N, Song H, Pei J, Qin S, Zhu J, Wageh S, Al-Hartomy OA, Al-Sehemi AG, Shen H, Liu Y, Zhang H. Discovery of Type II Interlayer Trions. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2206212. [PMID: 36373507 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202206212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In terms of interlayer trions, electronic excitations in van der Waals heterostructures (vdWHs) can be classified into Type I (i.e., two identical charges in the same layer) and Type II (i.e., two identical charges in the different layers). Type I interlayer trions are investigated theoretically and experimentally. By contrast, Type II interlayer trions remain elusive in vdWHs, due to inadequate free charges, unsuitable band alignment, reduced Coulomb interactions, poor interface quality, etc. Here, the first observation of Type II interlayer trions is reported by exploring band alignments and choosing an atomically thin organic-inorganic system-monolayer WSe2 /bilayer pentacene heterostructure (1L + 2L HS). Both positive and negative Type II interlayer trions are electrically tuned and observed via PL spectroscopy. In particular, Type II interlayer trions exhibit in-plane anisotropic emission, possibly caused by their unique spatial structure and anisotropic charge interactions, which is highly correlated with the transition dipole moment of pentacene. The results pave the way to develop excitonic devices and all-optical circuits using atomically thin organic-inorganic bilayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linglong Zhang
- College of Physics, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Materials and Physics (NUAA), MIIT, Nanjing, 211106, China
| | - Fei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Environment-friendly Energy Materials, School of Materials and Chemistry, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, 621010, China
| | - Xiaowei Zhang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, China
| | - Shunshun Yang
- College of Physics, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Materials and Physics (NUAA), MIIT, Nanjing, 211106, China
| | - Bo Wen
- Institute of Nanosurface Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Optomechatronics Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Han Yan
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK
| | - Tanju Yildirim
- Center for Functional Sensor & Actuator (CFSN), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Xiaoying Song
- College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, 400065, China
| | - Qi Yang
- Intstitue of Microscale Optoelectronics, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Ming Tian
- SEU-FEI Nano Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, School of Electronics Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Neng Wan
- SEU-FEI Nano Pico Center, Key Laboratory of MEMS of Ministry of Education, School of Electronics Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Hucheng Song
- Center of Energy Storage Materials & Technology, College of Engineering and Applied Sciences, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures/Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Jiajie Pei
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China
| | - Shuchao Qin
- Key Laboratory of Optical Communication Science and Technology of Shandong Province, School of Physical Science and Information Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252059, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhu
- Intstitue of Microscale Optoelectronics, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - S Wageh
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar A Al-Hartomy
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah G Al-Sehemi
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, P.O. Box 9004, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Youwen Liu
- College of Physics, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Key Laboratory of Aerospace Information Materials and Physics (NUAA), MIIT, Nanjing, 211106, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Intstitue of Microscale Optoelectronics, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
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10
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Gao X, Urbakh M, Hod O. Stick-Slip Dynamics of Moiré Superstructures in Polycrystalline 2D Material Interfaces. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:276101. [PMID: 36638291 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.276101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A new frictional mechanism, based on collective stick-slip motion of moiré superstructures across polycrystalline two-dimensional material interfaces, is predicted. The dissipative stick-slip behavior originates from an energetic bistability between low- and high-commensurability configurations of large-scale moiré superstructures. When the grain boundary separates between grains of small and large interfacial twist angle, the corresponding moiré periods are significantly different, resulting in forbidden grain boundary crossing of the moiré superstructures during shear induced motion. For small twist angle grains, where the moiré periods are much larger than the lattice constant, this results in multiple reflections of collective surface waves between the surrounding grain boundaries. In combination with the individual grain boundary dislocation snap-through buckling mechanism dominating at the low normal load regime, the friction exhibits nonmonotonic behavior with the normal load. While the discovered phenomenon is demonstrated for h-BN/graphene polycrystalline junctions, it is expected to be of general nature and occur in many other large-scale layered material interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Gao
- Department of Physical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, The Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences and The Sackler Center for Computational Molecular and Materials Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Michael Urbakh
- Department of Physical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, The Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences and The Sackler Center for Computational Molecular and Materials Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Oded Hod
- Department of Physical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, The Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences and The Sackler Center for Computational Molecular and Materials Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
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11
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Zhao Y, Chen J, Xue M, Chen R, Jia S, Chen J, Bao L, Gao HJ, Chen J. Ultralow-Loss Phonon Polaritons in the Isotope-Enriched α-MoO 3. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:10208-10215. [PMID: 36343338 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
α-MoO3, a natural van der Waals (vdWs) material, has received wide attention in nano-optics for supporting highly confined anisotropic phonon polaritons (PhPs) from the mid-infrared to the terahertz region, which opens a new route for manipulating light at the nanoscale. However, its optical loss hinders light manipulation with high efficiency. This work demonstrates that the isotope-enriched Mo element enables ultralow-loss PhPs in the α-MoO3. Raman spectra reveal that the isotope-enriched Mo element in the α-MoO3 allows different optical phonon frequencies by efficiently altering the Reststrahlen band's dispersion. The Mo isotope-enriched α-MoO3 significantly reduces the PhPs' optical loss due to efficient optical coherence, which enhances the propagation length revealed by infrared nanoimaging. These findings suggest that the isotope-enriched α-MoO3 is a new feasible 2D material with an ultralow optical loss for possible high-performance integrated photonics and quantum optics devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongqian Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiancui Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mengfei Xue
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325001, China
| | - Runkun Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shangtong Jia
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Department of Physics and Applied Optics Beijing Area Major Laboratory, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030006, China
| | - Lihong Bao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
| | - Hong-Jun Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
| | - Jianing Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, Guangdong 523808, China
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12
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Dai M, Zhou B, Fang X, Yan D. Two-Dimensional Hybrid Perovskitoid Micro/nanosheets: Colorful Ultralong Phosphorescence, Delayed Fluorescence, and Anisotropic Optical Waveguide. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:40223-40231. [PMID: 35998354 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c11164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Molecular persistent luminescence, such as room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) and thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF), have attracted broad attention in the fields of biological imaging, information security, and optoelectronic devices. However, the development of molecular micro/nanostructures combining both RTP and TADF properties is still in an early stage. Herein, a new type of organic metal hybrid perovskitoid (OMHP) two-dimensional (2D) microcrystal has been fabricated through a facile solution method. The long-lived TADF-RTP dual emission can be highly tuned by changing the excitation wavelength, temperature, and decayed time. Moreover, the 2D OMHP microsheet exhibits an asymmetric and anisotropic optical waveguide with low optical loss coefficient, together with extremely high linearly polarized fluorescence-phosphorescence emission (anisotropy = 0.96), which is promising for the development of polarization-sensitive luminescent materials. Therefore, this work not only demonstrates new OMHP showing colorful persistent luminescence under different modes (such as excitation wavelength, temperature, polarization, lifetime, and dimension) but also takes advantage of the 2D micro/nanostructure to provide potential applications as optical logic gates and for delicate multiple information encryption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiqi Dai
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Bo Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xiaoyu Fang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Dongpeng Yan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Radiopharmaceuticals Ministry of Education, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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13
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Lin ML, Feng M, Wu JB, Ran FR, Chen T, Luo WX, Wu H, Han WP, Zhang X, Liu XL, Xu Y, Li H, Wang YF, Tan PH. Intralayer Phonons in Multilayer Graphene Moiré Superlattices. Research (Wash D C) 2022; 2022:9819373. [PMID: 35707049 PMCID: PMC9175117 DOI: 10.34133/2022/9819373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Moiré pattern in twisted multilayers (tMLs) induces many emergent phenomena by subtle variation of atomic registry to modulate quasiparticles and their interactions, such as superconductivity, moiré excitons, and moiré phonons. The periodic superlattice potential introduced by moiré pattern also underlies patterned interlayer coupling at the interface of tMLs. Although this arising patterned interfacial coupling is much weaker than in-plane atomic interactions, it is crucial in moiré systems, as captured by the renormalized interlayer phonons in twisted bilayer transitional metal dichalcogenides. Here, we determine the quantitative relationship between the lattice dynamics of intralayer out-of-plane optical (ZO) phonons and patterned interfacial coupling in multilayer graphene moiré superlattices (MLG-MS) by the proposed perturbation model, which is previously challenging for MLGs due to their out-of-phase displacements of adjacent atoms in one atomic plane. We unveil that patterned interfacial coupling introduces profound modulations on Davydov components of nonfolded ZO phonon that are localized within the AB-stacked constituents, while the coupling results in layer-extended vibrations with symmetry of moiré pattern for moiré ZO phonons. Our work brings further degrees of freedom to engineer moiré physics according to the modulations imprinted on the phonon frequency and wavefunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao-Ling Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering & CAS Center of Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Min Feng
- School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jiang-Bin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Fei-Rong Ran
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics and Institute of Advanced Materials, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Tao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Wei-Xia Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering & CAS Center of Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Heng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering & CAS Center of Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wen-Peng Han
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xue-Lu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yang Xu
- School of Micro-nanoelectronics, State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, ZJU-UIUC Joint Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Hai Li
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics and Institute of Advanced Materials, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yu-Fang Wang
- School of Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ping-Heng Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering & CAS Center of Excellence in Topological Quantum Computation, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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14
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Zeng Y, Ou Q, Liu L, Zheng C, Wang Z, Gong Y, Liang X, Zhang Y, Hu G, Yang Z, Qiu CW, Bao Q, Chen H, Dai Z. Tailoring Topological Transitions of Anisotropic Polaritons by Interface Engineering in Biaxial Crystals. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:4260-4268. [PMID: 35442697 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c00399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Polaritons in polar biaxial crystals with extreme anisotropy offer a promising route to manipulate nanoscale light-matter interactions. The dynamic modulation of their dispersion is of great significance for future integrated nano-optics but remains challenging. Here, we report tunable topological transitions in biaxial crystals enabled by interface engineering. We theoretically demonstrate such tailored polaritons at the interface of heterostructures between graphene and α-phase molybdenum trioxide (α-MoO3). The interlayer coupling can be modulated by both the stack of graphene and α-MoO3 and the magnitude of the Fermi level in graphene enabling a dynamic topological transition. More interestingly, we found that the wavefront transition occurs at a constant Fermi level when the thickness of α-MoO3 is tuned. Furthermore, we also experimentally verify the hybrid polaritons in the graphene/α-MoO3 heterostructure with different thicknesses of α-MoO3. The interface engineering offers new insights into optical topological transitions, which may shed new light on programmable polaritonics, energy transfer, and neuromorphic photonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Zeng
- Department of Physics, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Qingdong Ou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies (FLEET), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Lu Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunqi Zheng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Ziyu Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies (FLEET), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Youning Gong
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Liang
- School of Energy and Power Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430063, People's Republic of China
| | - Yupeng Zhang
- College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangwei Hu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Zhilin Yang
- Department of Physics, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Qiaoliang Bao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies (FLEET), Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Huanyang Chen
- Department of Physics, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhigao Dai
- Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, People's Republic of China
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15
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Chiodini S, Kerfoot J, Venturi G, Mignuzzi S, Alexeev EM, Teixeira Rosa B, Tongay S, Taniguchi T, Watanabe K, Ferrari AC, Ambrosio A. Moiré Modulation of Van Der Waals Potential in Twisted Hexagonal Boron Nitride. ACS NANO 2022; 16:7589-7604. [PMID: 35486712 PMCID: PMC9134503 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c11107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
When a twist angle is applied between two layered materials (LMs), the registry of the layers and the associated change in their functional properties are spatially modulated, and a moiré superlattice arises. Several works explored the optical, electric, and electromechanical moiré-dependent properties of such twisted LMs but, to the best of our knowledge, no direct visualization and quantification of van der Waals (vdW) interlayer interactions has been presented, so far. Here, we use tapping mode atomic force microscopy phase-imaging to probe the spatial modulation of the vdW potential in twisted hexagonal boron nitride. We find a moiré superlattice in the phase channel only when noncontact (long-range) forces are probed, revealing the modulation of the vdW potential at the sample surface, following AB and BA stacking domains. The creation of scalable electrostatic domains, modulating the vdW potential at the interface with the environment by means of layer twisting, could be used for local adhesion engineering and surface functionalization by affecting the deposition of molecules or nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Chiodini
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology, Fondazione
Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via G. Pascoli 70, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - James Kerfoot
- Cambridge
Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, 9, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Giacomo Venturi
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology, Fondazione
Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via G. Pascoli 70, Milan 20133, Italy
- Physics
Department, Politecnico Milano, P.zza Leonardo Da Vinci 32, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Sandro Mignuzzi
- Cambridge
Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, 9, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Evgeny M. Alexeev
- Cambridge
Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, 9, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Bárbara Teixeira Rosa
- Cambridge
Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, 9, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Sefaattin Tongay
- School
for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International
Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research
Center for Functional Materials, National
Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
| | - Andrea C. Ferrari
- Cambridge
Graphene Centre, University of Cambridge, 9, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge CB3 0FA, United Kingdom
| | - Antonio Ambrosio
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology, Fondazione
Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via G. Pascoli 70, Milan 20133, Italy
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16
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Interface nano-optics with van der Waals polaritons. Nature 2021; 597:187-195. [PMID: 34497390 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03581-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Polaritons are hybrid excitations of matter and photons. In recent years, polaritons in van der Waals nanomaterials-known as van der Waals polaritons-have shown great promise to guide the flow of light at the nanoscale over spectral regions ranging from the visible to the terahertz. A vibrant research field based on manipulating strong light-matter interactions in the form of polaritons, supported by these atomically thin van der Waals nanomaterials, is emerging for advanced nanophotonic and opto-electronic applications. Here we provide an overview of the state of the art of exploiting interface optics-such as refractive optics, meta-optics and moiré engineering-for the control of van der Waals polaritons. This enhanced control over van der Waals polaritons at the nanoscale has not only unveiled many new phenomena, but has also inspired valuable applications-including new avenues for nano-imaging, sensing, on-chip optical circuitry, and potentially many others in the years to come.
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17
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Li J, Wang YP, Zhang S, Duan H, Long M. First-principles investigations on a two-dimensional S 3N 2/black phosphorene van der Waals heterostructure: mechanical, carrier transport and thermoelectric anisotropy. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2021; 33:425301. [PMID: 34315134 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac1824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Isolated monolayer two-dimensional (2D) materials have attracted great attentions due to their unique optical, electrical, mechanical, thermoelectric properties and potential applications in nanoelectronic, optoelectronic and thermoelectric devices. However, it more and more difficult to find high performance and multifunctional monolayer 2D materials. The 2D van der Waals (vdW) heterostructure, which holds two different 2D materials together by vdW interactions, has opened up a new horizon in modulation of the energy band structure, the anisotropy of electrons and phonons, and the improvement of their thermoelectric properties for monolayer 2D materials. In this work, we theoretically investigated the anisotropy in the physical properties of 2D vdW heterostructure comprising of monolayer S3N2and black phosphorene (BP) using first-principles method. It is demonstrated that the AB1stacking is the most stable dynamic and thermodynamics in the S3N2/BP heterostructure with vdW interaction between layers. The Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio of AB1stacking along thexdirection are 3 times of those along theydirection. Based on the Boltzmann transport theory within the relaxation time approximation, we demonstrated that AB1stacking of S3N2/BP vdW heterostructure has significant anisotropy in the electron and phonon transport. Due to larger anharmonicity results in larger three-phonon scattering rates, the thermal conductivity of AB1stacking of this heterostructure is half that of the pristine monolayer BP. We find the one withn-type (p-type) doping exhibits a peak figure of merit (ZT) value of 1.78 (0.52) at 300 K alongxdirection, while those peak ZT value of 2.04 (0.69) alongydirection, exceeding the highest value of the monolayer BP doped withn-type orp-type doping. Our results would pave a way for applications to flexible and thermoelectric 2D materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Li
- Hunan Key laboratory of Super Micro-structure and Ultrafast Process, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Peng Wang
- Hunan Key laboratory of Super Micro-structure and Ultrafast Process, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, People's Republic of China
| | - Shidong Zhang
- Hunan Key laboratory of Super Micro-structure and Ultrafast Process, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiming Duan
- Institute of Low-dimensional Quantum Materials and Devices, School of Physical Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengqiu Long
- Hunan Key laboratory of Super Micro-structure and Ultrafast Process, School of Physics and Electronics, Central South University, Changsha 410083, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Low-dimensional Quantum Materials and Devices, School of Physical Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, 830046, People's Republic of China
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18
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Wu Y, Ou Q, Dong S, Hu G, Si G, Dai Z, Qiu CW, Fuhrer MS, Mokkapati S, Bao Q. Efficient and Tunable Reflection of Phonon Polaritons at Built-In Intercalation Interfaces. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2008070. [PMID: 33998712 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202008070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Phonon polaritons-light coupled to lattice vibrations-in polar van der Waals crystals offer unprecedented opportunities for controlling light at the nanoscale due to their anisotropic and ultralow-loss propagation. While their analog plasmon polaritons-light coupled to electron oscillations-have long been studied and exhibit interesting reflections at geometrical edges and electronic boundaries, whether phonon polaritons can be reflected by such barriers has been elusive. Here, the effective and tunable reflection of phonon polaritons at embedded interfaces formed in hydrogen-intercalated α-MoO3 flakes is elaborated upon. Without breaking geometrical continuity, such intercalation interfaces can reflect phonon polaritons with low losses, yielding the distinct phase changes of -0.8π and -0.3π associated with polariton propagation, high efficiency of 50%, and potential electrical tunability. The results point to a new approach to construct on-demand polariton reflectors, phase modulators, and retarders, which may be transplanted into building future polaritonic circuits using van der Waals crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Qingdong Ou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
- ARC Center of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Shaohua Dong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Guangwei Hu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Guangyuan Si
- Melbourne Center for Nanofabrication, Victorian Node of the Australian National Fabrication Facility, Clayton, Victoria, 3168, Australia
| | - Zhigao Dai
- Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | - Michael S Fuhrer
- ARC Center of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Sudha Mokkapati
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Qiaoliang Bao
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
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19
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Kurman Y, Dahan R, Sheinfux HH, Wang K, Yannai M, Adiv Y, Reinhardt O, Tizei LHG, Woo SY, Li J, Edgar JH, Kociak M, Koppens FHL, Kaminer I. Spatiotemporal imaging of 2D polariton wave packet dynamics using free electrons. Science 2021; 372:1181-1186. [PMID: 34112689 DOI: 10.1126/science.abg9015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Coherent optical excitations in two-dimensional (2D) materials, 2D polaritons, can generate a plethora of optical phenomena that arise from the extraordinary dispersion relations that do not exist in regular materials. Probing of the dynamical phenomena of 2D polaritons requires simultaneous spatial and temporal imaging capabilities and could reveal unknown coherent optical phenomena in 2D materials. Here, we present a spatiotemporal measurement of 2D wave packet dynamics, from its formation to its decay, using an ultrafast transmission electron microscope driven by femtosecond midinfrared pulses. The ability to coherently excite phonon-polariton wave packets and probe their evolution in a nondestructive manner reveals intriguing dispersion-dependent dynamics that includes splitting of multibranch wave packets and, unexpectedly, wave packet deceleration and acceleration. Having access to the full spatiotemporal dynamics of 2D wave packets can be used to illuminate puzzles in topological polaritons and discover exotic nonlinear optical phenomena in 2D materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaniv Kurman
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 32000 Haifa, Israel
| | - Raphael Dahan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 32000 Haifa, Israel
| | - Hanan Herzig Sheinfux
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Carl Friedrich Gauss 3, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
| | - Kangpeng Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 32000 Haifa, Israel
| | - Michael Yannai
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 32000 Haifa, Israel
| | - Yuval Adiv
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 32000 Haifa, Israel
| | - Ori Reinhardt
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 32000 Haifa, Israel
| | - Luiz H G Tizei
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Steffi Y Woo
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Jiahan Li
- Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - James H Edgar
- Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Mathieu Kociak
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Frank H L Koppens
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Carl Friedrich Gauss 3, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain. .,ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avanats, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ido Kaminer
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, 32000 Haifa, Israel.
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20
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Li WJ, Cheng ZD, Kang LZ, Zhang RM, Fan BY, Zhou Q, Wang Y, Song HZ, Arutyunov KY, Niu XB, Deng GW. Phonon lasing with an atomic thin membrane resonator at room temperature. OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 29:16241-16248. [PMID: 34154191 DOI: 10.1364/oe.423904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Graphene has been considered as one of the best materials to implement mechanical resonators due to their excellent properties such as low mass, high quality factors and tunable resonant frequencies. Here we report the observation of phonon lasing induced by the photonthermal pressure in a few-layer graphene resonator at room temperature, where the graphene resonator and the silicon substrate form an optical cavity. A marked threshold in the oscillation amplitude and a narrowing linewidth of the vibration mode are observed, which confirms a phonon lasing process in the graphene resonator. Our findings will stimulate the studies on phononic phenomena, help to establish new functional devices based on graphene mechanical resonators, and might find potential applications in classical and quantum sensing fields, as well as in information processing.
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21
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Duan J, Álvarez-Pérez G, Voronin KV, Prieto I, Taboada-Gutiérrez J, Volkov VS, Martín-Sánchez J, Nikitin AY, Alonso-González P. Enabling propagation of anisotropic polaritons along forbidden directions via a topological transition. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabf2690. [PMID: 33811076 PMCID: PMC11060020 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf2690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Polaritons with directional in-plane propagation and ultralow losses in van der Waals (vdW) crystals promise unprecedented manipulation of light at the nanoscale. However, these polaritons present a crucial limitation: their directional propagation is intrinsically determined by the crystal structure of the host material, imposing forbidden directions of propagation. Here, we demonstrate that directional polaritons (in-plane hyperbolic phonon polaritons) in a vdW crystal (α-phase molybdenum trioxide) can be directed along forbidden directions by inducing an optical topological transition, which emerges when the slab is placed on a substrate with a given negative permittivity (4H-silicon carbide). By visualizing the transition in real space, we observe exotic polaritonic states between mutually orthogonal hyperbolic regimes, which unveil the topological origin of the transition: a gap opening in the dispersion. This work provides insights into optical topological transitions in vdW crystals, which introduce a route to direct light at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Duan
- Department of Physics, University of Oviedo, Oviedo 33006, Spain
- Center of Research on Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CINN (CSIC-Universidad de Oviedo), El Entrego 33940, Spain
| | - G Álvarez-Pérez
- Department of Physics, University of Oviedo, Oviedo 33006, Spain
- Center of Research on Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CINN (CSIC-Universidad de Oviedo), El Entrego 33940, Spain
| | - K V Voronin
- Center for Photonics and 2D Materials, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny 141700, Russia
| | - I Prieto
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, am Campus 1, Klosterneuburg 3400, Austria
| | - J Taboada-Gutiérrez
- Department of Physics, University of Oviedo, Oviedo 33006, Spain
- Center of Research on Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CINN (CSIC-Universidad de Oviedo), El Entrego 33940, Spain
| | - V S Volkov
- Center for Photonics and 2D Materials, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny 141700, Russia
| | - J Martín-Sánchez
- Department of Physics, University of Oviedo, Oviedo 33006, Spain.
- Center of Research on Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CINN (CSIC-Universidad de Oviedo), El Entrego 33940, Spain
| | - A Y Nikitin
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia-San Sebastián 20018, Spain.
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48013, Spain
| | - P Alonso-González
- Department of Physics, University of Oviedo, Oviedo 33006, Spain.
- Center of Research on Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CINN (CSIC-Universidad de Oviedo), El Entrego 33940, Spain
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22
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Schwartz JJ, Le ST, Krylyuk S, Richter CA, Davydov AV, Centrone A. Substrate-mediated hyperbolic phonon polaritons in MoO 3. NANOPHOTONICS 2021; 10:10.1515/nanoph-2020-0640. [PMID: 36451975 PMCID: PMC9706547 DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2020-0640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Hyperbolic phonon polaritons (HPhPs) are hybrid excitations of light and coherent lattice vibrations that exist in strongly optically anisotropic media, including two-dimensional materials (e.g., MoO3). These polaritons propagate through the material's volume with long lifetimes, enabling novel mid-infrared nanophotonic applications by compressing light to sub-diffractional dimensions. Here, the dispersion relations and HPhP lifetimes (up to ≈12 ps) in single-crystalline α-MoO3 are determined by Fourier analysis of real-space, nanoscale-resolution polariton images obtained with the photothermal induced resonance (PTIR) technique. Measurements of MoO3 crystals deposited on periodic gratings show longer HPhPs propagation lengths and lifetimes (≈2×), and lower optical compressions, in suspended regions compared with regions in direct contact with the substrate. Additionally, PTIR data reveal MoO3 subsurface defects, which have a negligible effect on HPhP propagation, as well as polymeric contaminants localized under parts of the MoO3 crystals, which are derived from sample preparation. This work highlights the ability to engineer substrate-defined nanophotonic structures from layered anisotropic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J. Schwartz
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Son T. Le
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
- Theiss Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sergiy Krylyuk
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Curt A. Richter
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Albert V. Davydov
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
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23
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Sternbach AJ, Chae SH, Latini S, Rikhter AA, Shao Y, Li B, Rhodes D, Kim B, Schuck PJ, Xu X, Zhu XY, Averitt RD, Hone J, Fogler MM, Rubio A, Basov DN. Programmable hyperbolic polaritons in van der Waals semiconductors. Science 2021; 371:617-620. [PMID: 33542134 DOI: 10.1126/science.abe9163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Collective electronic modes or lattice vibrations usually prohibit propagation of electromagnetic radiation through the bulk of common materials over a frequency range associated with these oscillations. However, this textbook tenet does not necessarily apply to layered crystals. Highly anisotropic materials often display nonintuitive optical properties and can permit propagation of subdiffractional waveguide modes, with hyperbolic dispersion, throughout their bulk. Here, we report on the observation of optically induced electronic hyperbolicity in the layered transition metal dichalcogenide tungsten diselenide (WSe2). We used photoexcitation to inject electron-hole pairs in WSe2 and then visualized, by transient nanoimaging, the hyperbolic rays that traveled along conical trajectories inside of the crystal. We establish here the signatures of programmable hyperbolic electrodynamics and assess the role of quantum transitions of excitons within the Rydberg series in the observed polaritonic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Sternbach
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA.
| | - S H Chae
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - S Latini
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - A A Rikhter
- Department of Physics, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Y Shao
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - B Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - D Rhodes
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - B Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - P J Schuck
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - X Xu
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - X-Y Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - R D Averitt
- Department of Physics, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - J Hone
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - M M Fogler
- Department of Physics, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - A Rubio
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, 22761 Hamburg, Germany.,Center for Computational Quantum Physics (CCQ), Flatiron Institute, New York, NY 10010, USA
| | - D N Basov
- Department of Physics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
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24
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Thurakkal S, Feldstein D, Perea-Causín R, Malic E, Zhang X. The Art of Constructing Black Phosphorus Nanosheet Based Heterostructures: From 2D to 3D. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2005254. [PMID: 33251663 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202005254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Assembling different kinds of 2D nanosheets into heterostructures presents a promising way of designing novel artificial materials with new and improved functionalities by combining the unique properties of each component. In the past few years, black phosphorus nanosheets (BPNSs) have been recognized as a highly feasible 2D material with outstanding electronic properties, a tunable bandgap, and strong in-plane anisotropy, highlighting their suitability as a material for constructing heterostructures. In this study, recent progress in the construction of BPNS-based heterostructures ranging from 2D hybrid structures to 3D networks is discussed, emphasizing the different types of interactions (covalent or noncovalent) between individual layers. The preparation methods, optical and electronic properties, and various applications of these heterostructures-including electronic and optoelectronic devices, energy storage devices, photocatalysis and electrocatalysis, and biological applications-are discussed. Finally, critical challenges and prospective research aspects in BPNS-based heterostructures are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shameel Thurakkal
- Division of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemigården 4, Göteborg, SE-412 96, Sweden
| | - David Feldstein
- Division of Condensed Matter and Materials Theory, Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemigården 1, Göteborg, SE-412 96, Sweden
| | - Raül Perea-Causín
- Division of Condensed Matter and Materials Theory, Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemigården 1, Göteborg, SE-412 96, Sweden
| | - Ermin Malic
- Division of Condensed Matter and Materials Theory, Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemigården 1, Göteborg, SE-412 96, Sweden
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Division of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemigården 4, Göteborg, SE-412 96, Sweden
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25
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Chen M, Lin X, Dinh TH, Zheng Z, Shen J, Ma Q, Chen H, Jarillo-Herrero P, Dai S. Configurable phonon polaritons in twisted α-MoO 3. NATURE MATERIALS 2020; 19:1307-1311. [PMID: 32661384 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-020-0732-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Moiré engineering is being intensively investigated as a method to tune the electronic, magnetic and optical properties of twisted van der Waals materials. Advances in moiré engineering stem from the formation of peculiar moiré superlattices at small, specific twist angles. Here we report configurable nanoscale light-matter waves-phonon polaritons-by twisting stacked α-phase molybdenum trioxide (α-MoO3) slabs over a broad range of twist angles from 0° to 90°. Our combined experimental and theoretical results reveal a variety of polariton wavefront geometries and topological transitions as a function of the twist angle. In contrast to the origin of the modified electronic band structure in moiré superlattices, the polariton twisting configuration is attributed to the electromagnetic interaction of highly anisotropic hyperbolic polaritons in stacked α-MoO3 slabs. These results indicate twisted α-MoO3 to be a promising platform for nanophotonic devices with tunable functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyuan Chen
- Materials Research and Education Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Xiao Lin
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Science and Technology Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Thao H Dinh
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Zhiren Zheng
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jialiang Shen
- Materials Research and Education Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Qiong Ma
- Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hongsheng Chen
- Interdisciplinary Center for Quantum Information, State Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Instrumentation, ZJU-Hangzhou Global Science and Technology Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Siyuan Dai
- Materials Research and Education Center, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.
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26
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Edge-oriented and steerable hyperbolic polaritons in anisotropic van der Waals nanocavities. Nat Commun 2020; 11:6086. [PMID: 33257664 PMCID: PMC7705012 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19913-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly confined and low-loss polaritons are known to propagate isotropically over graphene and hexagonal boron nitride in the plane, leaving limited degrees of freedom in manipulating light at the nanoscale. The emerging family of biaxial van der Waals materials, such as α-MoO3 and V2O5, support exotic polariton propagation, as their auxiliary optical axis is in the plane. Here, exploiting this strong in-plane anisotropy, we report edge-tailored hyperbolic polaritons in patterned α-MoO3 nanocavities via real-space nanoimaging. We find that the angle between the edge orientation and the crystallographic direction significantly affects the optical response, and can serve as a key tuning parameter in tailoring the polaritonic patterns. By shaping α-MoO3 nanocavities with different geometries, we observe edge-oriented and steerable hyperbolic polaritons as well as forbidden zones where the polaritons detour. The lifetime and figure of merit of the hyperbolic polaritons can be regulated by the edge aspect ratio of nanocavity.
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27
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Mancini A, Gubbin CR, Berté R, Martini F, Politi A, Cortés E, Li Y, De Liberato S, Maier SA. Near-Field Spectroscopy of Cylindrical Phonon-Polariton Antennas. ACS NANO 2020; 14:8508-8517. [PMID: 32530605 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c02784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Surface phonon polaritons (SPhPs) are hybrid light-matter states in which light strongly couples to lattice vibrations inside the Reststrahlen band of polar dielectrics at mid-infrared frequencies. Antennas supporting localized surface phonon polaritons (LSPhPs) easily outperform their plasmonic counterparts operating in the visible or near-infrared in terms of field enhancement and confinement thanks to the inherently slower phonon-phonon scattering processes governing SPhP decay. In particular, LSPhP antennas have attracted considerable interest for thermal management at the nanoscale, where the emission strongly diverts from the usual far-field blackbody radiation due to the presence of evanescent waves at the surface. However, far-field measurements cannot shed light on the behavior of antennas in the near-field region. To overcome this limitation, we employ scattering-scanning near-field optical microscopy (sSNOM) to unveil the spectral near-field response of 3C-SiC antenna arrays. We present a detailed description of the behavior of the antenna resonances by comparing far-field and near-field spectra and demonstrate the existence of a mode with no net dipole moment, absent in the far-field spectra, but of importance for applications that exploit the heightened electromagnetic near fields. Furthermore, we investigate the perturbation in the antenna response induced by the presence of the AFM tip, which can be further extended toward situations where for example strong IR emitters couple to LSPhP modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Mancini
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maxilimians-Universität München, 80539 München, Germany
| | - Christopher R Gubbin
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Rodrigo Berté
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maxilimians-Universität München, 80539 München, Germany
| | - Francesco Martini
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie-CNR, Via Cineto Romano 42, 00156 Roma, Italy
| | - Alberto Politi
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Emiliano Cortés
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maxilimians-Universität München, 80539 München, Germany
| | - Yi Li
- School of Microelectronics, MOE Engineering Research Center of Integrated Circuits for Next Generation Communications, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Simone De Liberato
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan A Maier
- Chair in Hybrid Nanosystems, Nanoinstitute Munich, Faculty of Physics, Ludwig-Maxilimians-Universität München, 80539 München, Germany
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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28
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Li P, Hu G, Dolado I, Tymchenko M, Qiu CW, Alfaro-Mozaz FJ, Casanova F, Hueso LE, Liu S, Edgar JH, Vélez S, Alu A, Hillenbrand R. Collective near-field coupling and nonlocal phenomena in infrared-phononic metasurfaces for nano-light canalization. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3663. [PMID: 32694591 PMCID: PMC7374561 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17425-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Polaritons - coupled excitations of photons and dipolar matter excitations - can propagate along anisotropic metasurfaces with either hyperbolic or elliptical dispersion. At the transition from hyperbolic to elliptical dispersion (corresponding to a topological transition), various intriguing phenomena are found, such as an enhancement of the photonic density of states, polariton canalization and hyperlensing. Here, we investigate theoretically and experimentally the topological transition, the polaritonic coupling and the strong nonlocal response in a uniaxial infrared-phononic metasurface, a grating of hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) nanoribbons. By hyperspectral infrared nanoimaging, we observe a synthetic transverse optical phonon resonance (strong collective near-field coupling of the nanoribbons) in the middle of the hBN Reststrahlen band, yielding a topological transition from hyperbolic to elliptical dispersion. We further visualize and characterize the spatial evolution of a deeply subwavelength canalization mode near the transition frequency, which is a collimated polariton that is the basis for hyperlensing and diffraction-less propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peining Li
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics & School of Optical and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.,CIC nanoGUNE BRTA, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Guangwei Hu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117583, Singapore.,Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Irene Dolado
- CIC nanoGUNE BRTA, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Mykhailo Tymchenko
- Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
| | | | - Fèlix Casanova
- CIC nanoGUNE BRTA, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Luis E Hueso
- CIC nanoGUNE BRTA, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Song Liu
- Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - James H Edgar
- Tim Taylor Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Saül Vélez
- Department of Materials, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Alu
- Advanced Science Research Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, 10031, USA.,Physics Program, Graduate Center, City University of New York, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Rainer Hillenbrand
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013, Bilbao, Spain. .,CIC nanoGUNE BRTA and Department of Electricity and Electronics, UPV/ EHU, 20018, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.
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29
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Dai Z, Hu G, Ou Q, Zhang L, Xia F, Garcia-Vidal FJ, Qiu CW, Bao Q. Artificial Metaphotonics Born Naturally in Two Dimensions. Chem Rev 2020; 120:6197-6246. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhigao Dai
- Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan 430074, P.R. China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies (FLEET), Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Guangwei Hu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Qingdong Ou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies (FLEET), Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Physical Electronics and Devices of the Ministry of Education and Shaanxi Key Lab of Information Photonic Technique, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, P.R. China
| | - Fengnian Xia
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Francisco J. Garcia-Vidal
- Departamento de Fisica Teorica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Madrid 28049, Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia−San Sebastian E-20018, Spain
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Qiaoliang Bao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies (FLEET), Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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30
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Chemical switching of low-loss phonon polaritons in α-MoO 3 by hydrogen intercalation. Nat Commun 2020. [PMID: 32461577 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16459-3.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Phonon polaritons (PhPs) have attracted significant interest in the nano-optics communities because of their nanoscale confinement and long lifetimes. Although PhP modification by changing the local dielectric environment has been reported, controlled manipulation of PhPs by direct modification of the polaritonic material itself has remained elusive. Here, chemical switching of PhPs in α-MoO3 is achieved by engineering the α-MoO3 crystal through hydrogen intercalation. The intercalation process is non-volatile and recoverable, allowing reversible switching of PhPs while maintaining the long lifetimes. Precise control of the intercalation parameters enables analysis of the intermediate states, in which the needle-like hydrogenated nanostructures functioning as in-plane antennas effectively reflect and launch PhPs and form well-aligned cavities. We further achieve spatially controlled switching of PhPs in selective regions, leading to in-plane heterostructures with various geometries. The intercalation strategy introduced here opens a relatively non-destructive avenue connecting infrared nanophotonics, reconfigurable flat metasurfaces and van der Waals crystals.
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31
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Wu Y, Ou Q, Yin Y, Li Y, Ma W, Yu W, Liu G, Cui X, Bao X, Duan J, Álvarez-Pérez G, Dai Z, Shabbir B, Medhekar N, Li X, Li CM, Alonso-González P, Bao Q. Chemical switching of low-loss phonon polaritons in α-MoO 3 by hydrogen intercalation. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2646. [PMID: 32461577 PMCID: PMC7253429 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16459-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Phonon polaritons (PhPs) have attracted significant interest in the nano-optics communities because of their nanoscale confinement and long lifetimes. Although PhP modification by changing the local dielectric environment has been reported, controlled manipulation of PhPs by direct modification of the polaritonic material itself has remained elusive. Here, chemical switching of PhPs in α-MoO3 is achieved by engineering the α-MoO3 crystal through hydrogen intercalation. The intercalation process is non-volatile and recoverable, allowing reversible switching of PhPs while maintaining the long lifetimes. Precise control of the intercalation parameters enables analysis of the intermediate states, in which the needle-like hydrogenated nanostructures functioning as in-plane antennas effectively reflect and launch PhPs and form well-aligned cavities. We further achieve spatially controlled switching of PhPs in selective regions, leading to in-plane heterostructures with various geometries. The intercalation strategy introduced here opens a relatively non-destructive avenue connecting infrared nanophotonics, reconfigurable flat metasurfaces and van der Waals crystals. Phonon polaritons hold promises for nanophotonic applications but external control of phonon polaritons remains challenging. Here, the authors achieve reversible and non-volatile switching of phonon polariton by modifying crystal structure and lattice vibrations via hydrogenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Wu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies (FLEET), Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Qingdong Ou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies (FLEET), Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Yuefeng Yin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies (FLEET), Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies (FLEET), Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Weiliang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Informatics, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenzhi Yu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies (FLEET), Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Guanyu Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xiaoqiang Cui
- Laboratory of Automobile Materials of MOE, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaozhi Bao
- Joint Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering (IAPME), University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| | - Jiahua Duan
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.,Center of Research on Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CINN (CSIC-Universidad de Oviedo), El Entrego, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Álvarez-Pérez
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.,Center of Research on Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CINN (CSIC-Universidad de Oviedo), El Entrego, Spain
| | - Zhigao Dai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies (FLEET), Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Babar Shabbir
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies (FLEET), Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Nikhil Medhekar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies (FLEET), Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Xiangping Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Institute of Photonics Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Chang-Ming Li
- Institute of Advanced Cross-field Science, College of Life Science, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Pablo Alonso-González
- Departamento de Física, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.,Center of Research on Nanomaterials and Nanotechnology, CINN (CSIC-Universidad de Oviedo), El Entrego, Spain
| | - Qiaoliang Bao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and ARC Centre of Excellence in Future Low-Energy Electronics Technologies (FLEET), Monash University, Clayton, Australia.
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32
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Xiao M, Yang H, Shen W, Hu C, Zhao K, Gao Q, Pan L, Liu L, Wang C, Shen G, Deng HX, Wen H, Wei Z. Symmetry-Reduction Enhanced Polarization-Sensitive Photodetection in Core-Shell SbI 3 /Sb 2 O 3 van der Waals Heterostructure. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1907172. [PMID: 31967725 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201907172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Structural symmetry is a simple way to quantify the anisotropic properties of materials toward unique device applications including anisotropic transportation and polarization-sensitive photodetection. The enhancement of anisotropy can be achieved by artificial symmetry-reduction design. A core-shell SbI3 /Sb2 O3 nanowire, a heterostructure bonded by van der Waals forces, is introduced as an example of enhancing the performance of polarization-sensitive photodetectors via symmetry reduction. The structural, vibrational, and optical anisotropies of such core-shell nanostructures are systematically investigated. It is found that the anisotropic absorbance of a core-shell nanowire is obviously higher than that of two single compounds from both theoretical and experimental investigations. Anisotropic photocurrents of the polarization-sensitive photodetectors based on these core-shell SbI3 /Sb2 O3 van der Waals nanowires are measured ranging from ultraviolet (UV) to visible light (360-532 nm). Compared with other van der Waals 1D materials, low anisotropy ratio (Imax /Imin ) is measured based on SbI3 but a device based on this core-shell nanowire possesses a relatively high anisotropy ratio of ≈3.14 under 450 nm polarized light. This work shows that the low-symmetrical core-shell van der Waals heterostructure has large potential to be applied in wide range polarization-sensitive photodetectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Huai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Wanfu Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Chunguang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instruments, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Kai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Qiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Longfei Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Liyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Chengliang Wang
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Guozhen Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hui-Xiong Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Hongyu Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Zhongming Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences & Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
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33
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Sun C, Wang Y, Yang ZD, Shang Y, Zhang G, Hu Y. Transport and photoelectric properties of vertical black phosphorus heterojunctions. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj01199a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The photoelectric response of heterostructures formed by BP with insulator BN, semiconductor MoS2, and conductor graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuicui Sun
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- Harbin University of Science and Technology
- Harbin 150080
- China
- School of Transportation and Civil Engineering
| | - Yuxiu Wang
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- Harbin University of Science and Technology
- Harbin 150080
- China
| | - Zhao-Di Yang
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- Harbin University of Science and Technology
- Harbin 150080
- China
| | - Yan Shang
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- Harbin University of Science and Technology
- Harbin 150080
- China
| | - Guiling Zhang
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- Harbin University of Science and Technology
- Harbin 150080
- China
| | - Yangyang Hu
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- Harbin University of Science and Technology
- Harbin 150080
- China
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34
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Luo Y, Mengu D, Yardimci NT, Rivenson Y, Veli M, Jarrahi M, Ozcan A. Design of task-specific optical systems using broadband diffractive neural networks. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2019; 8:112. [PMID: 31814969 PMCID: PMC6885516 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-019-0223-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Deep learning has been transformative in many fields, motivating the emergence of various optical computing architectures. Diffractive optical network is a recently introduced optical computing framework that merges wave optics with deep-learning methods to design optical neural networks. Diffraction-based all-optical object recognition systems, designed through this framework and fabricated by 3D printing, have been reported to recognize hand-written digits and fashion products, demonstrating all-optical inference and generalization to sub-classes of data. These previous diffractive approaches employed monochromatic coherent light as the illumination source. Here, we report a broadband diffractive optical neural network design that simultaneously processes a continuum of wavelengths generated by a temporally incoherent broadband source to all-optically perform a specific task learned using deep learning. We experimentally validated the success of this broadband diffractive neural network architecture by designing, fabricating and testing seven different multi-layer, diffractive optical systems that transform the optical wavefront generated by a broadband THz pulse to realize (1) a series of tuneable, single-passband and dual-passband spectral filters and (2) spatially controlled wavelength de-multiplexing. Merging the native or engineered dispersion of various material systems with a deep-learning-based design strategy, broadband diffractive neural networks help us engineer the light-matter interaction in 3D, diverging from intuitive and analytical design methods to create task-specific optical components that can all-optically perform deterministic tasks or statistical inference for optical machine learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Luo
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, 420 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Deniz Mengu
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, 420 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Nezih T. Yardimci
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, 420 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Yair Rivenson
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, 420 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Muhammed Veli
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, 420 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Mona Jarrahi
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, 420 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Aydogan Ozcan
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, 420 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Bioengineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
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35
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Chaudhary K, Tamagnone M, Yin X, Spägele CM, Oscurato SL, Li J, Persch C, Li R, Rubin NA, Jauregui LA, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Kim P, Wuttig M, Edgar JH, Ambrosio A, Capasso F. Polariton nanophotonics using phase-change materials. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4487. [PMID: 31582738 PMCID: PMC6776658 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12439-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Polaritons formed by the coupling of light and material excitations enable light-matter interactions at the nanoscale beyond what is currently possible with conventional optics. However, novel techniques are required to control the propagation of polaritons at the nanoscale and to implement the first practical devices. Here we report the experimental realization of polariton refractive and meta-optics in the mid-infrared by exploiting the properties of low-loss phonon polaritons in isotopically pure hexagonal boron nitride interacting with the surrounding dielectric environment comprising the low-loss phase change material Ge3Sb2Te6. We demonstrate rewritable waveguides, refractive optical elements such as lenses, prisms, and metalenses, which allow for polariton wavefront engineering and sub-wavelength focusing. This method will enable the realization of programmable miniaturized integrated optoelectronic devices and on-demand biosensors based on high quality phonon resonators. Here, the authors experimentally demonstrate a platform for tunable polariton refractive and meta-optics based on hexagonal boron nitride and phase change Ge3Sb2Te6. This combination has the advantage of the long-lived phonon-polariton with switchable refractive index of the phase change material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kundan Chaudhary
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Michele Tamagnone
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
| | - Xinghui Yin
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
| | - Christina M Spägele
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Stefano L Oscurato
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.,Department of Physics "E. Pancini", University of Naples "Federico II", Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo, Via Cinthia 21, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Jiahan Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Christoph Persch
- 1. Physikalisches Institut IA, RWTH Aachen University, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ruoping Li
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Noah A Rubin
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Luis A Jauregui
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Philip Kim
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
| | - Matthias Wuttig
- 1. Physikalisches Institut IA, RWTH Aachen University, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - James H Edgar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, 66506, USA
| | - Antonio Ambrosio
- Center for Nanoscale Systems, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.,CNST - Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, 20133, Milano, Italy
| | - Federico Capasso
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
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36
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Zheng Z, Xu N, Oscurato SL, Tamagnone M, Sun F, Jiang Y, Ke Y, Chen J, Huang W, Wilson WL, Ambrosio A, Deng S, Chen H. A mid-infrared biaxial hyperbolic van der Waals crystal. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaav8690. [PMID: 31139747 PMCID: PMC6534390 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav8690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Hyperbolic media have attracted much attention in the photonics community due to their ability to confine light to arbitrarily small volumes and their potential applications to super-resolution technologies. The two-dimensional counterparts of these media can be achieved with hyperbolic metasurfaces that support in-plane hyperbolic guided modes upon nanopatterning, which, however, poses notable fabrication challenges and limits the achievable confinement. We show that thin flakes of a van der Waals crystal, α-MoO3, can support naturally in-plane hyperbolic polariton guided modes at mid-infrared frequencies without the need for patterning. This is possible because α-MoO3 is a biaxial hyperbolic crystal with three different Reststrahlen bands, each corresponding to a different crystalline axis. These findings can pave the way toward a new paradigm to manipulate and confine light in planar photonic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zebo Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Ningsheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Stefano L. Oscurato
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Michele Tamagnone
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Fengsheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yinzhu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yanlin Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jianing Chen
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wuchao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - William L. Wilson
- Center for Nanoscale Systems, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Antonio Ambrosio
- Center for Nanoscale Systems, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
- Corresponding author. (H.C.); (S.D.); (A.A.)
| | - Shaozhi Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- Corresponding author. (H.C.); (S.D.); (A.A.)
| | - Huanjun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- Corresponding author. (H.C.); (S.D.); (A.A.)
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