1
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Lakew M, Tadesse B, Srinivasan S, Aschalew M, Andarge B, Kebede D, Etifu A, Alemu T, Yalew B, Benti T, Olani A, Abera S, Bedada W, Fromsa A, Mekonnen GA, Almaw G, Ameni G, Ashenafi H, Gumi B, Bakker D, Kapur V. Assessing the feasibility of test-and-cull and test-and-segregation approaches for the control of high-prevalence bovine tuberculosis in Ethiopian intensive dairy farms. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14298. [PMID: 38906922 PMCID: PMC11192749 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64884-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is endemic and has a substantial impact on the livestock sector in Ethiopia and other low and middle-income countries (LMICs). With a national emphasis on dairy farm intensification to boost milk production and spur economic growth, the incidence of bTB is anticipated to rise. However, Ethiopia, like other LMICs, lacks a comprehensive national bTB control strategy due to the economic and social infeasibility of traditional test-and-cull (TC) approaches. To inform the development of such a strategy, we evaluated the effectiveness and feasibility of TC and test-and-segregation (TSg) strategies for bTB control on Ethiopian dairy farms. A TC approach was used at Farm A [N = 62; comparative cervical test (CCT) > 4 mm, starting prevalence 11.3%] while TSg was implemented at Farm B (N = 45; CCT > 4 mm, prevalence 22.2%), with testing intervals of 2-4 months. Both strategies achieved a reduction in bTB prevalence to 0%, requiring seven rounds of TC over 18 months at Farm A, and five rounds of TSg over 12 months at Farm B's negative herd. The results show that adopting more sensitive thresholds [CCT > 0 mm or single cervical test (SCT) > 2 mm] during later rounds was pivotal in identifying and managing previously undetected infections, emphasizing the critical need for optimized diagnostic thresholds. Cost analysis revealed that TC was approximately twice as expensive as TSg, primarily due to testing, labor, and cow losses in TC, versus construction of new facilities and additional labor for TSg. This underscores the economic and logistical challenges of bTB management in resource-limited settings. Taken together, our study highlights an urgent need for the exploration of alternative approaches including TSg and or vaccination to mitigate within herd transmission and enable implementation of bTB control in regions where TC is not feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matios Lakew
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
- Animal Health Institute, P.O. Box 04, Sebeta, Ethiopia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Bekele Yalew
- Animal Health Institute, P.O. Box 04, Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Teferi Benti
- Animal Health Institute, P.O. Box 04, Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Abebe Olani
- Animal Health Institute, P.O. Box 04, Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Shubisa Abera
- Animal Health Institute, P.O. Box 04, Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Wegene Bedada
- Animal Health Institute, P.O. Box 04, Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Abebe Fromsa
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Gizat Almaw
- Animal Health Institute, P.O. Box 04, Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Gobena Ameni
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, PO Box 15551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hagos Ashenafi
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Balako Gumi
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 1176, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Douwe Bakker
- Independent Researcher and Technical Consultant, Lelystad, The Netherlands.
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Vivek Kapur
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
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2
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Zhao Y, Fei W, Yang L, Xiang Z, Chen X, Chen Y, Hu C, Chen J, Guo A. The Establishment of a Novel γ-Interferon In Vitro Release Assay for the Differentiation of Mycobacterial Bovis-Infected and BCG-Vaccinated Cattle. Vet Sci 2024; 11:198. [PMID: 38787170 PMCID: PMC11125845 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11050198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BCG vaccination is increasingly reconsidered in the effective prevention of bovine tuberculosis (bTB). However, the primary challenge in BCG vaccination for cattle is the lack of a technique for differentiating between infected and vaccinated animals (DIVA). This study aimed to establish a novel DIVA diagnostic test based on an interferon-gamma in vitro release assay (IGRA). The plasmid encoding three differential antigens (Rv3872, CFP-10, and ESAT-6) absent in BCG genes but present in virulent M. bovis was previously constructed. Thus, a recombinant protein called RCE (Rv3872, CFP-10, and ESAT-6) was expressed, and an RCE-based DIVA IGRA (RCE-IGRA) was established. The RCE concentration was optimized at 4 μg/mL by evaluating 97 cattle (74 of which were bTB-positive, and 23 were negative) using a commercial IGRA bTB diagnostic kit. Further, 84 cattle were tested in parallel with the RCE-IGRA and commercial PPD-based IGRA (PPD-IGRA), and the results showed a high correlation with a kappa value of 0.83. The study included BCG-vaccinated calves (n = 6), bTB-positive cattle (n = 6), and bTB-negative non-vaccinated calves (n = 6). After 3 months post-vaccination, PPD-IGRA generated positive results in both vaccinated and infected calves. However, RCE-IGRA developed positive results in infected calves but negative results in vaccinated calves. In conclusion, this DIVA method has broad prospects in differentiating BCG vaccination from natural infection to prevent bTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Z.); (W.F.); (Z.X.); (X.C.); (Y.C.); (C.H.); (J.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Bio-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wentao Fei
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Z.); (W.F.); (Z.X.); (X.C.); (Y.C.); (C.H.); (J.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Bio-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Li Yang
- Wuhan Keqian Biology Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430206, China;
| | - Zhijie Xiang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Z.); (W.F.); (Z.X.); (X.C.); (Y.C.); (C.H.); (J.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Bio-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xi Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Z.); (W.F.); (Z.X.); (X.C.); (Y.C.); (C.H.); (J.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Bio-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yingyu Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Z.); (W.F.); (Z.X.); (X.C.); (Y.C.); (C.H.); (J.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Bio-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Changmin Hu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Z.); (W.F.); (Z.X.); (X.C.); (Y.C.); (C.H.); (J.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Bio-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jianguo Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Z.); (W.F.); (Z.X.); (X.C.); (Y.C.); (C.H.); (J.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Bio-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Aizhen Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (Y.Z.); (W.F.); (Z.X.); (X.C.); (Y.C.); (C.H.); (J.C.)
- Key Laboratory of Development of Veterinary Diagnostic Products, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Ruminant Bio-Products of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Huazhong Agriculture University, Wuhan 430070, China
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3
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Fromsa A, Willgert K, Srinivasan S, Mekonnen G, Bedada W, Gumi B, Lakew M, Tadesse B, Bayissa B, Sirak A, Girma Abdela M, Gebre S, Chibssa T, Veerasami M, Vordermeier HM, Bakker D, Berg S, Ameni G, Juleff N, de Jong MCM, Wood J, Conlan A, Kapur V. BCG vaccination reduces bovine tuberculosis transmission, improving prospects for elimination. Science 2024; 383:eadl3962. [PMID: 38547287 DOI: 10.1126/science.adl3962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) is a routinely used vaccine for protecting children against Mycobacterium tuberculosis that comprises attenuated Mycobacterium bovis. BCG can also be used to protect livestock against M. bovis; however, its effectiveness has not been quantified for this use. We performed a natural transmission experiment to directly estimate the rate of transmission to and from vaccinated and unvaccinated calves over a 1-year exposure period. The results show a higher indirect efficacy of BCG to reduce transmission from vaccinated animals that subsequently become infected [74%; 95% credible interval (CrI): 46 to 98%] compared with direct protection against infection (58%; 95% CrI: 34 to 73%) and an estimated total efficacy of 89% (95% CrI: 74 to 96%). A mechanistic transmission model of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) spread within the Ethiopian dairy sector was developed and showed how the prospects for elimination may be enabled by routine BCG vaccination of cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abebe Fromsa
- Aklilu Lemma Institutes of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Katriina Willgert
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Sreenidhi Srinivasan
- Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- The Global Health Initiative, Henry Ford Health, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | | | - Balako Gumi
- Aklilu Lemma Institutes of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | | | - Berecha Bayissa
- Aklilu Lemma Institutes of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Musse Girma Abdela
- Aklilu Lemma Institutes of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | | | | | | | - Douwe Bakker
- Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Technical Consultant and Independent Researcher, Lelystad, Netherlands
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Stefan Berg
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, UK
| | - Gobena Ameni
- Aklilu Lemma Institutes of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nick Juleff
- The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mart C M de Jong
- Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology Group, Wageningen UR, The Netherlands
| | - James Wood
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Andrew Conlan
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Vivek Kapur
- Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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4
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Echeverría G, Zumárraga MJ, Proaño-Pérez F, Blasco FB, de Waard JH. Assessing the impact of various tuberculin PPD brands on bovine tuberculosis diagnosis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5155. [PMID: 38431678 PMCID: PMC10908831 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52089-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Although several brands of tuberculin purified protein derivatives (PPDs) are available for diagnosing bovine tuberculosis (bTB), comparative studies to determine their diagnostic accuracy are infrequent. In Ecuador we compared two different PPD brands for bTB diagnosis using skin testing and measuring skin thickness increase. Additionally, we evaluated four PPD brands, including those used for skin testing, in the Bovine Tuberculosis Interferon Gamma Test (IFN-γ test) measuring IFN-γ induction in whole blood. The study included 17 naturally tuberculosis-infected PPD and IFN-γ test positive bovines. Both the field and laboratory results showed significant differences in classifying the 17 bovines as bTB positive or negative. We hypothesize that several factors, such as the genetic background of the cows, sensitization to environmental mycobacteria, M. bovis strains involved in the bTB infection, and the manufacturing procedures of the PPDs, could have influenced the immune reaction toward the different tuberculin PPD brands. Our study emphasizes the necessity for comparative studies aimed at determining the diagnostic accuracy of PPD brands for bTB diagnosis as well as the development of standardized methods for PPD production and potency determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Echeverría
- Instituto de Investigación en Zoonosis-CIZ, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- División Investigación y Desarrollo, BioGENA, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Martín J Zumárraga
- Instituto de Agrobiotecnología y Biología Molecular, IABIMO, INTA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Freddy Proaño-Pérez
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Francisco Barceló Blasco
- One Health Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de las Américas (UDLA), Quito, Ecuador
| | - Jacobus H de Waard
- One Health Research Group, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de las Américas (UDLA), Quito, Ecuador.
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5
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Kumar M, Kumar T, Jangir BL, Singh M, Arora D, Bangar Y, Conlan A, Vordermeier M, Bakker D, Byregowda SM, Srinivasan S, Kapur V, Jindal N. Comparative analysis of tuberculin and defined antigen skin tests for detection of bovine tuberculosis in buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) in Haryana state, India. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:65. [PMID: 38395846 PMCID: PMC11308649 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-03913-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a chronic disease that results from infection with any member of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Infected animals are typically diagnosed with tuberculin-based intradermal skin tests according to World Organization of Animal Health which are presently in use. However, tuberculin is not suitable for use in BCG-vaccinated animals due to a high rate of false-positive reactions. Peptide-based defined skin test (DST) antigens have been identified using antigens (ESAT-6, CFP-10 and Rv3615c) which are absent from BCG, but their performance in buffaloes remains unknown. To assess the comparative performance of DST with the tuberculin-based single intradermal test (SIT) and the single intradermal comparative cervical test (SICCT), we screened 543 female buffaloes from 49 organized dairy farms in two districts of Haryana state in India. RESULTS We found that 37 (7%), 4 (1%) and 18 (3%) buffaloes were reactors with the SIT, SICCT and DST tests, respectively. Of the 37 SIT reactors, four were positive with SICCT and 12 were positive with the DST. The results show that none of the animals tested positive with all three tests, and 6 DST positive animals were SIT negative. Together, a total of 43 animals were reactors with SIT, DST, or both, and the two assays showed moderate agreement (Cohen's Kappa 0.41; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.23, 0.59). In contrast, only slight agreement (Cohen's Kappa 0.18; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.34) was observed between SIT and SICCT. Using a Bayesian latent class model, we estimated test specificities of 96.5% (95% CI, 92-99%), 99.7% (95% CI: 98-100%) and 99.0% (95% CI: 97-100%) for SIT, SICCT and DST, respectively, but considerably lower sensitivities of 58% (95% CI: 35-87%), 9% (95% CI: 3-21%), and 34% (95% CI: 18-55%) albeit with broad and overlapping credible intervals. CONCLUSION Taken together, our investigation suggests that DST has a test specificity comparable with SICCT, and sensitivity intermediate between SIT and SICCT for the identification of buffaloes suspected of tuberculosis. Our study highlights an urgent need for future well-powered trials with detailed necropsy, with immunological and microbiological profiling of reactor and non-reactor animals to better define the underlying factors for the large observed discrepancies in assay performance, particularly between SIT and SICCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125 004, India
| | - Tarun Kumar
- Veterinary Clinical Complex, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125 004, India
| | - Babu Lal Jangir
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125 004, India
| | - Mahavir Singh
- College Central Laboratory, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125 004, India
| | - Devan Arora
- Regional Centre at Karnal, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125 004, India
| | - Yogesh Bangar
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125 004, India
| | - Andrew Conlan
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Douwe Bakker
- Technical Consultant and Independent Researcher, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - S M Byregowda
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Bengaluru, India
| | - Sreenidhi Srinivasan
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Vivek Kapur
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Naresh Jindal
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125 004, India.
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6
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Holder T, Srinivasan S, McGoldrick A, Williams GA, Palmer S, Clarke J, O'Brien A, Conlan AJK, Juleff N, Vordermeier HM, Jones GJ, Kapur V. Temporal dynamics of the early immune response following Mycobacterium bovis infection of cattle. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2600. [PMID: 38297023 PMCID: PMC10831113 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52314-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis is an infectious disease of global significance that remains endemic in many countries. Mycobacterium bovis infection in cattle is characterized by a cell-mediated immune response (CMI) that precedes humoral responses, however the timing and trajectories of CMI and antibody responses determined by newer generation assays remain undefined. Here we used defined-antigen interferon-gamma release assays (IGRA) and an eleven-antigen multiplex ELISA (Enferplex TB test) alongside traditional tuberculin-based IGRA and IDEXX M. bovis antibody tests to assess immune trajectories following experimental M. bovis infection of cattle. The results show CMI responses developed as early as two-weeks post-infection, with all infected cattle testing positive three weeks post-infection. Interestingly, 6 of 8 infected animals were serologically positive with the Enferplex TB assay as early as 4 weeks post-infection. As expected, application of the tuberculin skin test enhanced subsequent serological reactivity. Infrequent M. bovis faecal shedding was observed but was uncorrelated with observed immune trajectories. Together, the results show that early antibody responses to M. bovis infection are detectable in some individuals and highlight an urgent need to identify biomarkers that better predict infection outcomes, particularly for application in low-and-middle income countries where test-and-slaughter based control methods are largely unfeasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Holder
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Bacteriology, Addlestone, UK
| | - Sreenidhi Srinivasan
- The Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | - John Clarke
- Enfer Scientific, Unit T, M7 Business Park, Newhall, Naas, County Kildare, Ireland
| | - Amanda O'Brien
- Enfer Scientific, Unit T, M7 Business Park, Newhall, Naas, County Kildare, Ireland
| | - Andrew J K Conlan
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Nick Juleff
- The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Gareth J Jones
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Bacteriology, Addlestone, UK.
| | - Vivek Kapur
- The Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
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7
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Holder T, Coad M, Allan G, Hogarth PJ, Vordermeier HM, Jones GJ. Vaccination of calves with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin Danish strain 1331 results in a duration of immunity of at least 52 weeks. Vaccine 2023; 41:7290-7296. [PMID: 37925317 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) Danish strain 1331 (CattleBCG) is currently the lead vaccine candidate for the control of bovine tuberculosis (TB) in cattle in GB, where prior vaccination has shown to result in a significant reduction in bovine TB pathology induced by infection with Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis). A critical knowledge gap in our understanding of CattleBCG is the duration of immunity post vaccination at the minimum intended vaccine dose. To this end, we performed an experiment where calves were vaccinated with a targeted dose of 106 CFU and, after a period of 52 weeks, experimentally infected with M. bovis. Post mortem examination performed 13 weeks after infection revealed a statistically significant reduction in the severity of TB pathology in the CattleBCG vaccinated group compared with the unvaccinated control group. Additionally, this study allowed us to further assess the diagnostic performance of a defined antigen DIVA reagent (DST-F) developed to detect infected amongst vaccinated animals. Our results demonstrate that when used in a skin test format, DST-F showed high specificity (100 %) in BCG-vaccinated animals when tested prior to infection, whilst detecting all infected animals when re-tested after infection. Furthermore, we also present results supporting the use of the DST-F reagent in an interferon-gamma release assay. In conclusion, the results of this study demonstrate a 52-week duration of immunity following administration of a minimum dose of CattleBCG. This evidence will be a fundamental component in our efforts to apply for UK marketing authorisation to enable vaccination of cattle as a significant additional control measure in the ongoing fight against bovine TB in GB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Holder
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Bacteriology, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Coad
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Bacteriology, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Grace Allan
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Bacteriology, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Phillip J Hogarth
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Bacteriology, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | | | - Gareth J Jones
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Bacteriology, Addlestone, United Kingdom.
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8
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Sawyer J, Rhodes S, Jones GJ, Hogarth PJ, Vordermeier HM. Mycobacterium bovis and its impact on human and animal tuberculosis. J Med Microbiol 2023; 72. [PMID: 37962183 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Graphical abstract
Mycobacterium bovis
is a slow-growing (16–20 h generation time), Gram-positive and acid-fast bacterium member of the
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
complex pathogen group (MTBC). They are characterized by a complex, protective cell wall containing mycolic acids. The MTBCs are the causative agents of tuberculosis (TB). Following initial infection, subsequent pathological changes, and the progress of infection depend on the interplay between host defence mechanisms and mycobacterial virulence factors and the balance between the immunologic protective responses and the damaging inflammatory processes. Progression of the disease is characterized by the formation of typical caseous tuberculous granuloma (inflammatory mononuclear cell aggregates) because of the host's immune response to infection. The transmission and epidemiology of
Mycobacterium bovis
are complex and vary depending on the situation and ecosystem. In the UK, the spread of BTB in the UK cattle herd can occur by transmitting the disease from cattle to cattle and between badgers but also between badgers and cattle. The disease is thought to be primarily a respiratory disease with spread between individuals through mechanisms such as coughing or transfer of bacteria in respiratory secretions. It is also thought that environmental contamination may also lead to some transmission. The protective cell wall of the organism is believed to allow the organism to survive outside an animal host, which can then transfer to new hosts following subsequent environmental exposure. In some situations, ingestion of pathogens in food can lead to infection. The relative contribution of these routes and precise transmission mechanisms needs to be better understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Sawyer
- Animal and Plant Health Agency and WOAH Reference Laboratory for Mammalian TB, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - Shelley Rhodes
- Animal and Plant Health Agency and WOAH Reference Laboratory for Mammalian TB, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - Gareth J Jones
- Animal and Plant Health Agency and WOAH Reference Laboratory for Mammalian TB, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - Philip J Hogarth
- Animal and Plant Health Agency and WOAH Reference Laboratory for Mammalian TB, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | - H Martin Vordermeier
- Animal and Plant Health Agency and WOAH Reference Laboratory for Mammalian TB, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
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9
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Hope JC, Khalid H, Thom ML, Howard CJ, Shaw DJ. Protective Efficacy of BCG Vaccination in Calves Vaccinated at Different Ages. Pathogens 2023; 12:789. [PMID: 37375479 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12060789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis, the causative agent of bovine tuberculosis (bTB), is a globally prevalent pathogen with significant animal welfare, economic and public health impacts. In the UK, the control of bTB relies on detection via tuberculin skin tests with ancillary interferon gamma (IFN-γ) release assays, followed by culling infected animals. Vaccination with Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) could be an important element of bTB control, and a number of studies have demonstrated its protective efficacy, particularly when young calves are vaccinated. Here, we compared immune responses and the protective efficacy of BCG in calves vaccinated within the first day of life and at three weeks of age. Significant protection from M. bovis infection was observed in BCG-vaccinated calves compared to non-vaccinated, age-matched controls. No significant differences were shown between calves vaccinated at one day and at three weeks of age when assessing the protective efficacy of BCG (measured as a reduction in lesions and bacterial burden). Antigen-specific IFN-γ levels were similar between the BCG-vaccinated groups, but significantly different from the non-vaccinated control animals. Antigen-specific IFN-γ expression post-BCG vaccination was correlated significantly with protection from M. bovis infection, whereas IFN-γ levels post-challenge correlated with pathology and bacterial burden. These results indicate that early-life vaccination with BCG could have a significant impact on M. bovis infection and, therefore, bTB incidence, and they demonstrate that age, at least within the first month of life, does not significantly impact the protective effect of vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayne C Hope
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute, and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Hamza Khalid
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute, and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Michelle L Thom
- Institute for Animal Health, Compton RG20 7NN, UK
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright GU24 0NF, UK
| | | | - Darren J Shaw
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute, and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian EH25 9RG, UK
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10
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Cooke DM, Goosen WJ, Burgess T, Witte C, Miller MA. Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex detection in rural goat herds in South Africa using Bayesian latent class analysis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2023; 257:110559. [PMID: 36739737 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2023.110559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Animal tuberculosis affects a wide range of domestic and wild animal species, including goats (Capra hircus). In South Africa, Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) testing and surveillance in domestic goats is not widely applied, potentially leading to under recognition of goats as a potential source of M. bovis spread to cattle as well as humans and wildlife. The aim of this study was to estimate diagnostic test performance for four assays and determine whether M. bovis infection was present in goats sharing communal pastures with M. bovis positive cattle in the Umkhanyakude district of Northern Zululand, KwaZulu Natal. In 2019, 137 M. bovis-exposed goats were screened for MTBC infection with four diagnostic tests: the in vivo single intradermal comparative cervical tuberculin test (SICCT), in vitro QuantiFERON®-TB Gold (QFT) bovine interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA), QFT bovine interferon gamma induced protein 10 (IP-10) release assay (IPRA), and nasal swabs tested with the Cepheid GeneXpert® MTB/RIF Ultra (GXU) assay for detection of MTBC DNA. A Bayesian latent class analysis was used to estimate MTBC prevalence and diagnostic test sensitivity and specificity. Among the 137 M. bovis-exposed goats, positive test results were identified in 15/136 (11.0%) goats by the SICCT; 4/128 (3.1%) goats by the IPRA; 2/128 (1.6%) goats by the IGRA; and 26/134 (19.4%) nasal swabs by the GXU. True prevalence was estimated by our model to be 1.1%, suggesting that goats in these communal herds are infected with MTBC at a low level. Estimated posterior means across the four evaluated assays ranged from 62.7% to 80.9% for diagnostic sensitivity and from 82.9% to 97.9% for diagnostic specificity, albeit estimates of the former (diagnostic sensitivity) were dependent on model assumptions. The application of a Bayesian latent class analysis and multiple ante-mortem test results may improve detection of MTBC, especially when prevalence is low. Our results provide a foundation for further investigation to confirm infection in communal goat herds and identify previously unrecognized sources of intra- and inter-species transmission of MTBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah M Cooke
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research 8000, South Africa; DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Cape Town 8000, South Africa.
| | - Wynand J Goosen
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research 8000, South Africa; DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Cape Town 8000, South Africa.
| | - Tristan Burgess
- Center for Wildlife Studies, P.O. Box 56 South Freeport, ME 04078, USA.
| | - Carmel Witte
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research 8000, South Africa; DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Cape Town 8000, South Africa; Center for Wildlife Studies, P.O. Box 56 South Freeport, ME 04078, USA.
| | - Michele A Miller
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, South Africa; South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research 8000, South Africa; DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, PO Box 241, Cape Town 8000, South Africa.
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11
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Fernández-Veiga L, Fuertes M, Geijo MV, Pérez de Val B, Vidal E, Michelet L, Boschiroli ML, Gómez-Buendía A, Bezos J, Jones GJ, Vordermeier M, Juste RA, Garrido JM, Sevilla IA. Differences in skin test reactions to official and defined antigens in guinea pigs exposed to non-tuberculous and tuberculous bacteria. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2936. [PMID: 36806813 PMCID: PMC9941491 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-30147-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The single and comparative intradermal tuberculin tests (SITT and CITT) are official in vivo tests for bovine tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis using bovine and avian purified protein derivatives (PPD-B and PPD-A). Infection with bacteria other than Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) can result in nonspecific reactions to these tests. We evaluated the performance of the skin test with PPDs and new defined antigens in the guinea pig model. A standard dose (SD) of Rhodococcus equi, Nocardia sp., M. nonchromogenicum, M. monacense, M. intracellulare, M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis, M. avium subsp. avium, M. avium subsp. hominissuis, M. scrofulaceum, M. persicum, M. microti, M. caprae and M. bovis, and a higher dose (HD) of M. nonchromogenicum, M. monacense, M. intracellulare, M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis were tested using PPD-B, PPD-A, P22, ESAT-6-CFP-10-Rv3615c peptide cocktail long (PCL) and fusion protein (FP). The SD of R. equi, Nocardia sp., M. nonchromogenicum, M. monacense, M. intracellulare and M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis did not cause any reactions. The HD of M. nonchromogenicum, M. monacense, M. intracellulare, and M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis and the SD of M. avium subsp. hominissuis, M. scrofulaceum and M. persicum, caused nonspecific reactions (SIT). A CITT interpretation would have considered M. avium complex and M. scrofulaceum groups negative, but not all individuals from M. nonchromogenicum HD, M. monacense HD and M. persicum SD groups. Only animals exposed to M. bovis and M. caprae reacted to PCL and FP. These results support the advantage of complementing or replacing PPD-B to improve specificity without losing sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leire Fernández-Veiga
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia Spain
| | - Miguel Fuertes
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia Spain
| | - María V. Geijo
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia Spain
| | - Bernat Pérez de Val
- grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia Spain ,grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625Unitat Mixta d’investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, CReSA, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia Spain
| | - Enric Vidal
- grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia Spain ,grid.7080.f0000 0001 2296 0625Unitat Mixta d’investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, CReSA, Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Catalonia Spain
| | - Lorraine Michelet
- grid.410511.00000 0001 2149 7878Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Unité Zoonoses Bactériennes, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l’alimentation, de l’environnement et du Travail (ANSES), Université Paris-Est, 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - María Laura Boschiroli
- grid.410511.00000 0001 2149 7878Laboratoire de Santé Animale, Unité Zoonoses Bactériennes, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire de l’alimentation, de l’environnement et du Travail (ANSES), Université Paris-Est, 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Alberto Gómez-Buendía
- grid.4795.f0000 0001 2157 7667Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain ,grid.4795.f0000 0001 2157 7667Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Bezos
- grid.4795.f0000 0001 2157 7667Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain ,grid.4795.f0000 0001 2157 7667Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Gareth J. Jones
- grid.422685.f0000 0004 1765 422XDepartment of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Surrey, KT15 3NB UK
| | - Martin Vordermeier
- grid.422685.f0000 0004 1765 422XDepartment of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Surrey, KT15 3NB UK
| | - Ramón A. Juste
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia Spain
| | - Joseba M. Garrido
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia Spain
| | - Iker A. Sevilla
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, NEIKER-Instituto Vasco de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 48160 Derio, Bizkaia Spain
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12
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Hashem Z, Soliman R, Aziz MAE, Badr Y, Aboul-ella H. Development of a monoclonal antibodies-based interferon-gamma enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for rapid and accurate diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis.. [DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1918522/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis is an infectious and chronic disease affecting cattle, caused by Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis). The zoonotic nature of the disease has a serious worldwide impact on human health. Also, the significant economic costs caused by such disease in addition to the deficiency of precise estimate of the actual disease prevalence necessitate more efficient detection and control measures, particularly in developing countries. The main target of the present work was to develop a local, less expensive bovine tuberculosis interferon-gamma ELISA (Bo-IFN-γ ELISA) kit for the rapid and accurate diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis. In the current study, three murine hybridomas producing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against bovine interferon-gamma (Bo-IFN-γ) were developed and their monoclonal antibodies were characterized. The produced mAbs were of IgM isotype and its specificity was proved using the western blot technique. The prepared mAbs were used for the development of the bovine IFN- γ ELISA test that was evaluated for laboratory diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis. The sensitivity and specificity of the developed ELISA kit as compared with the standard tuberculin skin test was determined. This method is based on the measurement of IFN-γ released from sensitized bovine lymphocytes upon exposure to the mycobacterial antigens. Using checkerboard titration, the optimal coating concentration of anti- Bo-IFN-γ was 20µg/well. Blood samples from apparently healthy cattle proved negative in the tuberculin test were examined with the developed kit and the cut-off value (COV) was equal to 0.30 optical density (OD). In a preliminary study for evaluation of the sensitivity and specificity of the developed ELISA, 23 cattle were examined with both the Bo-IFN-γ ELISA and the standard tuberculin skin test. The developed Bo-IFN-γ ELISA showed high sensitivity (98%) and specificity (71.4%) in the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis as compared to the standard tuberculin skin test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Hashem
- VAC-SERA company for the production of vaccines and biological preparations
| | | | - Mona Abd El Aziz
- The National Institute of Laser enhanced Sciences, Cairo University
| | - Yehia Badr
- The National Institute of Laser enhanced Sciences, Cairo University
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13
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Paliwal D, Thom M, Hussein A, Ravishankar D, Wilkes A, Charleston B, Jones IM. Towards Reverse Vaccinology for Bovine TB: High Throughput Expression of Full Length Recombinant Mycobacterium bovis Proteins. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:889667. [PMID: 36032666 PMCID: PMC9402895 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.889667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis, is a significant global pathogen causing economic loss in livestock and zoonotic TB in man. Several vaccine approaches are in development including reverse vaccinology which uses an unbiased approach to select open reading frames (ORF) of potential vaccine candidates, produce them as recombinant proteins and assesses their immunogenicity by direct immunization. To provide feasibility data for this approach we have cloned and expressed 123 ORFs from the M. bovis genome, using a mixture of E. coli and insect cell expression. We used a concatenated open reading frames design to reduce the number of clones required and single chain fusion proteins for protein pairs known to interact, such as the members of the PPE-PE family. Over 60% of clones showed soluble expression in one or the other host and most allowed rapid purification of the tagged bTB protein from the host cell background. The catalogue of recombinant proteins represents a resource that may be suitable for test immunisations in the development of an effective bTB vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Paliwal
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | | | - Areej Hussein
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | | | - Alex Wilkes
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ian M. Jones
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Ian M. Jones,
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14
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Test performance data demonstrates utility of a cattle DIVA skin test reagent (DST-F) compatible with BCG vaccination. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12052. [PMID: 35835806 PMCID: PMC9283413 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16092-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), an attenuated strain of Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis), is the lead candidate vaccine for control of bovine tuberculosis (TB) in cattle. However, BCG vaccination sensitises cattle to bovine tuberculin, thus compromising the use of the current bovine TB surveillance tests. To address this, we have developed a diagnostic skin test that is not compromised by BCG vaccination and is able to detect BCG vaccinated animals that subsequently develop bovine TB following exposure to M. bovis. Building on previous work using ‘in house’ formulated protein cocktail reagents, we herein present test performance data for a single fusion protein (DST-F) containing the mycobacterial antigens ESAT-6, CFP-10 and Rv3615c formulated as a ‘ready to use’ reagent by a commercial manufacturer. Our results demonstrate that, unlike tuberculin reagents, a diagnostic skin test using DST-F maintained high specificity in BCG vaccinated animals. Furthermore, the DST-F skin test demonstrated a high relative sensitivity in identifying M. bovis infected animals, including those where BCG vaccination failed to prevent bovine TB pathology following experimental exposure to M. bovis. The DST-F is currently undergoing field trials in Great Britain to support its licensure and commercialisation.
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15
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Subramanian S, Srinivasan S, Ramaiyan Selvaraju K, Vinoli PM, Selladurai S, Ramasamy B, Kumaragurubaran K, Bakker D, Vordermeier M, Kapur V, Gopal DR. Defined Antigen Skin Test for Bovine Tuberculosis Retains Specificity on Revaccination With Bacillus Calmette–Guérin. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:814227. [PMID: 35498753 PMCID: PMC9043861 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.814227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccination provides partial protection against, and reduces severity of pathological lesions associated with bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in cattle. Accumulating evidence also suggests that revaccination with BCG may be needed to enhance the duration of immune protection. Since BCG vaccine cross-reacts with traditional tuberculin-based diagnostic tests, a peptide-based defined antigen skin test (DST) comprising of ESAT-6, CFP-10, and Rv3615c to detect the infected among the BCG-vaccinated animals (DIVA) was recently described. The DST reliably identifies bTB-infected animals in experimental challenge models and in natural infection settings, and differentiated these from animals immunized with a single dose of BCG in both skin tests and interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA). The current investigation sought to assess the diagnostic specificity of DST in calves (Bos taurus ssp. taurus × B. t. ssp. indicus; n = 15) revaccinated with BCG 6 months after primary immunization. The results show that none of the 15 BCG-revaccinated calves exhibited a delayed hypersensitivity response when skin tested with DST 61 days post-revaccination, suggesting 100% diagnostic specificity (one-tailed lower 95% CI: 82). In contrast, 8 of 15 (diagnostic specificity = 47%; 95% CI: 21, 73) BCG-revaccinated calves were positive per the single cervical tuberculin (SCT) test using bovine tuberculin. Together, these results show that the DST retains its specificity even after revaccination with BCG and confirms the potential for implementation of BCG-based interventions in settings where test-and-slaughter are not economically or culturally feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saraswathi Subramanian
- Translational Research Platform for Veterinary Biologicals, Centre for Animal Health Studies, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India
| | - Sreenidhi Srinivasan
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Kathiravan Ramaiyan Selvaraju
- Translational Research Platform for Veterinary Biologicals, Centre for Animal Health Studies, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India
| | - Priyadharshini Michael Vinoli
- Translational Research Platform for Veterinary Biologicals, Centre for Animal Health Studies, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India
| | - Suganya Selladurai
- Translational Research Platform for Veterinary Biologicals, Centre for Animal Health Studies, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India
| | - Boominathan Ramasamy
- Translational Research Platform for Veterinary Biologicals, Centre for Animal Health Studies, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India
| | - Karthik Kumaragurubaran
- Central University Laboratory, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India
| | - Douwe Bakker
- Technical Consultant and Independent Researcher, Lelystad, Netherlands
| | - Martin Vordermeier
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom
- Centre for Bovine Tuberculosis, Institute for Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, University of Aberystwyth, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - Vivek Kapur
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Dhinakar Raj Gopal
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India
- *Correspondence: Dhinakar Raj Gopal
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16
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Lakew M, Srinivasan S, Mesele B, Olani A, Koran T, Tadesse B, Mekonnen GA, Almaw G, Sahlu T, Seyoum B, Beyecha K, Gumi B, Ameni G, Ashenafi H, Bakker D, Kapur V, Gebre S. Utility of the Intradermal Skin Test in a Test-and-Cull Approach to Control Bovine Tuberculosis: A Pilot Study in Ethiopia. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:823365. [PMID: 35330613 PMCID: PMC8940234 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.823365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is one of the top three, high-priority, livestock diseases in Ethiopia and hence, the need for evaluation of potential control strategies is critical. Here, we applied the test-and-segregate followed by cull strategy for the control of bTB in the intensive Alage dairy farm in Ethiopia. All cattle reared on this farm were repeatedly skin tested using the Comparative Cervical Tuberculin (CCT) test for a total of five times between 2015 and 2021. During the first (October 2015) and second (March 2017) rounds of testing, all reactor animals (>4 mm) were culled, while those that were deemed as inconclusive (1–4 mm) were segregated and retested. At retest, animals with CCT >2 mm were removed from the herd. In the third (December 2017) and fourth (June 2018) rounds of tuberculin testing, a more stringent approach was taken wherein all reactors per the severe mode of CCT test interpretation (>2 mm) were culled. A final herd status check was performed in May 2021. In summary, the number of CCT positives (>4 mm) in the farm dropped from 23.1% (31/134) in October 2015 to 0% in December 2017 and remained 0% until May 2021. In contrast, the number of Single Cervical Tuberculin (SCT) test positives (≥4 mm) increased from 1.8 to 9.5% (from 2017 to 2021), indicating that CCT test might not be sufficient to effectively clear the herd of bTB. However, a more stringent approach would result in a drastic increase in the number of false positives. The total cost of the bTB control effort in this farm holding 134–200 cattle at any given time was conservatively estimated to be ~US$48,000. This, together with the need for culling an unacceptably high number of animals based on skin test status, makes the test-and-cull strategy impractical for nationwide implementation in Ethiopia and other low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) where the infection is endemic. Hence, there is an increased emphasis on the need to explore alternate, affordable measures such as vaccination alongside accurate diagnostics to help control bTB in endemic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matios Lakew
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center, Sebeta, Ethiopia
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- *Correspondence: Matios Lakew
| | - Sreenidhi Srinivasan
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Beruhtesfa Mesele
- Alage Agricultural Technical and Vocational Education Training (ATVET) College, Alage, Ethiopia
| | - Abebe Olani
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center, Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Tafesse Koran
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center, Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Biniam Tadesse
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center, Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | | | - Gizat Almaw
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center, Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Temertu Sahlu
- Alage Agricultural Technical and Vocational Education Training (ATVET) College, Alage, Ethiopia
| | - Bekele Seyoum
- Alage Agricultural Technical and Vocational Education Training (ATVET) College, Alage, Ethiopia
| | - Kebede Beyecha
- Alage Agricultural Technical and Vocational Education Training (ATVET) College, Alage, Ethiopia
| | - Balako Gumi
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Gobena Ameni
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hagos Ashenafi
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Douwe Bakker
- Independent Researcher and Technical Consultant, Lelystad, Netherlands
| | - Vivek Kapur
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Solomon Gebre
- National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center, Sebeta, Ethiopia
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17
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Alvarez AH. Revisiting tuberculosis screening: An insight to complementary diagnosis and prospective molecular approaches for the recognition of the dormant TB infection in human and cattle hosts. Microbiol Res 2021; 252:126853. [PMID: 34536677 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2021.126853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is defined as a chronic infection in both human and cattle hosts and many subclinical cases remain undetected. After the pathogen is inhaled by a host, phagocyted bacilli can persist inside macrophages surviving intracellularly. Hosts develop granulomatous lesions in the lungs or lymph nodes, limiting infection. However, bacilli become persister cells. Immunological diagnosis of TB is performed basically by routine tuberculin skin test (TST), and in some cases, by ancillary interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA). The concept of human latent TB infection (LTBI) by M. tuberculosis is recognized in cohorts without symptoms by routine clinical diagnostic tests, and nowadays IGRA tests are used to confirm LTBI with either active or latent specific antigens of M. tuberculosis. On the other hand, dormant infection in cattle by M. bovis has not been described by TST or IGRA testing as complications occur by cross-reactive immune responses to homolog antigens of environmental mycobacteria or a false-negative test by anergic states of a wained bovine immunity, evidencing the need for deciphering more specific biomarkers by new-generation platforms of analysis for detection of M. bovis dormant infection. The study and description of bovine latent TB infection (boLTBI) would permit the recognition of hidden animal infection with an increase in the sensitivity of routine tests for an accurate estimation of infected dairy cattle. Evidence of immunological and experimental analysis of LTBI should be taken into account to improve the study and the description of the still neglected boLTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel H Alvarez
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y diseño del Estado de Jalisco A.C. (CIATEJ), Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT), Av. Normalistas 800 C.P. 44270, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
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18
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Kumar T, Singh M, Jangir BL, Arora D, Srinivasan S, Bidhan D, Yadav DC, Veerasami M, Bakker D, Kapur V, Jindal N. A Defined Antigen Skin Test for Diagnosis of Bovine Tuberculosis in Domestic Water Buffaloes ( Bubalus bubalis). Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:669898. [PMID: 34490387 PMCID: PMC8418101 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.669898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) remains endemic in domestic water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) in India and elsewhere, with limited options for control other than testing and slaughter. The prescribed tuberculin skin tests with purified protein derivative (PPD) for diagnosis of bTB preclude the use of Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG)-based vaccination because of the antigenic cross-reactivity of vaccine strains with Mycobacterium bovis and related pathogenic members of the M. tuberculosis complex (MTBC). For the diagnosis of bTB in domestic water buffaloes, we here assessed a recently described defined-antigen skin test (DST) that comprises overlapping peptides representing the ESAT-6, CFP-10 and Rv3615c antigens, present in disease-causing members of the MTBC but missing in BCG strains. The performance characteristics of three doses (5, 10 or 20 μg/peptide) of the DST were assessed in natural tuberculin skin test reactor (n = 11) and non-reactor (n = 35) water buffaloes at an organized dairy farm in Hisar, India, and results were compared with the single intradermal skin test (SIT) using standard bovine tuberculin (PPD-B). The results showed a dose-dependent response of DST in natural reactor water buffaloes, although the SIT induced a significantly greater (P < 0.001) skin test response than the highest dose of DST used. However, using a cut-off of 2 mm or greater, the 5, 10, and 20 μg DST cocktail correctly classified eight, 10 and all 11 of the SIT-positive reactors, respectively, suggesting that the 20 μg DST cocktail has a diagnostic sensitivity (Se) of 1.0 (95% CI: 0.72-1.0) identical to that of the SIT. Importantly, none of the tested DST doses induced any measurable skin induration responses in the 35 SIT-negative animals, suggesting a specificity point estimate of 1.0 (95% CI: 0.9-1.0), also identical to that of the SIT and compares favorably with that of the comparative cervical test (Se = 0.85; 95% CI: 0.55-0.98). Overall, the results suggest that similar to tuberculin, the DST enables sensitive and specific diagnosis of bTB in water buffaloes. Future field trials to explore the utility of DST as a defined antigen replacement for tuberculin in routine surveillance programs and to enable BCG vaccination of water buffaloes are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Kumar
- College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, India
| | - Mahavir Singh
- College of Veterinary Sciences, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, India
| | - Babu Lal Jangir
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, India
| | - Devan Arora
- Haryana Pashu Vigyan Kendra, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, India
| | - Sreenidhi Srinivasan
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Devender Bidhan
- Department of Livestock Production Management, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, India
| | - Dipin Chander Yadav
- Department of Livestock Production Management, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, India
| | | | | | - Vivek Kapur
- Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States.,Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Naresh Jindal
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, India
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19
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Bayissa B, Sirak A, Zewude A, Worku A, Gumi B, Berg S, Hewinson RG, Wood JLN, Jones GJ, Vordermeier HM, Ameni G. Field evaluation of specific mycobacterial protein-based skin test for the differentiation of Mycobacterium bovis-infected and Bacillus Calmette Guerin-vaccinated crossbred cattle in Ethiopia. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:e1-e9. [PMID: 34331511 PMCID: PMC8801543 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) challenges intensive dairy production in Ethiopia and implementation of the test and slaughter control strategy is not economically acceptable in the country. Vaccination of cattle with Bacillus Calmette–Guerin (BCG) could be an important adjunct to control, which would require a diagnostic test to differentiate Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis)‐infected and BCG‐vaccinated animals (DIVA role). This study describes an evaluation of a DIVA skin test (DST) that is based on a cocktail (DSTc) or fusion (DSTf) of specific (ESAT‐6, CFP‐10 and Rv3615c) M. bovis proteins in Zebu–Holstein–Friesians crossbred cattle in Ethiopia. The study animals used were 74 calves (35 BCG vaccinated and 39 unvaccinated) aged less than 3 weeks at the start of experiment and 68 naturally infected ‘TB reactor’ cows. Six weeks after vaccination, the 74 calves were tested with the DSTc and the single intradermal cervical comparative tuberculin (SICCT) test. The TB reactor cows were tested with the DSTc and the SICCT test. Reactions to the DSTc were not observed in BCG‐vaccinated and unvaccinated calves, while SICCT test reactions were detected in vaccinated calves. DSTc reactions were detected in 95.6% of the TB reactor cows and single intradermal tuberculin positive reactions were found in 98.2% (95% confidence interval, CI, 92.1–100%). The sensitivity of the DSTc was 95.6% (95% CI, 87.6–99.1%), and significantly (p < .001) higher than the sensitivity (75%, 95% CI, 63.0–84.7%) of the SICCT test at 4 mm cut‐off. DSTf and DSTc reactions were correlated (r = 0.75; 95% CI = 0.53–0.88). In conclusion, the DSTc could differentiate M. bovis‐infected from BCG‐vaccinated cattle in Ethiopia. DST had higher sensitivity than the SICCT test. Hence, the DSTc could be used as a diagnostic tool for bTB if BCG vaccination is implemented for the control of bTB in Ethiopia and other countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berecha Bayissa
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,Vaccine Production and Drug Formulation Directorate, National Veterinary Institute, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Asegedech Sirak
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Centre, Sebeta, Ethiopia
| | - Aboma Zewude
- Ethiopian Public Health Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Adane Worku
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Balako Gumi
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Stefan Berg
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | | | - James L N Wood
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Gareth J Jones
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, UK
| | | | - H Martin Vordermeier
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey, UK.,Aberystwyth University, Ceredigion, UK
| | - Gobena Ameni
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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20
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Hénaux V, Ponsart C, Corre J, Etore F, Boulouis HJ, Morvan H, Grisot L, Peroz C. Sensitivity of bovine tuberculosis surveillance through intradermal tests in cattle in France: An evaluation of different scenarios. Prev Vet Med 2021; 191:105364. [PMID: 33964617 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The current situation regarding bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in Europe is spatially heterogeneous, with stagnating or increasing trends in bTB prevalence in many European regions, underlying the challenge in controlling this disease. In France, in spite of the implementation of two control programs in 2010-2012 to eradicate the disease and maintain the bTB-free status, bTB prevalence has continued to increase, underlying the need to reinforce and adapt surveillance measures. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of bTB surveillance in high-risk areas in metropolitan France, with an emphasis on the criteria to select herds and animals within herds in the context of programmed surveillance and movement testing. The fraction of bTB-infected herds detected by the surveillance was quantified using a stochastic scenario tree modelling approach, with input parameter values based on surveillance and cattle traceability data and literature. The detection fraction was assessed for the current surveillance system and for alternative scenarios. The model predicted that the median detection fraction of infected herds by the current programmed surveillance in high-risk areas, which consists in annual testing of herds with a minimum age of testing of 24 months, was 71.5 % (interquartile interval: 47.4-89.4). The results showed a significant gain of the detection fraction with a decrease from 24 to 12 months old (83.5 % [60.6-95.9]) or to six weeks old (91.3 % [71.6-99.0]). Regarding pre-movement surveillance, tests are currently mandatory for bovines that originate from a previously infected herd or from a herd epidemiologically linked to a bTB-infected herd. The median detection fraction predicted by the model for this surveillance scenario was 1.2 % [0.7-1.8]. For the alternative scenario, where surveillance would be extended to all herds in high-risk areas, the model predicted a significant increase of the detection fraction to 26.5 % [18.1-37.9]. The results were sensitive to the following input values: the number of infected bovines within herds and, to a lower extent, the comparative intradermal tuberculin test sensitivity for both models, and surveillance coverage for the model on pre-movement surveillance. Our study underlines several complementary ways to improve the detection of infected herds, which is critical for implementing control measures and epidemiological investigations as early as possible. These necessary changes in surveillance must be accompanied by a global reflexion on surveillance financing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Hénaux
- Université de Lyon - ANSES, Laboratoire de Lyon, Unité Epidémiologie et Appui à la Surveillance, 31 Avenue Tony Garnier, 69007, Lyon, France.
| | - Claire Ponsart
- Université de Paris-Est, ANSES, Laboratoire de santé animale, Unité Zoonoses bactériennes, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94706, Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Justine Corre
- ANSES, Direction de l'évaluation des risques, Unité d'Evaluation des Risques liés à la Santé, à l'Alimentation et au Bien-Etre des animaux, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94706, Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Florence Etore
- ANSES, Direction de l'évaluation des risques, Unité d'Evaluation des Risques liés à la Santé, à l'Alimentation et au Bien-Etre des animaux, 14 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 94706, Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Henri-Jean Boulouis
- UMR BIPAR, Laboratoire de Santé Animale, ANSES, INRAE, Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire d'Alfort, Paris-Est Sup, 7 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France.
| | - Hervé Morvan
- LABOCEA, 7 rue du Sabot, CS30054, 22440, Ploufragan, France.
| | - Lionel Grisot
- Groupement Technique Vétérinaire de Bourgogne - Franche-Comté & Groupe de travail Sécurité Sanitaire des Aliments de la Société Nationale des GTV, Clinique Vétérinaire des Tourbières, 1 rue de Beaucaire, 25560, Frasne, France.
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21
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Retamal P, Ábalos P, Alegría-Morán R, Valdivieso N, Vordermeier M, Jones G, Saadi K, Perez Watt C, Salinas C, Ávila C, Padilla V, Benavides B, Orellana R. Vaccination of Holstein heifers with Mycobacterium bovis BCG strain induces protection against bovine tuberculosis and higher milk production yields in a natural transmission setting. Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:1419-1425. [PMID: 33872473 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic disease caused mainly by Mycobacterium bovis, a zoonotic pathogen that has a worldwide distribution causing serious economic losses for milk and meat producers. In Chile, the disease in dairy cattle has a heterogeneous distribution, where the Metropolitan Region concentrates the highest animal prevalence and the main challenge for the national control and eradication programme. In this epidemiological context, vaccination with the M. bovis Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine might be a useful strategy for disease prevention and control. The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy and impacts on productivity and fertility of vaccination with the BCG Russia strain in 11 month-old heifers from a dairy farm, under a natural transmission condition. Sixty-two animals were vaccinated via the subcutaneous route with the equivalent of one human dose of BCG, and 60 control animals received saline. Subsequently, blood sampling was performed at 3, 6, 9, 12, 15 and 18 months post-inoculation, and infection status was determined using the IFNγ release assay (IGRA) with the DIVA (differentiate infected from vaccinated animals) antigens ESAT-6, CFP-10 and Rv3615c. Efficacy was calculated as the percentage of reduction in the incidence of infection attributable to vaccination, which showed a statistically significant level of overall protection of 66.5%. No adverse effects on fertility and production were recorded. In contrast, we observed beneficial effects of vaccination on several milk production parameters, with the milk yield in the first 100 days after calving in the BCG group significantly higher compared to unvaccinated heifers (p < .05). These results suggest that BCG vaccination of heifers in a natural transmission setting might result in both sanitary and productive benefits, supporting its implementation as a new strategy for TB prevention in a high prevalence area of Chile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio Retamal
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pedro Ábalos
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Raúl Alegría-Morán
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Martin Vordermeier
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, UK.,Centre of Excellence for Bovine Tuberculosis, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK
| | - Gareth Jones
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, UK
| | - Karina Saadi
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Perez Watt
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Constanza Salinas
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Constanza Ávila
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Valentina Padilla
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Belén Benavides
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Romina Orellana
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias y Pecuarias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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22
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Temporal dynamics of intradermal cytokine response to tuberculin in Mycobacterium bovis BCG-vaccinated cattle using sampling microneedles. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7074. [PMID: 33782422 PMCID: PMC8007627 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-86398-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a disease of livestock with severe and worldwide economic, animal welfare and zoonotic consequences. Application of test-and-slaughter-based control polices reliant on tuberculin skin testing has been the mainstay of bTB control in cattle. However, little is known about the temporal development of the bovine tuberculin skin test response at the dermal sites of antigen injection. To fill this knowledge gap, we applied minimally-invasive sampling microneedles (SMNs) for intradermal sampling of interstitial fluid at the tuberculin skin test sites in Mycobacterium bovis BCG-vaccinated calves and determined the temporal dynamics of a panel of 15 cytokines and chemokines in situ and in the peripheral blood. The results reveal an orchestrated and coordinated cytokine and local chemokine response, identified IL-1RA as a potential soluble biomarker of a positive tuberculin skin response, and confirmed the utility of IFN-γ and IP-10 for bTB detection in blood-based assays. Together, the results highlight the utility of SMNs to identify novel biomarkers and provide mechanistic insights on the intradermal cytokine and chemokine responses associated with the tuberculin skin test in BCG-sensitized cattle.
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23
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Smith K, Kleynhans L, Warren RM, Goosen WJ, Miller MA. Cell-Mediated Immunological Biomarkers and Their Diagnostic Application in Livestock and Wildlife Infected With Mycobacterium bovis. Front Immunol 2021; 12:639605. [PMID: 33746980 PMCID: PMC7969648 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.639605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis has the largest host range of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex and infects domestic animal species, wildlife, and humans. The presence of global wildlife maintenance hosts complicates bovine tuberculosis (bTB) control efforts and further threatens livestock and wildlife-related industries. Thus, it is imperative that early and accurate detection of M. bovis in all affected animal species is achieved. Further, an improved understanding of the complex species-specific host immune responses to M. bovis could enable the development of diagnostic tests that not only identify infected animals but distinguish between infection and active disease. The primary bTB screening standard worldwide remains the tuberculin skin test (TST) that presents several test performance and logistical limitations. Hence additional tests are used, most commonly an interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) release assay (IGRA) that, similar to the TST, measures a cell-mediated immune (CMI) response to M. bovis. There are various cytokines and chemokines, in addition to IFN-γ, involved in the CMI component of host adaptive immunity. Due to the dominance of CMI-based responses to mycobacterial infection, cytokine and chemokine biomarkers have become a focus for diagnostic tests in livestock and wildlife. Therefore, this review describes the current understanding of host immune responses to M. bovis as it pertains to the development of diagnostic tools using CMI-based biomarkers in both gene expression and protein release assays, and their limitations. Although the study of CMI biomarkers has advanced fundamental understanding of the complex host-M. bovis interplay and bTB progression, resulting in development of several promising diagnostic assays, most of this research remains limited to cattle. Considering differences in host susceptibility, transmission and immune responses, and the wide variety of M. bovis-affected animal species, knowledge gaps continue to pose some of the biggest challenges to the improvement of M. bovis and bTB diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Smith
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Science and Innovation-National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Léanie Kleynhans
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Science and Innovation-National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Robin M Warren
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Science and Innovation-National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Wynand J Goosen
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Science and Innovation-National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Michele A Miller
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Department of Science and Innovation-National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
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24
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Abstract
The Ethiopian government has several initiatives to expand and intensify the dairy industry; however, the risk of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) spread is a challenge. To assess the rate of expansion and risk factors for transmission of bTB within-herds, we carried out a repeated cross-sectional survey at two time points, 2016/17 and 2018, in three regional cities, namely, Gondar, Hawassa and Mekelle, representing the emerging dairy belts of Ethiopia. The total number of herds involved was 128, comprising an average of 2303 cattle in each round. The Single Intradermal Comparative Cervical Tuberculin (SICCT) test was used to identify reactor status and data on herd-level risk factors were collected using a structured questionnaire. In the first survey, the apparent prevalence of bTB, as measured by the SICCT test, was 4.5% (95% CI 3.7–5.4%) at the individual animal-level and 24% (95% CI 17.5–32%) at the herd-level. There was no statistically significant change in the overall apparent prevalence or regional distribution at the second survey, consistent with the infection being endemic. The incidence rate was estimated at 3.6 (95% CI 2.8–4.5) and 6.6 (95% CI 3.0–12.6) cases/100 cattle (or herd)-years at the animal- and herd-levels, respectively. Risk factors significantly associated with the within-herd transmission of bTB were age group and within-herd apparent prevalence at the start of the observation period. We noted that farmers voluntarily took steps to remove reactor cattle from their herds as a consequence of the information shared after the first survey. Removal of reactors between surveys was associated with a reduced risk of transmission within these herds. However, with no regulatory barriers to the sale of reactor animals, such actions could potentially lead to further spread between herds. We therefore advocate the importance of setting up regulations and then establishing a systematic bTB surveillance programme to monitor the impact prior to implementing any control measures in Ethiopia.
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25
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Srinivasan S, Conlan AJK, Easterling LA, Herrera C, Dandapat P, Veerasami M, Ameni G, Jindal N, Raj GD, Wood J, Juleff N, Bakker D, Vordermeier M, Kapur V. A Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin Vaccination Against Bovine Tuberculosis: Is Perfect the Enemy of Good? Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:637580. [PMID: 33681334 PMCID: PMC7930010 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.637580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
More than 50 million cattle are likely exposed to bovine tuberculosis (bTB) worldwide, highlighting an urgent need for bTB control strategies in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and other regions where the disease remains endemic and test-and-slaughter approaches are unfeasible. While Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) was first developed as a vaccine for use in cattle even before its widespread use in humans, its efficacy against bTB remains poorly understood. To address this important knowledge gap, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the direct efficacy of BCG against bTB challenge in cattle, and performed scenario analyses with transmission dynamic models incorporating direct and indirect vaccinal effects ("herd-immunity") to assess potential impact on herd level disease control. The analysis shows a relative risk of infection of 0.75 (95% CI: 0.68, 0.82) in 1,902 vaccinates as compared with 1,667 controls, corresponding to a direct vaccine efficacy of 25% (95% CI: 18, 32). Importantly, scenario analyses considering both direct and indirect effects suggest that disease prevalence could be driven down close to Officially TB-Free (OTF) status (<0.1%), if BCG were introduced in the next 10-year time period in low to moderate (<15%) prevalence settings, and that 50-95% of cumulative cases may be averted over the next 50 years even in high (20-40%) disease burden settings with immediate implementation of BCG vaccination. Taken together, the analyses suggest that BCG vaccination may help accelerate control of bTB in endemic settings, particularly with early implementation in the face of dairy intensification in regions that currently lack effective bTB control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreenidhi Srinivasan
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Andrew J. K. Conlan
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Laurel A. Easterling
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Christian Herrera
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Premanshu Dandapat
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Eastern Regional Station, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Gobena Ameni
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Naresh Jindal
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, India
| | - Gopal Dhinakar Raj
- Translational Research Platform for Veterinary Biological, Tamil Nadu University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Chennai, India
| | - James Wood
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Juleff
- The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Douwe Bakker
- Technical Consultant and Independent Researcher, Lelystad, Netherlands
| | - Martin Vordermeier
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom
- Centre for Bovine Tuberculosis, Institute for Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, University of Aberystwyth, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - Vivek Kapur
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
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26
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Middleton S, Steinbach S, Coad M, McGill K, Brady C, Duignan A, Wiseman J, Gormley E, Jones GJ, Vordermeier HM. A molecularly defined skin test reagent for the diagnosis of bovine tuberculosis compatible with vaccination against Johne's Disease. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2929. [PMID: 33536465 PMCID: PMC7859399 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82434-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculin Purified Protein Derivatives (PPDs) exhibit multiple limitations: they are crude extracts from mycobacterial cultures with largely unknown active components; their production depends on culture of mycobacteria requiring expensive BCL3 production facilities; and their potency depends on the technically demanding guinea pig assay. To overcome these limitations, we developed a molecularly defined tuberculin (MDT) by adding further antigens to our prototype reagent composed of ESAT-6, CFP-10 and Rv3615c (DIVA skin test, DST). In vitro screening using PBMC from infected and uninfected cattle shortlisted four antigens from a literature-based list of 18 to formulate the MDT. These four antigens plus the previously identified Rv3020c protein, produced as recombinant proteins or overlapping synthetic peptides, were formulated together with the three DST antigens into the MDT to test cattle experimentally and naturally infected with M. bovis, uninfected cattle and MAP vaccinated calves. We demonstrated significant increases in MDT-induced skin responses compared to DST in infected animals, whilst maintaining high specificity in unvaccinated or MAP vaccinated calves. Further, MDT can also be applied in in vitro blood-based interferon-gamma release assays. Thus, MDT promises to be a robust diagnostic skin and blood test reagent overcoming some of the limitations of PPDs and warrants full validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonya Middleton
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Bacteriology, Addlestone, UK
| | | | - Michael Coad
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Bacteriology, Addlestone, UK
| | | | - Colm Brady
- Department of Agriculture Food and the Marine (DAFM), Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Anthony Duignan
- Department of Agriculture Food and the Marine (DAFM), Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Jimmy Wiseman
- University College, Dublin, Republic of Ireland.,Department of Agriculture Food and the Marine (DAFM), Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | | | - Gareth J Jones
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Bacteriology, Addlestone, UK.
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27
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Smith K, Bernitz N, Cooper D, Kerr TJ, de Waal CR, Clarke C, Goldswain S, McCall W, McCall A, Cooke D, Rambert E, Kleynhans L, Warren RM, van Helden P, Parsons SDC, Goosen WJ, Miller MA. Optimisation of the tuberculin skin test for detection of Mycobacterium bovis in African buffaloes (Syncerus caffer). Prev Vet Med 2021; 188:105254. [PMID: 33465641 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Effective screening methods are critical for preventing the spread of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) among livestock and wildlife species. The tuberculin skin test (TST) remains the primary test for bTB globally, although performance is suboptimal. African buffaloes (Syncerus caffer) are a maintenance host of Mycobacterium bovis in South Africa, tested using the single intradermal tuberculin test (SITT) or comparative test (SICTT). The interpretation of these tests has been based on cattle thresholds due to the lack of species-specific cut-off values for African buffaloes. Therefore, the aims of this study were to calculate buffalo-specific thresholds for different TST criteria (SITT, SICTT, and SICTT72h that calculates the differential change at 72 h only) and compare performance using these cut-off values. The results confirm that 3 mm best discriminates M. bovis-infected from unexposed control buffaloes with sensitivities of 69 % (95 % CI 60-78; SITT and SICTT) and 76 % (95 % CI 65-83; SICTT72h), and specificities of 86 % (95 % CI 80-90; SITT), 96 % (95 % CI 92-98; SICTT72h) and 97 % (95 % CI 93-99; SICTT), respectively. A comparison between TST criteria using buffalo-specific thresholds demonstrates that the comparative TST performs better than the SITT, although sensitivity remains suboptimal. Therefore, further research and the addition of ancillary tests, such as cytokine release assays, are necessary to improve M. bovis detection in African buffaloes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Smith
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Netanya Bernitz
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - David Cooper
- Ezemvelo KwaZulu-Natal Wildlife, PO Box 25, Mtubatuba 3935, South Africa
| | - Tanya J Kerr
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Candice R de Waal
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Charlene Clarke
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Samantha Goldswain
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Warren McCall
- Hluhluwe State Veterinary Office, Hluhluwe, KZN, South Africa
| | - Alicia McCall
- Hluhluwe State Veterinary Office, Hluhluwe, KZN, South Africa
| | - Debbie Cooke
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Emma Rambert
- Vlakpan Animal Clinic, PO Box 134, Modderrivier 8700, South Africa
| | - Léanie Kleynhans
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Robin M Warren
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Paul van Helden
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sven D C Parsons
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Wynand J Goosen
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Michele A Miller
- DSI-NRF Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
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28
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Abstract
Mycobacterial infections are widely distributed in animals and cause considerable economic losses, especially in livestock animals. Bovine paratuberculosis and bovine tuberculosis, which are representative mycobacterial infections in cattle, are difficult to diagnose using current-generation diagnostics due to their relatively long incubation periods. Thus, alternative diagnostic tools are needed for the detection of mycobacterial infections in cattle. A biomarker is an indicator present in biological fluids that reflects the biological state of an individual during the progression of a specific disease. Therefore, biomarkers are considered a potential diagnostic tool for various diseases. Recently, the number of studies investigating biomarkers as tools for diagnosing mycobacterial infections has increased. In human medicine, many diagnostic biomarkers have been developed and applied in clinical practice. In veterinary medicine, however, many such developments are still in the early stages. In this review, we summarize the current progress in biomarker research related to the development of diagnostic biomarkers for mycobacterial infections in cattle.
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29
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Gutema FD, Agga GE, Makita K, Smith RL, Mourits M, Tufa TB, Leta S, Beyene TJ, Asefa Z, Urge B, Ameni G. Evaluation of the Control Options of Bovine Tuberculosis in Ethiopia Using a Multi-Criteria Decision Analysis. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:586056. [PMID: 33392283 PMCID: PMC7772415 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.586056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (BTB) is a zoonotic bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium bovis and is characterized by the development of granulomatous lesions in the lymph nodes, lungs and other tissues. It poses serious public health impacts and food security challenges to the agricultural sector in terms of dairy and meat productions. In Ethiopia, BTB has been considered as a priority disease because of its high prevalence in urban and peri-urban dairy farms. However, there has not been any national control program in the country. Thus, in order to initiate BTB control program in the country, information on control options is needed to tailor the best option for the Ethiopian situation. The objective of this study was to identify, evaluate and rank various BTB control options in Ethiopia using a multi-criteria decision analysis based on preference ranking organization method for enrichment evaluations (PROMETHEE) approach while accounting for the stakeholders' preferences. Control options were evaluated under two scenarios: with (scenario 1) and without (scenario 2) bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccination. Nine potential control options were identified that include combinations of three control options (1) test and slaughter with or without government support, (2) test and segregation, and (3) BCG vaccination. Under scenario 1, BCG vaccination, BCG vaccination and test and slaughter with partial compensation by government, and BCG vaccination and test and slaughter with full compensation by government were the top three ranked control options. Under scenario 2, test and slaughter with full compensation by government was the preferred control option, followed by test and segregation supported by test and slaughter with full government compensation, and test and slaughter with half compensation by government. Irrespective of the variability in the weighting by the stakeholders, the sensitivity analysis showed the robustness of the ranking method. In conclusion, the study demonstrated that BCG vaccination, and test and slaughter with full compensation by government were the two most preferred control options under scenarios 1 and 2, respectively. National level discussions were strongly recommended for further concretization and implementation of these control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanta D Gutema
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Getahun E Agga
- U. S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Food Animal Environmental Systems Research Unit, Bowling Green, KY, United States
| | - Kohei Makita
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakukno Gakuen University, Ebetsu, Japan
| | - Rebecca L Smith
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Monique Mourits
- Business Economics Group, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Takele B Tufa
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Samson Leta
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Tariku J Beyene
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Zerihun Asefa
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Beksissa Urge
- Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Gobena Ameni
- Aklilu Lemma Institute of Pathobiology, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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30
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Arrieta-Villegas C, Vidal E, Martín M, Verdés J, Moll X, Espada Y, Singh M, Villarreal-Ramos B, Domingo M, Pérez de Val B. Immunogenicity and Protection against Mycobacterium caprae Challenge in Goats Vaccinated with BCG and Revaccinated after One Year. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8040751. [PMID: 33322064 PMCID: PMC7770602 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8040751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination has been proposed as a supplementary tool for the control of tuberculosis in livestock. The long-term immunogenicity elicited by bacillus Calmette–Guerin (BCG) and the efficacy of revaccination were investigated in thirty goat kids distributed into three groups: unvaccinated controls, BCG (vaccinated at week 0) and BCG-BCG (vaccinated at weeks 0 and 56). Sixty-four weeks after the first vaccination, all animals were challenged with Mycobacterium caprae and examined post-mortem (pathology and bacterial load) at week 73. Antigen-specific interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) release was measured throughout the experiment. At week 59, peripheral blood mononuclear cells were stained for CD4, CD45RO and IFN-γ to determine the presence of antigen-specific cells secreting IFN-γ. The BCG-BCG group showed reductions in rectal temperatures, M. caprae DNA load in pulmonary lymph nodes (LN), the volume of lesions in pulmonary LN, mineralization in lungs, and higher weight gains compared to unvaccinated controls. IFN-γ responses were undetectable from 32 weeks after primary vaccination until revaccination, when the BCG-BCG group showed detectable IFN-γ production and a greater percentage of antigen-specific CD4+CD45RO+IFNγ+ and CD4−CD45RO+IFNγ+ cells compared to the BCG and control groups, which may be an indicator of the mechanisms of protection. Thus, re-vaccination of goats with BCG appears to prolong protection against infection with M. caprae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Arrieta-Villegas
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (E.V.); (M.M.); (M.D.); (B.P.d.V.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Enric Vidal
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (E.V.); (M.M.); (M.D.); (B.P.d.V.)
| | - Maite Martín
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (E.V.); (M.M.); (M.D.); (B.P.d.V.)
| | - Judit Verdés
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (J.V.); (X.M.); (Y.E.)
| | - Xavier Moll
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (J.V.); (X.M.); (Y.E.)
| | - Yvonne Espada
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (J.V.); (X.M.); (Y.E.)
| | - Mahavir Singh
- Lionex Diagnostics and Therapeutics GmbH, D-38126 Braunschweig, Germany;
| | - Bernardo Villarreal-Ramos
- Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone KT15 3NB, UK;
- Department of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, University of Aberystwyth, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, UK
| | - Mariano Domingo
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (E.V.); (M.M.); (M.D.); (B.P.d.V.)
- Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Bernat Pérez de Val
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain; (E.V.); (M.M.); (M.D.); (B.P.d.V.)
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31
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Michelet L, de Cruz K, Tambosco J, Hénault S, Boschiroli ML. Mycobacterium microti Interferes with Bovine Tuberculosis Surveillance. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1850. [PMID: 33255311 PMCID: PMC7761213 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8121850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium microti, a member of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, was originally described as the cause of tuberculosis in wild rodents. However, in the last few years, an increasing number of cases have been reported in wildlife (wild boars and badgers) and livestock (goat and cattle) in the frame of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) surveillance program, demonstrating the risk of interference with bTB diagnosis in France. In 2019, we detected four cattle infected with M.microti, from three different herds in three different distant regions. For all these cases, ante-mortem diagnosis by the skin test (single intradermal comparative cervical tuberculin (SICCT)) was positive. Confirmation of M.microti infection was based on molecular tests, i.e., specific real-time PCR and spoligotyping. These results highlight a non-negligible risk of interference in the bTB diagnosis system and raise concern about the reliability of diagnostic tests used for bTB surveillance. The use of highly specific tests, like the interferon gamma test (IFN-γ) employed in France or new synthetic specific tuberculins for skin testing could alternatively be used to accurately identify M.bovis (or Mycobacterium caprae) infection at ante-mortem examination. At post-mortem diagnosis, the use of specific molecular tools should be considered to accurately distinguish pathogens within the MTBC and to avoid misleading bTB diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Maria Laura Boschiroli
- Laboratory for Animal Health, University Paris-Est, Tuberculosis National Reference Laboratory, ANSES, 94701 Maisons-Alfort, France; (L.M.); (K.d.C.); (J.T.); (S.H.)
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32
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Smith K, Bernitz N, Goldswain S, Cooper DV, Warren RM, Goosen WJ, Miller MA. Optimized interferon-gamma release assays for detection of Mycobacterium bovis infection in African buffaloes (Syncerus caffer). Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2020; 231:110163. [PMID: 33276277 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2020.110163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) is an economically and ecologically important wildlife species in South Africa; it is also a primary wildlife maintenance host of Mycobacterium bovis. Accurate and early detection of M. bovis infection in buffaloes is important for controlling transmission. Assays that detect cell-mediated immune responses to M. bovis in buffaloes have been developed although these often display suboptimal sensitivity or specificity. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the newly available Mabtech bovine interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) ELISAPRO kit and optimize its use for detection of buffalo IFN-γ in whole blood samples stimulated with the QuantiFERON® TB Gold Plus antigens. Additionally, the test performance of the Mabtech IFN-γ release assay (IGRA) was compared to the currently used Cattletype® IGRA by determining buffalo-specific cut-off values for the two IGRAs and using gold standard-positive (M. bovis culture-confirmed) and M. bovis-unexposed negative cohorts. Validation of the Mabtech ELISA revealed negligible matrix interference and a linear and parallel response for recombinant bovine and native buffalo IFN-γ in the range 1.95-250 pg/mL. Intra- and inter-assay reproducibility produced coefficients of variation <5.5 % and <6.1 %, respectively, with a limit of detection at 3.2 pg/mL. Using receiver operator characteristic curve analyses, buffalo-specific cut-off values were calculated as 8 pg/mL for the Mabtech IGRA and 5 % (signal to positive control ratio) for the Cattletype® IGRA. The sensitivities were 89 % and 83 % for the Mabtech and Cattletype IGRAs with specificities of 94 % and 97 %, respectively. Although the species-specific cut-off values require further evaluation in a relevant test group, the results suggest that the Mabtech IGRA is a promising, sensitive and specific diagnostic tool for M. bovis detection in African buffaloes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Smith
- Department of Science and Innovation, National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Netanya Bernitz
- Department of Science and Innovation, National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Samantha Goldswain
- Department of Science and Innovation, National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - David V Cooper
- Ezemvelo KwaZulu-Natal Wildlife, PO Box 25, Mtubatuba 3935, South Africa
| | - Robin M Warren
- Department of Science and Innovation, National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Wynand J Goosen
- Department of Science and Innovation, National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Michele A Miller
- Department of Science and Innovation, National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence for Biomedical Tuberculosis Research, South African Medical Research Council Centre for Tuberculosis Research, Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.
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33
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Smith AA, Villarreal-Ramos B, Mendum TA, Williams KJ, Jones GJ, Wu H, McFadden J, Vordermeier HM, Stewart GR. Genetic screening for the protective antigenic targets of BCG vaccination. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2020; 124:101979. [PMID: 32814303 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2020.101979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis is an important animal health problem and the predominant cause of zoonotic tuberculosis worldwide. It results in serious economic burden due to losses in productivity and the cost of control programmes. Control could be greatly improved by the introduction of an efficacious cattle vaccine but the most likely candidate, BCG, has several limitations including variable efficacy. Augmentation of BCG with a subunit vaccine booster has been shown to increase protection but the selection of antigens has hitherto been left largely to serendipity. In the present study, we take a rational approach to identify the protective antigens of BCG, selecting a BCG transposon mutant library in naïve and BCG-vaccinated cattle. Ten mutants had increased relative survival in vaccinated compared to naïve cattle, consistent with loss of protective antigen targets making the mutants less visible to the BCG immune response. The immunogenicity of three putative protective antigens, BCG_0116, BCG_0205 (YrbE1B) and BCG_1448 (PPE20) was investigated using peptide pools and PBMCs from BCG vaccinated cattle. BCG vaccination induced PBMC to release elevated levels of IP10, IL-17a and IL-10 in response to all three antigens. Taken together, the data supports the further study of these antigens for use in subunit vaccines.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Bacterial/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Bacterial/genetics
- Antigens, Bacterial/immunology
- BCG Vaccine/administration & dosage
- BCG Vaccine/immunology
- Cattle
- Cytokines/immunology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- DNA Transposable Elements
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/microbiology
- Mutation
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/genetics
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis/immunology
- Tuberculosis, Bovine/immunology
- Tuberculosis, Bovine/metabolism
- Tuberculosis, Bovine/microbiology
- Tuberculosis, Bovine/prevention & control
- Vaccination/veterinary
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex A Smith
- Department of Microbial Sciences, School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Bernardo Villarreal-Ramos
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, KT15 3NB, UK; Centre of Excellence for Bovine Tuberculosis, Institute for Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Wales, SY23 3DA, UK.
| | - Tom A Mendum
- Department of Microbial Sciences, School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Kerstin J Williams
- Department of Microbial Sciences, School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Gareth J Jones
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Huihai Wu
- Department of Microbial Sciences, School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Johnjoe McFadden
- Department of Microbial Sciences, School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
| | - H Martin Vordermeier
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, KT15 3NB, UK; Centre of Excellence for Bovine Tuberculosis, Institute for Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Wales, SY23 3DA, UK.
| | - Graham R Stewart
- Department of Microbial Sciences, School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK.
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34
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Srinivasan S, Subramanian S, Shankar Balakrishnan S, Ramaiyan Selvaraju K, Manomohan V, Selladurai S, Jothivelu M, Kandasamy S, Gopal DR, Kathaperumal K, Conlan AJK, Veerasami M, Bakker D, Vordermeier M, Kapur V. A Defined Antigen Skin Test That Enables Implementation of BCG Vaccination for Control of Bovine Tuberculosis: Proof of Concept. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:391. [PMID: 32793643 PMCID: PMC7393633 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In most low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), bovine tuberculosis (bTB) remains endemic due to the absence of control programs. This is because successful bTB control and eradication programs have relied on test-and-slaughter strategies that are socioeconomically unfeasible in LMICs. While Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccine-induced protection for cattle has long been documented in experimental and field trials, its use in control programs has been precluded by the inability to differentiate BCG-vaccinated from naturally infected animals using the OIE-prescribed purified protein derivative (PPD)-based tuberculin skin tests. In the current study, the diagnostic specificity and capability for differentiating infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA) of a novel defined antigen skin test (DST) in BCG-vaccinated (Bos taurus ssp. taurus x B. t. ssp. indicus) calves were compared with the performance of traditional PPD-tuberculin in both the skin test and in vitro interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA). The IFN-γ production from whole blood cells stimulated with both PPDs increased significantly from the 0 week baseline levels, while DST induced no measurable IFN-γ production in BCG-vaccinated calves. None of the 15 BCG-vaccinated calves were reactive with the DST skin test (100% specificity; one-tailed lower 95% CI: 82). In contrast, 10 of 15 BCG-vaccinated calves were classified as reactors with the PPD-based single intradermal test (SIT) (specificity in vaccinated animals = 33%; 95% CI: 12, 62). Taken together, the results provide strong evidence that the DST is highly specific and enables DIVA capability in both skin and IGRA assay format, thereby enabling the implementation of BCG vaccine-based bTB control, particularly in settings where test and slaughter remain unfeasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreenidhi Srinivasan
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States.,The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Saraswathi Subramanian
- Translational Research Platform for Veterinary Biologicals, Centre for Animal Health Studies, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India
| | - Sai Shankar Balakrishnan
- Translational Research Platform for Veterinary Biologicals, Centre for Animal Health Studies, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India
| | - Kathiravan Ramaiyan Selvaraju
- Translational Research Platform for Veterinary Biologicals, Centre for Animal Health Studies, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India
| | - Vandana Manomohan
- Translational Research Platform for Veterinary Biologicals, Centre for Animal Health Studies, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India
| | - Suganya Selladurai
- Translational Research Platform for Veterinary Biologicals, Centre for Animal Health Studies, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India
| | - Monika Jothivelu
- Translational Research Platform for Veterinary Biologicals, Centre for Animal Health Studies, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India
| | - Srinivasan Kandasamy
- Translational Research Platform for Veterinary Biologicals, Centre for Animal Health Studies, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India
| | - Dhinakar Raj Gopal
- Translational Research Platform for Veterinary Biologicals, Centre for Animal Health Studies, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India
| | - Kumanan Kathaperumal
- Translational Research Platform for Veterinary Biologicals, Centre for Animal Health Studies, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chennai, India
| | - Andrew J K Conlan
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Douwe Bakker
- Independent Researcher and Technical Consultant, Lelystad, Netherlands
| | - Martin Vordermeier
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Weybridge, United Kingdom.,Centre for Bovine Tuberculosis, Institute for Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, University of Aberystwyth, Aberystwyth, United Kingdom
| | - Vivek Kapur
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States.,The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
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Arrieta-Villegas C, Infantes-Lorenzo JA, Bezos J, Grasa M, Vidal E, Mercader I, Singh M, Domingo M, de Juan L, Pérez de Val B. Evaluation of P22 Antigenic Complex for the Immuno-Diagnosis of Tuberculosis in BCG Vaccinated and Unvaccinated Goats. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:374. [PMID: 32714950 PMCID: PMC7351524 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.00374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Current eradication strategies of tuberculosis (TB) in goats mainly rely on the single intradermal tuberculin test (SIT) and single intradermal cervical comparative tuberculin tests (SICCTs). TB vaccination has been proposed as a cost-effective option in high-prevalence herds or countries where economic compensation for the slaughter of positive animals is not affordable. However, TB vaccination compromises the efficiency of tuberculin-based diagnostic tests. In this study, the performance of a new diagnostic platform, based on the P22 antigenic complex, was assessed for skin test (ST), interferon-gamma release assay (IGRA), and serology under different TB scenarios. The sensitivity (Se) of diagnostic tests was assessed in TB-infected goats from the same farm (herd A, N = 77). The specificity (Sp) was assessed in two TB-negative farms (both vaccinated against paratuberculosis): one TB unvaccinated (herd B, N = 77) and another vaccinated with bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) (herd C, N = 68). The single (s) P22-IGRA showed the highest Se among IGRA tests (91%), and the comparative (c) P22-ST showed the highest Sp (100% in herd B and 98% in herd C). Combined interpretation of techniques enabled the best diagnostic performances. Combining the SICCT + sP22-IGRA improved Se (97%) compared to SICCT + tuberculin-based IGRA (95%), with a reduction of Sp (95 and 100%, respectively). Besides, combination of P22-ELISA with cP22-ST or SICCT elicited a similar performance in the non-vaccination context (Se: 94 and 95%; Sp: 95 and 95%, respectively), but Sp was significantly higher for the combination with cP22-ST compared to SICCT in the TB vaccination context (95 and 79%, respectively). The combination of serological tests based on P22 and MPB83 showed higher complementarity and improved 13 percentage points the Se of P22-ELISA alone. These findings suggest that either cell-mediated or antibody-based diagnostic techniques, using the P22 antigen complex, can contribute to improve the immunodiagnostics of TB in goats under different TB control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Arrieta-Villegas
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Antonio Infantes-Lorenzo
- Servicio de Inmunología Microbiana, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Investigación Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Bezos
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miriam Grasa
- Agrupació de Defensa Sanitària de Cabrum i Oví Lleter de Catalunya, Barbens, Spain
| | - Enric Vidal
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irene Mercader
- Departament d'Agricultura, Ramaderia, Pesca i Alimentació de la Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mahavir Singh
- Lionex Diagnostics and Therapeutics GmbH, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Mariano Domingo
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lucía de Juan
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Center, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bernat Pérez de Val
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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36
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Li B, Tan Q, Fan Z, Xiao K, Liao Y. Next‐generation Theranostics: Functionalized Nanomaterials Enable Efficient Diagnosis and Therapy of Tuberculosis. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.201900189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- Center for Infection and Immunity the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen University Sun Yat‐sen University Zhuhai 519000 China
| | - Qingqin Tan
- Center for Infection and Immunity the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen University Sun Yat‐sen University Zhuhai 519000 China
| | - Zhijin Fan
- Center for Infection and Immunity the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen University Sun Yat‐sen University Zhuhai 519000 China
| | - Keng Xiao
- Center for Infection and Immunity the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen University Sun Yat‐sen University Zhuhai 519000 China
| | - Yuhui Liao
- Center for Infection and Immunity the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat‐sen University Sun Yat‐sen University Zhuhai 519000 China
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37
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Refaya AK, Bhargavi G, Mathew NC, Rajendran A, Krishnamoorthy R, Swaminathan S, Palaniyandi K. A review on bovine tuberculosis in India. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2020; 122:101923. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2020.101923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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