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Choi GS, Park S, An ES, Bae J, Shin I, Kang BT, Won CJ, Cheong SW, Lee HW, Lee GH, Cho WJ, Kim JS. Highly Efficient Room-Temperature Spin-Orbit-Torque Switching in a Van der Waals Heterostructure of Topological Insulator and Ferromagnet. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2400893. [PMID: 38520060 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202400893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
All-Van der Waals (vdW)-material-based heterostructures with atomically sharp interfaces offer a versatile platform for high-performing spintronic functionalities at room temperature. One of the key components is vdW topological insulators (TIs), which can produce a strong spin-orbit-torque (SOT) through the spin-momentum locking of their topological surface state (TSS). However, the relatively low conductance of the TSS introduces a current leakage problem through the bulk states of the TI or the adjacent ferromagnetic metal layers, reducing the interfacial charge-to-spin conversion efficiency (qICS). Here, a vdW heterostructure is used consisting of atomically-thin layers of a bulk-insulating TI Sn-doped Bi1.1Sb0.9Te2S1 and a room-temperature ferromagnet Fe3GaTe2, to enhance the relative current ratio on the TSS up to ≈20%. The resulting qICS reaches ≈1.65 nm-1 and the critical current density Jc ≈0.9 × 106 Acm-2 at 300 K, surpassing the performance of TI-based and heavy-metal-based SOT devices. These findings demonstrate that an all-vdW heterostructure with thickness optimization offers a promising platform for efficient current-controlled magnetization switching at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyu Seung Choi
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Center for Artificial Low Dimensional Electronic Systems, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungyu Park
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Su An
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Center for Artificial Low Dimensional Electronic Systems, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhong Bae
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Inseob Shin
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom Tak Kang
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Center for Artificial Low Dimensional Electronic Systems, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Choong Jae Won
- Center for Complex Phase of Materials, Max Planck POSTECH/Korea Research Initiative, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Laboratory for Pohang Emergent Materials, Department of Physics, POSTECH, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Wook Cheong
- Center for Complex Phase of Materials, Max Planck POSTECH/Korea Research Initiative, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Laboratory for Pohang Emergent Materials, Department of Physics, POSTECH, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Rutgers Center for Emergent Materials and Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Hyun-Woo Lee
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Gil-Ho Lee
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Joon Cho
- Device Research Center, Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT), Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd, 130 Samsung-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Sung Kim
- Department of Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
- Center for Artificial Low Dimensional Electronic Systems, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang, 37673, Republic of Korea
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2
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Liu W, Liu L, Cui B, Cheng S, Wu X, Cheng B, Miao T, Ren X, Chu R, Liu M, Zhao X, Wu S, Qin H, Hu J. Manipulation of Spin-Orbit Torque in Tungsten Oxide/Manganite Heterostructure by Ionic Liquid Gating and Orbit Engineering. ACS NANO 2023. [PMID: 37988035 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c06686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Spin-orbit coupling (SOC) is the interaction between electron's spin and orbital motion, which could realize a charge-to-spin current conversion and enable an innovative method to switch the magnetization by spin-orbit torque (SOT). Varied techniques have been developed to manipulate and improve the SOT, but the role of the orbit degree of freedom, which should have a crucial bearing on the SOC and SOT, is still confusing. Here, we find that the charge-to-spin current conversion and SOT in W3O8-δ/(La, Sr)MnO3 could be produced or eliminated by ionic liquid gating. Through tuning the preferential occupancy of Mn/W-d electrons from the in-plane (dx2-y2) to out-of-plane (d3z2-r2) orbit, the SOT damping-like field efficiency is nearly doubled due to the enhanced spin Hall effect and interfacial Rashba-Edelstein effect. These findings not only offer intriguing opportunities to control the SOT for high-efficient spintronic devices but also could be a fundamental step toward spin-orbitronics in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weikang Liu
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory for Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Liang Liu
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory for Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Bin Cui
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory for Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Shaobo Cheng
- Henan Key Laboratory of Diamond Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Xinyi Wu
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory for Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Bin Cheng
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory for Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Tingting Miao
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory for Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xue Ren
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory for Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Ruiyue Chu
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory for Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Min Liu
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory for Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xiangxiang Zhao
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory for Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Shuyun Wu
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory for Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Hongwei Qin
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory for Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Jifan Hu
- School of Physics, State Key Laboratory for Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
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3
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Binda F, Fedel S, Alvarado SF, Noël P, Gambardella P. Spin-Orbit Torques and Spin Hall Magnetoresistance Generated by Twin-Free and Amorphous Bi 0.9 Sb 0.1 Topological Insulator Films. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2304905. [PMID: 37568279 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202304905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Topological insulators have attracted great interest as generators of spin-orbit torques (SOTs) in spintronic devices. Bi1-x Sbx is a prominent topological insulator that has a high charge-to-spin conversion efficiency. However, the origin and magnitude of the SOTs induced by current-injection in Bi1-x Sbx remain controversial. Here, the investigation of the SOTs and spin Hall magnetoresistance resulting from charge-to-spin conversion in twin-free epitaxial layers of Bi0.9 Sb0.1 (0001) coupled to FeCo are investigated, and compared with those of amorphous Bi0.9 Sb0.1 . A large charge-to-spin conversion efficiency of 1 in the first case and less than 0.1 in the second is found, confirming crystalline Bi0.9 Sb0.1 as a strong spin-injector material. The SOTs and spin Hall magnetoresistance are independent of the direction of the electric current, indicating that charge-to-spin conversion in single-crystal Bi0.9 Sb0.1 (0001) is isotropic despite the strong anisotropy of the topological surface states. Further, it is found that the damping-like SOT has a non-monotonic temperature dependence with a minimum at 20 K. By correlating the SOT with resistivity and weak antilocalization measurements, charge-spin conversion is concluded to occur via thermally excited holes from the bulk states above 20 K, and conduction through the isotropic surface states with increasing spin polarization due to decreasing electron-electron scattering below 20 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Binda
- Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Fedel
- Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Paul Noël
- Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, CH-8093, Zurich, Switzerland
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4
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Zhu L. Switching of Perpendicular Magnetization by Spin-Orbit Torque. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2300853. [PMID: 37004142 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic materials with strong perpendicular magnetic anisotropy are of great interest for the development of nonvolatile magnetic memory and computing technologies due to their high stabilities at the nanoscale. However, electrical switching of such perpendicular magnetization in an energy-efficient, deterministic, scalable manner has remained a big challenge. This problem has recently attracted enormous efforts in the field of spintronics. Here, recent advances and challenges in the understanding of the electrical generation of spin currents, the switching mechanisms and the switching strategies of perpendicular magnetization, the switching current density by spin-orbit torque of transverse spins, the choice of perpendicular magnetic materials are reviewed, and the progress in prototype perpendicular SOT memory and logic devices toward the goal of energy-efficient, dense, fast perpendicular spin-orbit torque applications is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China
- College of Materials Science and Opto-Electronic Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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5
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Gao T, Qaiumzadeh A, Troncoso RE, Haku S, An H, Nakayama H, Tazaki Y, Zhang S, Tu R, Asami A, Brataas A, Ando K. Impact of inherent energy barrier on spin-orbit torques in magnetic-metal/semimetal heterojunctions. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5187. [PMID: 37626028 PMCID: PMC10457350 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40876-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Spintronic devices are based on heterojunctions of two materials with different magnetic and electronic properties. Although an energy barrier is naturally formed even at the interface of metallic heterojunctions, its impact on spin transport has been overlooked. Here, using diffusive spin Hall currents, we provide evidence that the inherent energy barrier governs the spin transport even in metallic systems. We find a sizable field-like torque, much larger than the damping-like counterpart, in Ni81Fe19/Bi0.1Sb0.9 bilayers. This is a distinct signature of barrier-mediated spin-orbit torques, which is consistent with our theory that predicts a strong modification of the spin mixing conductance induced by the energy barrier. Our results suggest that the spin mixing conductance and the corresponding spin-orbit torques are strongly altered by minimizing the work function difference in the heterostructure. These findings provide a new mechanism to control spin transport and spin torque phenomena by interfacial engineering of metallic heterostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tenghua Gao
- Keio Institute of Pure and Applied Science, Keio University, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
- Department of Applied Physics and Physico-Informatics, Keio University, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Alireza Qaiumzadeh
- Center for Quantum Spintronics, Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Roberto E Troncoso
- Center for Quantum Spintronics, Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Santiago, Chile
| | - Satoshi Haku
- Department of Applied Physics and Physico-Informatics, Keio University, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Hongyu An
- College of New Materials and New Energies, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, 518118, China
| | - Hiroki Nakayama
- Department of Applied Physics and Physico-Informatics, Keio University, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Yuya Tazaki
- Department of Applied Physics and Physico-Informatics, Keio University, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Song Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Rong Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials Synthesis and Processing, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Akio Asami
- Department of Applied Physics and Physico-Informatics, Keio University, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan
| | - Arne Brataas
- Center for Quantum Spintronics, Department of Physics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kazuya Ando
- Keio Institute of Pure and Applied Science, Keio University, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan.
- Department of Applied Physics and Physico-Informatics, Keio University, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan.
- Center for Spintronics Research Network, Keio University, Yokohama, 223-8522, Japan.
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6
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Wang H, Wu H, Zhang J, Liu Y, Chen D, Pandey C, Yin J, Wei D, Lei N, Shi S, Lu H, Li P, Fert A, Wang KL, Nie T, Zhao W. Room temperature energy-efficient spin-orbit torque switching in two-dimensional van der Waals Fe 3GeTe 2 induced by topological insulators. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5173. [PMID: 37620355 PMCID: PMC10449904 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40714-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) ferromagnetic materials with unique magnetic properties have great potential for next-generation spintronic devices with high flexibility, easy controllability, and high heretointegrability. However, realizing magnetic switching with low power consumption at room temperature is challenging. Here, we demonstrate the room-temperature spin-orbit torque (SOT) driven magnetization switching in an all-van der Waals (vdW) heterostructure using an optimized epitaxial growth approach. The topological insulator Bi2Te3 not only raises the Curie temperature of Fe3GeTe2 (FGT) through interfacial exchange coupling but also works as a spin current source allowing the FGT to switch at a low current density of ~2.2×106 A/cm2. The SOT efficiency is ~2.69, measured at room temperature. The temperature and thickness-dependent SOT efficiency prove that the larger SOT in our system mainly originates from the nontrivial topological origin of the heterostructure. Our experiments enable an all-vdW SOT structure and provides a solid foundation for the implementation of room-temperature all-vdW spintronic devices in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyu Wang
- Fert Beijing Institute, MIIT Key Laboratory of Spintronics, School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
- Shenyuan Honors College, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jie Zhang
- Fert Beijing Institute, MIIT Key Laboratory of Spintronics, School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingjie Liu
- Fert Beijing Institute, MIIT Key Laboratory of Spintronics, School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Dongdong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 912, Beijing, China
| | - Chandan Pandey
- Fert Beijing Institute, MIIT Key Laboratory of Spintronics, School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Jialiang Yin
- Fert Beijing Institute, MIIT Key Laboratory of Spintronics, School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Dahai Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 912, Beijing, China
| | - Na Lei
- Fert Beijing Institute, MIIT Key Laboratory of Spintronics, School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuyuan Shi
- Fert Beijing Institute, MIIT Key Laboratory of Spintronics, School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Haichang Lu
- Fert Beijing Institute, MIIT Key Laboratory of Spintronics, School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Albert Fert
- Fert Beijing Institute, MIIT Key Laboratory of Spintronics, School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
- Unité Mixte de Physique, CNRS, Thales, Univ. Paris-Sud, University of Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France
| | - Kang L Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tianxiao Nie
- Fert Beijing Institute, MIIT Key Laboratory of Spintronics, School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China.
| | - Weisheng Zhao
- Fert Beijing Institute, MIIT Key Laboratory of Spintronics, School of Integrated Circuit Science and Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China.
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7
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Rongione E, Baringthon L, She D, Patriarche G, Lebrun R, Lemaître A, Morassi M, Reyren N, Mičica M, Mangeney J, Tignon J, Bertran F, Dhillon S, Le Févre P, Jaffrès H, George JM. Spin-Momentum Locking and Ultrafast Spin-Charge Conversion in Ultrathin Epitaxial Bi 1 - x Sb x Topological Insulator. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023:e2301124. [PMID: 37098646 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202301124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The helicity of three-dimensional (3D) topological insulator surface states has drawn significant attention in spintronics owing to spin-momentum locking where the carriers' spin is oriented perpendicular to their momentum. This property can provide an efficient method to convert charge currents into spin currents, and vice-versa, through the Rashba-Edelstein effect. However, experimental signatures of these surface states to the spin-charge conversion are extremely difficult to disentangle from bulk state contributions. Here, spin- and angle-resolved photo-emission spectroscopy, and time-resolved THz emission spectroscopy are combined to categorically demonstrate that spin-charge conversion arises mainly from the surface state in Bi1 - x Sbx ultrathin films, down to few nanometers where confinement effects emerge. This large conversion efficiency is correlated, typically at the level of the bulk spin Hall effect from heavy metals, to the complex Fermi surface obtained from theoretical calculations of the inverse Rashba-Edelstein response. Both surface state robustness and sizeable conversion efficiency in epitaxial Bi1 - x Sbx thin films bring new perspectives for ultra-low power magnetic random-access memories and broadband THz generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Rongione
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Thales, Unité Mixte de Physique CNRS/Thales, F-91767, Palaiseau, France
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Universitè Paris Cité, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - L Baringthon
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Thales, Unité Mixte de Physique CNRS/Thales, F-91767, Palaiseau, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Départementale 128, Saint-Aubin, F-91190, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, Palaiseau, F-91120, France
| | - D She
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Thales, Unité Mixte de Physique CNRS/Thales, F-91767, Palaiseau, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Départementale 128, Saint-Aubin, F-91190, France
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, Palaiseau, F-91120, France
| | - G Patriarche
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, Palaiseau, F-91120, France
| | - R Lebrun
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Thales, Unité Mixte de Physique CNRS/Thales, F-91767, Palaiseau, France
| | - A Lemaître
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, Palaiseau, F-91120, France
| | - M Morassi
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Centre de Nanosciences et de Nanotechnologies, Palaiseau, F-91120, France
| | - N Reyren
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Thales, Unité Mixte de Physique CNRS/Thales, F-91767, Palaiseau, France
| | - M Mičica
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Universitè Paris Cité, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - J Mangeney
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Universitè Paris Cité, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - J Tignon
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Universitè Paris Cité, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - F Bertran
- Université Paris-Saclay, Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Départementale 128, Saint-Aubin, F-91190, France
| | - S Dhillon
- Laboratoire de Physique de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure, ENS, Université PSL, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Universitè Paris Cité, F-75005, Paris, France
| | - P Le Févre
- Université Paris-Saclay, Synchrotron SOLEIL, L'Orme des Merisiers, Départementale 128, Saint-Aubin, F-91190, France
| | - H Jaffrès
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Thales, Unité Mixte de Physique CNRS/Thales, F-91767, Palaiseau, France
| | - J-M George
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Thales, Unité Mixte de Physique CNRS/Thales, F-91767, Palaiseau, France
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8
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Fukumoto N, Ohshima R, Aoki M, Fuseya Y, Matsushima M, Shigematsu E, Shinjo T, Ando Y, Sakamoto S, Shiga M, Miwa S, Shiraishi M. Observation of large spin conversion anisotropy in bismuth. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2215030120. [PMID: 36952378 PMCID: PMC10068794 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2215030120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023] Open
Abstract
While the effective g-factor can be anisotropic due to the spin-orbit interaction (SOI), its existence in solids cannot be simply asserted from a band structure, which hinders progress on studies from such viewpoints. The effective g-factor in bismuth (Bi) is largely anisotropic; especially for holes at T-point, the effective g-factor perpendicular to the trigonal axis is negligibly small (<0.112), whereas the effective g-factor along the trigonal axis is very large (62.7). We clarified in this work that the large anisotropy of effective g-factor gives rise to the large spin conversion anisotropy in Bi from experimental and theoretical approaches. Spin-torque ferromagnetic resonance was applied to estimate the spin conversion efficiency in rhombohedral (110) Bi to be 17 to 27%, which is unlike the negligibly small efficiency in Bi(111). Harmonic Hall measurements support the large spin conversion efficiency in Bi(110). A large spin conversion anisotropy as the clear manifestation of the anisotropy of the effective g-factor is observed. Beyond the emblematic case of Bi, our study unveiled the significance of the effective g-factor anisotropy in condensed-matter physics and can pave a pathway toward establishing novel spin physics under g-factor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Fukumoto
- Department of Electronic Science and Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto615-8510, Japan
| | - Ryo Ohshima
- Department of Electronic Science and Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto615-8510, Japan
| | - Motomi Aoki
- Department of Electronic Science and Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto615-8510, Japan
| | - Yuki Fuseya
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Electro-Communications, Chofu, Tokyo182-8585, Japan
| | - Masayuki Matsushima
- Department of Electronic Science and Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto615-8510, Japan
| | - Ei Shigematsu
- Department of Electronic Science and Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto615-8510, Japan
| | - Teruya Shinjo
- Department of Electronic Science and Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto615-8510, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Ando
- Department of Electronic Science and Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto615-8510, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama332-0012, Japan
| | - Shoya Sakamoto
- The Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba227-8581, Japan
| | - Masanobu Shiga
- The Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba227-8581, Japan
| | - Shinji Miwa
- The Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Chiba227-8581, Japan
| | - Masashi Shiraishi
- Department of Electronic Science and Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto615-8510, Japan
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9
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Zhou X, Zhang RW, Yang X, Li XP, Feng W, Mokrousov Y, Yao Y. Disorder- and Topology-Enhanced Fully Spin-Polarized Currents in Nodal Chain Spin-Gapless Semimetals. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:097201. [PMID: 36083680 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.097201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Recently discovered high-quality nodal chain spin-gapless semimetals MF_{3} (M=Pd, Mn) feature an ultraclean nodal chain in the spin up channel residing right at the Fermi level and displaying a large spin gap leading to a 100% spin polarization of transport properties. Here, we investigate both intrinsic and extrinsic contributions to anomalous and spin transport in this class of materials. The dominant intrinsic origin is found to originate entirely from the gapped nodal chains without the entanglement of any other trivial bands. The side-jump mechanism is predicted to be negligibly small, but intrinsic skew scattering enhances the intrinsic Hall and Nernst signals significantly, leading to large values of respective conductivities. Our findings open a new material platform for exploring strong anomalous and spin transport properties in magnetic topological semimetals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Zhou
- Centre for Quantum Physics, Key Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurement (MOE), School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Beijing Key Lab of Nanophotonics and Ultrafine Optoelectronic Systems, School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Run-Wu Zhang
- Centre for Quantum Physics, Key Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurement (MOE), School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Beijing Key Lab of Nanophotonics and Ultrafine Optoelectronic Systems, School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiuxian Yang
- Centre for Quantum Physics, Key Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurement (MOE), School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Beijing Key Lab of Nanophotonics and Ultrafine Optoelectronic Systems, School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Li
- Centre for Quantum Physics, Key Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurement (MOE), School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Beijing Key Lab of Nanophotonics and Ultrafine Optoelectronic Systems, School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wanxiang Feng
- Centre for Quantum Physics, Key Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurement (MOE), School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Beijing Key Lab of Nanophotonics and Ultrafine Optoelectronic Systems, School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuriy Mokrousov
- Peter Grünberg Institut and Institute for Advanced Simulation, Forschungszentrum Jülich and JARA, 52425 Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Yugui Yao
- Centre for Quantum Physics, Key Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Quantum Architecture and Measurement (MOE), School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Beijing Key Lab of Nanophotonics and Ultrafine Optoelectronic Systems, School of Physics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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10
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Li Y, Zha X, Zhao Y, Lu Q, Li B, Li C, Zhou Z, Liu M. Enhancing the Spin-Orbit Torque Efficiency by the Insertion of a Sub-nanometer β-W Layer. ACS NANO 2022; 16:11852-11861. [PMID: 35912431 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c00093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Spin-orbit torque (SOT) efficiency is one of the key issues of spintronics. However, enhancing the SOT efficiency is usually limited by the positive correlation between resistivity and the spin Hall ratio, where a high resistivity often accompanies a large spin Hall ratio. Here, we demonstrate that sub-nanometer β-W intercalation has a considerable impact on the SOT efficiency in α-W (6 nm)/Co (8 nm)/Pt (3 nm) samples. The damping-like SOT efficiency per unit current density, ξDLj, of α-W (5.7 nm)/β-W (0.3 nm)/Co (8 nm)/Pt (3 nm) shows a ∼ 296% enhancement compared to that of the α-W/Co/Pt system. Meanwhile, a resistivity similar to that of α-W and the spin Hall ratio larger than β-W induce a giant damping-like SOT efficiency per applied electric field, ξDLE, which is about 12.1 times larger than that of β-W. Our findings will benefit the SOT devices by reducing energy consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaojin Li
- Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education & International Center for Dielectric Research, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, the International Joint Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Measurement Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xi Zha
- Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education & International Center for Dielectric Research, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, the International Joint Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Measurement Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yifan Zhao
- Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education & International Center for Dielectric Research, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, the International Joint Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Measurement Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Qi Lu
- Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education & International Center for Dielectric Research, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, the International Joint Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Measurement Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Boyan Li
- Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education & International Center for Dielectric Research, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, the International Joint Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Measurement Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Chunlei Li
- Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education & International Center for Dielectric Research, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, the International Joint Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Measurement Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Ziyao Zhou
- Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education & International Center for Dielectric Research, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, the International Joint Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Measurement Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Electronic Materials Research Laboratory, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education & International Center for Dielectric Research, School of Electronics and Information Engineering, the International Joint Laboratory for Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Measurement Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
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11
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Park H, Rho S, Kim J, Kim H, Kim D, Kang C, Cho M. Topological Surface-Dominated Spintronic THz Emission in Topologically Nontrivial Bi 1- x Sb x Films. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2200948. [PMID: 35596613 PMCID: PMC9313944 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202200948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Topological materials have significant potential for spintronic applications owing to their superior spin-charge interconversion. Here, the spin-to-charge conversion (SCC) characteristics of epitaxial Bi1- x Sbx films is investigated across the topological phase transition by spintronic terahertz (THz) spectroscopy. An unexpected, intense spintronic THz emission is observed in the topologically nontrivial semimetal Bi1- x Sbx films, significantly greater than that of Pt and Bi2 Se3 , which indicates the potential of Bi1- x Sbx for spintronic applications. More importantly, the topological surface state (TSS) is observed to significantly contribute to SCC, despite the coexistence of the bulk state, which is possible via a unique ultrafast SCC process, considering the decay process of the spin-polarized hot electrons. This means that topological material-based spintronic devices should be fabricated in a manner that fully utilizes the TSS, not the bulk state, to maximize their performance. The results not only provide a clue for identifying the source of the giant spin Hall angle of Bi1- x Sbx , but also expand the application potential of topological materials by indicating that the optically induced spin current provides a unique method for focused-spin injection into the TSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanbum Park
- Department of PhysicsYonsei UniversitySeoul03722Republic of Korea
- Department of Electrical and Computer EngineeringNational University of SingaporeSingapore119260Singapore
| | - Seungwon Rho
- Department of PhysicsYonsei UniversitySeoul03722Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghoon Kim
- Department of PhysicsYonsei UniversitySeoul03722Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeongmun Kim
- Department of PhysicsChonnam National UniversityGwangju61186Republic of Korea
- Advanced Photonics Research InstituteGwangju Institute of Science and TechnologyGwangju61005Republic of Korea
| | - Dajung Kim
- Department of PhysicsYonsei UniversitySeoul03722Republic of Korea
| | - Chul Kang
- Advanced Photonics Research InstituteGwangju Institute of Science and TechnologyGwangju61005Republic of Korea
| | - Mann‐Ho Cho
- Department of PhysicsYonsei UniversitySeoul03722Republic of Korea
- Department of System Semiconductor EngineeringYonsei UniversitySeoul03722Republic of Korea
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12
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Wang P, Migliorini A, Yang SH, Jeon JC, Kostanovskiy I, Meyerheim H, Han H, Deniz H, Parkin SSP. Giant Spin Hall Effect and Spin-Orbit Torques in 5d Transition Metal-Aluminum Alloys from Extrinsic Scattering. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2109406. [PMID: 35365874 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202109406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The generation of spin currents from charge currents via the spin Hall effect (SHE) is of fundamental and technological interest. Here, some of the largest SHEs yet observed via extrinsic scattering are found in a large class of binary compounds formed from a 5d element and aluminum, with a giant spin Hall angle (SHA) of ≈1 in the compound Os22 Al78 . A critical composition of the 5d element is found at which there is a structural phase boundary between poorly and highly textured crystalline material, where the SHA exhibits its largest value. Furthermore, a systematic increase is found in the spin Hall conductivity (SHC) and SHA at this critical composition as the atomic number of the 5d element is systematically increased. This clearly shows that the SHE and SHC are derived from extrinsic scattering mechanisms related to the potential mismatch between the 5d element and Al. These studies show the importance of extrinsic mechanisms derived from potential mismatch as a route to obtaining large spin Hall angles with high technological impact. Indeed, it is demonstrated that a state-of-the-art racetrack device has a several-fold increased current-induced domain wall efficiency using these materials as compared to prior-art materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Max Planck Institute for Microstructure Physics, 06120, Halle, Germany
- Institute of Physics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Andrea Migliorini
- Max Planck Institute for Microstructure Physics, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - See-Hun Yang
- Max Planck Institute for Microstructure Physics, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Jae-Chun Jeon
- Max Planck Institute for Microstructure Physics, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Ilya Kostanovskiy
- Max Planck Institute for Microstructure Physics, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Holger Meyerheim
- Max Planck Institute for Microstructure Physics, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Hyeon Han
- Max Planck Institute for Microstructure Physics, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Hakan Deniz
- Max Planck Institute for Microstructure Physics, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Stuart S P Parkin
- Max Planck Institute for Microstructure Physics, 06120, Halle, Germany
- Institute of Physics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120, Halle, Germany
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13
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Giant tunable spin Hall angle in sputtered Bi 2Se 3 controlled by an electric field. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1650. [PMID: 35347125 PMCID: PMC8960771 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29281-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Finding an effective way to greatly tune spin Hall angle in a low power manner is of fundamental importance for tunable and energy-efficient spintronic devices. Recently, topological insulator of Bi2Se3, having a large intrinsic spin Hall angle, show great capability to generate strong current-induced spin-orbit torques. Here we demonstrate that the spin Hall angle in Bi2Se3 can be effectively tuned asymmetrically and even enhanced about 600% reversibly by applying a bipolar electric field across the piezoelectric substrate. We reveal that the enhancement of spin Hall angle originates from both the charge doping and piezoelectric strain effet on the spin Berry curvature near Fermi level in Bi2Se3. Our findings provide a platform for achieving low power consumption and tunable spintronic devices. Controlling the spin Hall angle is significant to tunable and energy-efficient spintronic devices. Here, the authors demonstrate that the spin Hall angle in Bi2Se3 can be tuned and even enhanced about 600% reversibly by the electric field.
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14
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Fan T, Khang NHD, Nakano S, Hai PN. Ultrahigh efficient spin orbit torque magnetization switching in fully sputtered topological insulator and ferromagnet multilayers. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2998. [PMID: 35194059 PMCID: PMC8863830 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06779-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Spin orbit torque (SOT) magnetization switching of ferromagnets with large perpendicular magnetic anisotropy has a great potential for the next generation non-volatile magnetoresistive random-access memory (MRAM). It requires a high performance pure spin current source with a large spin Hall angle and high electrical conductivity, which can be fabricated by a mass production technique. In this work, we demonstrate ultrahigh efficient and robust SOT magnetization switching in fully sputtered BiSb topological insulator and perpendicularly magnetized Co/Pt multilayers. Despite fabricated by the magnetron sputtering instead of the laboratory molecular beam epitaxy, the topological insulator layer, BiSb, shows a large spin Hall angle of θSH = 10.7 and high electrical conductivity of σ = 1.5 × 105 Ω-1 m-1. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of BiSb topological insulator for implementation of ultralow power SOT-MRAM and other SOT-based spintronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Fan
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Nguyen Huynh Duy Khang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
- Department of Physics, Ho Chi Minh City University of Education, 280 An Duong Vuong Street, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, 738242, Vietnam
| | - Soichiro Nakano
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Pham Nam Hai
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan.
- Center for Spintronics Research Network (CSRN), The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.
- CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama, 332-0012, Japan.
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15
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Giant field-like torque by the out-of-plane magnetic spin Hall effect in a topological antiferromagnet. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6491. [PMID: 34795211 PMCID: PMC8602386 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26453-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Spin-orbit torques (SOT) enable efficient electrical control of the magnetic state of ferromagnets, ferrimagnets and antiferromagnets. However, the conventional SOT has severe limitation that only in-plane spins accumulate near the surface, whether interpreted as a spin Hall effect (SHE) or as an Edelstein effect. Such a SOT is not suitable for controlling perpendicular magnetization, which would be more beneficial for realizing low-power-consumption memory devices. Here we report the observation of a giant magnetic-field-like SOT in a topological antiferromagnet Mn3Sn, whose direction and size can be tuned by changing the order parameter direction of the antiferromagnet. To understand the magnetic SHE (MSHE)- and the conventional SHE-induced SOTs on an equal footing, we formulate them as interface spin-electric-field responses and analyzed using a macroscopic symmetry analysis and a complementary microscopic quantum kinetic theory. In this framework, the large out-of-plane spin accumulation due to the MSHE has an inter-band origin and is likely to be caused by the large momentum-dependent spin splitting in Mn3Sn. Our work demonstrates the unique potential of antiferromagnetic Weyl semimetals in overcoming the limitations of conventional SOTs and in realizing low-power spintronics devices with new functionalities. Conventional spin-orbit torque (SOT) enables electrical control of in-plane spins, not suitable for perpendicular magnetization. Here, the authors observe a large magnetic-field-like SOT due to a large out-of-plane spin accumulation in topological antiferromagnet Mn3Sn.
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16
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Peng CW, Liao WB, Chen TY, Pai CF. Efficient Spin-Orbit Torque Generation in Semiconducting WTe 2 with Hopping Transport. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:15950-15957. [PMID: 33769782 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c03530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Spin-orbit torques (SOTs) from transition metal dichalcogenide systems (TMDs) in conjunction with ferromagnetic materials are recently found to be attractive in spintronics for their versatile features. However, most of the previously studied crystalline TMDs are prepared by mechanical exfoliation, which limits their potentials for industrial applications. Here, we show that amorphous WTe2 heterostructures deposited by magnetron sputtering possess a sizable damping-like SOT efficiency of ξDLWTe2 ≈ 0.20 and low damping constant of α = 0.009 ± 0.001. Only an extremely low critical switching current density of Jc≈ 7.05 × 109 A/m2 is required to achieve SOT-driven magnetization switching. The SOT efficiency is further proved to depend on the W and Te relative compositions in the co-sputtered W100-xTex samples, from which a sign change of ξDLWTe2 is observed. In addition, the electronic transport in amorphous WTe2 is found to be semiconducting and is governed by a hopping mechanism. With the above advantages and rich tunability, amorphous and semiconducting WTe2 serves as a unique SOT source for future spintronics applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Wei Peng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Bang Liao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Tian-Yue Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Feng Pai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Center of Atomic Initiative for New Materials, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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17
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Zhu L, Zhu L, Buhrman RA. Fully Spin-Transparent Magnetic Interfaces Enabled by the Insertion of a Thin Paramagnetic NiO Layer. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:107204. [PMID: 33784166 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.107204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Spin backflow and spin-memory loss have been well established to considerably lower the interfacial spin transmissivity of metallic magnetic interfaces and thus the energy efficiency of spin-orbit torque technologies. Here, we report that spin backflow and spin-memory loss at Pt-based heavy metal-ferromagnet interfaces can be effectively eliminated by inserting an insulating paramagnetic NiO layer of optimum thickness. The latter enables the thermal magnon-mediated essentially unity spin-current transmission at room temperature due to considerably enhanced effective spin-mixing conductance of the interface. As a result, we obtain dampinglike spin-orbit torque efficiency per unit current density of up to 0.8 as detected by the standard technology ferromagnet FeCoB and others, which reaches the expected upper-limit spin Hall ratio of Pt. We establish that Pt/NiO and Pt-Hf/NiO are two energy-efficient, integration-friendly, and high-endurance spin-current generators that provide >100 times greater energy efficiency than sputter-deposited topological insulators BiSb and BiSe. Our finding will benefit spin-orbitronic research and advance spin-torque technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Zhu
- Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 912, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Lujun Zhu
- College of Physics and Information Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, China
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