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Giraldo-Castaño MC, Littlejohn KA, Avecilla ARC, Barrera-Villamizar N, Quiroz FG. Programmability and biomedical utility of intrinsically-disordered protein polymers. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2024; 212:115418. [PMID: 39094909 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2024.115418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) exhibit molecular-level conformational dynamics that are functionally harnessed across a wide range of fascinating biological phenomena. The low sequence complexity of IDPs has led to the design and development of intrinsically-disordered protein polymers (IDPPs), a class of engineered repeat IDPs with stimuli-responsive properties. The perfect repetitive architecture of IDPPs allows for repeat-level encoding of tunable protein functionality. Designer IDPPs can be modeled on endogenous IDPs or engineered de novo as protein polymers with dual biophysical and biological functionality. Their properties can be rationally tailored to access enigmatic IDP biology and to create programmable smart biomaterials. With the goal of inspiring the bioengineering of multifunctional IDP-based materials, here we synthesize recent multidisciplinary progress in programming and exploiting the bio-functionality of IDPPs and IDPP-containing proteins. Collectively, expanding beyond the traditional sequence space of extracellular IDPs, emergent sequence-level control of IDPP functionality is fueling the bioengineering of self-assembling biomaterials, advanced drug delivery systems, tissue scaffolds, and biomolecular condensates -genetically encoded organelle-like structures. Looking forward, we emphasize open challenges and emerging opportunities, arguing that the intracellular behaviors of IDPPs represent a rich space for biomedical discovery and innovation. Combined with the intense focus on IDP biology, the growing landscape of IDPPs and their biomedical applications set the stage for the accelerated engineering of high-value biotechnologies and biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Camila Giraldo-Castaño
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kai A Littlejohn
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Alexa Regina Chua Avecilla
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Natalia Barrera-Villamizar
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Felipe Garcia Quiroz
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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Feng JN, Jin T. Hepatic function of glucagon-like peptide-1 and its based diabetes drugs. MEDICAL REVIEW (2021) 2024; 4:312-325. [PMID: 39135602 PMCID: PMC11317081 DOI: 10.1515/mr-2024-0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Incretins are gut-produced peptide-hormones that potentiate insulin secretion, especially after food intake. The concept of incretin was formed more than 100 years ago, even before insulin was isolated and utilized in the treatment of subjects with type 1 diabetes. The first incretin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), was identified during later 1960's and early 1970's; while the second one, known as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), was recognized during 1980's. Today, GLP-1-based therapeutic agents [also known as GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists, GLP-1RAs] are among the first line drugs for type 2 diabetes. In addition to serving as incretin, extra-pancreatic functions of GLP-1RAs have been broadly recognized, including those in the liver, despite the absence of GLP-1R in hepatic tissue. The existence of insulin-independent or gut-pancreas-liver axis-independent hepatic function of GLP-1RAs explains why those therapeutic agents are effective in subjects with insulin resistance and their profound effect on lipid homeostasis. Following a brief review on the discovery of GLP-1, we reviewed literature on the exploration of hepatic function of GLP-1 and GLP-1RAs and discussed recent studies on the role of hepatic hormone fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) in mediating function of GLP-1RAs in animal models. This was followed by presenting our perspective views.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Nuo Feng
- Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tianru Jin
- Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Liu L, Ning N, Xu S, Chen D, Zhou L, Guo Z, Liang X, Ye X. Double promoter and tandem gene strategy for efficiently expressing recombinant FGF21. Microb Cell Fact 2024; 23:171. [PMID: 38867280 PMCID: PMC11167883 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-024-02447-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a promising candidate for treating metabolic disorder diseases and has been used in phase II clinical trials. Currently, metabolic diseases are prevalent worldwide, underscoring the significant market potential of FGF21. Therefore, the production of FGF21 must be effectively improved to meet market demand. RESULTS Herein, to investigate the impact of vectors and host cells on FGF21 expression, we successfully engineered strains that exhibit a high yield of FGF21. Surprisingly, the data revealed that vectors with various copy numbers significantly impact the expression of FGF21, and the results showed a 4.35-fold increase in expression levels. Furthermore, the performance of the double promoter and tandem gene expression construction design surpassed that of the conventional construction method, with a maximum difference of 2.67 times. CONCLUSION By exploring engineered vectors and host cells, we successfully achieved high-yield production of the FGF21 strain. This breakthrough lays a solid foundation for the future industrialization of FGF21. Additionally, FGF21 can be easily, quickly and efficiently expressed, providing a better tool and platform for the research and application of more recombinant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longying Liu
- Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang, 330000, China
| | - Nuoyi Ning
- Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang, 330000, China
| | - Simeng Xu
- Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang, 330000, China
| | - Dongqing Chen
- Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang, 330000, China
| | - Luping Zhou
- Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang, 330000, China
| | - Zhimou Guo
- Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang, 330000, China
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road 457, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Xinmiao Liang
- Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang, 330000, China.
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhongshan Road 457, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Xianlong Ye
- Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang, 330000, China.
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Chui ZSW, Shen Q, Xu A. Current status and future perspectives of FGF21 analogues in clinical trials. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2024; 35:371-384. [PMID: 38423900 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2024.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Recent advances in fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) biology and pharmacology have led to the development of several long-acting FGF21 analogues and antibody-based mimetics now in various phases of clinical trials for the treatment of obesity-related metabolic comorbidities. The efficacy of these FGF21 analogues/mimetics on glycaemic control and weight loss is rather mild and inconsistent; nevertheless, several promising therapeutic benefits have been reproducibly observed in most clinical studies, including amelioration of dyslipidaemia (particularly hypertriglyceridaemia) and hepatic steatosis, reduction of biomarkers of liver fibrosis and injury, and resolution of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH). Evidence is emerging that combination therapy with FGF21 analogues and other hormones (such as glucagon-like peptide 1; GLP-1) can synergise their pharmacological benefits, thus maximising the therapeutic efficacy for obesity and its comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zara Siu Wa Chui
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China; Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China; School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Qing Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China; Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| | - Aimin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China; Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China; Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR, China.
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5
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Chui ZSW, Xue Y, Xu A. Hormone-based pharmacotherapy for metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease. MEDICAL REVIEW (2021) 2024; 4:158-168. [PMID: 38680683 PMCID: PMC11046571 DOI: 10.1515/mr-2024-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) has reached epidemic proportions globally in parallel to the rising prevalence of obesity. Despite its significant burden, there is no approved pharmacotherapy specifically tailored for this disease. Many potential drug candidates for MAFLD have encountered setbacks in clinical trials, due to safety concerns or/and insufficient therapeutic efficacy. Nonetheless, several investigational drugs that mimic the actions of endogenous metabolic hormones, including thyroid hormone receptor β (THRβ) agonists, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) analogues, and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs), showed promising therapeutic efficacy and excellent safety profiles. Among them, resmetirom, a liver-targeted THRβ-selective agonist, has met the primary outcomes in alleviation of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH), the advanced form of MAFLD, and liver fibrosis in phase-3 clinical trials. These hormone-based pharmacotherapies not only exhibit varied degrees of therapeutic efficacy in mitigating hepatic steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis, but also improve metabolic profiles. Furthermore, these three hormonal agonists/analogues act in a complementary manner to exert their pharmacological effects, suggesting their combined therapies may yield synergistic therapeutic benefits. Further in-depth studies on the intricate interplay among these metabolic hormones are imperative for the development of more efficacious combination therapies, enabling precision management of MAFLD and its associated comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zara Siu Wa Chui
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yaqian Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Aimin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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6
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Phan A, MacKay JA. Steric stabilization of bioactive nanoparticles using elastin-like polypeptides. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2024; 206:115189. [PMID: 38281625 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2024.115189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Elastin-like polypeptides (ELP) are versatile, thermo-responsive polymers that can be conjugated to virtually any therapeutic cargo. Derived from short amino-acid sequences and abundant in humans, certain ELPs display low immunogenicity. Substrates for endogenous proteases, ELPs are biodegradable and thus, are candidate biomaterials. Peptides and proteins can be directly coupled with ELPs through genetic engineering, while other polymers and small molecules can be appended through covalent bioconjugation or non-covalent complexation. ELPs that phase separate at physiological temperatures can form the core of nano assemblies; however, ELPs that remain soluble can sterically stabilize the corona of a variety of nanoparticles. Nanoparticles with ELPs at their corona promote colloids with favorable pharmacokinetic (PK) properties that enables therapeutic efficacy with intermittent administration. This review highlights a comprehensive spectrum of ELP fusions shown to stabilize the solubility, and sometimes bioactivity, of their cargo - with a focus on biophysical properties that underlie their therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvin Phan
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - J Andrew MacKay
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Alfred E. Mann School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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7
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Allard C, Cota D, Quarta C. Poly-Agonist Pharmacotherapies for Metabolic Diseases: Hopes and New Challenges. Drugs 2024; 84:127-148. [PMID: 38127286 DOI: 10.1007/s40265-023-01982-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The use of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor-based multi-agonists in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity holds great promise for improving glycaemic control and weight management. Unimolecular dual and triple agonists targeting multiple gut hormone-related pathways are currently in clinical trials, with recent evidence supporting their efficacy. However, significant knowledge gaps remain regarding the biological mechanisms and potential adverse effects associated with these multi-target agents. The mechanisms underlying the therapeutic efficacy of GLP-1 receptor-based multi-agonists remain somewhat mysterious, and hidden threats may be associated with the use of gut hormone-based polyagonists. In this review, we provide a critical analysis of the benefits and risks associated with the use of these new drugs in the management of obesity and diabetes, while also exploring new potential applications of GLP-1-based pharmacology beyond the field of metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Allard
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Daniela Cota
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Carmelo Quarta
- University of Bordeaux, INSERM, Neurocentre Magendie, U1215, 33000, Bordeaux, France.
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Liang Y, Chen Q, Chang Y, Han J, Yan J, Chen Z, Zhou J. Critical role of FGF21 in diabetic kidney disease: from energy metabolism to innate immunity. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1333429. [PMID: 38312833 PMCID: PMC10834771 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1333429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) stands as the predominant cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) on a global scale, with its incidence witnessing a consistent annual rise, thereby imposing a substantial burden on public health. The pathogenesis of DKD is primarily rooted in metabolic disorders and inflammation. Recent years have seen a surge in studies highlighting the regulatory impact of energy metabolism on innate immunity, forging a significant area of research interest. Within this context, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), recognized as an energy metabolism regulator, assumes a pivotal role. Beyond its role in maintaining glucose and lipid metabolism homeostasis, FGF21 exerts regulatory influence on innate immunity, concurrently inhibiting inflammation and fibrosis. Serving as a nexus between energy metabolism and innate immunity, FGF21 has evolved into a therapeutic target for diabetes, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and cardiovascular diseases. While the relationship between FGF21 and DKD has garnered increased attention in recent studies, a comprehensive exploration of this association has yet to be systematically addressed. This paper seeks to fill this gap by summarizing the mechanisms through which FGF21 operates in DKD, encompassing facets of energy metabolism and innate immunity. Additionally, we aim to assess the diagnostic and prognostic value of FGF21 in DKD and explore its potential role as a treatment modality for the condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingnan Liang
- Department of Nephrology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Chang
- Department of Nephrology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Junsong Han
- Department of Nephrology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaxin Yan
- Department of Nephrology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenjie Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jingwei Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, Dongzhimen Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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Shen H, Yang M, Yin K, Wang J, Tang L, Lei B, Yang L, Kang A, Sun H. Size- and surface charge-dependent hormetic effects of microplastics on bacterial resistance and their interactive effects with quinolone antibiotic. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 903:166580. [PMID: 37633387 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
The facilitation of microplastics (MPs) on bacterial resistance has attracted wide concern, due to the widespread presence of MPs in environmental media and their ubiquitous contact with bacteria strains. Furthermore, MPs possibly co-exist with antibiotics to trigger combined stress on bacterial survival. Therefore, it is significant to reveal the dose-responses of MPs and MP-antibiotic mixtures on bacterial endogenous and exogenous resistance. In this study, 0.1 and 5 μm polystyrenes with no surface functionalization (PS-NF, no charge), surface functionalized with amino groups (PS-NH2, positive charge) and carboxyl groups (PS-COOH, negative charge) were selected as the test MPs, and norfloxacin (NOR) was set as the representative of antibiotics. It was found that six types of PS all inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli (E. coli) but induced hormetic dose-responses on the mutation frequency (MF) and conjugative transfer frequency (CTF) of RP4 plasmid in E. coli. Moreover, these hormetic effects exhibited size- and surface charge-dependent features, where 0.1 μm PS-NH2 (100 mg/L) triggered the maximum stimulatory rates on MF (363.63 %) and CTF (74.80 %). The hormetic phenomena of MF and CTF were also observed in the treatments of PS-NOR mixtures, which varied with the particle size and surface charge of PS. In addition, the interactive effects between PS and NOR indicated that the co-existence of PS and NOR might trigger greater resistance risk than the single pollutants. Mechanistic exploration demonstrated that the increase of cellular reactive oxygen species and the variation of cell membrane permeability participated in the hormetic effects of PS and PS-NOR mixtures on bacterial resistance. This study provides new insights into the individual effects of MPs and the combined effects of MP-antibiotic mixtures on bacterial resistance, which will promote the development of environmental risk assessment of MPs from the perspective of bacterial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Shen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Mingru Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Kangnian Yin
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Jing Wang
- School of Environmental and Material Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai 264005, China
| | - Liang Tang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Bo Lei
- Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Hebei Technological Innovation Center for Volatile Organic Compounds Detection and Treatment in Chemical Industry, Hebei Chemical & Pharmaceutical College, Shijiazhuang 050026, China.
| | - Aibin Kang
- Hebei Technological Innovation Center for Volatile Organic Compounds Detection and Treatment in Chemical Industry, Hebei Chemical & Pharmaceutical College, Shijiazhuang 050026, China
| | - Haoyu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
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Kim J, Chang N, Kim Y, Lee J, Oh D, Choi J, Kim O, Kim S, Choi M, Lee J, Lee J, Kim J, Cho M, Kim M, Lee K, Hwang D, Sa JK, Park S, Baek S, Im D. The Novel Tetra-Specific Drug C-192, Conjugated Using UniStac, Alleviates Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis in an MCD Diet-Induced Mouse Model. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1601. [PMID: 38004466 PMCID: PMC10674394 DOI: 10.3390/ph16111601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a complex disease resulting from chronic liver injury associated with obesity, type 2 diabetes, and inflammation. Recently, the importance of developing multi-target drugs as a strategy to address complex diseases such as NASH has been growing; however, their manufacturing processes remain time- and cost-intensive and inefficient. To overcome these limitations, we developed UniStac, a novel enzyme-mediated conjugation platform for multi-specific drug development. UniStac demonstrated high conjugation yields, optimal thermal stabilities, and robust biological activities. We designed a tetra-specific compound, C-192, targeting glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), glucagon (GCG), fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) simultaneously for the treatment of NASH using UniStac. The biological activity and treatment efficacy of C-192 were confirmed both in vitro and in vivo using a methionine-choline-deficient (MCD) diet-induced mouse model. C-192 exhibited profound therapeutic efficacies compared to conventional drugs, including liraglutide and dulaglutide. C-192 significantly improved alanine transaminase levels, triglyceride accumulation, and the non-alcoholic fatty liver disease activity score. In this study, we demonstrated the feasibility of UniStac in creating multi-specific drugs and confirmed the therapeutic potential of C-192, a drug that integrates multiple mechanisms into a single molecule for the treatment of NASH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihye Kim
- Onegene Biotechnology, Inc., 205 Ace Gwanggyo Tower 2, 91 Changnyong-daero 256 beon-gil, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si 16229, Republic of Korea; (J.K.); (J.C.); (J.K.); (K.L.)
| | - Nakho Chang
- Onegene Biotechnology, Inc., 205 Ace Gwanggyo Tower 2, 91 Changnyong-daero 256 beon-gil, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si 16229, Republic of Korea; (J.K.); (J.C.); (J.K.); (K.L.)
| | - Yunki Kim
- Onegene Biotechnology, Inc., 205 Ace Gwanggyo Tower 2, 91 Changnyong-daero 256 beon-gil, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si 16229, Republic of Korea; (J.K.); (J.C.); (J.K.); (K.L.)
| | - Jaehyun Lee
- Onegene Biotechnology, Inc., 205 Ace Gwanggyo Tower 2, 91 Changnyong-daero 256 beon-gil, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si 16229, Republic of Korea; (J.K.); (J.C.); (J.K.); (K.L.)
| | - Daeseok Oh
- Onegene Biotechnology, Inc., 205 Ace Gwanggyo Tower 2, 91 Changnyong-daero 256 beon-gil, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si 16229, Republic of Korea; (J.K.); (J.C.); (J.K.); (K.L.)
| | - Jaeyoung Choi
- Onegene Biotechnology, Inc., 205 Ace Gwanggyo Tower 2, 91 Changnyong-daero 256 beon-gil, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si 16229, Republic of Korea; (J.K.); (J.C.); (J.K.); (K.L.)
| | - Onyou Kim
- Onegene Biotechnology, Inc., 205 Ace Gwanggyo Tower 2, 91 Changnyong-daero 256 beon-gil, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si 16229, Republic of Korea; (J.K.); (J.C.); (J.K.); (K.L.)
| | - Sujin Kim
- Onegene Biotechnology, Inc., 205 Ace Gwanggyo Tower 2, 91 Changnyong-daero 256 beon-gil, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si 16229, Republic of Korea; (J.K.); (J.C.); (J.K.); (K.L.)
| | - Myongho Choi
- Onegene Biotechnology, Inc., 205 Ace Gwanggyo Tower 2, 91 Changnyong-daero 256 beon-gil, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si 16229, Republic of Korea; (J.K.); (J.C.); (J.K.); (K.L.)
| | - Junyeob Lee
- Onegene Biotechnology, Inc., 205 Ace Gwanggyo Tower 2, 91 Changnyong-daero 256 beon-gil, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si 16229, Republic of Korea; (J.K.); (J.C.); (J.K.); (K.L.)
| | - Junghwa Lee
- Onegene Biotechnology, Inc., 205 Ace Gwanggyo Tower 2, 91 Changnyong-daero 256 beon-gil, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si 16229, Republic of Korea; (J.K.); (J.C.); (J.K.); (K.L.)
| | - Jungyul Kim
- Onegene Biotechnology, Inc., 205 Ace Gwanggyo Tower 2, 91 Changnyong-daero 256 beon-gil, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si 16229, Republic of Korea; (J.K.); (J.C.); (J.K.); (K.L.)
| | - Minji Cho
- Onegene Biotechnology, Inc., 205 Ace Gwanggyo Tower 2, 91 Changnyong-daero 256 beon-gil, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si 16229, Republic of Korea; (J.K.); (J.C.); (J.K.); (K.L.)
| | - Minsu Kim
- Onegene Biotechnology, Inc., 205 Ace Gwanggyo Tower 2, 91 Changnyong-daero 256 beon-gil, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si 16229, Republic of Korea; (J.K.); (J.C.); (J.K.); (K.L.)
| | - Kwanghwan Lee
- Onegene Biotechnology, Inc., 205 Ace Gwanggyo Tower 2, 91 Changnyong-daero 256 beon-gil, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si 16229, Republic of Korea; (J.K.); (J.C.); (J.K.); (K.L.)
| | - Dukhyun Hwang
- Onegene Biotechnology, Inc., 205 Ace Gwanggyo Tower 2, 91 Changnyong-daero 256 beon-gil, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si 16229, Republic of Korea; (J.K.); (J.C.); (J.K.); (K.L.)
| | - Jason K. Sa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjin Park
- Onegene Biotechnology, Inc., 205 Ace Gwanggyo Tower 2, 91 Changnyong-daero 256 beon-gil, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si 16229, Republic of Korea; (J.K.); (J.C.); (J.K.); (K.L.)
| | - Seungjae Baek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Daeseong Im
- Onegene Biotechnology, Inc., 205 Ace Gwanggyo Tower 2, 91 Changnyong-daero 256 beon-gil, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-si 16229, Republic of Korea; (J.K.); (J.C.); (J.K.); (K.L.)
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11
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Guo Y, Liu S, Jing D, Liu N, Luo X. The construction of elastin-like polypeptides and their applications in drug delivery system and tissue repair. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:418. [PMID: 37951928 PMCID: PMC10638729 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-02184-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs) are thermally responsive biopolymers derived from natural elastin. These peptides have a low critical solution temperature phase behavior and can be used to prepare stimuli-responsive biomaterials. Through genetic engineering, biomaterials prepared from ELPs can have unique and customizable properties. By adjusting the amino acid sequence and length of ELPs, nanostructures, such as micelles and nanofibers, can be formed. Correspondingly, ELPs have been used for improving the stability and prolonging drug-release time. Furthermore, ELPs have widespread use in tissue repair due to their biocompatibility and biodegradability. Here, this review summarizes the basic property composition of ELPs and the methods for modulating their phase transition properties, discusses the application of drug delivery system and tissue repair and clarifies the current challenges and future directions of ELPs in applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingshu Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China.
| | - Shiwei Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Dan Jing
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Nianzu Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Xiliang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Optic-Electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266042, China.
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12
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Carbonetti MP, Almeida-Oliveira F, Majerowicz D. Use of FGF21 analogs for the treatment of metabolic disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. ARCHIVES OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 2023; 68:e220493. [PMID: 37948566 PMCID: PMC10916804 DOI: 10.20945/2359-4292-2022-0493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
FGF21 is a hormone produced primarily by the liver with several metabolic functions, such as induction of heat production, control of glucose homeostasis, and regulation of blood lipid levels. Due to these actions, several laboratories have developed FGF21 analogs to treat patients with metabolic disorders such as obesity and diabetes. Here, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials that used FGF21 analogs and analyzed metabolic outcomes. Our search yielded 236 articles, and we included eight randomized clinical trials in the meta-analysis. The use of FGF21 analogs exhibited no effect on fasting blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin, HOMA index, blood free fatty acids or systolic blood pressure. However, the treatment significantly reduced fasting insulinemia, body weight and total cholesterolemia. None of the included studies were at high risk of bias. The quality of the evidence ranged from moderate to very low, especially due to imprecision and indirection issues. These results indicate that FGF21 analogs can potentially treat metabolic syndrome. However, more clinical trials are needed to increase the quality of evidence and confirm the effects seen thus far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Paula Carbonetti
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Fernanda Almeida-Oliveira
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - David Majerowicz
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biociências, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil,
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13
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Andreasen CR, Andersen A, Vilsbøll T. The future of incretins in the treatment of obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Diabetologia 2023; 66:1846-1858. [PMID: 37498367 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-023-05966-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
In the last few decades, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists have changed current guidelines and improved outcomes for individuals with type 2 diabetes. However, the dual glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor (GIPR)/GLP-1R agonist, tirzepatide, has demonstrated superior efficacy regarding improvements in HbA1c and body weight in people with type 2 diabetes. This has led to increasing scientific interest in incretin hormones and incretin interactions, and several compounds based on dual- and multi-agonists are now being investigated for the treatment of metabolic diseases. Herein, we highlight the key scientific advances in utilising incretins for the treatment of obesity and, potentially, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The development of multi-agonists with multi-organ targets may alter the natural history of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine R Andreasen
- Clinical Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Andreas Andersen
- Clinical Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Tina Vilsbøll
- Clinical Research, Copenhagen University Hospital - Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Denmark.
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark.
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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14
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Amatya R, Lee D, Min KA, Shin MC. Pharmaceutical Strategies to Improve Druggability of Potential Drug Candidates in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Therapy. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:1963. [PMID: 37514148 PMCID: PMC10386216 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become globally prevalent and is the leading cause of chronic liver disease. Although NAFLD is reversible without medical intervention in the early stage, the condition could be sequentially worsened to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and, eventually, cirrhosis and hepatic cancer. The progression of NAFLD is related to various factors such as genetics, pre-disposed metabolic disorders, and immunologic factors. Thankfully, to date, there have been accumulating research efforts and, as a result, different classes of potent drug candidates have been discovered. In addition, there have also been various attempts to explore pharmaceutical strategies to improve the druggability of drug candidates. In this review, we provided a brief overview of the drug candidates that have undergone clinical trials. In the latter part, strategies for developing better drugs are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reeju Amatya
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju Daero, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghee Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju Daero, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Ah Min
- College of Pharmacy and Inje Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Inje University, 197 Injero, Gimhae 50834, Republic of Korea
| | - Meong Cheol Shin
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, 501 Jinju Daero, Jinju 52828, Republic of Korea
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15
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Abdel-Malek M, Yang L, Miras AD. Pharmacotherapy for chronic obesity management: a look into the future. Intern Emerg Med 2023; 18:1019-1030. [PMID: 37249754 PMCID: PMC10326094 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-023-03237-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Substantial leaps have been made in the drug discovery front in tackling the growing pandemic of obesity and its metabolic co-morbidities. Greater mechanistic insight and understanding of the gut-brain molecular pathways at play have enabled the pursuit of novel therapeutic agents that possess increasingly efficacious weight-lowering potential whilst remaining safe and tolerable for clinical use. In the wake of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) based therapy, we look at recent advances in gut hormone biology that have fermented the development of next generation pharmacotherapy in diabesity that harness synergistic potential. In this paper, we review the latest data from the SURPASS and SURMOUNT clinical trials for the novel 'twincretin', known as Tirzepatide, which has demonstrated sizeable body weight reduction as well as glycaemic efficacy. We also provide an overview of amylin-based combination strategies and other emerging therapies in the pipeline that are similarly providing great promise for the future of chronic management of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa Yang
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Alexander Dimitri Miras
- School of Medicine, Ulster University, Derry~Londonderry, UK
- Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Imperial College London, London, UK
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16
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Ye X, Chen Y, Qi J, Zhu S, Wu Y, Xiong J, Hu F, Guo Z, Liang X. Design and pharmaceutical evaluation of bifunctional fusion protein of FGF21 and GLP-1 in the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Eur J Pharmacol 2023:175811. [PMID: 37245859 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) may be useful for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, obesity, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Previous studies have shown that GLP-1 may synergize with FGF21 in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism. Currently, no approved drug therapy is available for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Here, we constructed and screened dual-targeting fusion proteins of GLP-1 and FGF21, connected by elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs), to investigate whether a combination of these two hormones would have therapeutic effects in models of NASH. The temperature phase transition and release of the hormones under physiological conditions were studied to identify a bifunctional fusion protein of FGF21 and GLP-1 (GEF) that was highly stable and showed sustained release. We further evaluated the quality and therapeutic efficacy of GEF in three mouse models of NASH. We successfully synthesized a novel recombinant bifunctional fusion protein with high stability and low immunogenicity. The GEF protein synthesized ameliorated hepatic lipid accumulation, hepatocyte damage, and inflammation; prevented the progression of NASH in the three models; reduced glycemia; and caused weight loss. This novel GEF molecule may be suitable for clinical use for the treatment of NAFLD/NASH and related metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianlong Ye
- Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang, 330000, China.
| | - Yingli Chen
- Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang, 330000, China
| | - Jianying Qi
- National Research Centre for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Avenue, Nanchang, 330022, China
| | - Shenglong Zhu
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wu
- Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang, 330000, China
| | - Jingjing Xiong
- Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang, 330000, China
| | - Fei Hu
- Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang, 330000, China
| | - Zhimou Guo
- Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang, 330000, China; Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Zhongshan Road 457, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Xinmiao Liang
- Ganjiang Chinese Medicine Innovation Center, Nanchang, 330000, China; Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Zhongshan Road 457, Dalian, 116023, China.
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17
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Ji Y, Liu D, Zhu H, Bao L, Chang R, Gao X, Yin J. Unstructured Polypeptides as a Versatile Drug Delivery Technology. Acta Biomater 2023; 164:74-93. [PMID: 37075961 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Although polyethylene glycol (PEG), or "PEGylation" has become a widely applied approach for improving the efficiency of drug delivery, the immunogenicity and non-biodegradability of this synthetic polymer have prompted an evident need for alternatives. To overcome these caveats and to mimic PEG -or other natural or synthetic polymers- for the purpose of drug half-life extension, unstructured polypeptides are designed. Due to their tunable length, biodegradability, low immunogenicity and easy production, unstructured polypeptides have the potential to replace PEG as the preferred technology for therapeutic protein/peptide delivery. This review provides an overview of the evolution of unstructured polypeptides, starting from natural polypeptides to engineered polypeptides and discusses their characteristics. Then, it is described that unstructured polypeptides have been successfully applied to numerous drugs, including peptides, proteins, antibody fragments, and nanocarriers, for half-life extension. Innovative applications of unstructured peptides as releasable masks, multimolecular adaptors and intracellular delivery carriers are also discussed. Finally, challenges and future perspectives of this promising field are briefly presented. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: : Polypeptide fusion technology simulating PEGylation has become an important topic for the development of long-circulating peptide or protein drugs without reduced activity, complex processes, and kidney injury caused by PEG modification. Here we provide a detailed and in-depth review of the recent advances in unstructured polypeptides. In addition to the application of enhanced pharmacokinetic performance, emphasis is placed on polypeptides as scaffolders for the delivery of multiple drugs, and on the preparation of reasonably designed polypeptides to manipulate the performance of proteins and peptides. This review will provide insight into future application of polypeptides in peptide or protein drug development and the design of novel functional polypeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Ji
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Dingkang Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Haichao Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lichen Bao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Ruilong Chang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Xiangdong Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Jun Yin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals and State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
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18
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Zhang Y, Zhao X, Dong X, Zhang Y, Zou H, Jin Y, Guo W, Zhai P, Chen X, Kharitonenkov A. Activity-balanced GLP-1/GDF15 dual agonist reduces body weight and metabolic disorder in mice and non-human primates. Cell Metab 2023; 35:287-298.e4. [PMID: 36706758 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2023.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is a considerable health concern with limited pharmacotherapy options of low efficacy. Here, we develop a GLP-1/GDF15 fusion protein and explore its weight-lowering potential in animals. The molecule, QL1005, is engineered via fusing GLP-1 and GDF15 analogs by a peptide linker and conjugating it to a fatty acid for time-action extension. In vitro, the potency of QL1005 is superior to the GLP-1 analog semaglutide. In obese mice, QL1005 induces reductions in body weight, food intake, insulin, fasting glucose, and triglycerides. Notably, these metabolic effects come as a result of activities emanating from both GLP-1 and GDF15, in an individual pathway-balanced fashion. In a cynomolgus monkey model of obesity, QL1005 reduces body weight, food intake, insulin, and glucose in a dose-dependent manner with limited incidence of GI side effects. Altogether, this long-acting, dual GLP-1/GDF15 molecule demonstrates the promise of poly-pharmaceutical approaches in metabolic drug discovery and development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xinyu Zhao
- Beijing QL Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Xiaona Dong
- Beijing QL Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Yuying Zhang
- Beijing QL Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Haixia Zou
- Beijing QL Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Yaoguang Jin
- Beijing QL Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Wei Guo
- Beijing QL Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Peng Zhai
- Beijing QL Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Beijing QL Biopharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
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19
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Tan H, Yue T, Chen Z, Wu W, Xu S, Weng J. Targeting FGF21 in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases: from mechanism to medicine. Int J Biol Sci 2023; 19:66-88. [PMID: 36594101 PMCID: PMC9760446 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.73936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular and metabolic disease (CVMD) is becoming increasingly prevalent in developed and developing countries with high morbidity and mortality. In recent years, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) has attracted intensive research interest due to its purported role as a potential biomarker and critical player in CVMDs, including atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, hypoxia/reoxygenation injury, heart failure, type 2 diabetes, obesity, and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. This review summarizes the recent developments in investigating the role of FGF21 in CVMDs and explores the mechanism whereby FGF21 regulates the development of CVMDs. Novel molecular targets and related pathways of FGF21 (adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase, silent information regulator 1, autophagy-related molecules, and gut microbiota-related molecules) are highlighted in this review. Considering the poor pharmacokinetics and biophysical properties of native FGF21, the development of new generations of FGF21-based drugs has tremendous therapeutic potential. Related preclinical and clinical studies are also summarized in this review to foster clinical translation. Thus, our review provides a timely and insightful overview of the physiology, biomarker potential, molecular targets, and therapeutic potential of FGF21 in CVMDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Tan
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Clinical Research Hospital of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Hefei), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Tong Yue
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Clinical Research Hospital of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Hefei), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Zhengfang Chen
- Changshu Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Changshu No.1 People's Hospital, Changshu 215500, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Weiming Wu
- Changshu Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Changshu, China
| | - Suowen Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Clinical Research Hospital of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Hefei), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China.,✉ Corresponding authors: E-mail: ;
| | - Jianping Weng
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Clinical Research Hospital of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Hefei), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China.,✉ Corresponding authors: E-mail: ;
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20
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Zhang C, Gao G, Li Y, Ying J, Li J, Hu S. Design of a Dual Agonist of Exendin-4 and FGF21 as a Potential Treatment for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Obesity. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL RESEARCH : IJPR 2023; 22:e131015. [PMID: 38116563 PMCID: PMC10728834 DOI: 10.5812/ijpr-131015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Background Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a metabolic, endocrine hormone regulating insulin sensitivity, energy expenditure, and lipid metabolism. It has significant potential as a therapeutic drug for treating type 2 diabetes and obesity. However, the clinical efficacy of FGF21 analogs is limited due to their instability and short half-life. Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists have been recognized as effective medications for type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity over the past two decades. Methods This study designed a new long-acting dual-agonist, exendin-4/FGF21, utilizing albumin-binding-designed ankyrin repeat proteins (DARPins) as carriers. The purified fusion proteins were subcutaneously injected into mice for pharmacokinetic and biological activity studies. Results Ex-DARP-FGF21 had a high binding affinity for human serum albumin (HSA) in vitro and a prolonged half-life of 27.6 hours in vivo. Bioactivity results reveal that Ex-DARP-FGF21 significantly reduced blood glucose levels in healthy mice. Moreover, compared to Ex-DARP alone, the Ex-DARP-FGF21 dual agonist displayed enhanced blood glucose lowering bioactivity and superior body weight management in the diet-induced obesity (DIO) mouse model. Conclusions These results indicate that the long-acting dual agonist of exendin-4 and FGF21 holds considerable potential as a treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Guosheng Gao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Ningbo No.2 Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Yafeng Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Duchuangsanzhong Biotech Co., Ltd., Jiaxing, China
| | - Jingjing Ying
- Department of Pharmacy, Ningbo No.2 Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Jianhui Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Ningbo No.2 Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Supei Hu
- Department of Science and Education, Ningbo No.2 Hospital, Ningbo, China
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21
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Prida E, Álvarez-Delgado S, Pérez-Lois R, Soto-Tielas M, Estany-Gestal A, Fernø J, Seoane LM, Quiñones M, Al-Massadi O. Liver Brain Interactions: Focus on FGF21 a Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113318. [PMID: 36362103 PMCID: PMC9658462 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 is a pleiotropic hormone secreted mainly by the liver in response to metabolic and nutritional challenges. Physiologically, fibroblast growth factor 21 plays a key role in mediating the metabolic responses to fasting or starvation and acts as an important regulator of energy homeostasis, glucose and lipid metabolism, and insulin sensitivity, in part by its direct action on the central nervous system. Accordingly, pharmacological recombinant fibroblast growth factor 21 therapies have been shown to counteract obesity and its related metabolic disorders in both rodents and nonhuman primates. In this systematic review, we discuss how fibroblast growth factor 21 regulates metabolism and its interactions with the central nervous system. In addition, we also state our vision for possible therapeutic uses of this hepatic-brain axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Prida
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), Travesía da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Sara Álvarez-Delgado
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), Travesía da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Raquel Pérez-Lois
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), Travesía da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Mateo Soto-Tielas
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), Travesía da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ana Estany-Gestal
- Unidad de Metodología de la Investigación, Fundación Instituto de Investigación de Santiago (FIDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Johan Fernø
- Hormone Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Haukeland University Hospital, 5201 Bergen, Norway
| | - Luisa María Seoane
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), Travesía da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Mar Quiñones
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), Travesía da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.Q.); (O.A.-M.); Tel.: +34-981955708 (M.Q.); +34-981955522 (O.A.-M.)
| | - Omar Al-Massadi
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago de Compostela, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago (CHUS/SERGAS), Travesía da Choupana s/n, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.Q.); (O.A.-M.); Tel.: +34-981955708 (M.Q.); +34-981955522 (O.A.-M.)
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Gong L, Yang Z, Zhang F, Gao W. Cytokine conjugates to elastin-like polypeptides. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 190:114541. [PMID: 36126792 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines are a group of pleiotropic proteins which are crucial for various biological processes and useful as therapeutics. However, they usually suffer from the poor stability, extreme short circulation half-life, difficulty in high-yield and large-scale production and side effects, which greatly restricts their applications. Over the past decades, conjugation of cytokines with elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs), a type of promising biomaterials, have showed great potential in solving these challenges due to ELP's thermal responsiveness, excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability, non-immunogenicity, and ease of design and control at the genetic level. This review presents recent progress in the design and production of a variety of ELP conjugated cytokines for extended circulation, enhanced stability, increased soluble protein expression, simplified purification, improved drug delivery, and controlled release. Notably, the unique thermoresponsive properties of cytokine-ELP conjugates make it possible to self-assemble into micelles with drastically extended circulatory half-life for targeted delivery or to in situ form drug depots for topical administration and controlled release. The challenges and issues in the emerging field are further discussed and the future directions are pointed out at the end of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Like Gong
- Institute of Medical Technology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China; Biomedical Engineering Department, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Peking University International Cancer Institute, Beijing 100191, China; Peking University-Yunnan Baiyao International Medical Research Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Zhaoying Yang
- Institute of Medical Technology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China; Biomedical Engineering Department, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Peking University International Cancer Institute, Beijing 100191, China; Peking University-Yunnan Baiyao International Medical Research Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Institute of Medical Technology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China; Biomedical Engineering Department, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Peking University International Cancer Institute, Beijing 100191, China; Peking University-Yunnan Baiyao International Medical Research Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Weiping Gao
- Institute of Medical Technology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China; Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing 100081, China; Biomedical Engineering Department, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China; Peking University International Cancer Institute, Beijing 100191, China; Peking University-Yunnan Baiyao International Medical Research Center, Beijing 100191, China.
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23
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Claflin KE, Sullivan AI, Naber MC, Flippo KH, Morgan DA, Neff TJ, Jensen-Cody SO, Zhu Z, Zingman LV, Rahmouni K, Potthoff MJ. Pharmacological FGF21 signals to glutamatergic neurons to enhance leptin action and lower body weight during obesity. Mol Metab 2022; 64:101564. [PMID: 35944896 PMCID: PMC9403559 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a peripherally-derived endocrine hormone that acts on the central nervous system (CNS) to regulate whole body energy homeostasis. Pharmacological administration of FGF21 promotes weight loss in obese animal models and human subjects with obesity. However, the central targets mediating these effects are incompletely defined. METHODS To explore the mechanism for FGF21's effects to lower body weight, we pharmacologically administer FGF21 to genetic animal models lacking the obligate FGF21 co-receptor, β-klotho (KLB), in either glutamatergic (Vglut2-Cre) or GABAergic (Vgat-Cre) neurons. In addition, we abolish FGF21 signaling to leptin receptor (LepR-Cre) positive cells. Finally, we examine the synergistic effects of FGF21 and leptin to lower body weight and explore the importance of physiological leptin levels in FGF21-mediated regulation of body weight. RESULTS Here we show that FGF21 signaling to glutamatergic neurons is required for FGF21 to modulate energy expenditure and promote weight loss. In addition, we demonstrate that FGF21 signals to leptin receptor-expressing cells to regulate body weight, and that central leptin signaling is required for FGF21 to fully stimulate body weight loss during obesity. Interestingly, co-administration of FGF21 and leptin synergistically leads to robust weight loss. CONCLUSIONS These data reveal an important endocrine crosstalk between liver- and adipose-derived signals which integrate in the CNS to modulate energy homeostasis and body weight regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin E Claflin
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Andrew I Sullivan
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Meghan C Naber
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Kyle H Flippo
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Donald A Morgan
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Tate J Neff
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Sharon O Jensen-Cody
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Zhiyong Zhu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | | | - Kamal Rahmouni
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Matthew J Potthoff
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Fraternal Order of Eagles Diabetes Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Veterans Affairs Health Care System, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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24
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Jin T. Fibroblast growth factor 21 and dietary interventions: what we know and what we need to know next. MEDICAL REVIEW (BERLIN, GERMANY) 2022; 2:524-530. [PMID: 37724164 PMCID: PMC10388781 DOI: 10.1515/mr-2022-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Dietary interventions include the change of dietary styles, such as fasting and dietary or nutrient restrictions; or the addition of plant-derived compounds (such as polyphenols known as curcumin, resveratrol, or anthocyanin, or other nutraceuticals) into the diet. During the past a few decades, large number of studies have demonstrated therapeutic activities of these dietary interventions on metabolic and other diseases in human subjects or various animal models. Mechanisms underlying those versatile therapeutic activities, however, remain largely unclear. Interestingly, recent studies have shown that fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), a liver-derived hormone or hepatokine, mediates metabolic beneficial effects of certain dietary polyphenols as well as protein restriction. Here I have briefly summarized functions of FGF21, highlighted related dietary interventions, and presented literature discussions on role of FGF21 in mediating function of dietary polyphenol intervention and protein restriction. This is followed by presenting my perspective view, with the involvement of gut microbiota. It is anticipated that further breakthroughs in this field in the near future will facilitate conceptual merge of classical medicine and modern medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianru Jin
- Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, TorontoCanada
- Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Physiology, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, TorontoCanada
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25
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Huo Q, Gao Y, Wu W, Hu S, Zhang Z, Li Z, Tian Y, Quan P, Li W, Liu D. Colloidal Jamming by Interfacial Self‐Assembled Polymers: A Robust Route for Ultrahigh Efficient Encapsulation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202208738. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202208738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Huo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines Department of Pharmaceutical Science China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 210009 China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Yue Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines Department of Pharmaceutical Science China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 210009 China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Wenbo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines Department of Pharmaceutical Science China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 210009 China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Shuai Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines Department of Pharmaceutical Science China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 210009 China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Zifan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines Department of Pharmaceutical Science China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 210009 China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Zhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines Department of Pharmaceutical Science China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 210009 China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Yuling Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines Department of Pharmaceutical Science China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 210009 China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Peng Quan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, School of Pharmacy Shenyang Pharmaceutical University Shenyang 110016 China
| | - Wen Li
- International Joint Laboratory of Biomimetic and Smart Polymers School of Materials Science and Engineering Shanghai University Shanghai 200444 China
| | - Dongfei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines Department of Pharmaceutical Science China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 210009 China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Preparations and Excipients China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 210009 China
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26
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Glucagon-like peptide 1 and fibroblast growth factor-21 in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: An experimental to clinical perspective. Pharmacol Res 2022; 184:106426. [PMID: 36075510 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a progressive form of Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), which slowly progresses toward cirrhosis and finally leads to the development of hepatocellular carcinoma. Obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus and the metabolic syndrome are major risk factors contributing to NAFLD. Targeting these risk factors is a rational option for inhibiting NASH progression. In addition, NASH could be treated with therapies that target the metabolic abnormalities causing disease pathogenesis (such as de novo lipogenesis and insulin resistance) as well with medications targeting downstream processes such as cellular damage, apoptosis, inflammation, and fibrosis. Glucagon-like peptide (GLP-1), is an incretin hormone dysregulated in both experimental and clinical NASH, which triggers many signaling pathways including fibroblast growth factor (FGF) that augments NASH pathogenesis. Growing evidence indicates that GLP-1 in concert with FGF-21 plays crucial roles in the conservation of glucose and lipid homeostasis in metabolic disorders. In line, GLP-1 stimulation improves hepatic ballooning, steatosis, and fibrosis in NASH. A recent clinical trial on NASH patients showed that the upregulation of FGF-21 decreases liver fibrosis and hepatic steatosis, thus improving the pathogenesis of NASH. Hence, therapeutic targeting of the GLP-1/FGF axis could be therapeutically beneficial for the remission of NASH. This review outlines the significance of the GLP-1/FGF-21 axis in experimental and clinical NASH and highlights the activity of modulators targeting this axis as potential salutary agents for the treatment of NASH.
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Huo Q, Gao Y, Wu W, Hu S, Zhang Z, Li Z, Tian Y, Quan P, Li W, Liu D. Colloidal Jamming by Interfacial Self‐Assembled Polymers: A Robust Route for Ultrahigh Efficient Encapsulation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202208738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Huo
- China Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy Longmian Avenue No. 639 211198 Nanjing CHINA
| | - Yue Gao
- China Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy Longmian Avenue No. 639 211198 Nanjing CHINA
| | - Wenbo Wu
- China Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy Longmian Avenue No. 639 211198 Nanjing CHINA
| | - Shuai Hu
- China Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy Longmian Avenue No. 639 210009 Nanjing CHINA
| | - Zifan Zhang
- China Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy Longmian Avenue No. 639 210009 Nanjing CHINA
| | - Zhi Li
- China Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy Longmian Avenue No. 639 211198 Nanjing CHINA
| | - Yuling Tian
- China Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy Longmian Avenue No. 639 211198 Nanjing CHINA
| | - Peng Quan
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy Wenhua Road No. 103 110016 Shenyang CHINA
| | - Wen Li
- Shanghai University School of Materials Science and Engineering Shangda Street 99 200444 Shanghai CHINA
| | - Dongfei Liu
- China Pharmaceutical University School of Pharmacy Longmian Avenue No. 639 211198 Nanjing CHINA
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28
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Chang R, Chen JL, Zhang GY, Li Y, Duan HZ, Luo SZ, Chen YX. Intrinsically Disordered Protein Condensate-Modified Surface for Mitigation of Biofouling and Foreign Body Response. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:12147-12157. [PMID: 35767424 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mitigation of biofouling and the host's foreign body response (FBR) is a critical challenge with biomedical implants. The surface coating with various anti-fouling materials provides a solution to overcome it, but limited options in clinic and their potential immunogenicity drive the development of more alternative coating materials. Herein, inspired by liquid-liquid phase separation of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) to form separated condensates in physiological conditions, we develop a new type of low-fouling biomaterial based on flexible IDP of FUS protein containing rich hydrophilic residues. A chemical structure-defined FUS IDP sequence tagged with a tetra-cysteine motif (IDPFUS) was engineered and applied for covalent immobilization on various surfaces to form a uniform layer of protein tangles, which boosted strong hydration on surfaces, as revealed by molecular dynamics simulation. The IDPFUS-coated surfaces displayed excellent performance in resisting adsorption of various proteins and adhesion of different cells, platelets, and bacteria. Moreover, the IDPFUS-coated implants largely mitigated the host's FBR compared with bare implants and particularly outperformed PEG-coated implants in reducing collagen encapsulation. Thus, this novel low-fouling and anti-FBR strategy provides a potential surface coating material for biomedical implants, which will also shed light on exploring similar applications of other IDP proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Chang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jia-Lin Chen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.,State Key Laboratory for Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550014, China.,The Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Guan-Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yue Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hua-Zhen Duan
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shi-Zhong Luo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yong-Xiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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29
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Polymer-Based Delivery of Peptide Drugs to Treat Diabetes: Normalizing Hyperglycemia and Preventing Diabetic Complications. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-022-00057-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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30
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Heise T. Novel Drugs for Diabetes Therapy. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2022; 274:415-438. [PMID: 35112236 DOI: 10.1007/164_2021_574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Since the first use of insulin 100 years ago, there have been marked improvements in diabetes therapy including, but not limited to, the development of oral antidiabetic agents (OADs), incretin mimetics and insulin analogues. Still, there are substantial shortcomings in diabetes therapy: the blood-glucose lowering effect of OADs is often limited, incretin mimetics often induce gastrointestinal side effects and insulins still induce hypoglycaemia and weight gain in many patients.This review evaluates on-going developments of antidiabetic drugs for their potential for future therapy focussing on injectable therapies. Recent data from dual agonists, in particular tirzepatide, a combination of GIP- and GLP-1 receptor agonists, show unprecedented reductions in HbA1c, body weight and cardiovascular risk factors. Once-weekly administrations of incretin mimetics open up the potential of a combination with once-weekly insulins that have been shown to have low peak-to-trough fluctuations. Eventually, it might be feasible to administer incretins and insulins (combinations) orally. While this has already been achieved for incretins, there are still some challenges for the oral application of insulin. Nevertheless, many promising data of novel antidiabetic drugs clearly indicate that therapy of people with diabetes will become easier, safer and more efficacious in the next years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Heise
- Profil Institut für Stoffwechselforschung GmbH, Neuss, Germany.
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31
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Shao W, Jin T. Hepatic hormone FGF21 and its analogues in clinical trials. Chronic Dis Transl Med 2021; 8:19-25. [PMID: 35620160 PMCID: PMC9126297 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdtm.2021.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a fasting or stress inducible metabolic hormone produced mainly in the liver. It plays important roles in regulating both glucose and lipid homeostasis via interacting with a heterodimeric receptor complex comprising FGF receptor 1 (FGFR1) and β‐klotho (KLB). For the past decade, great effort has been made on developing FGF21 derivatives or specific FGF21 receptor agonists into therapeutic agents for various metabolic disorders including type 2 diabetes (T2D), obesity, and more importantly, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Here we have reviewed FGF21 gene and protein structures, its expression pattern, cellular signaling cascades that mediate FGF21 production and function. We have then summarized the six clinical trials utilizing four FGF21 analogues. Finally, two recent literatures on the development of GLP‐1 and FGF21 dual agonists were presented briefly.
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32
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Liu D, Pang J, Shao W, Gu J, Zeng Y, He HH, Ling W, Qian X, Jin T. Hepatic Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Is Involved in Mediating Functions of Liraglutide in Mice With Dietary Challenge. Hepatology 2021; 74:2154-2169. [PMID: 33851458 DOI: 10.1002/hep.31856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Several studies have shown that expression of hepatic fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) can be stimulated by glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)-based diabetes drugs. As GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) is unlikely to be expressed in hepatocytes, we aimed to compare such stimulation in mice and in mouse hepatocytes, determine the involvement of GLP-1R, and clarify whether FGF21 mediates certain functions of the GLP-1R agonist liraglutide. APPROACH AND RESULTS Liver FGF21 expression was assessed in mice receiving a daily liraglutide injection for 3 days or in mouse primary hepatocytes (MPHs) undergoing direct liraglutide treatment. The effects of liraglutide on metabolic improvement and FGF21 expression were then assessed in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice and compared with the effects of the dipeptidyl-peptidase 4 inhibitor sitagliptin. Animal studies were also performed in Glp1r-/- mice and liver-specific FGF21-knockout (lFgf21-KO) mice. In wild-type mouse liver that underwent RNA sequencing and quantitative reverse-transcription PCR, we observed liraglutide-stimulated hepatic Fgf21 expression and a lack of Glp1r expression. In MPHs, liraglutide did not stimulate Fgf21. In mice with HFD-induced obesity, liraglutide or sitagliptin treatment reduced plasma triglyceride levels, whereas their effect on reducing body-weight gain was different. Importantly, increased hepatic FGF21 expression was observed in liraglutide-treated mice but was not observed in sitagliptin-treated mice. In HFD-fed Glp1r-/- mice, liraglutide showed no beneficial effects and could not stimulate Fgf21 expression. In lFgf21-KO mice undergoing dietary challenge, the body-weight-gain attenuation and lipid homeostatic effects of liraglutide were lost or significantly reduced. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that liraglutide-stimulated hepatic Fgf21 expression may require GLP-1R to be expressed in extrahepatic organs. Importantly, we revealed that hepatic FGF21 is required for liraglutide to lower body weight and improve hepatic lipid homeostasis. These observations advanced our mechanistic understanding of the function of GLP-1-based drugs in NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinghui Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.,Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Juan Pang
- Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Weijuan Shao
- Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jianqiu Gu
- Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.,Institute of Endocrinology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Zeng
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Housheng Hansen He
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Wenhua Ling
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxian Qian
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianru Jin
- Division of Advanced Diagnostics, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Banting and Best Diabetes Centre, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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33
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Tan H, Su W, Zhang W, Zhang J, Sattler M, Zou P. Generation of novel long-acting GLP-1R agonists using DARPins as a scaffold. Int J Pharm 2021; 607:121043. [PMID: 34450223 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) has been considered to be a promising peptide for treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, the extremely short half-life (minutes) of native GLP-1 limits its clinical application potential. Here, we designed two GLP-1 analogues by genetic fusion of GLP-1 to one or two tandem human serum albumin-binding designed ankyrin repeat proteins (DARPins), denoted as GLP-DARPin or GLP-2DARPin. The two DARPin-fusion GLP-1 proteins were expressed in E. coli and purified, followed by measurements of their bioactivities and half-lives in mice. The results revealed that the half-life of GLP-2DARPin, binding two HSA molecules, was approximately 3-fold longer than GLP-DARPin (52.3 h versus 18.0 h). In contrast, the bioactivity results demonstrated that the blood glucose-lowering effect of GLP-DARPin was more potent than that of GLP-2DARPin. The oral glucose tolerance tests indicated that blood glucose levels were significantly reduced for at least 48 h by GLP-DARPin, but were reduced for only 24 h by GLP-2DARPin. Injected once every two days, GLP-DARPin substantially reduced blood glucose levels in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice to the same levels as normal mice. During the treatment course, GLP-DARPin significantly reduced the food intake and body weight of diabetic mice up to approximately 17% compared with the control group. A histological analysis revealed that GLP-DARPin alleviated islet loss in diabetic mice. These findings suggest that long-acting GLP-DARPin holds great potential for further development into drugs for the treatment of T2DM and obesity. Meanwhile, our data indicate that albumin-binding DARPins can be used as a universal scaffold to improve the pharmacokinetic profiles and pharmacological activities of therapeutic peptides and proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanbo Tan
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Wencheng Su
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenyu Zhang
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China
| | - Michael Sattler
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China; Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Bavarian NMR Centre, Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Peijian Zou
- Industrial Enzymes National Engineering Laboratory, Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin, China; Institute of Structural Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Bavarian NMR Centre, Department Chemie, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany.
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34
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Wang B, Patkar SS, Kiick KL. Application of Thermoresponsive Intrinsically Disordered Protein Polymers in Nanostructured and Microstructured Materials. Macromol Biosci 2021; 21:e2100129. [PMID: 34145967 PMCID: PMC8449816 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202100129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Modulation of inter- and intramolecular interactions between bioinspired designer molecules can be harnessed for developing functional structures that mimic the complex hierarchical organization of multicomponent assemblies observed in nature. Furthermore, such multistimuli-responsive molecules offer orthogonal tunability for generating versatile multifunctional platforms via independent biochemical and biophysical cues. In this review, the remarkable physicochemical and mechanical properties of genetically engineered protein polymers derived from intrinsically disordered proteins, specifically elastin and resilin, are discussed. This review highlights emerging technologies which use them as building blocks in the fabrication of highly programmable structured biomaterials for applications in delivery of biotherapeutic cargo and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, 201 DuPont Hall, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Sai S Patkar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, 201 DuPont Hall, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Kristi L Kiick
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, 201 DuPont Hall, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, 161 Colburn Laboratory, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, Ammon Pinizzotto Biopharmaceutical Innovation Center, 590 Avenue 1743, Newark, DE, 19713, USA
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35
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Andreasen CR, Andersen A, Knop FK, Vilsbøll T. How glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists work. Endocr Connect 2021; 10:R200-R212. [PMID: 34137731 PMCID: PMC8346189 DOI: 10.1530/ec-21-0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) have become central in the treatment of type 2 diabetes (T2D). In addition to their glucose-lowering properties with low risk of hypoglycaemia, GLP-1RAs reduce body weight and show promising results in reducing cardiovascular risk and renal complications in high-risk individuals with T2D. These findings have changed guidelines on T2D management over the last years, and GLP-1RAs are now widely used in overweight patients with T2D as well as in patients with T2D and cardiovascular disease regardless of glycaemic control. The currently available GLP-1RAs have different pharmacokinetic profiles and differ in their ability to improve glycaemia, reduce body weight and in their cardio- and renal protective potentials. Understanding how these agents work, including insights into their pleiotropic effects on T2D pathophysiology, may improve their clinical utilisation and be useful for exploring other indications such as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and neurodegenerative disorders. In this review, we provide an overview of approved GLP-1RAs, their clinical effects and mode of action, and we offer insights into the potential of GLP-1RAs for other indications than T2D. Finally, we will discuss the emerging data and therapeutic potential of using GLP-1RAs in combinations with other receptor agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Rode Andreasen
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Andreas Andersen
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
| | - Filip Krag Knop
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tina Vilsbøll
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
- Center for Clinical Metabolic Research, Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Hellerup, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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36
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Eng JM, Estall JL. Diet-Induced Models of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Food for Thought on Sugar, Fat, and Cholesterol. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071805. [PMID: 34359974 PMCID: PMC8303413 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) affects approximately 1 in 4 people worldwide and is a major burden to health care systems. A major concern in NAFLD research is lack of confidence in pre-clinical animal models, raising questions regarding translation to humans. Recently, there has been renewed interest in creating dietary models of NAFLD with higher similarity to human diets in hopes to better recapitulate disease pathology. This review summarizes recent research comparing individual roles of major dietary components to NAFLD and addresses common misconceptions surrounding frequently used diet-based NAFLD models. We discuss the effects of glucose, fructose, and sucrose on the liver, and how solid vs. liquid sugar differ in promoting disease. We consider studies on dosages of fat and cholesterol needed to promote NAFLD versus NASH, and discuss important considerations when choosing control diets, mouse strains, and diet duration. Lastly, we provide our recommendations on amount and type of sugar, fat, and cholesterol to include when modelling diet-induced NAFLD/NASH in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M. Eng
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montreal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada;
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Jennifer L. Estall
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal (IRCM), Montreal, QC H2W 1R7, Canada;
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(514)-987-5688
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37
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Jenkins IC, Milligan JJ, Chilkoti A. Genetically Encoded Elastin-Like Polypeptides for Drug Delivery. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100209. [PMID: 34080796 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Elastin-like polypeptides (ELPs) are thermally responsive biopolymers that consist of a repeated amino acid motif derived from human tropoelastin. These peptides exhibit temperature-dependent phase behavior that can be harnessed to produce stimuli-responsive biomaterials, such as nanoparticles or injectable drug delivery depots. As ELPs are genetically encoded, the properties of ELP-based biomaterials can be controlled with a precision that is unattainable with synthetic polymers. Unique ELP architectures, such as spherical or rod-like micelles or injectable coacervates, can be designed by manipulating the ELP amino acid sequence and length. ELPs can be loaded with drugs to create controlled, intelligent drug delivery systems. ELPs are biodegradable, nonimmunogenic, and tolerant of therapeutic additives. These qualities make ELPs exquisitely well-suited to address current challenges in drug delivery and have spurred the development of ELP-based therapeutics to treat diseases-such as cancer and diabetes-and to promote wound healing. This review focuses on the use of ELPs in drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene C. Jenkins
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Duke University Durham NC 277018 USA
| | - Joshua J. Milligan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Duke University Durham NC 277018 USA
| | - Ashutosh Chilkoti
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Duke University Durham NC 277018 USA
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Son JW. Unlocking the Therapeutic Potential of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Analogue and Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Combination for the Pathogenesis of Atherosclerosis in Type 2 Diabetes. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2021; 36:57-59. [PMID: 33677927 PMCID: PMC7937850 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2021.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jang Won Son
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Bucheon St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Korea
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Pan Q, Lin S, Li Y, Liu L, Li X, Gao X, Yan J, Gu B, Chen X, Li W, Tang X, Chen C, Guo L. A novel GLP-1 and FGF21 dual agonist has therapeutic potential for diabetes and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. EBioMedicine 2021; 63:103202. [PMID: 33421947 PMCID: PMC7806870 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.103202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) has become a promising therapeutic target for metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes (T2D), obesity and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. However, the clinical application of natural FGF21 molecule is limited because of its instability in vitro and short half-life in vivo. To improve FGF21's therapeutic property, we screened high receptor binding FGF21 analogs and made FGF21-Fc-GLP-1 dual-targeted constructs to investigate their activity in a number of experiments . METHODS Utilizing phage display high-throughput screening we identified mutations that could improve β-Klotho binding property of FGF21. IgG4 Fc was fused to FGF21 variants to extend the in vivo half-life. We further explored the potential synergistic actions of FGF21 with the incretin glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) by generating GLP-1-Fc-FGF21 dual agonists. FINDINGS Two Fc-FGF21 variants showed enhanced β-Klotho binding affinity in vitro as well as improved glucose lowering effect in vivo. One of the dual agonists, GLP-1-Fc-FGF21 D1, provided potent and sustained glucose lowering effect in diabetic mice models. It also demonstrated superior weight loss effect to GLP-1 or FGF21 alone. Moreover, GLP-1-Fc-FGF21 D1 exhibited strong anti-NASH effect in the high-fat diet-induced ob/ob model as it improved liver function, serum and hepatic lipid profile and reduced NAFLD activity score with an efficacy superior to either FGF21 or GLP-1 analogs alone. INTERPRETATION This novel GLP-1/FGF21 dual agonist is worth clinical development for the treatment of T2D, obesity and NASH. FUNDING HEC Pharm R&D Co., Ltd, National natural science fund of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Pan
- Department of Endocrinology, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shushan Lin
- Biologics Institute, HEC Pharm R&D Co., Ltd., Guangdong, China
| | - Yu Li
- Department of Pharmacology, HEC Pharm R&D Co., Ltd., Guangdong, China
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, HEC Pharm R&D Co., Ltd., Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoping Li
- Department of Biologics, HEC Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Guangdong, China
| | - Xianglei Gao
- Department of Biologics, HEC Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Guangdong, China
| | - Jiangyu Yan
- Department of Biologics, HEC Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Guangdong, China
| | - Baohua Gu
- Biologics Institute, HEC Pharm R&D Co., Ltd., Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaofeng Chen
- Biologics Institute, HEC Pharm R&D Co., Ltd., Guangdong, China
| | - Wenjia Li
- Biologics Institute, HEC Pharm R&D Co., Ltd., Guangdong, China
| | - Xinfa Tang
- Biologics Institute, HEC Pharm R&D Co., Ltd., Guangdong, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Department of Biologics, HEC Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Guangdong, China.
| | - Lixin Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, National Center of Gerontology, Beijing Hospital, Beijing, China.
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Zhang T, Peruch F, Wirotius AL, Ibarboure E, Rosu F, Schatz C, Garbay B. Unprecedented coupling of natural rubber and ELP: synthesis, characterization and self-assembly properties. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00969a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Developing new biomaterials is an active research area owing to their applications in regenerative medicine, tissue engineering and drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhang
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600, Pessac, France
| | - Frédéric Peruch
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600, Pessac, France
| | | | - Emmanuel Ibarboure
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600, Pessac, France
| | - Frédéric Rosu
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS & Inserm, IECB, UMS3033, US001, 33607 Pessac, France
| | - Christophe Schatz
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600, Pessac, France
| | - Bertrand Garbay
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600, Pessac, France
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Baggio LL, Drucker DJ. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor co-agonists for treating metabolic disease. Mol Metab 2020; 46:101090. [PMID: 32987188 PMCID: PMC8085566 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists are approved to treat type 2 diabetes and obesity. They elicit robust improvements in glycemic control and weight loss, combined with cardioprotection in individuals at risk of or with pre-existing cardiovascular disease. These attributes make GLP-1 a preferred partner for next-generation therapies exhibiting improved efficacy yet retaining safety to treat diabetes, obesity, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, and related cardiometabolic disorders. The available clinical data demonstrate that the best GLP-1R agonists are not yet competitive with bariatric surgery, emphasizing the need to further improve the efficacy of current medical therapy. Scope of review In this article, we discuss data highlighting the physiological and pharmacological attributes of potential peptide and non-peptide partners, exemplified by amylin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), and steroid hormones. We review the progress, limitations, and future considerations for translating findings from preclinical experiments to competitive efficacy and safety in humans with type 2 diabetes and obesity. Major conclusions Multiple co-agonist combinations exhibit promising clinical efficacy, notably tirzepatide and investigational amylin combinations. Simultaneously, increasing doses of GLP-1R agonists such as semaglutide produces substantial weight loss, raising the bar for the development of new unimolecular co-agonists. Collectively, the available data suggest that new co-agonists with robust efficacy should prove superior to GLP-1R agonists alone to treat metabolic disorders. GLP-1 is a preferred partner for co-agonist development. Co-agonist combinations must exhibit improved weight loss beyond GLP-1 alone. Unimolecular coagonists must exhibit retained or improved cardioprotection. Obesity represents an optimal condition for the development of new GLP-1 co-agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurie L Baggio
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X5 Canada
| | - Daniel J Drucker
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X5 Canada.
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