1
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Wu Y, Chen J, Wang Y, Yuan Z, Huang C, Sun J, Feng C, Li M, Qiu K, Zhu S, Zhang Z, Li T. Tbps wide-field parallel optical wireless communications based on a metasurface beam splitter. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7744. [PMID: 39232003 PMCID: PMC11374787 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-52056-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Optical wireless communication (OWC) stands out as one of the most promising technologies in the sixth-generation (6G) mobile networks. The establishment of high-quality optical links between transmitters and receivers plays a crucial role in OWC performances. Here, by a compact beam splitter composed of a metasurface and a fiber array, we proposed a wide-angle (~120°) OWC optical link scheme that can parallelly support up to 144 communication users. Utilizing high-speed optical module sources and wavelength division multiplexing technique, we demonstrated each user can achieve a communication speed of 200 Gbps which enables the entire system to support ultra-high communication capacity exceeding 28 Tbps. Furthermore, utilizing the metasurface polarization multiplexing, we implemented a full range wide-angle OWC without blind area nor crosstalk among users. Our OWC scheme simultaneously possesses the advantages of high-speed, wide communication area and multi-user parallel communications, paving the way for revolutionary high-performance OWC in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wu
- National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, School of Information Science and Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security, Quantum Information Research Center, Southeast University, 210096, Nanjing, China
| | - Ji Chen
- National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, School of Information Science and Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security, Quantum Information Research Center, Southeast University, 210096, Nanjing, China.
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, 211111, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yin Wang
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, 211111, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhongyi Yuan
- National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, School of Information Science and Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security, Quantum Information Research Center, Southeast University, 210096, Nanjing, China
| | - Chunyu Huang
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Science, School of Physics, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiacheng Sun
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Science, School of Physics, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Chengyi Feng
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, 211111, Nanjing, China
| | - Muyang Li
- National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, School of Information Science and Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security, Quantum Information Research Center, Southeast University, 210096, Nanjing, China
| | - Kai Qiu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Science, School of Physics, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Shining Zhu
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Science, School of Physics, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China
| | - Zaichen Zhang
- National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, School of Information Science and Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security, Quantum Information Research Center, Southeast University, 210096, Nanjing, China.
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, 211111, Nanjing, China.
| | - Tao Li
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures, College of Engineering and Applied Science, School of Physics, Nanjing University, 210023, Nanjing, China.
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2
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Gao S, Chen H, Wang Y, Duan Z, Zhang H, Sun Z, Shen Y, Lin X. Super-resolution diffractive neural network for all-optical direction of arrival estimation beyond diffraction limits. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2024; 13:161. [PMID: 38987253 PMCID: PMC11237115 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-024-01511-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Wireless sensing of the wave propagation direction from radio sources lays the foundation for communication, radar, navigation, etc. However, the existing signal processing paradigm for the direction of arrival estimation requires the radio frequency electronic circuit to demodulate and sample the multichannel baseband signals followed by a complicated computing process, which places the fundamental limit on its sensing speed and energy efficiency. Here, we propose the super-resolution diffractive neural networks (S-DNN) to process electromagnetic (EM) waves directly for the DOA estimation at the speed of light. The multilayer meta-structures of S-DNN generate super-oscillatory angular responses in local angular regions that can perform the all-optical DOA estimation with angular resolutions beyond the diffraction limit. The spatial-temporal multiplexing of passive and reconfigurable S-DNNs is utilized to achieve high-resolution DOA estimation over a wide field of view. The S-DNN is validated for the DOA estimation of multiple radio sources over 5 GHz frequency bandwidth with estimation latency over two to four orders of magnitude lower than the state-of-the-art commercial devices in principle. The results achieve the angular resolution over an order of magnitude, experimentally demonstrated with four times, higher than diffraction-limited resolution. We also apply S-DNN's edge computing capability, assisted by reconfigurable intelligent surfaces, for extremely low-latency integrated sensing and communication with low power consumption. Our work is a significant step towards utilizing photonic computing processors to facilitate various wireless sensing and communication tasks with advantages in both computing paradigms and performance over electronic computing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Gao
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Hang Chen
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yichen Wang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zhengyang Duan
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Haiou Zhang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zhi Sun
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yuan Shen
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xing Lin
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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3
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Arikawa T, Kim J, Mukai T, Nishigami N, Fujita M, Nagatsuma T, Tanaka K. Phase-resolved measurement and control of ultrafast dynamics in terahertz electronic oscillators. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5358. [PMID: 38956022 PMCID: PMC11219870 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48782-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
As a key component for next-generation wireless communications (6 G and beyond), terahertz (THz) electronic oscillators are being actively developed. Precise and dynamic phase control of ultrafast THz waveforms is essential for high-speed beam steering and high-capacity data transmission. However, measurement and control of such ultrafast dynamic process is beyond the scope of electronics due to the limited bandwidth of the electronic equipment. Here we surpass this limit by applying photonic technology. Using a femtosecond laser, we generate offset-free THz pulses to phase-lock the electronic oscillators based on resonant tunneling diode. This enables us to perform phase-resolved measurement of the emitted THz electric field waveform in time-domain with sub-cycle time resolution. Ultrafast dynamic response such as anti-phase locking behaviour is observed, which is distinct from in-phase stimulated emission observed in laser oscillators. We also show that the dynamics follows the universal synchronization theory for limit cycle oscillators. This provides a basic guideline for dynamic phase control of THz electronic oscillators, enabling many key performance indicators to be achieved in the new era of 6 G and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Arikawa
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama, Japan.
- Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, Himeji, Japan.
| | - Jaeyong Kim
- ROHM Co., Ltd., Kyoto, Japan
- Qualitas semiconductor, co, ltd., Seongnam, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Naoki Nishigami
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Masayuki Fujita
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Tadao Nagatsuma
- Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Koichiro Tanaka
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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4
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He W, Cheng X, Hu S, Ren Z, Yu Z, Wan S, Hu Y, Jiang T. Color coded metadevices toward programmed terahertz switching. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2024; 13:142. [PMID: 38914544 PMCID: PMC11196690 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-024-01495-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Terahertz modulators play a critical role in high-speed wireless communication, non-destructive imaging, and so on, which have attracted a large amount of research interest. Nevertheless, all-optical terahertz modulation, an ultrafast dynamical control approach, remains to be limited in terms of encoding and multifunction. Here we experimentally demonstrated an optical-programmed terahertz switching realized by combining optical metasurfaces with the terahertz metasurface, resulting in 2-bit dual-channel terahertz encoding. The terahertz metasurface, made up of semiconductor islands and artificial microstructures, enables effective all-optical programming by providing multiple frequency channels with ultrafast modulation at the nanosecond level. Meanwhile, optical metasurfaces covered in terahertz metasurface alter the spatial light field distribution to obtain color code. According to the time-domain coupled mode theory analysis, the energy dissipation modes in terahertz metasurface can be independently controlled by color excitation, which explains the principle of 2-bit encoding well. This work establishes a platform for all-optical programmed terahertz metadevices and may further advance the application of composite metasurface in terahertz manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibao He
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
- Nanhu Laser Laboratory, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of High Energy Laser Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Xiang'ai Cheng
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
- Nanhu Laser Laboratory, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of High Energy Laser Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Siyang Hu
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Ziheng Ren
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Zhongyi Yu
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Shun Wan
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Yuze Hu
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, College of Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China.
| | - Tian Jiang
- Institute for Quantum Science and Technology, College of Science, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China.
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5
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Zhou X, Wang H, Liu S, Wang H, Chan JYE, Pan CF, Zhao D, Yang JKW, Qiu CW. Arbitrary engineering of spatial caustics with 3D-printed metasurfaces. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3719. [PMID: 38698001 PMCID: PMC11065864 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48026-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Caustics occur in diverse physical systems, spanning the nano-scale in electron microscopy to astronomical-scale in gravitational lensing. As envelopes of rays, optical caustics result in sharp edges or extended networks. Caustics in structured light, characterized by complex-amplitude distributions, have innovated numerous applications including particle manipulation, high-resolution imaging techniques, and optical communication. However, these applications have encountered limitations due to a major challenge in engineering caustic fields with customizable propagation trajectories and in-plane intensity profiles. Here, we introduce the "compensation phase" via 3D-printed metasurfaces to shape caustic fields with curved trajectories in free space. The in-plane caustic patterns can be preserved or morphed from one structure to another during propagation. Large-scale fabrication of these metasurfaces is enabled by the fast-prototyping and cost-effective two-photon polymerization lithography. Our optical elements with the ultra-thin profile and sub-millimeter extension offer a compact solution to generating caustic structured light for beam shaping, high-resolution microscopy, and light-matter-interaction studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Zhou
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Quantum Chips and Quantum Control, School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
| | - Hongtao Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore.
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, 487372, Singapore.
| | - Shuxi Liu
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Quantum Chips and Quantum Control, School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
| | - John You En Chan
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
| | - Cheng-Feng Pan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, 487372, Singapore
| | - Daomu Zhao
- Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Micro-nano Quantum Chips and Quantum Control, School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
| | - Joel K W Yang
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore, 487372, Singapore.
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117583, Singapore.
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6
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Shi J, Li M, Tang L, Li X, Jia X, Guo C, Bai H, Ma H, Wang X, Niu P, Weng J, Yao J. All-Dielectric Integrated Meta-Antenna Operating in 6G Terahertz Communication Window. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2308958. [PMID: 38189638 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202308958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Efficient transceivers and antennas at terahertz frequencies are leading the development of 6G terahertz communication systems. The antenna design for high-resolution terahertz spatial sensing and communication remains challenging, while emergent metallic metasurface antennas can address this issue but often suffer from low efficiency and complex manufacturing. Here, an all-dielectric integrated meta-antenna operating in 6G terahertz communication window for high-efficiency beam focusing in the sub-wavelength scale is reported. With the antenna surface functionalized by metagrating arrays with asymmetric scattering patterns, the design and optimization methods are demonstrated with a physical size constraint. The highest manipulation and diffraction efficiencies achieve 84.1% and 48.1%. The commercially accessible fabrication method with low cost and easy to implement has been demonstrated for the meta-antenna by photocuring 3D printing. A filamentous focal spot is measured as 0.86λ with a long depth of focus of 25.3λ. Its application for integrated imaging and communication has been demonstrated. The proposed technical roadmap provides a general pathway for creating high-efficiency integrated meta-antennas with great potential in high-resolution 6G terahertz spatial sensing and communication applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Shi
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Detection Technology and System, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, China
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronics Information Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Precision Instruments and Opto-Electronic Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
- National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Meiling Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Detection Technology and System, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Longhuang Tang
- Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Xianguo Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Detection Technology and System, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Xing Jia
- Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Cuijuan Guo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Detection Technology and System, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Hua Bai
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Detection Technology and System, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Heli Ma
- Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Pingjuan Niu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Detection Technology and System, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Jidong Weng
- Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621900, China
| | - Jianquan Yao
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronics Information Technology (Ministry of Education), School of Precision Instruments and Opto-Electronic Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
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7
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Yao J, Hsu WL, Liang Y, Lin R, Chen MK, Tsai DP. Nonlocal metasurface for dark-field edge emission. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadn2752. [PMID: 38630828 PMCID: PMC11023491 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adn2752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Nonlocal effects originating from interactions between neighboring meta-atoms introduce additional degrees of freedom for peculiar characteristics of metadevices, such as enhancement, selectivity, and spatial modulation. However, they are generally difficult to manipulate because of the collective responses of multiple meta-atoms. Here, we experimentally demonstrate the nonlocal metasurface to realize the spatial modulation of dark-field emission. Plasmonic asymmetric split rings (ASRs) are designed to simultaneously excite local dipole resonance and nonlocal quasi-bound states in the continuum and spatially extended modes. With one type of unit, nonlocal effects are tailored by varying array periods. ASRs at the metasurface's edge lack sufficient interactions, resulting in stronger dark-field scattering and thus edge emission properties of the metasurface. Pixel-level spatial control is demonstrated by simply erasing some units, providing more flexibility than conventional local metasurfaces. This work paves the way for manipulating nonlocal effects and facilitates applications in optical trapping and sorting at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Yao
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wei-Lun Hsu
- Department of Optics and Photonics, National Central University, Taoyuan 320371, Taiwan
| | - Yao Liang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Rong Lin
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Mu Ku Chen
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Biosystems, Neuroscience, and Nanotechnology, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Din Ping Tsai
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Biosystems, Neuroscience, and Nanotechnology, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
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8
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Wang Z, Huang J, Liu W, Xiong C, Hu B. Automatically Aligned and Environment-Friendly Twisted Stacking Terahertz Chiral Metasurface with Giant Circular Dichroism for Rapid Biosensing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 38491983 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c18947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Chiral metasurfaces are capable of generating a huge superchiral field, which has great potential in optoelectronics and biosensing. However, the conventional fabrication process suffers greatly from time consumption, high cost, and difficult multilayer alignment, which hinder its commercial application. Herein, we propose a twisted stacking carbon-based terahertz (THz) chiral metasurface (TCM) based on laser-induced graphene (LIG) technology. By repeating a two-step process of sticking a polyimide film, followed by laser direct writing, the two layers of the TCM are aligned automatically in the fabrication. Laser manufacturing also brings such high processing speed that a TCM with a size of 15 × 15 mm can be prepared in 60 s. In addition, due to the greater dissipation of LIG than that of metals in the THz band, a giant circular dichroism (CD) of +99.5 to -99.6% is experimentally realized. The THz biosensing of bovine serum albumin enhanced by the proposed TCMs is then demonstrated. A wide sensing range (0.5-50 mg mL-1) and a good sensitivity [ΔCD: 2.09% (mg mL-1)-1, Δf: 0.0034 THz (mg mL-1)-1] are proved. This LIG-based TCM provides an environment-friendly platform for chiral research and has great application potential in rapid and low-cost commercial biosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongyuan Wang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jianzhou Huang
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Weiguang Liu
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chenjie Xiong
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Bin Hu
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Mixed Reality and Advanced Display, School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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9
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Li H, Li YB, Wang SY, Liu YH, Hu JT, Zeng XK, Cui TJ. Independent Manipulations of Transmitting and Receiving Channels by Nonreciprocal Programmable Metasurface. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:5234-5244. [PMID: 38241202 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c14945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
The electromagnetic (EM) beam manipulations such as spatial scanning have always been the focus in information science and technology. Generally, the transmitting and receiving (T/R) beams of the same aperture should be coincident due to the reciprocal theory, and hence, more flexible controls of the spatial information are limited accordingly. Here, we propose a new approach to achieve independent controls of beam scanning in spatial T/R channels based on one aperture made by a nonreciprocal programmable metasurface. The meta-atom is designed to have independent propagation chains for T/R waves by introducing dual-direction power amplifiers (PAs) as the isolators for one-way transparency. A programmable phase shifter with a 360° coverage is loaded with the PA device in the transmitting or receiving chain to realize independent beam scanning in the T/R channels. A prototype of the proposed metasurface is fabricated, and independent beam scanning in the T/R channels is directly acquired with good performance in our measurements. In addition, a proof of concept of integrated sensing and auxiliary communications is accomplished to verify the validity of the presented method.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Li
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Yun Bo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Shi Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Yong Han Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Jin Tong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Xian Kun Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Tie Jun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
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10
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Pan CF, Wang H, Wang H, S PN, Ruan Q, Wredh S, Ke Y, Chan JYE, Zhang W, Qiu CW, Yang JK. 3D-printed multilayer structures for high-numerical aperture achromatic metalenses. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadj9262. [PMID: 38117894 PMCID: PMC10732525 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adj9262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Flat optics consisting of nanostructures of high-refractive index materials produce lenses with thin form factors that tend to operate only at specific wavelengths. Recent attempts to achieve achromatic lenses uncover a trade-off between the numerical aperture (NA) and bandwidth, which limits performance. Here, we propose a new approach to design high-NA, broadband, and polarization-insensitive multilayer achromatic metalenses (MAMs). We combine topology optimization and full-wave simulations to inversely design MAMs and fabricate the structures in low-refractive index materials by two-photon polymerization lithography. MAMs measuring 20 μm in diameter operating in the visible range of 400 to 800 nm with 0.5 and 0.7 NA were achieved with efficiencies of up to 42%. We demonstrate broadband imaging performance of the fabricated MAM under white light and RGB narrowband illuminations. These results highlight the potential of the 3D-printed multilayer structures for realizing broadband and multifunctional meta-devices with inverse design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Feng Pan
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Hao Wang
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore
- College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
- Greater Bay Area Institute for Innovation, Hunan University, Guangzhou 511300, China
| | - Hongtao Wang
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Parvathi Nair S
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science Technology and Research), Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Qifeng Ruan
- Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Key Lab of Micro-Nano Optoelectronic Information System, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Simon Wredh
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Yujie Ke
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science Technology and Research), Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - John You En Chan
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Wang Zhang
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore
| | - Cheng-Wei Qiu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117576, Singapore
| | - Joel K. W. Yang
- Engineering Product Development, Singapore University of Technology and Design, Singapore 487372, Singapore
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11
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He W, Hu Y, Ren Z, Hu S, Yu Z, Wan S, Cheng X, Jiang T. Transient Loss-Induced Non-Hermitian Degeneracies for Ultrafast Terahertz Metadevices. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2304972. [PMID: 37897321 PMCID: PMC10754078 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Non-Hermitian degeneracies, also known as exceptional points (EPs), have attracted considerable attention due to their unique physical properties. In particular, metasurfaces related to EPs can open the way to unprecedented devices with functionalities such as unidirectional transmission and ultra-sensitive sensing. Herein, an active non-Hermitian metasurface with a loss-induced parity-time symmetry phase transition for ultrafast terahertz metadevices is demonstrated. Specifically, the eigenvalues of the non-Hermitian transmission matrix undergo a phase transition under optical excitation and are degenerate at EPs in parameter space, which is accompanied by the collapse of chiral transmission. Ultrafast EP modulation on a picosecond time scale can be realized through variations in the transient loss at a non-Hermitian metasurface pumped by pulsed excitation. Furthermore, by exploiting the physical characteristics of chiral transmission EPs, a switchable quarter-wave plate based on the photoactive metasurface is designed and experimentally verified and realized the corresponding function of polarization manipulation. This work opens promising possibilities for designing functional terahertz metadevices and fuses EP physics with active metasurfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weibao He
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesNational University of Defense TechnologyChangsha410073P. R. China
| | - Yuze Hu
- Institute for Quantum Science and TechnologyCollege of ScienceNational University of Defense TechnologyChangsha410073P. R. China
| | - Ziheng Ren
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesNational University of Defense TechnologyChangsha410073P. R. China
| | - Siyang Hu
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesNational University of Defense TechnologyChangsha410073P. R. China
| | - Zhongyi Yu
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesNational University of Defense TechnologyChangsha410073P. R. China
| | - Shun Wan
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesNational University of Defense TechnologyChangsha410073P. R. China
| | - Xiang'ai Cheng
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary StudiesNational University of Defense TechnologyChangsha410073P. R. China
| | - Tian Jiang
- Institute for Quantum Science and TechnologyCollege of ScienceNational University of Defense TechnologyChangsha410073P. R. China
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12
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Huang PS, Chu CH, Huang SH, Su HP, Tanaka T, Wu PC. Varifocal Metalenses: Harnessing Polarization-Dependent Superposition for Continuous Focal Length Control. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:10432-10440. [PMID: 37956251 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c03056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Traditional varifocal lenses are bulky and mechanically complex. Emerging active metalenses promise compactness and design flexibility but face issues like mechanical tuning reliability and nonlinear focal length tuning due to additional medium requirements. In this work, we propose a varifocal metalens design based on superimposing light intensity distributions from two orthogonal polarization states. This approach enables continuous and precise focal length control within the visible spectrum, while maintaining relatively high focusing efficiencies (∼41% in simulation and ∼28% in measurement) and quality. In experimental validation, the metalens exhibited flexible tunability, with the focal length continuously adjustable between two spatial positions upon variation of the incident polarization angle. The MTF results showed high contrast reproduction and sharp imaging, with a Strehl ratio of >0.7 for all polarization angles. With compactness, design flexibility, and high focusing quality, the proposed varifocal metalens holds potential for diverse applications, advancing adaptive and versatile optical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Sheng Huang
- Department of Photonics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Cheng Hung Chu
- YongLin Institute of Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10672, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hsiu Huang
- Department of Photonics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Ping Su
- Department of Photonics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
| | - Takuo Tanaka
- Innovative Photon Manipulation Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Photonics, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Metamaterials Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Institute of Post-LED Photonics, Tokushima University, 2-1 Minamijosanjima-cho, Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
| | - Pin Chieh Wu
- Department of Photonics, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
- Center for Quantum Frontiers of Research & Technology (QFort), National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
- Meta-nanoPhotonics Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan
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13
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Zhang GB, Gao XZ, Sun XF, Ma R, Wang Y, Pan Y. Airy-Gaussian vector beam and its application in generating flexible optical chains. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:30319-30331. [PMID: 37710576 DOI: 10.1364/oe.498492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the manipulation of structured optical beam has become an attractive and promising area. The Gaussian beam is the most common beam as the output beam of the laser, and the Airy beam is recently proposed with fascinating properties and applications. In this paper, for the first time to our knowledge, the polarization is used as a tool to design a new kind of Airy-Gaussian vector beam by connecting the Gaussian and Airy functions, which opens a new avenue in designing new beams based on the existed beams. We realize the Airy-Gaussian vector beam with space-variant polarization distribution in theory and experiment, and find that the vector beam can autofocus twice during propagation. The optical chains with flexible intensity peaks are achieved with the Airy-Gaussian vector beam, which can be applied in trapping and delivering particles including biological cells and Rydberg atoms. Such optical chains can significantly improve the trapping efficiency, reduce the heat accumulation, and sweep away the impurity particles.
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14
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Wu GB, Dai JY, Shum KM, Chan KF, Cheng Q, Cui TJ, Chan CH. A universal metasurface antenna to manipulate all fundamental characteristics of electromagnetic waves. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5155. [PMID: 37620303 PMCID: PMC10449906 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40717-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Metasurfaces have promising potential to revolutionize a variety of photonic and electronic device technologies. However, metasurfaces that can simultaneously and independently control all electromagnetics (EM) waves' properties, including amplitude, phase, frequency, polarization, and momentum, with high integrability and programmability, are challenging and have not been successfully attempted. Here, we propose and demonstrate a microwave universal metasurface antenna (UMA) capable of dynamically, simultaneously, independently, and precisely manipulating all the constitutive properties of EM waves in a software-defined manner. Our UMA further facilitates the spatial- and time-varying wave properties, leading to more complicated waveform generation, beamforming, and direct information manipulations. In particular, the UMA can directly generate the modulated waveforms carrying digital information that can fundamentally simplify the architecture of information transmitter systems. The proposed UMA with unparalleled EM wave and information manipulation capabilities will spark a surge of applications from next-generation wireless systems, cognitive sensing, and imaging to quantum optics and quantum information science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geng-Bo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Jun Yan Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
- Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
| | - Kam Man Shum
- State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Ka Fai Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Qiang Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
- Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
| | - Tie Jun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
- Institute of Electromagnetic Space, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
- Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
| | - Chi Hou Chan
- State Key Laboratory of Terahertz and Millimeter Waves, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China.
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China.
- Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for Big Data Imaging and Communication, Shenzhen, 518048, China.
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15
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Zhang XG, Sun YL, Zhu B, Wang J, Zhao T, Jiang WX, Huang Z, Zhang Z, Cui TJ. Optoelectronic Metasurface for Free-Space Optical-Microwave Interactions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:22744-22751. [PMID: 37116067 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c02290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Photon-electron interactions are essential for many areas such as energy conversion, signal processing, and emerging quantum science. However, the current demonstrations are typically targeted to fiber and on-chip applications and lack of study in wave space. Here, we introduce a concept of optoelectronic metasurface that is capable of realizing direct and efficient optical-microwave interactions in free space. The optoelectronic metasurface is realized via a hybrid integration of microwave resonant meta-structures with a photoresponsive material. As a proof of concept, we construct an ultrathin optoelectronic metasurface using photodiodes that is bias free, which is modeled and analyzed theoretically by using the light-driven electronic excitation principle and microwave network theory. The incident laser and microwave from the free space will interact with the photodiode-based metasurface simultaneously and generate strong laser-microwave coupling, where the phase of output microwave depends on the input laser intensity. We experimentally verify that the reflected microwave phase of the optoelectronic metasurface decreases as the incident laser power becomes large, providing a distinct strategy to control the vector fields by the power intensity. Our results offer fundamentally new understanding of the metasurface capabilities and the wave-matter interactions in hybrid materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ge Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Ya Lun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Bingcheng Zhu
- National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Junjia Wang
- National Research Center for Optical Sensors/Communications Integrated Networks, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Tianxiang Zhao
- National Research Center for Optical Sensors/Communications Integrated Networks, School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Wei Xiang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing 211111, China
| | - Zhixiang Huang
- Information Materials and Intelligent Sensing Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230039, China
| | - Zaichen Zhang
- National Mobile Communications Research Laboratory, School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Mobile Information Communication and Security, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
- Purple Mountain Laboratories, Nanjing 211111, China
| | - Tie Jun Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Millimeter Waves, School of Information Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
- Pazhou Laboratory, Huangpu, Guangzhou 510555, China
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