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Nakagami S, Wang Z, Han X, Tsuda K. Regulation of Bacterial Growth and Behavior by Host Plant. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 62:69-96. [PMID: 38857544 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-010824-023359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Plants are associated with diverse bacteria in nature. Some bacteria are pathogens that decrease plant fitness, and others are beneficial bacteria that promote plant growth and stress resistance. Emerging evidence also suggests that plant-associated commensal bacteria collectively contribute to plant health and are essential for plant survival in nature. Bacteria with different characteristics simultaneously colonize plant tissues. Thus, plants need to accommodate bacteria that provide service to the host plants, but they need to defend against pathogens at the same time. How do plants achieve this? In this review, we summarize how plants use physical barriers, control common goods such as water and nutrients, and produce antibacterial molecules to regulate bacterial growth and behavior. Furthermore, we highlight that plants use specialized metabolites that support or inhibit specific bacteria, thereby selectively recruiting plant-associated bacterial communities and regulating their function. We also raise important questions that need to be addressed to improve our understanding of plant-bacteria interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Nakagami
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China;
| | - Zhe Wang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China;
| | - Xiaowei Han
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China;
| | - Kenichi Tsuda
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China;
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Serrazina S, Martínez M, Soudani S, Candeias G, Berrocal-Lobo M, Piñeiro P, Malhó R, Costa RL, Corredoira E. Overexpression of Ginkbilobin-2 homologous domain gene improves tolerance to Phytophthora cinnamomi in somatic embryos of Quercus suber. Sci Rep 2024; 14:19357. [PMID: 39169119 PMCID: PMC11339267 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-70272-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024] Open
Abstract
In recent decades an extensive mortality and decline of Quercus suber populations mainly caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi has been observed. In the current study, a chestnut gene homologous to ginkbilobin-2 (Cast_Gnk2-like), which in Ginkgo biloba codifies an antifungal protein, was transferred into cork oak somatic embryos of three different embryogenic lines by Agrobacterium mediated transformation. The transformation efficiency varied on the genotype from 2.5 to 9.2%, and a total of 22 independent transformed lines were obtained. The presence of Cast_Gnk2-like gene in transgenic embryos was verified in all lines by PCR. The number of transgene copies was estimated by qPCR in embryogenic lines with high proliferation ability and it varied between 1 and 5. In addition, the expression levels of Cast_Gnk2-like gene were determined in the embryogenic lines, with higher levels in lines derived from the genotype ALM6-WT. Transgenic plants were obtained from all transgenic lines and evaluated after cold storage of the somatic embryos for 2 months and subsequent transfer to germination medium. In vitro tolerance tests made under controlled conditions and following zoospore treatment showed that plants overexpressing Cast_Gnk2-like gene improved tolerance against Pc when compared to wild type ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Serrazina
- Faculdade de Ciências, BioISI-Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - MªTeresa Martínez
- Misión Biológica de Galicia, Sede Santiago de Compostela, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (MBG-CSIC), Avda Vigo S/N, 15705, Santiago de Compostela, La Coruña, Spain
| | - Serine Soudani
- Centro Para La Biodiversidad y Desarrollo Sostenible (CBDS), ETSIMFMN, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria S/N, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gonçalo Candeias
- Faculdade de Ciências, BioISI-Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marta Berrocal-Lobo
- Centro Para La Biodiversidad y Desarrollo Sostenible (CBDS), ETSIMFMN, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria S/N, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pablo Piñeiro
- Misión Biológica de Galicia, Sede Santiago de Compostela, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (MBG-CSIC), Avda Vigo S/N, 15705, Santiago de Compostela, La Coruña, Spain
| | - Rui Malhó
- Faculdade de Ciências, BioISI-Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Rita Lourenço Costa
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária E Veterinária I.P., Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Elena Corredoira
- Misión Biológica de Galicia, Sede Santiago de Compostela, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (MBG-CSIC), Avda Vigo S/N, 15705, Santiago de Compostela, La Coruña, Spain.
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Zhong R, Zhou D, Chen L, Rose JP, Wang BC, Ye ZH. Plant Cell Wall Polysaccharide O-Acetyltransferases. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:2304. [PMID: 39204739 PMCID: PMC11360243 DOI: 10.3390/plants13162304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2024] [Revised: 08/14/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Plant cell walls are largely composed of polysaccharide polymers, including cellulose, hemicelluloses (xyloglucan, xylan, mannan, and mixed-linkage β-1,3/1,4-glucan), and pectins. Among these cell wall polysaccharides, xyloglucan, xylan, mannan, and pectins are often O-acetylated, and polysaccharide O-acetylation plays important roles in cell wall assembly and disease resistance. Genetic and biochemical analyses have implicated the involvement of three groups of proteins in plant cell wall polysaccharide O-acetylation: trichome birefringence-like (TBL)/domain of unknown function 231 (DUF231), reduced wall acetylation (RWA), and altered xyloglucan 9 (AXY9). Although the exact roles of RWAs and AXY9 are yet to be identified, members of the TBL/DUF231 family have been found to be O-acetyltransferases responsible for the O-acetylation of xyloglucan, xylan, mannan, and pectins. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the occurrence of O-acetylated cell wall polysaccharides, the biochemical properties, structural features, and evolution of cell wall polysaccharide O-acetyltransferases, and the potential biotechnological applications of manipulations of cell wall polysaccharide acetylation. Further in-depth studies of the biochemical mechanisms of cell wall polysaccharide O-acetylation will not only enrich our understanding of cell wall biology, but also have important implications in engineering plants with increased disease resistance and reduced recalcitrance for biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqin Zhong
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Dayong Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Lirong Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - John P. Rose
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Bi-Cheng Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Zheng-Hua Ye
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Chen J, Xu X, Liu W, Feng Z, Chen Q, Zhou Y, Sun M, Gan L, Zhou T, Xuan Y. Plasmodesmata Function and Callose Deposition in Plant Disease Defense. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:2242. [PMID: 39204678 PMCID: PMC11359699 DOI: 10.3390/plants13162242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Callose, found in the cell walls of higher plants such as β-1,3-glucan with β-1,6 branches, is pivotal for both plant development and responses to biotic and abiotic stressors. Plasmodesmata (PD), membranous channels linking the cytoplasm, plasma membrane, and endoplasmic reticulum of adjacent cells, facilitate molecular transport, crucial for developmental and physiological processes. The regulation of both the structural and transport functions of PD is intricate. The accumulation of callose in the PD neck is particularly significant for the regulation of PD permeability. This callose deposition, occurring at a specific site of pathogenic incursion, decelerates the invasion and proliferation of pathogens by reducing the PD pore size. Scholarly investigations over the past two decades have illuminated pathogen-induced callose deposition and the ensuing PD regulation. This gradual understanding reveals the complex regulatory interactions governing defense-related callose accumulation and protein-mediated PD regulation, underscoring its role in plant defense. This review systematically outlines callose accumulation mechanisms and enzymatic regulation in plant defense and discusses PD's varied participation against viral, fungal, and bacterial infestations. It scrutinizes callose-induced structural changes in PD, highlighting their implications for plant immunity. This review emphasizes dynamic callose calibration in PD constrictions and elucidates the implications and potential challenges of this intricate defense mechanism, integral to the plant's immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingsheng Chen
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing 404100, China; (J.C.); (W.L.); (Z.F.); (Q.C.); (M.S.); (L.G.)
| | - Xiaofeng Xu
- College of Plant Protection, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China;
| | - Wei Liu
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing 404100, China; (J.C.); (W.L.); (Z.F.); (Q.C.); (M.S.); (L.G.)
| | - Ziyang Feng
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing 404100, China; (J.C.); (W.L.); (Z.F.); (Q.C.); (M.S.); (L.G.)
| | - Quan Chen
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing 404100, China; (J.C.); (W.L.); (Z.F.); (Q.C.); (M.S.); (L.G.)
| | - You Zhou
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing 404100, China; (J.C.); (W.L.); (Z.F.); (Q.C.); (M.S.); (L.G.)
| | - Miao Sun
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing 404100, China; (J.C.); (W.L.); (Z.F.); (Q.C.); (M.S.); (L.G.)
| | - Liping Gan
- College of Biology and Food Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing 404100, China; (J.C.); (W.L.); (Z.F.); (Q.C.); (M.S.); (L.G.)
| | - Tiange Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yuanhu Xuan
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemical Biology, National Pesticide Engineering Research Center (Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China;
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Li R, Cui L, Martina M, Bracuto V, Meijer-Dekens F, Wolters AMA, Moglia A, Bai Y, Acquadro A. Less is more: CRISPR/Cas9-based mutations in DND1 gene enhance tomato resistance to powdery mildew with low fitness costs. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:763. [PMID: 39123110 PMCID: PMC11316316 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05428-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Powdery mildew (PM), triggered by Oidium neolycopersici, represents a significant threat and a major concern for the productivity of tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L.). The presence of susceptibility (S) genes in plants facilitates pathogen proliferation and their dysfunction can lead to a recessively inherited broad-spectrum and durable type of resistance. Past studies have demonstrated that disrupting the function of DND1 (Defense No Death 1) increases plant resilience against various pathogens, such as powdery mildew (PM), but this comes at the cost of negatively affecting the overall health and vigor of the plant. To investigate the possibility of minimizing the adverse effects of the dnd1 mutation while boosting disease resistance, a CRISPR-Cas9 construct with four single guide RNAs targeting three exons of SlDND1 (Solyc02g088560.4.1) was designed and introduced into the tomato variety Moneymaker (MM) through Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. Three T1 lines (named E1, E3 and E4) were crossed with MM and then selfed to produce TF2 families. All the TF2 plants in homozygous state dnd1/dnd1, showed reduced PM symptoms compared to the heterozygous (DND1/dnd1) and wild type (DND1/DND1) ones. Two full knock-out (KO) mutant events (E1 and E4) encoding truncated DND1 proteins, exhibited clear dwarfness and auto-necrosis phenotypes, while mutant event E3 harbouring deletions of 3 amino acids, showed normal growth in height with less auto-necrotic spots. Analysis of the 3D structures of both the reference and the mutant proteins revealed significant conformational alterations in the protein derived from E3, potentially impacting its function. A dnd1/dnd1 TF2 line (TV181848-9, E3) underwent whole-genome sequencing using Illumina technology, which confirmed the absence of off-target mutations in selected genomic areas. Additionally, no traces of the Cas9 gene were detected, indicating its elimination through segregation. Our findings confirm the role of DND1 as an S-gene in tomato because impairment of this gene leads to a notable reduction in susceptibility to O. neolycopersici. Moreover, we provide, for the first time, a dnd1 mutant allele (E3) that exhibits fitness advantages in comparison with previously reported dnd1 mutant alleles, indicating a possible way to breed with dnd1 mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiling Li
- Plant Genetics and Breeding, Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Science (DISAFA), University of Torino, Grugliasco, 10095, Italy
| | - Lei Cui
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, 6708 PB, The Netherlands
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, 030031, China
| | - Matteo Martina
- Plant Genetics and Breeding, Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Science (DISAFA), University of Torino, Grugliasco, 10095, Italy
| | - Valentina Bracuto
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, 6708 PB, The Netherlands
| | - Fien Meijer-Dekens
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, 6708 PB, The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Marie A Wolters
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, 6708 PB, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Moglia
- Plant Genetics and Breeding, Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Science (DISAFA), University of Torino, Grugliasco, 10095, Italy
| | - Yuling Bai
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, 6708 PB, The Netherlands.
| | - Alberto Acquadro
- Plant Genetics and Breeding, Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Science (DISAFA), University of Torino, Grugliasco, 10095, Italy.
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Iswanto ABB, Vu MH, Shon JC, Kumar R, Wu S, Kang H, Kim DR, Son GH, Kim WY, Kwak YS, Liu KH, Kim SH, Kim JY. α1-COP modulates plasmodesmata function through sphingolipid enzyme regulation. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 66:1639-1657. [PMID: 38888228 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Callose, a β-1,3-glucan plant cell wall polymer, regulates symplasmic channel size at plasmodesmata (PD) and plays a crucial role in a variety of plant processes. However, elucidating the molecular mechanism of PD callose homeostasis is limited. We screened and identified an Arabidopsis mutant plant with excessive callose deposition at PD and found that the mutated gene was α1-COP, a member of the coat protein I (COPI) coatomer complex. We report that loss of function of α1-COP elevates the callose accumulation at PD by affecting subcellular protein localization of callose degradation enzyme PdBG2. This process is linked to the functions of ERH1, an inositol phosphoryl ceramide synthase, and glucosylceramide synthase through physical interactions with the α1-COP protein. Additionally, the loss of function of α1-COP alters the subcellular localization of ERH1 and GCS proteins, resulting in a reduction of GlcCers and GlcHCers molecules, which are key sphingolipid (SL) species for lipid raft formation. Our findings suggest that α1-COP protein, together with SL modifiers controlling lipid raft compositions, regulates the subcellular localization of GPI-anchored PDBG2 proteins, and hence the callose turnover at PD and symplasmic movement of biomolecules. Our findings provide the first key clue to link the COPI-mediated intracellular trafficking pathway to the callose-mediated intercellular signaling pathway through PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arya Bagus Boedi Iswanto
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 FOUR Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
| | - Minh Huy Vu
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 FOUR Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
| | - Jong Cheol Shon
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701, Korea
| | - Ritesh Kumar
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 FOUR Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
| | - Shuwei Wu
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 FOUR Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
| | - Hobin Kang
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 FOUR Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
| | - Da-Ran Kim
- Departement of Plant Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
| | - Geon Hui Son
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 FOUR Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
| | - Woe Yoen Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 FOUR Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
| | - Youn-Sig Kwak
- Departement of Plant Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
| | - Kwang Hyeon Liu
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 702-701, Korea
| | - Sang Hee Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 FOUR Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
- Division of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
| | - Jae-Yean Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 FOUR Program), Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
- Division of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Korea
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Liu Y, Yang L, Ma Y, Zhou Y, Zhang S, Liu Q, Ma F, Liu C. The HD-Zip I transcription factor MdHB-7 negatively regulates resistance to Glomerella leaf spot in apple. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 299:154277. [PMID: 38843655 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2024.154277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/17/2024]
Abstract
Glomerella leaf spot (GLS), caused by Colletotrichum fructicola (Cf), has been one of the main fungal diseases afflicting apple-producing areas across the world for many years, and it has led to substantial reductions in apple output and quality. HD-Zip transcription factors have been identified in several species, and they are involved in the immune response of plants to various types of biotic stress. In this study, inoculation of MdHB-7 overexpressing (MdHB-7-OE) and interference (MdHB-7-RNAi) transgenic plants with Cf revealed that MdHB-7, which encodes an HD-Zip transcription factor, adversely affects GLS resistance. The SA content and the expression of SA pathway-related genes were lower in MdHB-7-OE plants than in 'GL-3' plants; the content of ABA and the expression of ABA biosynthesis genes were higher in MdHB-7-OE plants than in 'GL-3' plants. Further analysis indicated that the content of phenolics and chitinase and β-1, 3 glucanase activities were lower and H2O2 accumulation was higher in MdHB-7-OE plants than in 'GL-3' plants. The opposite patterns were observed in MdHB-7-RNAi apple plants. Overall, our results indicate that MdHB-7 plays a negative role in regulating defense against GLS in apple, which is likely achieved by altering the content of SA, ABA, polyphenols, the activities of defense-related enzymes, and the content of H2O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuerong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lulu Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yongxin Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yufei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shangyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qianwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fengwang Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Changhai Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High-Efficiency Production/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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Jaskolowski A, Poirier Y. Phosphate deficiency increases plant susceptibility to Botrytis cinerea infection by inducing the abscisic acid pathway. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 119:828-843. [PMID: 38804074 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Plants have evolved finely regulated defense systems to counter biotic and abiotic threats. In the natural environment, plants are typically challenged by simultaneous stresses and, amid such conditions, crosstalk between the activated signaling pathways becomes evident, ultimately altering the outcome of the defense response. As an example of combined biotic and abiotic stresses, inorganic phosphate (Pi) deficiency, common in natural and agricultural environments, can occur along with attack by the fungus Botrytis cinerea, a devastating necrotrophic generalist pathogen responsible for massive crop losses. We report that Pi deficiency in Arabidopsis thaliana increases its susceptibility to infection by B. cinerea by influencing the early stages of pathogen infection, namely spore adhesion and germination on the leaf surface. Remarkably, Pi-deficient plants are more susceptible to B. cinerea despite displaying the appropriate activation of the jasmonic acid and ethylene signaling pathways, as well as producing secondary defense metabolites and reactive oxygen species. Conversely, the callose deposition in response to B. cinerea infection is compromised under Pi-deficient conditions. The levels of abscisic acid (ABA) are increased in Pi-deficient plants, and the heightened susceptibility to B. cinerea observed under Pi deficiency can be reverted by blocking ABA biosynthesis. Furthermore, high level of leaf ABA induced by overexpression of NCED6 in Pi-sufficient plants also resulted in greater susceptibility to B. cinerea infection associated with increased spore adhesion and germination, and reduced callose deposition. Our findings reveal a link between the enhanced accumulation of ABA induced by Pi deficiency and an increased sensitivity to B. cinerea infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aime Jaskolowski
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yves Poirier
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Liu H, Wang Y, Chang Q, Li Q, Fang J, Cao N, Tong X, Jiang X, Yu X, Cheng Y. Combined metabolome and transcriptome reveal HmF6'H1 regulating simple coumarin accumulation against powdery mildew infection in Heracleum moellendorffii Hance. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2024; 24:507. [PMID: 38844853 PMCID: PMC11155083 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-024-05185-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Powdery mildew, caused by Eeysiphe heraclei, seriously threatens Heracleum moellendorffii Hance. Plant secondary metabolites are essential to many activities and are necessary for defense against biotic stress. In order to clarify the functions of these metabolites in response to the pathogen, our work concentrated on the variations in the accumulation of secondary metabolites in H. moellendorffii during E. heraclei infection. RESULTS Following E. heraclei infection, a significant upregulation of coumarin metabolites-particularly simple coumarins and associated genes was detected by RNA-seq and UPLC-MS/MS association analysis. Identifying HmF6'H1, a Feruloyl CoA 6'-hydroxylase pivotal in the biosynthesis of the coumarin basic skeleton through ortho-hydroxylation, was a significant outcome. The cytoplasmic HmF6'H1 protein was shown to be able to catalyze the ortho-hydroxylation of p-coumaroyl-CoA and caffeoyl-CoA, resulting in the formation of umbelliferone and esculetin, respectively. Over-expression of the HmF6'H1 gene resulted in increased levels of simple coumarins, inhibiting the biosynthesis of furanocoumarins and pyranocoumarins by suppressing PT gene expression, enhancing H. moellendorffii resistance to powdery mildew. CONCLUSIONS These results established HmF6'H1 as a resistance gene aiding H. moellendorffii in combatting E. heraclei infection, offering additional evidence of feruloyl-CoA 6'-hydroxylase role in catalyzing various types of simple coumarins. Therefore, this work contributes to our understanding of the function of simple coumarins in plants' defense against powdery mildew infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanbing Liu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticulture Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Yiran Wang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticulture Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - QinZheng Chang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticulture Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Qiubi Li
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticulture Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Jiahui Fang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticulture Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Ning Cao
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticulture Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Xuejiao Tong
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticulture Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Xinmei Jiang
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticulture Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Xihong Yu
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticulture Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Yao Cheng
- College of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticulture Crops (Northeast Region), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
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10
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Molina A, Jordá L, Torres MÁ, Martín-Dacal M, Berlanga DJ, Fernández-Calvo P, Gómez-Rubio E, Martín-Santamaría S. Plant cell wall-mediated disease resistance: Current understanding and future perspectives. MOLECULAR PLANT 2024; 17:699-724. [PMID: 38594902 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2024.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Beyond their function as structural barriers, plant cell walls are essential elements for the adaptation of plants to environmental conditions. Cell walls are dynamic structures whose composition and integrity can be altered in response to environmental challenges and developmental cues. These wall changes are perceived by plant sensors/receptors to trigger adaptative responses during development and upon stress perception. Plant cell wall damage caused by pathogen infection, wounding, or other stresses leads to the release of wall molecules, such as carbohydrates (glycans), that function as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). DAMPs are perceived by the extracellular ectodomains (ECDs) of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) to activate pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) and disease resistance. Similarly, glycans released from the walls and extracellular layers of microorganisms interacting with plants are recognized as microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) by specific ECD-PRRs triggering PTI responses. The number of oligosaccharides DAMPs/MAMPs identified that are perceived by plants has increased in recent years. However, the structural mechanisms underlying glycan recognition by plant PRRs remain limited. Currently, this knowledge is mainly focused on receptors of the LysM-PRR family, which are involved in the perception of various molecules, such as chitooligosaccharides from fungi and lipo-chitooligosaccharides (i.e., Nod/MYC factors from bacteria and mycorrhiza, respectively) that trigger differential physiological responses. Nevertheless, additional families of plant PRRs have recently been implicated in oligosaccharide/polysaccharide recognition. These include receptor kinases (RKs) with leucine-rich repeat and Malectin domains in their ECDs (LRR-MAL RKs), Catharanthus roseus RECEPTOR-LIKE KINASE 1-LIKE group (CrRLK1L) with Malectin-like domains in their ECDs, as well as wall-associated kinases, lectin-RKs, and LRR-extensins. The characterization of structural basis of glycans recognition by these new plant receptors will shed light on their similarities with those of mammalians involved in glycan perception. The gained knowledge holds the potential to facilitate the development of sustainable, glycan-based crop protection solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Molina
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain; Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Lucía Jordá
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain; Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Miguel Ángel Torres
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain; Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina Martín-Dacal
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain; Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Diego José Berlanga
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain; Departamento de Biotecnología-Biología Vegetal, Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Agronómica, Alimentaría y de Biosistemas, UPM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Fernández-Calvo
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM) - Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA/CSIC), Campus de Montegancedo UPM, Pozuelo de Alarcón (Madrid), Spain
| | - Elena Gómez-Rubio
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Sonsoles Martín-Santamaría
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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11
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Hsieh YSY, Kao MR, Tucker MR. The knowns and unknowns of callose biosynthesis in terrestrial plants. Carbohydr Res 2024; 538:109103. [PMID: 38555659 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2024.109103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Callose, a linear (1,3)-β-glucan, is an indispensable carbohydrate polymer required for plant growth and development. Advances in biochemical, genetic, and genomic tools, along with specific antibodies, have significantly enhanced our understanding of callose biosynthesis. As additional components of the callose synthase machinery emerge, the elucidation of molecular biosynthetic mechanisms is expected to follow. Short-term objectives involve defining the stoichiometry and turnover rates of callose synthase subunits. Long-term goals include generating recombinant callose synthases to elucidate their biochemical properties and molecular mechanisms, potentially culminating in the determination of callose synthase three-dimensional structure. This review delves into the structures and intricate molecular processes underlying callose biosynthesis, emphasizing regulatory elements and assembly mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yves S Y Hsieh
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden; School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan.
| | - Mu-Rong Kao
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), AlbaNova University Centre, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden; School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taiwan
| | - Matthew R Tucker
- Waite Research Institute, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA 5064, Australia.
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12
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Huebbers JW, Caldarescu GA, Kubátová Z, Sabol P, Levecque SCJ, Kuhn H, Kulich I, Reinstädler A, Büttgen K, Manga-Robles A, Mélida H, Pauly M, Panstruga R, Žárský V. Interplay of EXO70 and MLO proteins modulates trichome cell wall composition and susceptibility to powdery mildew. THE PLANT CELL 2024; 36:1007-1035. [PMID: 38124479 PMCID: PMC10980356 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Exocyst component of 70-kDa (EXO70) proteins are constituents of the exocyst complex implicated in vesicle tethering during exocytosis. MILDEW RESISTANCE LOCUS O (MLO) proteins are plant-specific calcium channels and some MLO isoforms enable fungal powdery mildew pathogenesis. We here detected an unexpected phenotypic overlap of Arabidopsis thaliana exo70H4 and mlo2 mlo6 mlo12 triple mutant plants regarding the biogenesis of leaf trichome secondary cell walls. Biochemical and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic analyses corroborated deficiencies in the composition of trichome cell walls in these mutants. Transgenic lines expressing fluorophore-tagged EXO70H4 and MLO exhibited extensive colocalization of these proteins. Furthermore, mCherry-EXO70H4 mislocalized in trichomes of the mlo triple mutant and, vice versa, MLO6-GFP mislocalized in trichomes of the exo70H4 mutant. Expression of GFP-marked PMR4 callose synthase, a known cargo of EXO70H4-dependent exocytosis, revealed reduced cell wall delivery of GFP-PMR4 in trichomes of mlo triple mutant plants. In vivo protein-protein interaction assays in plant and yeast cells uncovered isoform-preferential interactions between EXO70.2 subfamily members and MLO proteins. Finally, exo70H4 and mlo6 mutants, when combined, showed synergistically enhanced resistance to powdery mildew attack. Taken together, our data point to an isoform-specific interplay of EXO70 and MLO proteins in the modulation of trichome cell wall biogenesis and powdery mildew susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan W Huebbers
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - George A Caldarescu
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeňka Kubátová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Sabol
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Sophie C J Levecque
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Hannah Kuhn
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Ivan Kulich
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anja Reinstädler
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Kim Büttgen
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Alba Manga-Robles
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ingeniería y Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Hugo Mélida
- Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ingeniería y Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de León, 24071 León, Spain
| | - Markus Pauly
- Institute for Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ralph Panstruga
- Unit of Plant Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Biology I, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Viktor Žárský
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Viničná 5, 128 44 Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Laboratory of Cell Biology, Rozvojová 263, 165 02 Prague 6 Lysolaje, Czech Republic
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13
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Sicilia A, Russo R, Catara V, Lo Piero AR. Hub Genes and Pathways Related to Lemon ( Citrus limon) Leaf Response to Plenodomus tracheiphilus Infection and Influenced by Pseudomonas mediterranea Biocontrol Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2391. [PMID: 38397068 PMCID: PMC10889467 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The lemon industry in the Mediterranean basin is strongly threatened by "mal secco" disease (MSD) caused by the fungus Plenodomus tracheiphlilus. Leaf pretreatments with Pseudomonas mediterranea 3C have been proposed as innovative tools for eco-sustainable interventions aimed at controlling the disease. In this study, by exploiting the results of previously performed RNAseq analysis, WCGNA was conducted among gene expression patterns in both inoculated (Pt) and pretreated and fungus-inoculated lemon plants (Citrus limon L.) (3CPt), and two indicators of fungal infection, i.e., the amount of fungus DNA measured in planta and the disease index (DI). The aims of this work were (a) to identify gene modules significantly associated with those traits, (b) to construct co-expression networks related to mal secco disease; (c) to define the effect and action mechanisms of P. mediterranea by comparing the networks. The results led to the identification of nine hub genes in the networks, with three of them belonging to receptor-like kinases (RLK), such as HERK1, CLAVATA1 and LRR, which play crucial roles in plant-pathogen interaction. Moreover, the comparison between networks indicated that the expression of those receptors is not induced in the presence of P. mediterranea, suggesting how powerful WCGNA is in discovering crucial genes that must undergo further investigation and be eventually knocked out.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Angela Roberta Lo Piero
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy; (A.S.); (R.R.); (V.C.)
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14
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Aldana JA, Moa B, Mattsson J, Russell JH, Hawkins BJ. Histological, chemical and gene expression differences between western redcedar seedlings resistant and susceptible to cedar leaf blight. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1309762. [PMID: 38379949 PMCID: PMC10878471 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1309762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Western redcedar (Thuja plicata) is an important species in the Cupressaceae both at economic and cultural levels in the Pacific Northwest of North America. In adult trees, the species produces one of the most weathering-resistant heartwoods among conifers, making it one of the preferred species for outdoor applications. However, young T. plicata plants are susceptible to infection with cedar leaf blight (Didymascella thujina), an important foliar pathogen that can be devastating in nurseries and small-spaced plantations. Despite that, variability in the resistance against D. thujina in T. plicata has been documented, and such variability can be used to breed T. plicata for resistance against the pathogen. Objective This investigation aimed to discern the phenotypic and gene expression differences between resistant and susceptible T. plicata seedlings to shed light on the potential constitutive resistance mechanisms against cedar leaf blight in western redcedar. Methods The study consisted of two parts. First, the histological differences between four resistant and four susceptible families that were never infected with the pathogen were investigated. And second, the differences between one resistant and one susceptible family that were infected and not infected with the pathogen were analyzed at the chemical (C, N, mineral nutrients, lignin, fiber, starch, and terpenes) and gene expression (RNA-Seq) levels. Results The histological part showed that T. plicata seedlings resistant to D. thujina had constitutively thicker cuticles and lower stomatal densities than susceptible plants. The chemical analyses revealed that, regardless of their infection status, resistant plants had higher foliar concentrations of sabinene and α-thujene, and higher levels of expression of transcripts that code for leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinases and for bark storage proteins. Conclusion The data collected in this study shows that constitutive differences at the phenotypic (histological and chemical) and gene expression level exist between T. plicata seedlings susceptible and resistant to D. thujina. Such differences have potential use for marker-assisted selection and breeding for resistance against cedar leaf blight in western redcedar in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A. Aldana
- School of Arts, Science, and Education, Medicine Hat College, Medicine Hat, AB, Canada
| | - Belaid Moa
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Jim Mattsson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - John H. Russell
- British Columbia Ministry of Forests, Mesachie Lake, BC, Canada
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15
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Han P, Zhang R, Li R, Li F, Nie J, Xu M, Wang C, Huang L. MdVQ12 confers resistance to Valsa mali by regulating MdHDA19 expression in apple. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13411. [PMID: 38071459 PMCID: PMC10788466 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Valine-glutamine (VQ) motif-containing proteins play a crucial role in plant biotic stress responses. Apple Valsa canker, caused by the ascomycete Valsa mali, stands as one of the most severe diseases affecting apple trees. Nonetheless, the underlying resistance mechanism of VQ proteins against this disease has remained largely unexplored. This study reports MdVQ12, a VQ motif-containing protein, as a positive regulator of apple Valsa canker resistance. Genetic transformation experiments demonstrated that MdVQ12 overexpression increased resistance to V. mali, while gene silencing lines exhibited significantly reduced resistance. MdVQ12 interacted with the transcription factor MdWRKY23, which bound to the promoter of the histone deacetylase gene MdHDA19, activating its expression. MdHDA19 enhanced apple resistance to V. mali by participating in the jasmonic acid (JA) and ethylene (ET) signalling pathways. Additionally, MdVQ12 promoted the transcriptional activity of MdWRKY23 towards MdHDA19. Our findings reveal that MdVQ12 enhances apple resistance to V. mali by regulating MdHDA19 expression and thereby regulating the JA and ET signalling pathways, offering potential candidate gene resources for breeding apple Valsa canker-resistant germplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengliang Han
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency Production, College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Ruotong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency Production, College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Rui Li
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency Production, College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Fudong Li
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency Production, College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Jiajun Nie
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency Production, College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Ming Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency Production, College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Chengli Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency Production, College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Lili Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency Production, College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
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16
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Jian Y, Gong D, Wang Z, Liu L, He J, Han X, Tsuda K. How plants manage pathogen infection. EMBO Rep 2024; 25:31-44. [PMID: 38177909 PMCID: PMC10897293 DOI: 10.1038/s44319-023-00023-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
To combat microbial pathogens, plants have evolved specific immune responses that can be divided into three essential steps: microbial recognition by immune receptors, signal transduction within plant cells, and immune execution directly suppressing pathogens. During the past three decades, many plant immune receptors and signaling components and their mode of action have been revealed, markedly advancing our understanding of the first two steps. Activation of immune signaling results in physical and chemical actions that actually stop pathogen infection. Nevertheless, this third step of plant immunity is under explored. In addition to immune execution by plants, recent evidence suggests that the plant microbiota, which is considered an additional layer of the plant immune system, also plays a critical role in direct pathogen suppression. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of how plant immunity as well as microbiota control pathogen growth and behavior and highlight outstanding questions that need to be answered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinan Jian
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 518120, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dianming Gong
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 518120, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lijun Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 518120, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jingjing He
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 518120, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaowei Han
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 518120, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kenichi Tsuda
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China.
- Shenzhen Institute of Nutrition and Health, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, China.
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 518120, Shenzhen, China.
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17
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Saatian B, Kohalmi SE, Cui Y. Localization of Arabidopsis Glucan Synthase-Like 5, 8, and 12 to plasmodesmata and the GSL8-dependent role of PDLP5 in regulating plasmodesmal permeability. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2023; 18:2164670. [PMID: 36645916 PMCID: PMC9851254 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2022.2164670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Cell-to-cell communication via membranous channels called plasmodesmata (PD) plays critical roles during plant development and in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. Several enzymes and receptor-like proteins (RLPs), including Arabidopsis thaliana glucan synthase-likes (GSLs), also known as callose synthases (CALSs), and PD-located proteins (PDLPs), have been implicated in plasmodesmal permeability regulation and intercellular communication. Localization of PDLPs to punctate structures at the cell periphery and their receptor-like identity have raised the hypothesis that PDLPs are involved in the regulation of symplastic trafficking during plant development and in response to endogenous and exogenous signals. Indeed, it was shown that PDLP5 could limit plasmodesmal permeability through inducing an increase in callose accumulation at PD. However, mechanistically, how this is achieved remains to be elucidated. To address this key issue in understanding the regulation of PD, physical and functional interactions between PDLPs and GSLs (using the PDLP5-GSL8/CALS10 pair as a model) were investigated. Our results show that GSL8/CALS10 plays essential roles and is required for the function and plasmodesmal localization of PDLP5. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the localization of PDLP5 to PD and its function in inducing callose deposition are GSL8-dependent. Importantly, our transgenic study shows that three key members of the GSL family, i.e., GSL5/CALS12, GSL8/CALS10, and GSL12/CALS3, localize to PD and co-localize with PDLP5, suggesting that GSL8/CALS10 might not be the only callose synthase with the determining role in PD regulation. These findings, together with our previous observation showing the direct interaction of GSL8/CALS10 with PDLP5, indicate the pivotal role of the GSL8/CALS10-PDLP5 interplay in regulating PD permeability. Future work is needed to investigate whether the PDLP5 functionality and localization are also disrupted in gsl5 and gsl12, or it is just gsl8-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behnaz Saatian
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Yuhai Cui
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London Research and Development Centre, London, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biology, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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18
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Wanke A, van Boerdonk S, Mahdi LK, Wawra S, Neidert M, Chandrasekar B, Saake P, Saur IML, Derbyshire P, Holton N, Menke FLH, Brands M, Pauly M, Acosta IF, Zipfel C, Zuccaro A. A GH81-type β-glucan-binding protein enhances colonization by mutualistic fungi in barley. Curr Biol 2023; 33:5071-5084.e7. [PMID: 37977140 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Cell walls are important interfaces of plant-fungal interactions, acting as robust physical and chemical barriers against invaders. Upon fungal colonization, plants deposit phenolics and callose at the sites of fungal penetration to prevent further fungal progression. Alterations in the composition of plant cell walls significantly impact host susceptibility. Furthermore, plants and fungi secrete glycan hydrolases acting on each other's cell walls. These enzymes release various sugar oligomers into the apoplast, some of which activate host immunity via surface receptors. Recent characterization of cell walls from plant-colonizing fungi has emphasized the abundance of β-glucans in different cell wall layers, which makes them suitable targets for recognition. To characterize host components involved in immunity against fungi, we performed a protein pull-down with the biotinylated β-glucan laminarin. Thereby, we identified a plant glycoside hydrolase family 81-type glucan-binding protein (GBP) as a β-glucan interactor. Mutation of GBP1 and its only paralog, GBP2, in barley led to decreased colonization by the beneficial root endophytes Serendipita indica and S. vermifera, as well as the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Rhizophagus irregularis. The reduction of colonization was accompanied by enhanced responses at the host cell wall, including an extension of callose-containing cell wall appositions. Moreover, GBP mutation in barley also reduced fungal biomass in roots by the hemibiotrophic pathogen Bipolaris sorokiniana and inhibited the penetration success of the obligate biotrophic leaf pathogen Blumeria hordei. These results indicate that GBP1 is involved in the establishment of symbiotic associations with beneficial fungi-a role that has potentially been appropriated by barley-adapted pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Wanke
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sarah van Boerdonk
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lisa Katharina Mahdi
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stephan Wawra
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Miriam Neidert
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Balakumaran Chandrasekar
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne, Germany
| | - Pia Saake
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne, Germany
| | - Isabel M L Saur
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne, Germany
| | - Paul Derbyshire
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Nicholas Holton
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Frank L H Menke
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Mathias Brands
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Markus Pauly
- Institute of Plant Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany; Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ivan F Acosta
- Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Cyril Zipfel
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK; Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zurich, and Zurich-Basel Plant Science Center, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alga Zuccaro
- Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences (CEPLAS), Cologne, Germany.
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19
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Prall W, Sheikh AH, Bazin J, Bigeard J, Almeida-Trapp M, Crespi M, Hirt H, Gregory BD. Pathogen-induced m6A dynamics affect plant immunity. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:4155-4172. [PMID: 37610247 PMCID: PMC10615206 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Posttranscriptional regulation of mRNA mediated by methylation at the N6 position of adenine (N6-methyladenosine [m6A]) has profound effects on transcriptome regulation in plants. Focused studies across eukaryotes offer glimpses into the processes governed by m6A throughout developmental and disease states. However, we lack an understanding of the dynamics and the regulatory potential of m6A during biotic stress in plants. Here, we provide a comprehensive look into the effects of m6A on both the short-term and long-term responses to pathogen signaling in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). We demonstrate that m6A-deficient plants are more resistant to bacterial and fungal pathogen infections and have altered immune responses. Furthermore, m6A deposition is specifically coordinated on transcripts involved in defense and immunity prior to and proceeding the pathogen signal flagellin. Consequently, the dynamic modulation of m6A on specific stress-responsive transcripts is correlated with changes in abundance and cleavage of these transcripts. Overall, we show that the m6A methylome is regulated prior to and during simulated and active pathogen stress and functions in the coordination and balancing of normal growth and pathogen responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wil Prall
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104,USA
| | - Arsheed H Sheikh
- Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900,Saudi Arabia
| | - Jeremie Bazin
- CNRS, INRA, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, Universite Paris Sud, Universite Evry, Universite Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cite, Universite Paris-Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette,France
| | - Jean Bigeard
- CNRS, INRA, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, Universite Paris Sud, Universite Evry, Universite Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cite, Universite Paris-Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette,France
| | - Marilia Almeida-Trapp
- Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900,Saudi Arabia
| | - Martin Crespi
- CNRS, INRA, Institute of Plant Sciences Paris-Saclay IPS2, Universite Paris Sud, Universite Evry, Universite Paris-Diderot, Sorbonne Paris-Cite, Universite Paris-Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette,France
| | - Heribert Hirt
- Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900,Saudi Arabia
- Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna,Austria
| | - Brian D Gregory
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104,USA
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20
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Pandey SS, Xu J, Achor DS, Li J, Wang N. Microscopic and Transcriptomic Analyses of Early Events Triggered by ' Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' in Young Flushes of Huanglongbing-Positive Citrus Trees. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 113:985-997. [PMID: 36449527 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-10-22-0360-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' (CLas) is associated with the devastating citrus disease Huanglongbing (HLB). Young flushes are the center of the HLB pathosystem due to their roles in the psyllid life cycle and in the acquisition and transmission of CLas. However, the early events of CLas infection and how CLas modulates young flush physiology remain poorly understood. Here, transmission electron microscopy analysis showed that the mean diameter of the sieve pores decreased in young leaves of HLB-positive trees after CLas infection, consistent with CLas-triggered callose deposition. RNA-seq-based global expression analysis of young leaves of HLB-positive sweet orange with (CLas-Pos) and without (CLas-Neg) detectable CLas demonstrated a significant impact on gene expression in young leaves, including on the expression of genes involved in host immunity, stress response, and plant hormone biosynthesis and signaling. CLas-Pos and CLas-Neg expression data displayed distinct patterns. The number of upregulated genes was higher than that of the downregulated genes in CLas-Pos for plant-pathogen interactions, glutathione metabolism, peroxisome, and calcium signaling, which are commonly associated with pathogen infections, compared with the healthy control. On the contrary, the number of upregulated genes was lower than that of the downregulated genes in CLas-Neg for genes involved in plant-pathogen interactions and peroxisome biogenesis/metabolism. Additionally, a time-course quantitative reverse transcription-PCR-based expression analysis visualized the induced expression of companion cell-specific genes, phloem protein 2 genes, and sucrose transport genes in young flushes triggered by CLas. This study advances our understanding of early events during CLas infection of citrus young flushes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheo Shankar Pandey
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850
| | - Jin Xu
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850
| | - Diann S Achor
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850
| | - Jinyun Li
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850
| | - Nian Wang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850
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21
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Li N, Lin Z, Yu P, Zeng Y, Du S, Huang LJ. The multifarious role of callose and callose synthase in plant development and environment interactions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1183402. [PMID: 37324665 PMCID: PMC10264662 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1183402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Callose is an important linear form of polysaccharide synthesized in plant cell walls. It is mainly composed of β-1,3-linked glucose residues with rare amount of β-1,6-linked branches. Callose can be detected in almost all plant tissues and are widely involved in various stages of plant growth and development. Callose is accumulated on plant cell plates, microspores, sieve plates, and plasmodesmata in cell walls and is inducible upon heavy metal treatment, pathogen invasion, and mechanical wounding. Callose in plant cells is synthesized by callose synthases located on the cell membrane. The chemical composition of callose and the components of callose synthases were once controversial until the application of molecular biology and genetics in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana that led to the cloning of genes encoding synthases responsible for callose biosynthesis. This minireview summarizes the research progress of plant callose and its synthetizing enzymes in recent years to illustrate the important and versatile role of callose in plant life activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Forest Bio-resources and Integrated Pest Management for Higher Education in Hunan Province, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Zeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Peiyao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Yanling Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Shenxiu Du
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Jun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Cultivation and Protection for Non-Wood Forest Trees, College of Forestry, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
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22
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Wang J, Liu S, Ren P, Jia F, Kang F, Wang R, Xue R, Yan X, Huang L. A novel protein elicitor (PeSy1) from Saccharothrix yanglingensis induces plant resistance and interacts with a receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase in Nicotiana benthamiana. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:436-451. [PMID: 36872468 PMCID: PMC10098051 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we reported a rare actinomycete Saccharothrix yanglingensis Hhs.015 with strong biocontrol ability, which can colonize plant tissues and induce resistance, but the key elicitor and immune mechanisms were unclear. In this study, a novel protein elicitor screened from the genome of Hhs.015, PeSy1 (protein elicitor of S. yanglingensis 1), could induce a strong hypersensitive response (HR) and resistance in plants. The PeSy1 gene encodes an 11 kDa protein with 109 amino acids that is conserved in Saccharothrix species. PeSy1-His recombinant protein induced early defence events such as a cellular reactive oxygen species burst, callose deposition, and the activation of defence hormone signalling pathways, which enhanced Nicotiana benthamiana resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Phytophthora capsici, and Solanum lycopersicum resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000. Through pull-down and mass spectrometry, candidate proteins that interacted with PeSy1 were obtained from N. benthamiana. We confirmed the interaction between receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase RSy1 (Response to PeSy1) and PeSy1 using co-immunoprecipitation, bimolecular fluorescence complementation, and microscale thermophoresis. PeSy1 treatment promoted up-regulation of marker genes in pattern-triggered immunity. The cell death it elicited was dependent on the co-receptors NbBAK1 and NbSOBIR1, suggesting that PeSy1 acts as a microbe-associated molecular pattern from Hhs.015. Additionally, RSy1 positively regulated PeSy1-induced plants resistant to S. sclerotiorum. In conclusion, our results demonstrated a novel receptor-like cytoplasmic kinase in the plant perception of microbe-associated molecular patterns, and the potential of PeSy1 in induced resistance provided a new strategy for biological control of actinomycetes in agricultural diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxun Wang
- College of Life ScienceNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Shang Liu
- College of Life ScienceNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Peng Ren
- College of Life ScienceNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Fengguo Jia
- College of Life ScienceNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Feng Kang
- College of Life ScienceNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Ruolin Wang
- College of Life ScienceNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Renzheng Xue
- College of Life ScienceNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Xia Yan
- College of Life ScienceNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
| | - Lili Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
- College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingChina
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23
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D’Errico C, Forgia M, Pisani M, Pavan S, Noris E, Matić S. Overexpression of the C4 protein of tomato yellow leaf curl Sardinia virus increases tomato resistance to powdery mildew. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1163315. [PMID: 37063219 PMCID: PMC10102596 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1163315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Powdery mildew (PM) is one of the most important diseases of greenhouse and field-grown tomatoes. Viruses can intervene beneficially on plant performance in coping with biotic and abiotic stresses. Tomato yellow leaf curl Sardinia virus (TYLCSV) has been reported recently to induce tolerance against drought stress in tomato, and its C4 protein acts as the main causal factor of tolerance. However, its role in response to biotic stresses is still unknown. In this study, transgenic tomato plants carrying the TYLCSV C4 protein were exposed to biotic stress following the inoculation with Oidium neolycopersici, the causal agent of tomato PM. Phytopathological, anatomic, molecular, and physiological parameters were evaluated in this plant pathosystem. Heterologous TYLCSV C4 expression increased the tolerance of transgenic tomato plants to PM, not only reducing symptom occurrence, but also counteracting conidia adhesion and secondary hyphae elongation. Pathogenesis-related gene expression and salicylic acid production were found to be higher in tomato transgenic plants able to cope with PM compared to infected wild-type tomato plants. Our study contributes to unraveling the mechanism leading to PM tolerance in TYLCSV C4-expressing tomato plants. In a larger context, the findings of TYLCSV C4 as a novel PM defense inducer could have important implications in deepening the mechanisms regulating the management of this kind of protein to both biotic and abiotic stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara D’Errico
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Turin, Italy
- European Laboratory for Non-Linear Spectroscopy, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Marco Forgia
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Pisani
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica, Applied Metrology and Engineering Division, Torino, Italy
| | - Stefano Pavan
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Emanuela Noris
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Turin, Italy
| | - Slavica Matić
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council, Turin, Italy
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24
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Sangi S, Olimpio GV, Coelho FS, Alexandrino CR, Da Cunha M, Grativol C. Flagellin and mannitol modulate callose biosynthesis and deposition in soybean seedlings. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2023; 175:e13877. [PMID: 36811487 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Callose is a polymer deposited on the cell wall and is necessary for plant growth and development. Callose is synthesized by genes from the glucan synthase-like family (GSL) and dynamically responds to various types of stress. Callose can inhibit pathogenic infection, in the case of biotic stresses, and maintain cell turgor and stiffen the plant cell wall in abiotic stresses. Here, we report the identification of 23 GSL genes (GmGSL) in the soybean genome. We performed phylogenetic analyses, gene structure prediction, duplication patterns, and expression profiles on several RNA-Seq libraries. Our analyses show that WGD/Segmental duplication contributed to expanding this gene family in soybean. Next, we analyzed the callose responses in soybean under abiotic and biotic stresses. The data show that callose is induced by both osmotic stress and flagellin 22 (flg22) and is related to the activity of β-1,3-glucanases. By using RT-qPCR, we evaluated the expression of GSL genes during the treatment of soybean roots with mannitol and flg22. The GmGSL23 gene was upregulated in seedlings treated with osmotic stress or flg22, showing the essential role of this gene in the soybean defense response to pathogenic organisms and osmotic stress. Our results provide an important understanding of the role of callose deposition and regulation of GSL genes in response to osmotic stress and flg22 infection in soybean seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sangi
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
| | - Geovanna Vitória Olimpio
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Silva Coelho
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
| | - Camilla R Alexandrino
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
| | - Maura Da Cunha
- Laboratório de Biologia Celular e Tecidual, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
| | - Clícia Grativol
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
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25
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Mandal N, Adak S, Das DK, Sahoo RN, Mukherjee J, Kumar A, Chinnusamy V, Das B, Mukhopadhyay A, Rajashekara H, Gakhar S. Spectral characterization and severity assessment of rice blast disease using univariate and multivariate models. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1067189. [PMID: 36909416 PMCID: PMC9997726 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1067189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Rice is the staple food of more than half of the population of the world and India as well. One of the major constraints in rice production is frequent occurrence of pests and diseases and one of them is rice blast which often causes yield loss varying from 10 to 30%. Conventional approaches for disease assessment are time-consuming, expensive, and not real-time; alternately, sensor-based approach is rapid, non-invasive and can be scaled up in large areas with minimum time and effort. In the present study, hyperspectral remote sensing for the characterization and severity assessment of rice blast disease was exploited. Field experiments were conducted with 20 genotypes of rice having sensitive and resistant cultivars grown under upland and lowland conditions at Almora, Uttarakhand, India. The severity of the rice blast was graded from 0 to 9 in accordance to International Rice Research Institute (IRRI). Spectral observations in field were taken using a hand-held portable spectroradiometer in range of 350-2500 nm followed by spectral discrimination of different disease severity levels using Jeffires-Matusita (J-M) distance. Then, evaluation of 26 existing spectral indices (r≥0.8) was done corresponding to blast severity levels and linear regression prediction models were also developed. Further, the proposed ratio blast index (RBI) and normalized difference blast index (NDBI) were developed using all possible combinations of their correlations with severity level followed by their quantification to identify the best indices. Thereafter, multivariate models like support vector machine regression (SVM), partial least squares (PLS), random forest (RF), and multivariate adaptive regression spline (MARS) were also used to estimate blast severity. Jeffires-Matusita distance was separating almost all severity levels having values >1.92 except levels 4 and 5. The 26 prediction models were effective at predicting blast severity with R2 values from 0.48 to 0.85. The best developed spectral indices for rice blast were RBI (R1148, R1301) and NDBI (R1148, R1301) with R2 of 0.85 and 0.86, respectively. Among multivariate models, SVM was the best model with calibration R2=0.99; validation R2=0.94, RMSE=0.7, and RPD=4.10. The methodology developed paves way for early detection and large-scale monitoring and mapping using satellite remote sensors at farmers' fields for developing better disease management options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandita Mandal
- Division of Agricultural Physics, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), New Delhi, India
| | - Sujan Adak
- Division of Agricultural Physics, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), New Delhi, India
| | - Deb K. Das
- Division of Agricultural Physics, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), New Delhi, India
| | - Rabi N. Sahoo
- Division of Agricultural Physics, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), New Delhi, India
| | - Joydeep Mukherjee
- Division of Agricultural Physics, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), New Delhi, India
| | - Andy Kumar
- Division of Plant Pathology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), New Delhi, India
| | - Viswanathan Chinnusamy
- Division of Plant Physiology, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), New Delhi, India
| | - Bappa Das
- Natural Resources Management, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), Goa, India
| | - Arkadeb Mukhopadhyay
- Division of Agricultural Chemicals, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), New Delhi, India
| | - Hosahatti Rajashekara
- Department of Plant Pathology, Directorate of Cashew Research, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), Karnataka, India
| | - Shalini Gakhar
- Division of Agricultural Physics, Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR), New Delhi, India
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Fusarium Yellows of Ginger ( Zingiber officinale Roscoe) Caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. zingiberi Is Associated with Cultivar-Specific Expression of Defense-Responsive Genes. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12010141. [PMID: 36678490 PMCID: PMC9863783 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12010141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) is an important horticultural crop, valued for its culinary and medicinal properties. Fusarium yellows of ginger, caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. zingiberi (Foz), is a devastating disease that has significantly reduced the quality and crop yield of ginger worldwide. The compatible interaction between ginger and Foz leading to susceptibility is dissected here. The pathogenicity of two Foz isolates on ginger was confirmed by their ability to colonise ginger and in turn induce both internal and external plant symptoms typical of Fusarium yellows. To shed light on Foz susceptibility at the molecular level, a set of defense-responsive genes was analysed for expression in the roots of ginger cultivars challenged with Foz. These include nucleotide-binding site (NBS) type of resistant (R) genes with a functional role in pathogen recognition, transcription factors associated with systemic acquired resistance, and enzymes involved in terpenoid biosynthesis and cell wall modifications. Among three R genes, the transcripts of ZoNBS1 and ZoNBS3 were rapidly induced by Foz at the onset of infection, and the expression magnitude was cultivar-dependent. These expression characteristics extend to the other genes. This study is the first step in understanding the mechanisms of compatible host-pathogen interactions in ginger.
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27
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Liu L, Qin L, Safdar LB, Zhao C, Cheng X, Xie M, Zhang Y, Gao F, Bai Z, Huang J, Bhalerao RP, Liu S, Wei Y. The plant trans-Golgi network component ECHIDNA regulates defense, cell death, and endoplasmic reticulum stress. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 191:558-574. [PMID: 36018261 PMCID: PMC9806577 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The trans-Golgi network (TGN) acts as a central platform for sorting and secreting various cargoes to the cell surface, thus being essential for the full execution of plant immunity. However, the fine-tuned regulation of TGN components in plant defense and stress response has been not fully elucidated. Our study revealed that despite largely compromising penetration resistance, the loss-of-function mutation of the TGN component protein ECHIDNA (ECH) induced enhanced postinvasion resistance to powdery mildew in Arabidopsis thaliana. Genetic and transcriptome analyses and hormone profiling demonstrated that ECH loss resulted in salicylic acid (SA) hyperaccumulation via the ISOCHORISMATE SYNTHASE 1 biosynthesis pathway, thereby constitutively activating SA-dependent innate immunity that was largely responsible for the enhanced postinvasion resistance. Furthermore, the ech mutant displayed accelerated SA-independent spontaneous cell death and constitutive POWDERY MILDEW RESISTANCE 4-mediated callose depositions. In addition, ECH loss led to a chronically prolonged endoplasmic reticulum stress in the ech mutant. These results provide insights into understanding the role of TGN components in the regulation of plant immunity and stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Li Qin
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, S7N 5E2, Canada
| | - Luqman Bin Safdar
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Leicestershire, LE12 5RD, UK
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, Waite Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond 5064, Australia
| | - Chuanji Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Xiaohui Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Meili Xie
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Zetao Bai
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Junyan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Rishikesh P Bhalerao
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, S-901 83, Sweden
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Fernández-Milmanda GL. Your package has arrived! Trans-Golgi Network component ECHIDNA regulates plant defenses. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 191:18-20. [PMID: 36227143 PMCID: PMC9806584 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guadalupe L Fernández-Milmanda
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Ghent 9052, Belgium
- VIB, Center for Plant Systems Biology, Ghent 9052, Belgium
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29
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Zhong W, Zheng C, Dong L, Kang L, Yang F. The maize callose synthase SLM1 is critical for a normal growth by controlling the vascular development. MOLECULAR BREEDING : NEW STRATEGIES IN PLANT IMPROVEMENT 2023; 43:2. [PMID: 37312868 PMCID: PMC10248632 DOI: 10.1007/s11032-022-01350-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Callose, mainly deposited at the cell plate and in the newly formed cell wall at a very low level, is critical for cell activity and growth in plants. The genetic control and function of callose synthases, responsible for the synthesis of callose, are largely unknown in maize. In this study, we cloned a maize callose synthase, SLM1 (Seedling Lethal Mutant1) encoding for a GLUCAN SYNTHASE-LIKE (GSL) gene, from a seedling lethal mutant. Three different point mutations confirmed the key role of SLM1 to maintain maize normal growth. SLM1 was specifically expressed in immature leaf vascular with an enrichment in phloem of developing vasculature. Consistently, slm1 had severe defects in vasculature and leaf development, and terminated growth about 2 weeks after germination. Thus, SLM1 is a key gene to maintain normal growth by controlling leaf vascular development and cell activities. Loss of SLM1 function interrupted severely the important signaling pathways in which cell cyclin and histone related genes are involved. Our study reveals the critical function of a maize GSL gene and also its downstream signaling to maintain a normal growth of maize. Supplementary information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11032-022-01350-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanshun Zhong
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Chang Zheng
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Liang Dong
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Lu Kang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 People’s Republic of China
| | - Fang Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070 People’s Republic of China
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30
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Swaminathan S, Lionetti V, Zabotina OA. Plant Cell Wall Integrity Perturbations and Priming for Defense. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11243539. [PMID: 36559656 PMCID: PMC9781063 DOI: 10.3390/plants11243539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A plant cell wall is a highly complex structure consisting of networks of polysaccharides, proteins, and polyphenols that dynamically change during growth and development in various tissues. The cell wall not only acts as a physical barrier but also dynamically responds to disturbances caused by biotic and abiotic stresses. Plants have well-established surveillance mechanisms to detect any cell wall perturbations. Specific immune signaling pathways are triggered to contrast biotic or abiotic forces, including cascades dedicated to reinforcing the cell wall structure. This review summarizes the recent developments in molecular mechanisms underlying maintenance of cell wall integrity in plant-pathogen and parasitic interactions. Subjects such as the effect of altered expression of endogenous plant cell-wall-related genes or apoplastic expression of microbial cell-wall-modifying enzymes on cell wall integrity are covered. Targeted genetic modifications as a tool to study the potential of cell wall elicitors, priming of signaling pathways, and the outcome of disease resistance phenotypes are also discussed. The prime importance of understanding the intricate details and complete picture of plant immunity emerges, ultimately to engineer new strategies to improve crop productivity and sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivakumar Swaminathan
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Vincenzo Lionetti
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Olga A. Zabotina
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Correspondence:
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31
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Ishida K, Noutoshi Y. The function of the plant cell wall in plant-microbe interactions. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2022; 192:273-284. [PMID: 36279746 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The plant cell wall is an interface of plant-microbe interactions. The ability of microbes to decompose cell wall polysaccharides contributes to microbial pathogenicity. Plants have evolved mechanisms to prevent cell wall degradation. However, the role of the cell wall in plant-microbe interactions is not well understood. Here, we discuss four functions of the plant cell wall-physical defence, storage of antimicrobial compounds, production of cell wall-derived elicitors, and provision of carbon sources-in the context of plant-microbe interactions. In addition, we discuss the four families of cell surface receptors associated with plant cell walls (malectin-like receptor kinase family, wall-associated kinase family, leucine-rich repeat receptor-like kinase family, and lysin motif receptor-like kinase family) that have been the subject of several important studies in recent years. This review summarises the findings on both plant cell wall and plant immunity, improving our understanding and may provide impetus to various researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konan Ishida
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Hopkins Building, The Downing Site, Tennis Court Road, Cambridge, CB2 1QW, UK
| | - Yoshiteru Noutoshi
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8530, Japan.
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32
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Li R, Maioli A, Yan Z, Bai Y, Valentino D, Milani AM, Pompili V, Comino C, Lanteri S, Moglia A, Acquadro A. CRISPR/Cas9-Based Knock-Out of the PMR4 Gene Reduces Susceptibility to Late Blight in Two Tomato Cultivars. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314542. [PMID: 36498869 PMCID: PMC9735651 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytophthora infestans, the causal agent of late blight (LB) in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.), is a devastating disease and a serious concern for plant productivity. The presence of susceptibility (S) genes in plants facilitates pathogen proliferation; thus, disabling these genes may help provide a broad-spectrum and durable type of tolerance/resistance. Previous studies on Arabidopsis and tomato have highlighted that knock-out mutants of the PMR4 susceptibility gene are tolerant to powdery mildew. Moreover, PMR4 knock-down in potato has been shown to confer tolerance to LB. To verify the same effect in tomato in the present study, a CRISPR-Cas9 vector containing four single guide RNAs (sgRNAs: sgRNA1, sgRNA6, sgRNA7, and sgRNA8), targeting as many SlPMR4 regions, was introduced via Agrobacterium-tumefaciens-mediated transformation into two widely grown Italian tomato cultivars: 'San Marzano' (SM) and 'Oxheart' (OX). Thirty-five plants (twenty-six SM and nine OX) were selected and screened to identify the CRISPR/Cas9-induced mutations. The different sgRNAs caused mutation frequencies ranging from 22.1 to 100% and alternatively precise insertions (sgRNA6) or deletions (sgRNA7, sgRNA1, and sgRNA8). Notably, sgRNA7 induced in seven SM genotypes a -7 bp deletion in the homozygous status, whereas sgRNA8 led to the production of fifteen SM genotypes with a biallelic mutation (-7 bp and -2 bp). Selected edited lines were inoculated with P. infestans, and four of them, fully knocked out at the PMR4 locus, showed reduced disease symptoms (reduction in susceptibility from 55 to 80%) compared to control plants. The four SM lines were sequenced using Illumina whole-genome sequencing for deeper characterization without exhibiting any evidence of mutations in the candidate off-target regions. Our results showed, for the first time, a reduced susceptibility to Phytophtora infestans in pmr4 tomato mutants confirming the role of KO PMR4 in providing broad-spectrum protection against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiling Li
- Plant Genetics and Breeding, Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Science (DISAFA), University of Torino, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Alex Maioli
- Plant Genetics and Breeding, Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Science (DISAFA), University of Torino, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Zhe Yan
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yuling Bai
- Plant Breeding, Wageningen University & Research, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Danila Valentino
- Plant Genetics and Breeding, Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Science (DISAFA), University of Torino, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Milani
- Plant Genetics and Breeding, Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Science (DISAFA), University of Torino, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Valerio Pompili
- Plant Genetics and Breeding, Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Science (DISAFA), University of Torino, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Cinzia Comino
- Plant Genetics and Breeding, Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Science (DISAFA), University of Torino, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Sergio Lanteri
- Plant Genetics and Breeding, Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Science (DISAFA), University of Torino, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Andrea Moglia
- Plant Genetics and Breeding, Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Science (DISAFA), University of Torino, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Alberto Acquadro
- Plant Genetics and Breeding, Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Science (DISAFA), University of Torino, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
- Correspondence:
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33
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Liu M, Sun W, Ma Z, Guo C, Chen J, Wu Q, Wang X, Chen H. Integrated network analyses identify MYB4R1 neofunctionalization in the UV-B adaptation of Tartary buckwheat. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 3:100414. [PMID: 35923114 PMCID: PMC9700134 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2022.100414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A hallmark of adaptive evolution is innovation in gene function, which is associated with the development of distinct roles for genes during plant evolution; however, assessing functional innovation over long periods of time is not trivial. Tartary buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum) originated in the Himalayan region and has been exposed to intense UV-B radiation for a long time, making it an ideal species for studying novel UV-B response mechanisms in plants. Here, we developed a workflow to obtain a co-functional network of UV-B responses using data from more than 10,000 samples in more than 80 projects with multi-species and multi-omics data. Dissecting the entire network revealed that flavonoid biosynthesis was most significantly related to the UV-B response. Importantly, we found that the regulatory factor MYB4R1, which resides at the core of the network, has undergone neofunctionalization. In vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrated that MYB4R1 regulates flavonoid and anthocyanin accumulation in response to UV-B in buckwheat by binding to L-box motifs in the FtCHS, FtFLS, and FtUFGT promoters. We used deep learning to develop a visual discrimination model of buckwheat flavonoid content based on natural populations exposed to global UV-B radiation. Our study highlights the critical role of gene neofunctionalization in UV-B adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moyang Liu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China; Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds/School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Wenjun Sun
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Zhaotang Ma
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Gene Exploration and Utilization in Southwest China, Key Laboratory of Major Crop Diseases and Rice Research Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Chaocheng Guo
- Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds/School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jiahao Chen
- Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds/School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Qi Wu
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Xiyin Wang
- School of Life Science, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China.
| | - Hui Chen
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China.
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34
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Liu M, Guo C, Xie K, Chen K, Chen J, Wang Y, Wang X. A cross-species co-functional gene network underlying leaf senescence. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 10:uhac251. [PMID: 36643763 PMCID: PMC9832971 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The complex leaf senescence process is governed by various levels of transcriptional and translational regulation. Several features of the leaf senescence process are similar across species, yet the extent to which the molecular mechanisms underlying the process of leaf senescence are conserved remains unclear. Currently used experimental approaches permit the identification of individual pathways that regulate various physiological and biochemical processes; however, the large-scale regulatory network underpinning intricate processes like leaf senescence cannot be built using these methods. Here, we discovered a series of conserved genes involved in leaf senescence in a common horticultural crop (Solanum lycopersicum), a monocot plant (Oryza sativa), and a eudicot plant (Arabidopsis thaliana) through analyses of the evolutionary relationships and expression patterns among genes. Our analyses revealed that the genetic basis of leaf senescence is largely conserved across species. We also created a multi-omics workflow using data from more than 10 000 samples from 85 projects and constructed a leaf senescence-associated co-functional gene network with 2769 conserved, high-confidence functions. Furthermore, we found that the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) is the central biological process underlying leaf senescence. Specifically, UPRmt responds to leaf senescence by maintaining mitostasis through a few cross-species conserved transcription factors (e.g. NAC13) and metabolites (e.g. ornithine). The co-functional network built in our study indicates that UPRmt figures prominently in cross-species conserved mechanisms. Generally, the results of our study provide new insights that will aid future studies of leaf senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moyang Liu
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds/School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Chaocheng Guo
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds/School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Kexuan Xie
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds/School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Kai Chen
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds/School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jiahao Chen
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds/School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
- Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | | | - Xu Wang
- Corresponding author. E-mail: ,
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35
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Yang F, Zhang X, Xue H, Tian T, Tong H, Hu J, Zhang R, Tang J, Su Q. (Z)-3-hexenol primes callose deposition against whitefly-mediated begomovirus infection in tomato. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 112:694-708. [PMID: 36086899 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Rapid callose accumulation has been shown to mediate defense in certain plant-virus interactions. Exposure to the green leaf volatile (Z)-3-hexenol (Z-3-HOL) can prime tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) for an enhanced defense against subsequent infection by whitefly-transmitted Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV). However, the molecular mechanisms affecting Z-3-HOL-induced resistance are poorly understood. Here, we explored the mechanisms underlying Z-3-HOL-induced resistance against whitefly-transmitted TYLCV infection and the role of callose accumulation during this process. Tomato plants pre-treated with Z-3-HOL displayed callose priming upon whitefly infestation. The callose inhibitor 2-deoxy-d-glucose abolished Z-3-HOL-induced resistance, confirming the importance of callose in this induced resistance. We also found that Z-3-HOL pre-treatment enhanced salicylic acid levels and activated sugar signaling in tomato upon whitefly infestation, which increased the expression of the cell wall invertase gene Lin6 to trigger augmented callose deposition against TYLCV infection resulting from whitefly transmission. Using virus-induced gene silencing, we demonstrated the Lin6 expression is relevant for sugar accumulation mediated callose priming in restricting whitefly-transmitted TYLCV infection in plants that have been pre-treated with Z-3-HOL. Moreover, Lin6 induced the expression of the callose synthase gene Cals12, which is also required for Z-3-HOL-induced resistance of tomato against whitefly-transmitted TYLCV infection. These findings highlight the importance of sugar signaling in the priming of callose as a defense mechanism in Z-3-HOL-induced resistance of tomato against whitefly-transmitted TYLCV infection. The results will also increase our understanding of defense priming can be useful for the biological control of viral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengbo Yang
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Sustainable Crop Production in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Hubei Engineering Technology Center for Pest Forewarning and Management, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Xinyi Zhang
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Sustainable Crop Production in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Hubei Engineering Technology Center for Pest Forewarning and Management, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Hu Xue
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Sustainable Crop Production in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Hubei Engineering Technology Center for Pest Forewarning and Management, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Tian Tian
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Sustainable Crop Production in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Hubei Engineering Technology Center for Pest Forewarning and Management, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Hong Tong
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Sustainable Crop Production in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Hubei Engineering Technology Center for Pest Forewarning and Management, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Jinyu Hu
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Sustainable Crop Production in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Hubei Engineering Technology Center for Pest Forewarning and Management, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Sustainable Crop Production in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Hubei Engineering Technology Center for Pest Forewarning and Management, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Juan Tang
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Sustainable Crop Production in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Hubei Engineering Technology Center for Pest Forewarning and Management, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
| | - Qi Su
- Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Key Laboratory of Sustainable Crop Production in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River (Co-construction by Ministry and Province), Hubei Engineering Technology Center for Pest Forewarning and Management, College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434025, China
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Yi SY, Lee M, Park SK, Lu L, Lee G, Kim SG, Kang SY, Lim YP. Jasmonate regulates plant resistance to Pectobacterium brasiliense by inducing indole glucosinolate biosynthesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:964092. [PMID: 36247644 PMCID: PMC9559233 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.964092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Pectobacterium brasiliense (P. brasiliense) is a necrotrophic bacterium that causes the soft rot disease in Brassica rapa. However, the mechanisms underlying plant immune responses against necrotrophic bacterial pathogens with a broad host range are still not well understood. Using a flg22-triggered seedling growth inhibition (SGI) assay with 455 Brassica rapa inbred lines, we selected six B. rapa flagellin-insensitive lines (Brfin2-7) and three B. rapa flagellin-sensitive lines (Brfs1-3). Brfin lines showed compromised flg22-induced immune responses (oxidative burst, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation, and seedling growth inhibition) compared to the control line R-o-18; nevertheless, they were resistant to P. brasiliense. To explain this, we analyzed the phytohormone content and found that most Brfin lines had higher P. brasiliense-induced jasmonic acid (JA) than Brfs lines. Moreover, MeJA pretreatment enhanced the resistance of B. rapa to P. brasiliense. To explain the correlation between the resistance of Brfin lines to P. brasiliense and activated JA signaling, we analyzed pathogen-induced glucosinolate (GS) content in B. rapa. Notably, in Brfin7, the neoglucobrassicin (NGBS) content among indole glucosinolates (IGS) was significantly higher than that in Brfs2 following P. brasiliense inoculation, and genes involved in IGSs biosynthesis were also highly expressed. Furthermore, almost all Brfin lines with high JA levels and resistance to P. brasiliense had higher P. brasiliense-induced NGBS levels than Brfs lines. Thus, our results show that activated JA-mediated signaling attenuates flg22-triggered immunity but enhances resistance to P. brasiliense by inducing indole glucosinolate biosynthesis in Brassica rapa. This study provides novel insights into the role of JA-mediated defense against necrotrophic bacterial pathogens within a broad host range.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Young Yi
- Institute of Agricultural Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
- Research Center of Crop Breeding for Omics and Artificial Intelligence, Kongju National University, Yesan, South Korea
| | - Myungjin Lee
- Institute of Agricultural Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Sun Kyu Park
- Molecular Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Lu Lu
- Molecular Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Gisuk Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute for Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Sang-Gyu Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute for Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Si-Yong Kang
- Department of Horticulture, College of Industrial Sciences, Kongju National University, Yesan, South Korea
- Research Center of Crop Breeding for Omics and Artificial Intelligence, Kongju National University, Yesan, South Korea
| | - Yong Pyo Lim
- Molecular Genetics and Genomics Laboratory, Department of Horticulture, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
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Bernardini C, Turner D, Wang C, Welker S, Achor D, Artiga YA, Turgeon R, Levy A. Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus accumulation in the phloem inhibits callose and reactive oxygen species. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2022; 190:1090-1094. [PMID: 35880843 PMCID: PMC9516723 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
CLas inhibits callose deposition in the sieve pores and the accumulation of reactive oxygen species to favor its cell-to-cell movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Bernardini
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida 33850, USA
| | - Donielle Turner
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida 33850, USA
| | - Chunxia Wang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida 33850, USA
| | - Stacy Welker
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida 33850, USA
| | - Diann Achor
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida 33850, USA
| | - Yosvanis Acanda Artiga
- Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, Florida 33850, USA
| | - Robert Turgeon
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Plant Biology Section, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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Zhang Y, Zhang J, Yan C, Fang M, Wang L, Huang Y, Wang F. Metabolome and Microbiome Signatures in the Leaves of Wild Tea Plant Resources Resistant to Pestalotiopsis theae. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:907962. [PMID: 35910661 PMCID: PMC9335280 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.907962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tea (Camellia sinensis) is an important crop that is mainly used in the food industry. This study using the metabolome and microbiome investigates the resistance factors of wild tea plant resources against tea gray blight disease, which is caused by Pestalotiopsis theae (Sawada) Steyaert. According to the interaction analysis of tea leaves and pathogenic fungus, the resistance of wild tea plant resource “R1” (Resistance 1) to tea gray blight disease was significantly higher than that of wild tea plant resource “S1” (Susceptibility 1). The difference between “R1” and “S1” in the metabolome was obvious. There were 145 metabolites that significantly changed. The phenolic acids and flavonoids were the major increased categories in “R1,” and it included 4-O-glucosyl-sinapate and petunidin-3-o-(6”-o-p-coumaroyl) rutinoside. Six metabolic pathways were significantly enriched, including aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, flavone, and flavonol biosynthesis. In terms of bacteria, there was no significant difference between “S1” and “R1” in the principal component analysis (PCA). Pseudomonas was the major bacterial genus in “S1” and “R1.” In addition, each of the two resources had its own predominant genus: Cellvibirio was a predominant bacterial genus in “S1” and Candidatus_competibacter was a predominant bacterial genus in “R1.” In terms of fungi, the fungal diversity and the abundance of the two tea plant resource samples could be distinguished clearly. The fungal component of “S1” was more abundant than that of “R1” at the genus level. Toxicocladosporium was the predominant fungal genus of “S1,” and Filobasidium was the predominant fungal genus of “R1.” The relative abundance of unclassified-norank-norank-Chloroplast and Penicillium were significantly different between “S1” and “R1.” Penicillium was identified as a potential biomarker. They correlated with some metabolites enriched in “S1” or “R1,” such as L-arginine and quercetin-3-o-(2”-o-rhamnosyl) rutinoside-7-o-glucoside. Overall, phenolic acids, flavonoids, and Penicillium could be functional metabolites or microorganisms that contributed to improving the resistance of wild tea plant resources to tea gray blight disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqian Zhang
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Tea Plant Comprehensive Utilization in South Henan, College of Tea Science, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, Xinyang, China
| | - Changyu Yan
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meishan Fang
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lijie Wang
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yahui Huang
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Yahui Huang
| | - Feiyan Wang
- College of Horticulture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Feiyan Wang
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Mustafa AS, Ssenku JE, Ssemanda P, Ntambi S, Dinesh-Kumar SP, Tugume AK. Sandwich Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Quantification of Callose. Methods Protoc 2022; 5:54. [PMID: 35893580 PMCID: PMC9326611 DOI: 10.3390/mps5040054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The existing methods of callose quantification include epifluorescence microscopy and fluorescence spectrophotometry of aniline blue-stained callose particles, immuno-fluorescence microscopy and indirect assessment of both callose synthase and β-(1,3)-glucanase enzyme activities. Some of these methods are laborious, time consuming, not callose-specific, biased and require high technical skills. Here, we describe a method of callose quantification based on Sandwich Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (S-ELISA). Tissue culture-derived banana plantlets were inoculated with Xanthomonas campestris pv. musacearum (Xcm) bacteria as a biotic stress factor inducing callose production. Banana leaf, pseudostem and corm tissue samples were collected at 14 days post-inoculation (dpi) for callose quantification. Callose levels were significantly different in banana tissues of Xcm-inoculated and control groups except in the pseudostems of both banana genotypes. The method described here could be applied for the quantification of callose in different plant species with satisfactory level of specificity to callose, and reproducibility. Additionally, the use of 96-well plate makes this method suitable for high throughput callose quantification studies with minimal sampling and analysis biases. We provide step-by-step detailed descriptions of the method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abubakar S. Mustafa
- Department of Plant Sciences, Microbiology and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7062, Uganda; (A.S.M.); (J.E.S.); (P.S.); (S.N.)
| | - Jamilu E. Ssenku
- Department of Plant Sciences, Microbiology and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7062, Uganda; (A.S.M.); (J.E.S.); (P.S.); (S.N.)
| | - Paul Ssemanda
- Department of Plant Sciences, Microbiology and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7062, Uganda; (A.S.M.); (J.E.S.); (P.S.); (S.N.)
| | - Saidi Ntambi
- Department of Plant Sciences, Microbiology and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7062, Uganda; (A.S.M.); (J.E.S.); (P.S.); (S.N.)
| | - Savithramma P. Dinesh-Kumar
- Department of Plant Biology, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Arthur K. Tugume
- Department of Plant Sciences, Microbiology and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7062, Uganda; (A.S.M.); (J.E.S.); (P.S.); (S.N.)
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Transcriptome-Guided Identification of Pectin Methyl-Esterase-Related Enzymes and Novel Molecular Processes Effectuating the Hard-to-Cook Defect in Common Bean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Foods 2022; 11:foods11121692. [PMID: 35741889 PMCID: PMC9222787 DOI: 10.3390/foods11121692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The hard-to-cook defect in common beans is dictated by the ability to achieve cell separation during cooking. Hydrolysis of pectin methyl-esters by the pectin methyl-esterase (PME) enzyme influences cell separation. However, the contributions of the PME enzyme and the cell wall to the hard-to-cook defect have not been studied using molecular tools. We compared relevant molecular processes in fast- and slow-cooking bean varieties to understand the mechanisms underpinning the hard-to-cook defect. A PME spectrophotometric assay showed minor differences in enzyme activity between varieties. Meanwhile, a PME HMMER search in the P. vulgaris genome unveiled 113 genes encoding PMEs and PME inhibitors (PMEIs). Through RNA sequencing, we compared the gene expression of the PME-related genes in both varieties during seed development. A PME (Phvul010g080300) and PMEI gene (Phvul005g007600) showed the highest expression in the fast- and slow-cooking beans, respectively. We further identified 2132 differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Genes encoding cell-wall-related enzymes, mainly glycosylphosphatidylinositol mannosyltransferase, xyloglucan O-acetyltransferase, pectinesterase, and callose synthase, ranked among the top DEGs, indicating novel relations to the hard-to-cook defect. Gene ontology mapping revealed hydrolase activity and protein phosphorylation as functional categories with the most abundant upregulated DEGs in the slow-cooking bean. Additionally, the cell periphery contained 8% of the DEGs upregulated in the slow-cooking bean. This study provides new insights into the role of pectin methyl-esterase-related genes and novel cell wall processes in the occurrence of the hard-to-cook defect.
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Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis Leads to Differential Regulation of Genes and miRNAs Associated with the Cell Wall in Tomato Leaves. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11060854. [PMID: 35741375 PMCID: PMC9219611 DOI: 10.3390/biology11060854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis is an association that provides nutritional benefits to plants. Importantly, it induces a physiological state allowing plants to respond to a subsequent pathogen attack in a more rapid and intense manner. Consequently, mycorrhiza-colonized plants become less susceptible to root and shoot pathogens. This study aimed to identify some of the molecular players and potential mechanisms related to the onset of defense priming by mycorrhiza colonization, as well as miRNAs that may act as regulators of priming genes. The upregulation of cellulose synthases, pectinesterase inhibitors, and xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase, as well as the downregulation of a pectinesterase, suggest that the modification and reinforcement of the cell wall may prime the leaves of mycorrhizal plants to react faster and stronger to subsequent pathogen attack. This was confirmed by the findings of miR164a-3p, miR164a-5p, miR171e-5p, and miR397, which target genes and are also related to the biosynthesis or modification of cell wall components. Our findings support the hypothesis that the reinforcement or remodeling of the cell wall and cuticle could participate in the priming mechanism triggered by mycorrhiza colonization, by strengthening the first physical barriers upstream of the pathogen encounter.
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Underwood W. Arabidopsis GOLD36/MVP1/ERMO3 Is Required for Powdery Mildew Penetration Resistance and Proper Targeting of the PEN3 Transporter. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2022; 35:393-400. [PMID: 35147444 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-21-0240-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The Arabidopsis PENETRATION 3 (PEN3) ATP binding cassette (ABC) transporter contributes to penetration resistance against nonadapted powdery mildew fungi and is targeted to papillae deposited at sites of interaction with the fungus. Timely recruitment of PEN3 and other components of penetration resistance to the host-pathogen interface is important for successful defense against this biotrophic pathogen. A forward genetic screen was previously carried out to identify Arabidopsis mutants that mistarget the PEN3 transporter or fail to accumulate PEN3 at sites of attempted powdery mildew penetration. This study focuses on PEN3 mistargeting in the aberrant localization of PEN3 4 (alp4) mutant and identification of the causal gene. In the alp4 mutant, PEN3 accumulates within the endomembrane system in an apparently abnormal endoplasmic reticulum and is not exported into papillae at powdery mildew penetration sites. This targeting defect compromises defenses at the host-pathogen interface, resulting in increased penetration success by a nonadapted powdery mildew. Genetic mapping identified alp4 as an allele of GOLGI DEFECTS 36 (GOLD36), a gene encoding a GDSL-lipase/esterase family protein that is involved in maintaining normal morphology and organization of multiple endomembrane compartments. Genetic complementation confirmed that mutation in GOLD36 is responsible for the PEN3 targeting and powdery mildew penetration resistance defects in alp4. These results reinforce the importance of endomembrane trafficking in resistance to haustorium-forming phytopathogens such as powdery mildew fungi.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Underwood
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service Sunflower & Plant Biology Research Unit, Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research Center, Fargo, ND 58102, U.S.A
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Boba A, Kostyn K, Kochneva Y, Wojtasik W, Mierziak J, Prescha A, Augustyniak B, Grajzer M, Szopa J, Kulma A. Abscisic Acid-Defensive Player in Flax Response to Fusarium culmorum Infection. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27092833. [PMID: 35566184 PMCID: PMC9105474 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Fusarium culmorum is a ubiquitous soil pathogen with a wide host range. In flax (Linum ussitatissimum), it causes foot and root rot and accumulation of mycotoxins in flax products. Fungal infections lead to huge losses in the flax industry. Moreover, due to mycotoxin accumulation, flax products constitute a potential threat to the consumers. We discovered that the defense against this pathogen in flax is based on early oxidative burst among others. In flax plants infected with F. culmorum, the most affected genes are connected with ROS production and processing, callose synthesis and ABA production. We hypothesize that ABA triggers defense mechanism in flax and is a significant player in a successful response to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Boba
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland; (Y.K.); (W.W.); (J.M.); (B.A.); (J.S.)
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (A.K.)
| | - Kamil Kostyn
- Department of Genetics, Plant Breeding & Seed Production, Faculty of Life Sciences and Technology, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, pl. Grunwaldzki 24A, 50-363 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Yelyzaveta Kochneva
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland; (Y.K.); (W.W.); (J.M.); (B.A.); (J.S.)
| | - Wioleta Wojtasik
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland; (Y.K.); (W.W.); (J.M.); (B.A.); (J.S.)
| | - Justyna Mierziak
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland; (Y.K.); (W.W.); (J.M.); (B.A.); (J.S.)
| | - Anna Prescha
- Department of Food Science and Dietetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland; (A.P.); (M.G.)
| | - Beata Augustyniak
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland; (Y.K.); (W.W.); (J.M.); (B.A.); (J.S.)
| | - Magdalena Grajzer
- Department of Food Science and Dietetics, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland; (A.P.); (M.G.)
| | - Jan Szopa
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland; (Y.K.); (W.W.); (J.M.); (B.A.); (J.S.)
| | - Anna Kulma
- Faculty of Biotechnology, University of Wrocław, Przybyszewskiego 63/77, 51-148 Wroclaw, Poland; (Y.K.); (W.W.); (J.M.); (B.A.); (J.S.)
- Correspondence: (A.B.); (A.K.)
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Alster S, Dafa-Berger A, Gafni A, Levy M. Pseudozyma aphidis Suppresses Microbe-Associated Molecular Pattern (MAMP)-Triggered Callose Deposition and Can Penetrate Leaf Tissue. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0263821. [PMID: 35234494 PMCID: PMC8941903 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02638-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Beneficial microorganisms need to overcome the plant defense system to establish on or within plant tissues. Like pathogens, beneficial microbes can manipulate a plant's immunity pathways, first by suppressing and hiding to establish on the host and then by inducing resistance to protect the plant. In the current study, we demonstrated that although Pseudozyma aphidis can activate microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP)-associated genes, it does not activate MAMP-triggered callose deposition and can, moreover, suppress such deposition triggered by Flg22 or chitin. While MAMP-associated gene activation by P. aphidis was not dependent on salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, or ethylene signaling, suppression of MAMP-triggered callose deposition required the salicylic acid and jasmonic acid signaling factors JAR1-1 and E3 ubiquitin ligase COI1 yet did not rely on EIN2, NPR1, or the transcription factor JIN1/MYC2. We also demonstrated the ability of P. aphidis, known to be an epiphytic yeast-like organism, to penetrate the stomata and establish within plant tissues, as do endophytes. These results thus demonstrate the potential of P. aphidis to suppress MAMP-elicited defenses in order to establish on and within host plant tissues. IMPORTANCE Our study demonstrates the ability of P. aphidis to penetrate into plant tissues, where it avoids and overcomes plant defense systems in order to establish and subsequently protect the plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanee Alster
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Avis Dafa-Berger
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Aviva Gafni
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Maggie Levy
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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Wang B, Andargie M, Fang R. The function and biosynthesis of callose in high plants. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09248. [PMID: 35399384 PMCID: PMC8991245 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The two main glucan polymers cellulose and callose in plant cell wall are synthesized at the plasma membrane by cellulose or callose synthase complexes. Cellulose is the prevalent glucan in cell wall and provides strength to the walls to support directed cell expansion. By contrast, callose is mainly produced in special cell wall and exercises important functions during development and stress responses. However, the structure and precise regulatory mechanism of callose synthase complex is not very clear. This review therefore compares and analyzes the regulation of callose and cellulose synthesis, and further emphasize the future research direction of callose synthesis.
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Xiong J, Wan X, Ran M, Xu X, Chen L, Yang F. Brassinosteroids Positively Regulate Plant Immunity via BRI1-EMS-SUPPRESSOR 1-Mediated GLUCAN SYNTHASE-LIKE 8 Transcription. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:854899. [PMID: 35401617 PMCID: PMC8988940 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.854899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Plant hormone brassinosteroids (BRs) play key roles in plant adaptation to biotic stresses, including various pathogen infections. As a core factor in BR signaling, the transcription factor BRI1-EMS-SUPPRESSOR 1 (BES1) activates BR responses via regulating the expression of target genes. However, the molecular mechanism of BRs in regulating plant immunity is unclear, and the key components are not identified. In this study, we found that BR biosynthesis and signaling transduction are essential for plant resistance to pathogen infection, and BR biosynthesis or BR signaling-deficient mutants displayed susceptibility to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst DC3000) infection [including more serious symptoms and more photosystem II (PSII) photochemistry damage]. We identified a callose synthase gene GLUCAN SYNTHASE-LIKE 8 (GSL8) as a direct target of BES1, and its expression was induced by BRs/BES1. Meanwhile, BRs induced callose accumulation after Pst DC3000 infection. Moreover, BES1 gain-of-function mutant bes1-D showed promoted Pst DC3000 resistance. GSL8 T-DNA insertion mutant gsl8-1 was susceptible to DC3000, while brassinolide (BL) treatment partially rescued gsl8-1 susceptible phenotypes. Our study suggests that BR-induced pathogen resistance partly depends on the BR-induced BES1-GSL8 cascade to mediate callose accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong, China
| | - Xiaoping Wan
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong, China
- Rice and Sorghum Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Deyang, China
- Innovative Institute of Chinese Medicine and Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Maolin Ran
- Rice and Sorghum Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Deyang, China
- Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Variety Improvement Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiumei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Lezhang Chen
- Sichuan Huitai Agriculture Technology Co. Ltd., Chengdu, China
| | - Feng Yang
- Key Laboratory of Southwest China Wildlife Resources Conservation (Ministry of Education), China West Normal University, Nanchong, China
- Rice and Sorghum Research Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Deyang, China
- Vegetable Germplasm Innovation and Variety Improvement Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
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Ortmannová J, Sekereš J, Kulich I, Šantrůček J, Dobrev P, Žárský V, Pečenková T. Arabidopsis EXO70B2 exocyst subunit contributes to papillae and encasement formation in antifungal defence. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2022; 73:742-755. [PMID: 34664667 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erab457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In the reaction to non-adapted Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (Bgh), Arabidopsis thaliana leaf epidermal cells deposit cell wall reinforcements called papillae or seal fungal haustoria in encasements, both of which involve intensive exocytosis. A plant syntaxin, SYP121/PEN1, has been found to be of key importance for the timely formation of papillae, and the vesicle tethering complex exocyst subunit EXO70B2 has been found to contribute to their morphology. Here, we identify a specific role for the EXO70B2-containing exocyst complex in the papillae membrane domains important for callose deposition and GFP-SYP121 delivery to the focal attack sites, as well as its contribution to encasement formation. The mRuby2-EXO70B2 co-localizes with the exocyst core subunit SEC6 and GFP-SYP121 in the membrane domain of papillae, and EXO70B2 and SYP121 proteins have the capacity to directly interact. The exo70B2/syp121 double mutant produces a reduced number of papillae and haustorial encasements in response to Bgh, indicating an additive role of the exocyst in SYP121-coordinated non-host resistance. In summary, we report cooperation between the plant exocyst and a SNARE protein in penetration resistance against non-adapted fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitka Ortmannová
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Juraj Sekereš
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Kulich
- Laboratory of Cell Morphogenesis, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Viničná 5, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Šantrůček
- Laboratory of Applied Proteomics, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Petre Dobrev
- Laboratory of Hormonal Regulations in Plants, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Viktor Žárský
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Cell Morphogenesis, Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Viničná 5, 128 44, Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Tamara Pečenková
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 263, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
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The E3 Ubiquitin Ligase ATL9 Affects Expression of Defense Related Genes, Cell Death and Callose Deposition in Response to Fungal Infection. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11010068. [PMID: 35056016 PMCID: PMC8778023 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11010068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants use diverse strategies to defend themselves from biotic stresses in nature, which include the activation of defense gene expression and a variety of signal transduction pathways. Previous studies have shown that protein ubiquitination plays a critical role in plant defense responses, however the details of its function remain unclear. Our previous work has shown that increasing expression levels of ATL9, an E3 ubiquitin ligase in Arabidopsis thaliana, increased resistance to infection by the fungal pathogen, Golovinomyces cichoracearum. In this study, we demonstrate that the defense-related proteins PDF1.2, PCC1 and FBS1 directly interact with ATL9 and are targeted for degradation to the proteasome by ATL9. The expression levels of PDF1.2, PCC1 and FBS1 are decreased in T-DNA insertional mutants of atl9 and T-DNA insertional mutants of pdf1.2, pcc1 and fbs1 are more susceptible to fungal infection. In addition, callose is more heavily deposited at infection sites in the mutants of atl9, fbs1, pcc1 and pdf1.2. Overexpression of ATL9 and of mutants in fbs1, pcc1 and pdf1.2 showed increased levels of cell death during infection. Together these results indicate that ubiquitination, cell death and callose deposition may work together to enhance defense responses to fungal pathogens.
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Cheng P, Wang Z, Ren Y, Jin P, Ma K, Li Q, Wang B. Silencing of a Wheat Ortholog of Glucan Synthase-Like Gene Reduced Resistance to Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:800077. [PMID: 35003189 PMCID: PMC8735228 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.800077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Wheat powdery mildew, caused by the obligate biotrophic ascomycete fungal pathogen Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (Bgt), is a major threat to wheat production worldwide. It is known that Arabidopsis thaliana glucan synthase-like 5 (AtGSL5) improves the resistance of wheat to powdery mildew by increasing its anti-penetration abilities. However, the function of glucan synthase-like (GSL) orthologs in crop species remains largely unknown. In this study, TaGSL22, a novel functional ortholog of AtGSL5, was isolated as the only Bgt-induced GSL gene in wheat. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that TaGSL22 was conserved within the group of Gramineae and showed a closer relationship to GSL orthologs from monocots than to those from dicots. The TaGSL22 transcript was highest in the wheat leaves, followed by stems then roots. TaGSL22 was localized in the cell membrane and cytoplasm of wheat protoplasts, as predicted by transmembrane structure analysis. In addition, expression of TaGSL22 was induced by the plant hormones ethylene (ETH) and salicylic acid (SA), but down-regulated by jasmonate (JA) and abscisic acid (ABA). The transcript level of TaGSL22 was up-regulated in the incompatible interaction between Bgt and wheat, whereas it remained relatively unchanged in the compatible interaction. Knocking down of TaGSL22 by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) induced a higher infection type in the wheat-Bgt interaction. The TaGSL22-silenced plants exhibited reduced resistance to Bgt, accompanied by decreased callose accumulation. Our study shows a conserved function of GSL genes in plant immunity associated with penetration resistance, and it indicates that TaGSL22 can be used to improve papilla composition and enhance resistance to wheat powdery mildew.
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Golisz A, Krzyszton M, Stepien M, Dolata J, Piotrowska J, Szweykowska-Kulinska Z, Jarmolowski A, Kufel J. Arabidopsi s Spliceosome Factor SmD3 Modulates Immunity to Pseudomonas syringae Infection. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:765003. [PMID: 34925413 PMCID: PMC8678131 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.765003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
SmD3 is a core component of the small nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) that is essential for pre-mRNA splicing. The role of Arabidopsis SmD3 in plant immunity was assessed by testing sensitivity of smd3a and smd3b mutants to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) DC3000 infection and its pathogenesis effectors flagellin (flg22), EF-Tu (elf18) and coronatine (COR). Both smd3 mutants exhibited enhanced susceptibility to Pst accompanied by marked changes in the expression of key pathogenesis markers. mRNA levels of major biotic stress response factors were also altered upon treatment with Pseudomonas effectors. Our genome-wide transcriptome analysis of the smd3b-1 mutant infected with Pst, verified by northern and RT-qPCR, showed that lack of SmD3-b protein deregulates defense against Pst infection at the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels including defects in splicing and an altered pattern of alternative splicing. Importantly, we show that SmD3-b dysfunction impairs mainly stomatal immunity as a result of defects in stomatal development. We propose that it is the malfunction of the stomata that is the primary cause of an altered mutant response to the pathogen. Other changes in the smd3b-1 mutant involved enhanced elf18- and flg22-induced callose deposition, reduction of flg22-triggered production of early ROS and boost of secondary ROS caused by Pst infection. Together, our data indicate that SmD3 contributes to the plant immune response possibly via regulation of mRNA splicing of key pathogenesis factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Golisz
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michal Krzyszton
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika Stepien
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Dolata
- Department of Gene Expression, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Justyna Piotrowska
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zofia Szweykowska-Kulinska
- Department of Gene Expression, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Artur Jarmolowski
- Department of Gene Expression, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland
| | - Joanna Kufel
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Genetics and Biotechnology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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