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Qiu G, Zhang X, deMello AJ, Yao M, Cao J, Wang J. On-site airborne pathogen detection for infection risk mitigation. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:8531-8579. [PMID: 37882143 PMCID: PMC10712221 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00417a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Human-infecting pathogens that transmit through the air pose a significant threat to public health. As a prominent instance, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that caused the COVID-19 pandemic has affected the world in an unprecedented manner over the past few years. Despite the dissipating pandemic gloom, the lessons we have learned in dealing with pathogen-laden aerosols should be thoroughly reviewed because the airborne transmission risk may have been grossly underestimated. From a bioanalytical chemistry perspective, on-site airborne pathogen detection can be an effective non-pharmaceutic intervention (NPI) strategy, with on-site airborne pathogen detection and early-stage infection risk evaluation reducing the spread of disease and enabling life-saving decisions to be made. In light of this, we summarize the recent advances in highly efficient pathogen-laden aerosol sampling approaches, bioanalytical sensing technologies, and the prospects for airborne pathogen exposure measurement and evidence-based transmission interventions. We also discuss open challenges facing general bioaerosols detection, such as handling complex aerosol samples, improving sensitivity for airborne pathogen quantification, and establishing a risk assessment system with high spatiotemporal resolution for mitigating airborne transmission risks. This review provides a multidisciplinary outlook for future opportunities to improve the on-site airborne pathogen detection techniques, thereby enhancing the preparedness for more on-site bioaerosols measurement scenarios, such as monitoring high-risk pathogens on airplanes, weaponized pathogen aerosols, influenza variants at the workplace, and pollutant correlated with sick building syndromes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangyu Qiu
- Institute of Medical Robotics, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China.
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Xiaole Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Andrew J deMello
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg1, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Maosheng Yao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich 8093, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Advanced Analytical Technologies, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
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2
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Zacharias J, Martha P, Seena V. Polymer Ring-Flexure-Membrane Suspended Gate FET Gas Sensor: Design, Modelling and Simulation. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:mi14050944. [PMID: 37241568 DOI: 10.3390/mi14050944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This work reports the design, modelling, and simulation of a novel polymer MEMS gas sensor platform called a ring-flexure-membrane (RFM) suspended gate field effect transistor (SGFET). The sensor consists of a suspended polymer (SU-8) MEMS based RFM structure holding the gate of the SGFET with the gas sensing layer on top of the outer ring. During gas adsorption, the polymer ring-flexure-membrane architecture ensures a constant gate capacitance change throughout the gate area of the SGFET. This leads to efficient transduction of the gas adsorption-induced nanomechanical motion input to the change in the output current of the SGFET, thus improving the sensitivity. The sensor performance has been evaluated for sensing hydrogen gas using the finite element method (FEM) and TCAD simulation tools. The MEMS design and simulation of the RFM structure is carried out using CoventorWare 10.3, and the design, modelling, and simulation of the SGFET array is carried out using the Synopsis Sentaurus TCAD. A differential amplifier circuit using RFM-SGFET is designed and simulated in Cadence Virtuoso using the lookup table (LUT) of the RFM-SGFET. The differential amplifier exhibits a sensitivity of 2.8 mV/MPa for a gate bias of 3 V and a maximum detection range of up to 1% hydrogen gas concentration. This work also presents a detailed fabrication process integration plan to realize the RFM-SGFET sensor using a tailored self-aligned CMOS process adopting the surface micromachining process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Zacharias
- Department of Avionics, Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST), Thiruvananthapuram 695547, India
| | - Pramod Martha
- Department of Avionics, Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST), Thiruvananthapuram 695547, India
| | - V Seena
- Department of Avionics, Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST), Thiruvananthapuram 695547, India
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3
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Zhang H, Yang S, Zeng J, Li X, Chuai R. A Genosensor Based on the Modification of a Microcantilever: A Review. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:427. [PMID: 36838127 PMCID: PMC9959632 DOI: 10.3390/mi14020427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
When the free end of a microcantilever is modified by a genetic probe, this sensor can be used for a wider range of applications, such as for chemical analysis, biological testing, pharmaceutical screening, and environmental monitoring. In this paper, to clarify the preparation and detection process of a microcantilever sensor with genetic probe modification, the core procedures, such as probe immobilization, complementary hybridization, and signal extraction and processing, are combined and compared. Then, to reveal the microcantilever's detection mechanism and analysis, the influencing factors of testing results, the theoretical research, including the deflection principle, the establishment and verification of a detection model, as well as environmental influencing factors are summarized. Next, to demonstrate the application results of the genetic-probe-modified sensors, based on the classification of detection targets, the application status of other substances except nucleic acid, virus, bacteria and cells is not introduced. Finally, by enumerating the application results of a genetic-probe-modified microcantilever combined with a microfluidic chip, the future development direction of this technology is surveyed. It is hoped that this review will contribute to the future design of a genetic-probe-modified microcantilever, with further exploration of the sensitive mechanism, optimization of the design and processing methods, expansion of the application fields, and promotion of practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Zhang
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-024-2549-6401
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4
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Yin Y, Ren D, Li C, Chen R, Shi J. Cantilever-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy for gas sensing: A comparison of different displacement detection methods. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2022; 28:100423. [PMID: 36386293 PMCID: PMC9643576 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2022.100423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) combines the advantages of high sensitivity, high specificity and zero background, which is very suitable for trace gas detection. Cantilever-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (CEPAS) utilizes highly sensitive mechanical cantilevers to further enhance the photoacoustic signal and shows a gas concentration detection limit of parts per trillion. This review is intended to summarize the recent advancements in CEPAS based on different displacement detection methods, such as Michelson interference, Fabry-Perot interference, light intensity detection, capacitive, piezoelectric and piezoresistive detection. Fundamental mechanisms and technical requirements of CEPAS are also provided in the literature. Finally, potential challenges and further opportunities are also discussed.
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5
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Agarwal DK, Hunt AC, Shekhawat GS, Carter L, Chan S, Wu K, Cao L, Baker D, Lorenzo-Redondo R, Ozer EA, Simons LM, Hultquist JF, Jewett MC, Dravid VP. Rapid and Sensitive Detection of Antigen from SARS-CoV-2 Variants of Concern by a Multivalent Minibinder-Functionalized Nanomechanical Sensor. Anal Chem 2022; 94:8105-8109. [PMID: 35652578 PMCID: PMC9211039 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
New platforms for the rapid and sensitive detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants of concern are urgently needed. Here we report the development of a nanomechanical sensor based on the deflection of a microcantilever capable of detecting the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) glycoprotein antigen using computationally designed multivalent minibinders immobilized on a microcantilever surface. The sensor exhibits rapid (<5 min) detection of the target antigens down to concentrations of 0.05 ng/mL (362 fM) and is more than an order of magnitude more sensitive than an antibody-based cantilever sensor. Validation of the sensor with clinical samples from 33 patients, including 9 patients infected with the Omicron (BA.1) variant observed detection of antigen from nasopharyngeal swabs with cycle threshold (Ct) values as high as 39, suggesting a limit of detection similar to that of the quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Our findings demonstrate the use of minibinders and nanomechanical sensors for the rapid and sensitive detection of SARS-CoV-2 and potentially other disease markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip Kumar Agarwal
- Department of Material Science and Engineering and NUANCE Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
| | - Andrew C. Hunt
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Gajendra S. Shekhawat
- Department of Material Science and Engineering and NUANCE Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
| | - Lauren Carter
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Sidney Chan
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Kejia Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Longxing Cao
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - David Baker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Institute for Protein Design, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Ramon Lorenzo-Redondo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Center for Pathogen Genomics and Microbial Evolution, Robert J. Havey Institute for Global Health, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Egon A. Ozer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Center for Pathogen Genomics and Microbial Evolution, Robert J. Havey Institute for Global Health, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Lacy M. Simons
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Center for Pathogen Genomics and Microbial Evolution, Robert J. Havey Institute for Global Health, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Judd F. Hultquist
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
- Center for Pathogen Genomics and Microbial Evolution, Robert J. Havey Institute for Global Health, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Michael C. Jewett
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Vinayak P. Dravid
- Department of Material Science and Engineering and NUANCE Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208
- Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
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6
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Tang X, Fan G, Zhang H, Dai X, Hu Y, Zhang Z, Li Y. An integrated optical waveguide micro-cantilever system for chip-based AFM. J Microsc 2021; 285:112-116. [PMID: 34866187 DOI: 10.1111/jmi.13080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
An optical waveguide cantilever system with a tip is introduced as the displacement detection system of chip-based atomic force microscopy (AFM) system. A chip-based AFM on optical waveguide is demonstrated with sensitivity of up to 4.0 × 10-2 nm-1 , which is mainly constructed by a 210 nm thick optical waveguide cantilever with a nano-tip. The nano-tip is a height of 1.2 μm and diameter of 140 nm. This integrated on-chip system provides a displacement range of approximately ±0.4 μm, which makes it possible for the device to be used for AFM imaging and pays the way for further performance improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Tang
- Key Laboratory of All Optical Network and Advanced Telecommunication Network, Ministry of Education, Institute of Lightwave Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
| | - Guofang Fan
- Key Laboratory of All Optical Network and Advanced Telecommunication Network, Ministry of Education, Institute of Lightwave Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongru Zhang
- Key Laboratory of All Optical Network and Advanced Telecommunication Network, Ministry of Education, Institute of Lightwave Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
| | - Xingang Dai
- Key Laboratory of All Optical Network and Advanced Telecommunication Network, Ministry of Education, Institute of Lightwave Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanjun Hu
- Key Laboratory of All Optical Network and Advanced Telecommunication Network, Ministry of Education, Institute of Lightwave Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiping Zhang
- Academy for Engineering & Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuan Li
- National Center of Measurement and Testing for East China, Shanghai Institute of Measurement and Testing Technology, National Center of Testing Technology, Shanghai, China
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7
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Li Y, Zhang P, Zhang X, Bi X, Wu M, Zou J, Wang Z, Lu F, Dong Z, Gao J. Adipose matrix complex: a high-rigidity collagen-rich adipose-derived material for fat grafting. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:14910-14923. [PMID: 34111029 PMCID: PMC8221321 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Due to the low percentage of collagen, the rigid support capacity of fat grafts remains unsatisfactory for some clinical applications. In this study, we evaluated a strategy in which adipose matrix complex (AMC) was collected via a mechanical process and transplanted for supportive filling of the face. Our AMC samples were collected from adipose tissue by a filter device consisting of a sleeve, three internal sieves, and a filter bag (100 mesh). AMC derived from adipose tissue had fewer cells than Coleman fat, but much higher levels of collagen and stiffness. Retention rates 90 days after transplantation in nude mice were higher for AMC than for Coleman fat (75±7.5% vs. 42±13.5%; P < 0.05). In addition, AMC maintained a higher stiffness (~6 kPa vs. ~2 kPa; P < 0.01) and stably retained a higher level of collagen. Our findings demonstrate that mechanical collection of AMC from adipose tissue is a practical method for improving fat graft retention and rigid support. This strategy has the potential to improve the quality of lipoaspirates for patients requiring rigid supportive filling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Li
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Pan Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Xin Bi
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Mengfan Wu
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Jialiang Zou
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Zijue Wang
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Feng Lu
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Ziqing Dong
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Jianhua Gao
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
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8
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A Low Spring Constant Piezoresistive Microcantilever for Biological Reagent Detection. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11111001. [PMID: 33198100 PMCID: PMC7697630 DOI: 10.3390/mi11111001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper introduces a piezoresistive microcantilever with a low spring constant. The microcantilever was fabricated with titanium (Ti) as the piezoresistor, a low spring constant polyimide (PI) layer, and a thin silicon oxide (SiO2) layer as the top and bottom passive layers, respectively. Excellent mechanical performances with the spring constant of 0.02128 N/m and the deflection sensitivity (∆V/V)/∆z of 1.03 × 10−7 nm−1 were obtained. The output voltage fluctuation of a Wheatstone bridge, which consists of four piezoresistive microcantilevers, is less than 3 μV@3 V in a phosphate buffered saline (PBS) environment. A microcantilever aptasensor was then developed through functionalizing the microcantilevers with a ricin aptamer probe, and detections on ricin with concentrations of 10, 20, 50 and 100 ng/mL were successfully realized. A good specificity was also confirmed by using bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a blank control. The experiment results show that the Ti and PI-based microcantilever has great prospects for ultrasensitive biochemical molecule detections with high reliability and specificity.
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9
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Birkoben T, Winterfeld H, Fichtner S, Petraru A, Kohlstedt H. A spiking and adapting tactile sensor for neuromorphic applications. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17260. [PMID: 33057032 PMCID: PMC7560658 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74219-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing research on and development of increasingly intelligent artificial systems propels the need for bio inspired pressure sensitive spiking circuits. Here we present an adapting and spiking tactile sensor, based on a neuronal model and a piezoelectric field-effect transistor (PiezoFET). The piezoelectric sensor device consists of a metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor comprising a piezoelectric aluminium-scandium-nitride (AlxSc1-xN) layer inside of the gate stack. The so augmented device is sensitive to mechanical stress. In combination with an analogue circuit, this sensor unit is capable of encoding the mechanical quantity into a series of spikes with an ongoing adaptation of the output frequency. This allows for a broad application in the context of robotic and neuromorphic systems, since it enables said systems to receive information from the surrounding environment and provide encoded spike trains for neuromorphic hardware. We present numerical and experimental results on this spiking and adapting tactile sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Birkoben
- Nanoelektronik, Technische Fakultät, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24143, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Henning Winterfeld
- Nanoelektronik, Technische Fakultät, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24143, Kiel, Germany
| | - Simon Fichtner
- Materials and Processes for Nanosystem Technologies, Technische Fakultät, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24143, Kiel, Germany
| | - Adrian Petraru
- Nanoelektronik, Technische Fakultät, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24143, Kiel, Germany
| | - Hermann Kohlstedt
- Nanoelektronik, Technische Fakultät, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 24143, Kiel, Germany.
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10
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Chalklen T, Jing Q, Kar-Narayan S. Biosensors Based on Mechanical and Electrical Detection Techniques. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E5605. [PMID: 33007906 PMCID: PMC7584018 DOI: 10.3390/s20195605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Biosensors are powerful analytical tools for biology and biomedicine, with applications ranging from drug discovery to medical diagnostics, food safety, and agricultural and environmental monitoring. Typically, biological recognition receptors, such as enzymes, antibodies, and nucleic acids, are immobilized on a surface, and used to interact with one or more specific analytes to produce a physical or chemical change, which can be captured and converted to an optical or electrical signal by a transducer. However, many existing biosensing methods rely on chemical, electrochemical and optical methods of identification and detection of specific targets, and are often: complex, expensive, time consuming, suffer from a lack of portability, or may require centralised testing by qualified personnel. Given the general dependence of most optical and electrochemical techniques on labelling molecules, this review will instead focus on mechanical and electrical detection techniques that can provide information on a broad range of species without the requirement of labelling. These techniques are often able to provide data in real time, with good temporal sensitivity. This review will cover the advances in the development of mechanical and electrical biosensors, highlighting the challenges and opportunities therein.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qingshen Jing
- Department of Materials Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK;
| | - Sohini Kar-Narayan
- Department of Materials Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK;
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11
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Bayram F, Gajula D, Khan D, Koley G. Investigation of AlGaN/GaN HFET and VO 2 Thin Film Based Deflection Transducers Embedded in GaN Microcantilevers. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11090875. [PMID: 32962251 PMCID: PMC7570367 DOI: 10.3390/mi11090875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The static and dynamic deflection transducing performances of piezotransistive AlGaN/GaN heterojunction field effect transistors (HFET) and piezoresistive VO2 thin films, fabricated on GaN microcantilevers of similar dimensions, were investigated. Deflection sensitivities were tuned with the gate bias and operating temperature for embedded AlGaN/GaN HFET and VO2 thin film transducers, respectively. The GaN microcantilevers were excited with a piezoactuator in their linear and nonlinear oscillation regions of the fundamental oscillatory mode. In the linear regime, the maximum deflection sensitivity of piezotransistive AlGaN/GaN HFET reached up to a 0.5% change in applied drain voltage, while the responsivity of the piezoresistive VO2 thin film based deflection transducer reached a maximum value of 0.36% change in applied drain current. The effects of the gate bias and the operation temperature on nonlinear behaviors of the microcantilevers were also experimentally examined. Static deflection sensitivity measurements demonstrated a large change of 16% in drain-source resistance of the AlGaN/GaN HFET, and a similarly high 11% change in drain-source resistance in the VO2 thin film, corresponding to a 10 μm downward step bending of the cantilever free end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferhat Bayram
- Holcombe Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA; (D.K.); (G.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(864)-650-5196
| | - Durga Gajula
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA;
| | - Digangana Khan
- Holcombe Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA; (D.K.); (G.K.)
| | - Goutam Koley
- Holcombe Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634, USA; (D.K.); (G.K.)
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12
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Alunda BO, Lee YJ. Review: Cantilever-Based Sensors for High Speed Atomic Force Microscopy. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E4784. [PMID: 32854193 PMCID: PMC7506678 DOI: 10.3390/s20174784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review critically summarizes the recent advances of the microcantilever-based force sensors for atomic force microscope (AFM) applications. They are one the most common mechanical spring-mass systems and are extremely sensitive to changes in the resonant frequency, thus finding numerous applications especially for molecular sensing. Specifically, we comment on the latest progress in research on the deflection detection systems, fabrication, coating and functionalization of the microcantilevers and their application as bio- and chemical sensors. A trend on the recent breakthroughs on the study of biological samples using high-speed atomic force microscope is also reported in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Ouma Alunda
- School of Mines and Engineering, Taita Taveta University, P.O. Box 635-80300 Voi, Kenya;
| | - Yong Joong Lee
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
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13
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Pommois R, Furusawa G, Kosuge T, Yasunaga S, Hanawa H, Takahashi H, Kan T, Aoyama H. Micro Water Flow Measurement Using a Temperature-Compensated MEMS Piezoresistive Cantilever. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11070647. [PMID: 32629841 PMCID: PMC7408251 DOI: 10.3390/mi11070647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we propose a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) force sensor for microflow measurements. The sensor is equipped with a flow sensing piezoresistive cantilever and a dummy piezoresistive cantilever, which acts as a temperature reference. Since the dummy cantilever is also in the form of a thin cantilever, the temperature environment of the dummy sensor is almost identical to that of the sensing cantilever. The temperature compensation effect was measured, and the piezoresistive cantilever was combined with a gasket jig to enable the direct implementation of the piezoresistive cantilever in a flow tube. The sensor device stably measured flow rates from 20 μL/s to 400 μL/s in a silicon tube with a 2-mm inner diameter without being disturbed by temperature fluctuations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Pommois
- École Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques, 26 Rue de l’Épitaphe, 25000 Besançon, France;
| | - Gaku Furusawa
- Department of Mechanical and Intelligent Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu-city, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan; (G.F.); (T.K.); (H.H.); (H.A.)
| | - Takuya Kosuge
- Department of Mechanical and Intelligent Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu-city, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan; (G.F.); (T.K.); (H.H.); (H.A.)
| | - Shun Yasunaga
- Department of Mechano-Informatics, Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan;
| | - Haruki Hanawa
- Department of Mechanical and Intelligent Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu-city, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan; (G.F.); (T.K.); (H.H.); (H.A.)
| | - Hidetoshi Takahashi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, 3-14-1 Hiyoshi, Kouhoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8522, Japan;
| | - Tetsuo Kan
- Department of Mechanical and Intelligent Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu-city, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan; (G.F.); (T.K.); (H.H.); (H.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-42-443-5423
| | - Hisayuki Aoyama
- Department of Mechanical and Intelligent Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Informatics and Engineering, The University of Electro-Communications, 1-5-1 Chofugaoka, Chofu-city, Tokyo 182-8585, Japan; (G.F.); (T.K.); (H.H.); (H.A.)
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14
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Kim WG, Zueger C, Kim C, Wong W, Devaraj V, Yoo HW, Hwang S, Oh JW, Lee SW. Experimental and numerical evaluation of a genetically engineered M13 bacteriophage with high sensitivity and selectivity for 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 17:5666-5670. [PMID: 30973549 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob03075h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Selective and sensitive detection of desired targets is very critical in sensor design. Here, we report a genetically engineered M13 bacteriophage-based sensor system evaluated by quantum mechanics (QM) calculations. Phage display is a facile way to develop the desired peptide sequences, but the resulting sequences can be imperfect peptides for binding of target molecules. A TNT binding peptide (WHW) carrying phage was self-assembled to fabricate thin films and tested for the sensitive and selective surface plasmon resonance-based detection of TNT molecules at the 500 femtomole level. SPR studies performed with the WHW peptide and control peptides (WAW, WHA, AHW) were well-matched with those of the QM calculations. Our combined method between phage engineering and QM calculation will significantly enhance our ability to design selective and sensitive sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won-Geun Kim
- Department of Nano Fusion Technology, Pusan National University, Busan, 609-735, South Korea.
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15
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Atomic Layer Deposition of Inorganic Films for the Synthesis of Vertically Aligned Carbon Nanotube Arrays and Their Hybrids. COATINGS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings9120806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Vertically aligned carbon nanotube arrays (VACNTs) have many excellent properties and show great potential for various applications. Recently, there has been a desire to grow VACNTs on nonplanar surfaces and synthesize core-sheath-structured VACNT–inorganic hybrids. To achieve this aim, atomic layer deposition (ALD) has been extensively applied, especially due to its atomic-scale thickness controllability and excellent conformality of films on three-dimensional (3D) structures with high aspect ratios. In this paper, the ALD of catalyst thin films for the growth of VACNTs, such as Co3O4, Al2O3, and Fe2O3, was first mentioned. After that, the ALD of thin films for the synthesis of VACNT–inorganic hybrids was also discussed. To highlight the importance of these hybrids, their potential applications in supercapacitors, solar cells, fuel cells, and sensors have also been reviewed.
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16
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Yang Q, Ma Q, Herum KM, Wang C, Patel N, Lee J, Wang S, Yen TM, Wang J, Tang H, Lo YH, Head BP, Azam F, Xu S, Cauwenberghs G, McCulloch AD, John S, Liu Z, Lal R. Array atomic force microscopy for real-time multiparametric analysis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:5872-5877. [PMID: 30850523 PMCID: PMC6442637 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1813518116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoscale multipoint structure-function analysis is essential for deciphering the complexity of multiscale biological and physical systems. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) allows nanoscale structure-function imaging in various operating environments and can be integrated seamlessly with disparate probe-based sensing and manipulation technologies. Conventional AFMs only permit sequential single-point analysis; widespread adoption of array AFMs for simultaneous multipoint study is challenging owing to the intrinsic limitations of existing technological approaches. Here, we describe a prototype dispersive optics-based array AFM capable of simultaneously monitoring multiple probe-sample interactions. A single supercontinuum laser beam is utilized to spatially and spectrally map multiple cantilevers, to isolate and record beam deflection from individual cantilevers using distinct wavelength selection. This design provides a remarkably simplified yet effective solution to overcome the optical cross-talk while maintaining subnanometer sensitivity and compatibility with probe-based sensors. We demonstrate the versatility and robustness of our system on parallel multiparametric imaging at multiscale levels ranging from surface morphology to hydrophobicity and electric potential mapping in both air and liquid, mechanical wave propagation in polymeric films, and the dynamics of living cells. This multiparametric, multiscale approach provides opportunities for studying the emergent properties of atomic-scale mechanical and physicochemical interactions in a wide range of physical and biological networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Yang
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Qian Ma
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Kate M Herum
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Chonghe Wang
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Nirav Patel
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Joon Lee
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Shanshan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Department of Anesthesia, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161
| | - Tony M Yen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Hanmei Tang
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Yu-Hwa Lo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Brian P Head
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Department of Anesthesia, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA 92161
| | - Farooq Azam
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Sheng Xu
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Gert Cauwenberghs
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Andrew D McCulloch
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Scott John
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Zhaowei Liu
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093;
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Ratnesh Lal
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093;
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
- Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
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17
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Modified cantilever arrays improve sensitivity and reproducibility of nanomechanical sensing in living cells. Commun Biol 2018; 1:175. [PMID: 30374465 PMCID: PMC6200835 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0179-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical signaling involved in molecular interactions lies at the heart of materials science and biological systems, but the mechanisms involved are poorly understood. Here we use nanomechanical sensors and intact human cells to provide unique insights into the signaling pathways of connectivity networks, which deliver the ability to probe cells to produce biologically relevant, quantifiable and reproducible signals. We quantify the mechanical signals from malignant cancer cells, with 10 cells per ml in 1000-fold excess of non-neoplastic human epithelial cells. Moreover, we demonstrate that a direct link between cells and molecules creates a continuous connectivity which acts like a percolating network to propagate mechanical forces over both short and long length-scales. The findings provide mechanistic insights into how cancer cells interact with one another and with their microenvironments, enabling them to invade the surrounding tissues. Further, with this system it is possible to understand how cancer clusters are able to co-ordinate their migration through narrow blood capillaries. Samadhan Patil et al. report a new method for improving the sensitivity and reproducibility of mechanobiological measurements in malignant cancer cells. Their findings provide insight into the interaction of cells with each other and the microenvironment and may impact our understanding of metastasis.
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18
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Integrated Electromechanical Transduction Schemes for Polymer MEMS Sensors. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:mi9050197. [PMID: 30424130 PMCID: PMC6187334 DOI: 10.3390/mi9050197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Polymer Micro ElectroMechanical Systems (MEMS) have the potential to constitute a powerful alternative to silicon-based MEMS devices for sensing applications. Although the use of commercial photoresists as structural material in polymer MEMS has been widely reported, the integration of functional polymer materials as electromechanical transducers has not yet received the same amount of interest. In this context, we report on the design and fabrication of different electromechanical schemes based on polymeric materials ensuring different transduction functions. Piezoresistive transduction made of carbon nanotube-based nanocomposites with a gauge factor of 200 was embedded within U-shaped polymeric cantilevers operating either in static or dynamic modes. Flexible resonators with integrated piezoelectric transduction were also realized and used as efficient viscosity sensors. Finally, piezoelectric-based organic field effect transistor (OFET) electromechanical transduction exhibiting a record sensitivity of over 600 was integrated into polymer cantilevers and used as highly sensitive strain and humidity sensors. Such advances in integrated electromechanical transduction schemes should favor the development of novel all-polymer MEMS devices for flexible and wearable applications in the future.
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19
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Wang H, Jiang S, Zhang L, Yu B, Chen D, Yang W, Qian L. High-performance optical projection controllable ZnO nanorod arrays for microweighing sensors. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:4727-4734. [PMID: 29465120 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr09076e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Optical microweighing sensors are an essential component of micro-force measurements in physical, chemical, and biological detection fields, although, their limited detection range (less than 15°) severely hinders their wide application. Such a limitation is mainly attributed to the essential restrictions of traditional light reflection and optical waveguide modes. Here, we report a high-performance optical microweighing sensor based on the synergistic effects of both a new optical projection mode and a ZnO nanorod array sensor. Ascribed to the unique configuration design of this sensing method, this optical microweighing sensor has a wide detection range (more than 80°) and a high sensitivity of 90 nA deg-1, which is much larger than that of conventional microcantilever-based optical microweighing sensors. Furthermore, the location of the UV light source can be adjusted within a few millimeters, meaning that the microweighing sensor does not need repetitive optical calibration. More importantly, for low height and small incident angles of the UV light source, we can obtain highly sensitive microweighing properties on account of the highly sensitive ZnO nanorod array-based UV sensor. Therefore, this kind of large detection range, non-contact, and non-destructive microweighing sensor has potential applications in air quality monitoring and chemical and biological detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Wang
- Tribology Research Institute, State Key Laboratory of Traction Power, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, Sichuan, China.
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20
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Zhang S, Geryak R, Geldmeier J, Kim S, Tsukruk VV. Synthesis, Assembly, and Applications of Hybrid Nanostructures for Biosensing. Chem Rev 2017; 117:12942-13038. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuaidi Zhang
- School of Materials Science
and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States
| | - Ren Geryak
- School of Materials Science
and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States
| | - Jeffrey Geldmeier
- School of Materials Science
and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States
| | - Sunghan Kim
- School of Materials Science
and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States
| | - Vladimir V. Tsukruk
- School of Materials Science
and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States
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21
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Thuau D, Abbas M, Wantz G, Hirsch L, Dufour I, Ayela C. Piezoelectric polymer gated OFET: Cutting-edge electro-mechanical transducer for organic MEMS-based sensors. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38672. [PMID: 27924853 PMCID: PMC5141423 DOI: 10.1038/srep38672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth of micro electro-mechanical system (MEMS) based sensors on the electronic market is forecast to be invigorated soon by the development of a new branch of MEMS-based sensors made of organic materials. Organic MEMS have the potential to revolutionize sensor products due to their light weight, low-cost and mechanical flexibility. However, their sensitivity and stability in comparison to inorganic MEMS-based sensors have been the major concerns. In the present work, an organic MEMS sensor with a cutting-edge electro-mechanical transducer based on an active organic field effect transistor (OFET) has been demonstrated. Using poly(vinylidenefluoride/trifluoroethylene) (P(VDF-TrFE)) piezoelectric polymer as active gate dielectric in the transistor mounted on a polymeric micro-cantilever, unique electro-mechanical properties were observed. Such an advanced scheme enables highly efficient integrated electro-mechanical transduction for physical and chemical sensing applications. Record relative sensitivity over 600 in the low strain regime (<0.3%) was demonstrated, which represents a key-step for the development of highly sensitive all organic MEMS-based sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien Thuau
- Univ. Bordeaux, Laboratoire de l'Intégration du Matériau au Système, UMR 5218, ENSCBP, 16 avenue Pey Berland, 33607, Pessac Cedex, France
| | - Mamatimin Abbas
- Univ. Bordeaux, Laboratoire de l'Intégration du Matériau au Système, UMR 5218, ENSCBP, 16 avenue Pey Berland, 33607, Pessac Cedex, France
| | - Guillaume Wantz
- Univ. Bordeaux, Laboratoire de l'Intégration du Matériau au Système, UMR 5218, ENSCBP, 16 avenue Pey Berland, 33607, Pessac Cedex, France
| | - Lionel Hirsch
- Univ. Bordeaux, Laboratoire de l'Intégration du Matériau au Système, UMR 5218, ENSCBP, 16 avenue Pey Berland, 33607, Pessac Cedex, France
| | - Isabelle Dufour
- Univ. Bordeaux, Laboratoire de l'Intégration du Matériau au Système, UMR 5218, ENSCBP, 16 avenue Pey Berland, 33607, Pessac Cedex, France
| | - Cédric Ayela
- Univ. Bordeaux, Laboratoire de l'Intégration du Matériau au Système, UMR 5218, ENSCBP, 16 avenue Pey Berland, 33607, Pessac Cedex, France
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22
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Label-free detection of real-time DNA amplification using a nanofluidic diffraction grating. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31642. [PMID: 27531471 PMCID: PMC4987677 DOI: 10.1038/srep31642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Quantitative DNA amplification using fluorescence labeling has played an important role in the recent, rapid progress of basic medical and molecular biological research. Here we report a label-free detection of real-time DNA amplification using a nanofluidic diffraction grating. Our detection system observed intensity changes during DNA amplification of diffracted light derived from the passage of a laser beam through nanochannels embedded in a microchannel. Numerical simulations revealed that the diffracted light intensity change in the nanofluidic diffraction grating was attributed to the change of refractive index. We showed the first case reported to date for label-free detection of real-time DNA amplification, such as specific DNA sequences from tubercle bacilli (TB) and human papillomavirus (HPV). Since our developed system allows quantification of the initial concentration of amplified DNA molecules ranging from 1 fM to 1 pM, we expect that it will offer a new strategy for developing fundamental techniques of medical applications.
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23
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Computational investigation of stoichiometric effects, binding site heterogeneities, and selectivities of molecularly imprinted polymers. J Mol Model 2016; 22:139. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-016-3005-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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24
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Dukic M, Adams JD, Fantner GE. Piezoresistive AFM cantilevers surpassing standard optical beam deflection in low noise topography imaging. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16393. [PMID: 26574164 PMCID: PMC4647226 DOI: 10.1038/srep16393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Optical beam deflection (OBD) is the most prevalent method for measuring cantilever deflections in atomic force microscopy (AFM), mainly due to its excellent noise performance. In contrast, piezoresistive strain-sensing techniques provide benefits over OBD in readout size and the ability to image in light-sensitive or opaque environments, but traditionally have worse noise performance. Miniaturisation of cantilevers, however, brings much greater benefit to the noise performance of piezoresistive sensing than to OBD. In this paper, we show both theoretically and experimentally that by using small-sized piezoresistive cantilevers, the AFM imaging noise equal or lower than the OBD readout noise is feasible, at standard scanning speeds and power dissipation. We demonstrate that with both readouts we achieve a system noise of ≈0.3 Å at 20 kHz measurement bandwidth. Finally, we show that small-sized piezoresistive cantilevers are well suited for piezoresistive nanoscale imaging of biological and solid state samples in air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Dukic
- Laboratory for Bio- and Nano-Instrumentation, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Batiment BM 3109 Station 17, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan D. Adams
- Laboratory for Bio- and Nano-Instrumentation, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Batiment BM 3109 Station 17, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Georg E. Fantner
- Laboratory for Bio- and Nano-Instrumentation, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Batiment BM 3109 Station 17, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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25
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Shekhawat GS, Dravid VP. Biosensors: Microcantilevers to lift biomolecules. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 10:830-831. [PMID: 26280406 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2015.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gajendra S Shekhawat
- Department of Material Science and Engineering and the NUANCE Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Vinayak P Dravid
- Department of Material Science and Engineering and the NUANCE Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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26
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Talukdar A, Faheem Khan M, Lee D, Kim S, Thundat T, Koley G. Piezotransistive transduction of femtoscale displacement for photoacoustic spectroscopy. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7885. [PMID: 26258983 PMCID: PMC4918345 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Measurement of femtoscale displacements in the ultrasonic frequency range is attractive for advanced material characterization and sensing, yet major challenges remain in their reliable transduction using non-optical modalities, which can dramatically reduce the size and complexity of the transducer assembly. Here we demonstrate femtoscale displacement transduction using an AlGaN/GaN heterojunction field effect transistor-integrated GaN microcantilever that utilizes piezoelectric polarization-induced changes in two-dimensional electron gas to transduce displacement with very high sensitivity. The piezotransistor demonstrated an ultra-high gauge factor of 8,700 while consuming an extremely low power of 1.36 nW, and transduced external excitation with a superior noise-limited resolution of 12.43 fm Hz(-1/2) and an outstanding responsivity of 170 nV fm(-1), which is comparable to the optical transduction limits. These extraordinary characteristics, which enabled unique detection of nanogram quantity of analytes using photoacoustic spectroscopy, can be readily exploited in realizing a multitude of novel sensing paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Talukdar
- Department of Electrical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA
| | - M Faheem Khan
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2V4, Canada
| | - Dongkyu Lee
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2V4, Canada
| | - Seonghwan Kim
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Thomas Thundat
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2V4, Canada
| | - Goutam Koley
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, USA
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27
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Ferrier DC, Shaver MP, Hands PJW. Micro- and nano-structure based oligonucleotide sensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 68:798-810. [PMID: 25655465 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a review of micro- and nano-structure based oligonucleotide detection and quantification techniques. The characteristics of such devices make them very attractive for Point-of-Care or On-Site-Testing biosensing applications. Their small scale means that they can be robust and portable, their compatibility with modern CMOS electronics means that they can easily be incorporated into hand-held devices and their suitability for mass production means that, out of the different approaches to oligonucleotide detection, they are the most suitable for commercialisation. This review discusses the advantages of micro- and nano-structure based sensors and covers the various oligonucleotide detection techniques that have been developed to date. These include: Bulk Acoustic Wave and Surface Acoustic Wave devices, micro- and nano-cantilever sensors, gene Field Effect Transistors, and nanowire and nanopore based sensors. Oligonucleotide immobilisation techniques are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Ferrier
- School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JL, UK
| | - Michael P Shaver
- School of Chemistry, David Brewster Road, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Philip J W Hands
- School of Engineering, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JL, UK.
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28
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Reimhult E, Höök F. Design of surface modifications for nanoscale sensor applications. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2015; 15:1635-75. [PMID: 25594599 PMCID: PMC4327096 DOI: 10.3390/s150101635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale biosensors provide the possibility to miniaturize optic, acoustic and electric sensors to the dimensions of biomolecules. This enables approaching single-molecule detection and new sensing modalities that probe molecular conformation. Nanoscale sensors are predominantly surface-based and label-free to exploit inherent advantages of physical phenomena allowing high sensitivity without distortive labeling. There are three main criteria to be optimized in the design of surface-based and label-free biosensors: (i) the biomolecules of interest must bind with high affinity and selectively to the sensitive area; (ii) the biomolecules must be efficiently transported from the bulk solution to the sensor; and (iii) the transducer concept must be sufficiently sensitive to detect low coverage of captured biomolecules within reasonable time scales. The majority of literature on nanoscale biosensors deals with the third criterion while implicitly assuming that solutions developed for macroscale biosensors to the first two, equally important, criteria are applicable also to nanoscale sensors. We focus on providing an introduction to and perspectives on the advanced concepts for surface functionalization of biosensors with nanosized sensor elements that have been developed over the past decades (criterion (iii)). We review in detail how patterning of molecular films designed to control interactions of biomolecules with nanoscale biosensor surfaces creates new possibilities as well as new challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Reimhult
- Institute for Biologically Inspired Materials, Department of Nanobiotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 11, A-1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Fredrik Höök
- Biological Physics, Department of Applied Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Fysikgränd 3, SE-411 33 Göteborg, Sweden.
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Ayela C, Dubourg G, Pellet C, Haupt K. All-organic microelectromechanical systems integrating specific molecular recognition--a new generation of chemical sensors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:5876-5879. [PMID: 25043140 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201401088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 05/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Cantilever-type all-organic microelectromechanical systems based on molecularly imprinted polymers for specific analyte recognition are used as chemical sensors. They are produced by a simple spray-coating-shadow-masking process. Analyte binding to the cantilever generates a measurable change in its resonance frequency. This allows label-free detection by direct mass sensing of low-molecular-weight analytes at nanomolar concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Ayela
- Laboratoire de l'Intégration, du Matériau au Système UMR 5218, Université de Bordeaux, F-33405, Talence, France
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Huang LS, Pheanpanitporn Y, Yen YK, Chang KF, Lin LY, Lai DM. Detection of the antiepileptic drug phenytoin using a single free-standing piezoresistive microcantilever for therapeutic drug monitoring. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 59:233-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Shen J, Li Y, Gu H, Xia F, Zuo X. Recent development of sandwich assay based on the nanobiotechnologies for proteins, nucleic acids, small molecules, and ions. Chem Rev 2014; 114:7631-77. [PMID: 25115973 DOI: 10.1021/cr300248x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Juwen Shen
- Key Laboratory for Large-Format Battery Materials and System, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST) , Wuhan 430074, China
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Ndieyira JW, Kappeler N, Logan S, Cooper MA, Abell C, McKendry RA, Aeppli G. Surface-stress sensors for rapid and ultrasensitive detection of active free drugs in human serum. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 9:225-232. [PMID: 24584276 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2014.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing appreciation that mechanical signals can be as important as chemical and electrical signals in biology. To include such signals in a systems biology description for understanding pathobiology and developing therapies, quantitative experiments on how solution-phase and surface chemistry together produce biologically relevant mechanical signals are needed. Because of the appearance of drug-resistant hospital 'superbugs', there is currently great interest in the destruction of bacteria by bound drug-target complexes that stress bacterial cell membranes. Here, we use nanomechanical cantilevers as surface-stress sensors, together with equilibrium theory, to describe quantitatively the mechanical response of a surface receptor to different antibiotics in the presence of competing ligands in solution. The antibiotics examined are the standard, Food and Drug Administration-approved drug of last resort, vancomycin, and the yet-to-be approved oritavancin, which shows promise for controlling vancomycin-resistant infections. The work reveals variations among strong and weak competing ligands, such as proteins in human serum, that determine dosages in drug therapies. The findings further enhance our understanding of the biophysical mode of action of the antibiotics and will help develop better treatments, including choice of drugs as well as dosages, against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph W Ndieyira
- 1] London Centre for Nanotechnology, Division of Medicine and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, 17-19 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AH, UK [2] Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Department of Chemistry, PO Box 62000, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Natascha Kappeler
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, Division of Medicine and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, 17-19 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AH, UK
| | - Stephen Logan
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, Division of Medicine and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, 17-19 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AH, UK
| | - Matthew A Cooper
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, 306 Carmody Road, St Lucia, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Chris Abell
- Department of Chemistry, Lensfield Road, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Rachel A McKendry
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, Division of Medicine and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, 17-19 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AH, UK
| | - Gabriel Aeppli
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, Division of Medicine and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, 17-19 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AH, UK
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Lim YC, Kouzani AZ, Duan W, Dai XJ, Kaynak A, Mair D. A surface-stress-based microcantilever aptasensor. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2014; 8:15-24. [PMID: 24681916 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2013.2286255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Biosensors based on microcantilevers convert biological recognition events into measurable mechanical displacements. They offer advantages such as small size, low sample volume, label-free detection, ease of integration, high-throughput analysis, and low development cost. The design and development of a microcantilever-based aptasensor employing SU-8 polymer as the fabrication material is presented in this paper. Aptamers are employed as bioreceptor elements because they exhibit superior specificity compared to antibodies due to their small size and physicochemical stability. To immobilise thrombin DNA aptamer on the bare SU-8 surface of the aptasensor, a combined plasma mode treatment method is implemented which modifies the surface of the aptasensor. Label-free detection of thrombin molecules using the fabricated aptasensor is successfully demonstrated. The measured deflection is one order of magnitude higher than that of a silicon nitride microcantilever biosensor. The developed aptasensor also demonstrates high specificity.
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Siciliano G, Pasquali L, Mancuso M, Murri L. Molecular diagnostics and mitochondrial dysfunction: a future perspective. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 8:531-49. [DOI: 10.1586/14737159.8.4.531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Yan F, Tang H. Application of thin-film transistors in label-free DNA biosensors. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 10:547-9. [DOI: 10.1586/erm.10.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Farquharson S, Shende C, Smith W, Huang H, Inscore F, Sengupta A, Sperry J, Sickler T, Prugh A, Guicheteau J. Selective detection of 1000 B. anthracis spores within 15 minutes using a peptide functionalized SERS assay. Analyst 2014; 139:6366-70. [DOI: 10.1039/c4an01163e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We developed a SERS assay that allowed selective detection of 1000 B. anthracis Ames spores in less than 15 minutes using dipicolinic acid (DPA) as a biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jay Sperry
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology
- University of Rhode Island
- Kingston, USA
| | - Todd Sickler
- US Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center
- , USA
| | - Amber Prugh
- US Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center
- , USA
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Yen YK, Lai YC, Hong WT, Pheanpanitporn Y, Chen CS, Huang LS. Electrical detection of C-reactive protein using a single free-standing, thermally controlled piezoresistive microcantilever for highly reproducible and accurate measurements. SENSORS 2013; 13:9653-68. [PMID: 23899933 PMCID: PMC3812573 DOI: 10.3390/s130809653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study demonstrates a novel method for electrical detection of C-reactive protein (CRP) as a means of identifying an infection in the body, or as a cardiovascular disease risk assay. The method uses a single free-standing, thermally controlled piezoresistive microcantilever biosensor. In a commonly used sensing arrangement of conventional dual cantilevers in the Wheatstone bridge circuit, reference and gold-coated sensing cantilevers that inherently have heterogeneous surface materials and different multilayer structures may yield independent responses to the liquid environmental changes of chemical substances, flow field and temperature, leading to unwanted signal disturbance for biosensing targets. In this study, the single free-standing microcantilever for biosensing applications is employed to resolve the dual-beam problem of individual responses in chemical solutions and, in a thermally controlled system, to maintain its sensor performance due to the sensitive temperature effect. With this type of single temperature-controlled microcantilever sensor, the electrical detection of various CRP concentrations from 1 µg/mL to 200 µg/mL was performed, which covers the clinically relevant range. Induced surface stresses were measured at between 0.25 N/m and 3.4 N/m with high reproducibility. Moreover, the binding affinity (KD) of CRP and anti-CRP interaction was found to be 18.83 ± 2.99 µg/mL, which agreed with results in previous reported studies. This biosensing technique thus proves valuable in detecting inflammation, and in cardiovascular disease risk assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Kuang Yen
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; E-Mails: (Y.-K.Y.); (Y.-C.L.); (W.-T.H.); (Y.P.)
| | - Yu-Cheng Lai
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; E-Mails: (Y.-K.Y.); (Y.-C.L.); (W.-T.H.); (Y.P.)
| | - Wei-Ting Hong
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; E-Mails: (Y.-K.Y.); (Y.-C.L.); (W.-T.H.); (Y.P.)
| | - Yotsapoom Pheanpanitporn
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; E-Mails: (Y.-K.Y.); (Y.-C.L.); (W.-T.H.); (Y.P.)
| | - Chuin-Shan Chen
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; E-Mail:
| | - Long-Sun Huang
- Institute of Applied Mechanics, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; E-Mails: (Y.-K.Y.); (Y.-C.L.); (W.-T.H.); (Y.P.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +886-2-3366-5653; Fax: +886-2-2363-9290
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Yin Y, Bilek MM, Fisher K, Guo C, McKenzie DR. An integrated solution for rapid biosensing with robust linker free covalent bindingsurfaces. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 42:447-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2012] [Revised: 11/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Han KN, Li CA, Seong GH. Microfluidic chips for immunoassays. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2013; 6:119-41. [PMID: 23495732 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-062012-092616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The use of microfluidic chips for immunoassays has been extensively explored in recent years. The combination of immunoassays and microfluidics affords a promising platform for multiple, sensitive, and automatic point-of-care (POC) diagnostics. In this review, we focus on the description of recent achievements in microfluidic chips for immunoassays categorized by their detection method. Following a brief introduction to the basic principles of each detection method, we examine current microfluidic immunosensor detection systems in detail. We also highlight interesting strategies for sensitive immunosensing configurations, multiplexed analysis, and POC diagnostics in microfluidic immunosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwi Nam Han
- Department of Bionanoengineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 426-791, South Korea.
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Shekhawat GS, Dravid VP. Nanomechanical sensors: Bent on detecting cancer. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2013; 8:77-78. [PMID: 23380929 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2013.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gajendra S Shekhawat
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and NUANCE Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA.
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Jung J, Kim SJ, Yoon DH, Kim B, Park SH, Kim HJ. Electrical responses of artificial DNA nanostructures on solution-processed In-Ga-Zn-O thin-film transistors with multistacked active layers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:98-102. [PMID: 23211212 DOI: 10.1021/am302210g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We propose solution-processed In-Ga-Zn-O (IGZO) thin-film transistors (TFTs) with multistacked active layers for detecting artificial deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Enhanced sensing ability and stable electrical performance of TFTs were achieved through use of multistacked active layers. Our IGZO TFT had a turn-on voltage (V(on)) of -0.8 V and a subthreshold swing (SS) value of 0.48 V/decade. A dry-wet method was adopted to immobilize double-crossover DNA on the IGZO surface, after which an anomalous hump effect accompanying a significant decrease in V(on) (-13.6 V) and degradation of SS (1.29 V/decade) was observed. This sensing behavior was attributed to the middle interfaces of the multistacked active layers and the negatively charged phosphate groups on the DNA backbone, which generated a parasitic path in the TFT device. These results compared favorably with those reported for conventional field-effect transistor-based DNA sensors with remarkable sensitivity and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joohye Jung
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Chen Y, Xu P, Li X. Axial-Stressed Piezoresistive Nanobeam for Ultrahigh Chemomechanical Sensitivity to Molecular Adsorption. Anal Chem 2012; 84:8184-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac301388k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Chen
- State Key
Lab of Transducer Technology, and Science
and Technology on Microsystem Lab, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem
and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 865 Changning Road, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Pengcheng Xu
- State Key
Lab of Transducer Technology, and Science
and Technology on Microsystem Lab, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem
and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 865 Changning Road, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Xinxin Li
- State Key
Lab of Transducer Technology, and Science
and Technology on Microsystem Lab, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem
and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 865 Changning Road, Shanghai 200050, China
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Calleja M, Kosaka PM, San Paulo Á, Tamayo J. Challenges for nanomechanical sensors in biological detection. NANOSCALE 2012; 4:4925-4938. [PMID: 22810853 DOI: 10.1039/c2nr31102j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Nanomechanical biosensing relies on changes in the movement and deformation of micro- and nanoscale objects when they interact with biomolecules and other biological targets. This field of research has provided ever-increasing records in the sensitivity of label-free detection but it has not yet been established as a practical alternative for biological detection. We analyze here the latest advancements in the field, along with the challenges remaining for nanomechanical biosensors to become a commonly used tool in biology and biochemistry laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montserrat Calleja
- Institute of Microelectronics of Madrid, CSIC, Isaac Newton 8 (PTM), Tres Cantos, 28760 Madrid, Spain.
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Joo J, Kwon D, Yim C, Jeon S. Highly sensitive diagnostic assay for the detection of protein biomarkers using microresonators and multifunctional nanoparticles. ACS NANO 2012; 6:4375-4381. [PMID: 22515817 DOI: 10.1021/nn301071c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We developed a novel gravimetric immunoassay for sensitive detection of multiple protein biomarkers using silicon microcantilever arrays and multifunctional hybrid nanoparticles. Magnetic-photocatalytic hybrid nanoparticles with a highly crystalline TiO(2) shell were synthesized using a solvothermal reaction without a calcination process. After functionalizing the hybrid nanoparticles and silicon cantilevers with antibodies, the nanoparticles were used to magnetically separate target biomarkers from human serum. Frequency changes of the microcantilevers due to the binding of the nanoparticles were measured using a dip-and-dry method. Frequency changes were further amplified using a photocatalytic silver reduction reaction. Several biomarkers, including interleukin-6, interferon-γ, and alpha-fetoprotein, were selectively detected using arrays of eight silicon microcantilevers. The detection limit of this assay was ∼0.1 pg/mL, which is superior to the clinical threshold of the biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinmyoung Joo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Korea
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Zhao H, Rizal B, McMahon G, Wang H, Dhakal P, Kirkpatrick T, Ren Z, Chiles TC, Naughton MJ, Cai D. Ultrasensitive chemical detection using a nanocoax sensor. ACS NANO 2012; 6:3171-3178. [PMID: 22393880 DOI: 10.1021/nn205036e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We report on the design, fabrication, and performance of a nanoporous, coaxial array capacitive detector for highly sensitive chemical detection. Composed of an array of vertically aligned nanoscale coaxial electrodes constructed with porous dielectric coax annuli around carbon nanotube cores, this sensor is shown to achieve parts per billion level detection sensitivity, at room temperature, to a broad class of organic molecules. The nanoscale, 3D architecture and microscale array pitch of the sensor enable rapid access of target molecules and chip-based multiplexing capabilities, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaizhou Zhao
- Department of Physics, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, Massachusetts 02467, United States
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Lai WA, Lin CH, Yang YS, Lu MSC. Ultrasensitive and label-free detection of pathogenic avian influenza DNA by using CMOS impedimetric sensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2012; 35:456-460. [PMID: 22425237 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2012.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Revised: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
This work presents miniaturized CMOS (complementary metal oxide semiconductor) sensors for non-faradic impedimetric detection of AIV (avian influenza virus) oligonucleotides. The signal-to-noise ratio is significantly improved by monolithic sensor integration to reduce the effect of parasitic capacitances. The use of sub-μm interdigitated microelectrodes is also beneficial for promoting the signal coupling efficiency. Capacitance changes associated with surface modification, functionalization, and DNA hybridization were extracted from the measured frequency responses based on an equivalent-circuit model. Hybridization of the AIV H5 capture and target DNA probes produced a capacitance reduction of -13.2 ± 2.1% for target DNA concentrations from 1 fM to 10 fM, while a capacitance increase was observed when H5 target DNA was replaced with non-complementary H7 target DNA. With the demonstrated superior sensing capabilities, this miniaturized CMOS sensing platform shows great potential for label-free point-of-care biosensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-An Lai
- Institute of Electronics Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chih-Heng Lin
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yuh-Shyong Yang
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Michael S-C Lu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, ROC; Institute of Electronics Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, ROC; Institute of NanoEngineering and Microsystems, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan, ROC.
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