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Takano F, Hiratsuka M, Takahashi KZ. Distinguish microphase-separated structures of diblock copolymers using local order parameters. Sci Rep 2024; 14:23908. [PMID: 39397159 PMCID: PMC11471776 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-74525-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 09/26/2024] [Indexed: 10/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The microphase-separated structures of block copolymers are inherently highly ordered local structures, commonly characterized by differences in domain width and curvature. By focusing on diblock copolymers, we propose local order parameters (LOPs) that accurately distinguish between adjacent microphase-separated structures on the phase diagram. We used the Molecular Assembly structure Learning package for Identifying Order parameters (MALIO) to evaluate the structure classification performance of 186 candidate LOPs. MALIO calculates the numerical values of all candidate LOPs for the input microphase-separated structures to create a dataset, and then performs supervised machine learning to select the best LOPs quickly and systematically. We evaluated the robustness of the selected LOPs in terms of classification accuracy against variations in miscibility and fraction of block. The minimum local area size required for LOPs to achieve their classification performances is closely related to the characteristic sizes of the microphase-separated structures. The proposed LOPs are potentially applicable over a large area on the phase diagram.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumiki Takano
- Kogakuin University, 1-24-2 Nishi-Shinjuku, Tokyo, 163-8677, Japan
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Research Center for Computational Design of Advanced Functional Materials, Central 2, 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8568, Japan
| | - Masaki Hiratsuka
- Kogakuin University, 1-24-2 Nishi-Shinjuku, Tokyo, 163-8677, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Z Takahashi
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Research Center for Computational Design of Advanced Functional Materials, Central 2, 1-1-1 Umezono, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8568, Japan.
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2
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Kim SK. Contact Hole Shrinkage: Simulation Study of Resist Flow Process and Its Application to Block Copolymers. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:1151. [PMID: 39337811 PMCID: PMC11433965 DOI: 10.3390/mi15091151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2024] [Revised: 09/09/2024] [Accepted: 09/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024]
Abstract
For vertical interconnect access (VIA) in three-dimensional (3D) structure chips, including those with high bandwidth memory (HBM), shrinking contact holes (C/Hs) using the resist flow process (RFP) represents the most promising technology for low-k1 (where CD=k1λ/NA,CD is the critical dimension, λ is wavelength, and NA is the numerical aperture). This method offers a way to reduce dimensions without additional complex process steps and is independent of optical technologies. However, most empirical models are heuristic methods and use linear regression to predict the critical dimension of the reflowed structure but do not account for intermediate shapes. In this research, the resist flow process (RFP) was modeled using the evolution method, the finite-element method, machine learning, and deep learning under various reflow conditions to imitate experimental results. Deep learning and machine learning have proven to be useful for physical optimization problems without analytical solutions, particularly for regression and classification tasks. In this application, the self-assembly of cylinder-forming block copolymers (BCPs), confined in prepatterns of the resist reflow process (RFP) to produce small contact hole (C/H) dimensions, was described using the self-consistent field theory (SCFT). This research paves the way for the shrink modeling of the enhanced resist reflow process (RFP) for random contact holes (C/Hs) and the production of smaller contact holes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Kon Kim
- The Faculty of Liberal Arts, Hongik University, Seoul 04066, Republic of Korea
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3
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Tung CH, Ye F, Li WY, Nguyen TA, Lee MC, Wen T, Guo ZH, Cheng SZD, Ho RM. Directed Self-Assembly of Polystyrene-Block-Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane Monolayer by Nano-Trench for Nanopatterning. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2403581. [PMID: 39030883 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202403581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
This work pioneers to combine fast self-assembly of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS) nanocage-based giant surfactants with high etching contrast and directed self-assembly for reliable long-range lateral order to create well-aligned sub-10 nm line nanopatterns via reactive ion etching (RIE). Polystyrene-block-oligo(dimethylsiloxane) substituted POSS (PS-b-oDMS7POSS) with seven oligo(dimethylsiloxane) at the corners of the POSS nanocage and one polystyrene (PS) tail is designed and synthesized as a giant surfactant with self-assembly behaviors like block copolymer (BCP). In contrast to BCP, oDMS7POSS gives a volume-persistent "nanoatom" particle with higher mobility for fast self-assembly and higher segregation strength with PS for smaller feature size. By taking advantage of directed self-assembly using nano-trench fabricated by electron beam lithography, well-ordered nanostructured monolayer with well-aligned parallel oDMS7POSS cylinders can be formed by confined self-assembly within the nano-trench. With the optimization of the RIE treatment using O2 as an etchant, the high etching contrast from the oDMS7POSS and PS gives the formation of well-defined line nanopatterns with sub-10 nm critical dimension that can serve as a mask for pattern transfer in lithography. These results demonstrate a cost-effective approach for nanopatterning by utilizing a creatively designed giant surfactant with sub-10 nm feature size and excellent etching contrast for modern lithographic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Hsun Tung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Feng Ye
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional and Intelligent Hybrid Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Wei-Yi Li
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional and Intelligent Hybrid Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - The Anh Nguyen
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
- International School, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 144 Xuan Thuy Str., Cau Giay Dist., Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ming-Chang Lee
- Department of Electrical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
| | - Tao Wen
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional and Intelligent Hybrid Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Zi-Hao Guo
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional and Intelligent Hybrid Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Stephen Z D Cheng
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional and Intelligent Hybrid Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Department of Polymer Science, School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325-3909, USA
| | - Rong-Ming Ho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, 30013, Taiwan
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4
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Lyu P, Feng J, Zeng Y, Zhang Y, Wu S, Gao J, Hu X, Chen J, Zhou G, Zhao W. Harnessing Smectic Ordering for Electric-Field-Driven Guided-Growth of Surface Topography in a Liquid Crystal Polymer. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2307726. [PMID: 38126679 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202307726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
The guided-growth strategy has been widely explored and proved its efficacy in fabricating surface micro/nanostructures in a variety of systems. However, soft materials like polymers are much less investigated partly due to the lack of strong internal driving mechanisms. Herein, the possibility of utilizing liquid crystal (LC) ordering of smectic liquid crystal polymers (LCPs) to induce guided growth of surface topography during the formation of electrohydrodynamic (EHD) patterns is demonstrated. In a two-stage growth, regular stripes are first found to selectively emerge from the homogeneously aligned region of an initially flat LCP film, and then extend neatly along the normal direction of the boundary line between homogeneous and homeotropic alignments. The stripes can maintain their directions for quite a distance before deviating. Coupled with the advanced tools for controlling LC alignment, intricate surface topographies can be produced in LCP films starting from relatively simple designs. The regularity of grown pattern is determined by the LC ordering of the polymer material, and influenced by conditions of EHD growth. The proposed approach provides new opportunities to employ LCPs in optical and electrical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengrong Lyu
- SCNU-TUE Joint Lab of Device Integrated Responsive Materials (DIRM), National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, No. 378, West Waihuan Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jian Feng
- SCNU-TUE Joint Lab of Device Integrated Responsive Materials (DIRM), National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, No. 378, West Waihuan Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yishu Zeng
- SCNU-TUE Joint Lab of Device Integrated Responsive Materials (DIRM), National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, No. 378, West Waihuan Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- SCNU-TUE Joint Lab of Device Integrated Responsive Materials (DIRM), National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, No. 378, West Waihuan Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Sihan Wu
- SCNU-TUE Joint Lab of Device Integrated Responsive Materials (DIRM), National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, No. 378, West Waihuan Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jie Gao
- YongJiang Laboratory, No. 1792 Cihai South Road, Ningbo, 315202, P. R. China
| | - Xiaowen Hu
- SCNU-TUE Joint Lab of Device Integrated Responsive Materials (DIRM), National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, No. 378, West Waihuan Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Jiawen Chen
- SCNU-TUE Joint Lab of Device Integrated Responsive Materials (DIRM), National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, No. 378, West Waihuan Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
| | - Guofu Zhou
- SCNU-TUE Joint Lab of Device Integrated Responsive Materials (DIRM), National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, No. 378, West Waihuan Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
- Shenzhen Guohua Optoelectronics Tech. Co. Ltd., Shenzhen, 518110, China
| | - Wei Zhao
- SCNU-TUE Joint Lab of Device Integrated Responsive Materials (DIRM), National Center for International Research on Green Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, No. 378, West Waihuan Road, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Information Materials and Technology & Institute of Electronic Paper Displays, South China Academy of Advanced Optoelectronics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, P. R. China
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5
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Vargo E, Ma L, Li H, Zhang Q, Kwon J, Evans KM, Tang X, Tovmasyan VL, Jan J, Arias AC, Destaillats H, Kuzmenko I, Ilavsky J, Chen WR, Heller W, Ritchie RO, Liu Y, Xu T. Functional composites by programming entropy-driven nanosheet growth. Nature 2023; 623:724-731. [PMID: 37938779 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06660-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials must be systematically designed to be technologically viable1-5. Driven by optimizing intermolecular interactions, current designs are too rigid to plug in new chemical functionalities and cannot mitigate condition differences during integration6,7. Despite extensive optimization of building blocks and treatments, accessing nanostructures with the required feature sizes and chemistries is difficult. Programming their growth across the nano-to-macro hierarchy also remains challenging, if not impossible8-13. To address these limitations, we should shift to entropy-driven assemblies to gain design flexibility, as seen in high-entropy alloys, and program nanomaterial growth to kinetically match target feature sizes to the mobility of the system during processing14-17. Here, following a micro-then-nano growth sequence in ternary composite blends composed of block-copolymer-based supramolecules, small molecules and nanoparticles, we successfully fabricate high-performance barrier materials composed of more than 200 stacked nanosheets (125 nm sheet thickness) with a defect density less than 0.056 µm-2 and about 98% efficiency in controlling the defect type. Contrary to common perception, polymer-chain entanglements are advantageous to realize long-range order, accelerate the fabrication process (<30 min) and satisfy specific requirements to advance multilayered film technology3,4,18. This study showcases the feasibility, necessity and unlimited opportunities to transform laboratory nanoscience into nanotechnology through systems engineering of self-assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Vargo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Le Ma
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - He Li
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Qingteng Zhang
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Junpyo Kwon
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Katherine M Evans
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Xiaochen Tang
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Victoria L Tovmasyan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jasmine Jan
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ana C Arias
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Hugo Destaillats
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ivan Kuzmenko
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Jan Ilavsky
- X-ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Wei-Ren Chen
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - William Heller
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Robert O Ritchie
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Yi Liu
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ting Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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6
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Park TW, Kang YL, Kang EB, Jung H, Lee S, Hwang G, Lee JW, Choi S, Nahm S, Kwon S, kim KH, Park WI. Direct Printing of Ultrathin Block Copolymer Film with Nano-in-Micro Pattern Structures. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2303412. [PMID: 37607117 PMCID: PMC10582423 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202303412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Nanotransfer printing (nTP) is one of the most promising nanopatterning methods given that it can be used to produce nano-to-micro patterns effectively with functionalities for electronic device applications. However, the nTP process is hindered by several critical obstacles, such as sub-20 nm mold technology, reliable large-area replication, and uniform transfer-printing of functional materials. Here, for the first time, a dual nanopatterning process is demonstrated that creates periodic sub-20 nm structures on the eight-inch wafer by the transfer-printing of patterned ultra-thin (<50 nm) block copolymer (BCP) film onto desired substrates. This study shows how to transfer self-assembled BCP patterns from the Si mold onto rigid and/or flexible substrates through a nanopatterning method of thermally assisted nTP (T-nTP) and directed self-assembly (DSA) of Si-containing BCPs. In particular, the successful microscale patternization of well-ordered sub-20 nm SiOx patterns is systematically presented by controlling the self-assembly conditions of BCP and printing temperature. In addition, various complex pattern geometries of nano-in-micro structures are displayed over a large patterning area by T-nTP, such as angular line, wave line, ring, dot-in-hole, and dot-in-honeycomb structures. This advanced BCP-replicated nanopatterning technology is expected to be widely applicable to nanofabrication of nano-to-micro electronic devices with complex circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae Wan Park
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringKorea UniversitySeoul02841Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringPukyong National University (PKNU)45 Yongso‐ro, Nam‐guBusan48513Republic of Korea
| | - Young Lim Kang
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringPukyong National University (PKNU)45 Yongso‐ro, Nam‐guBusan48513Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Bin Kang
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringPukyong National University (PKNU)45 Yongso‐ro, Nam‐guBusan48513Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunsung Jung
- Nano Convergence Materials CenterKorea Institute of Ceramic Engineering & Technology (KICET)Jinju52851Republic of Korea
| | - Seoung‐Ki Lee
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringPusan National University (PNU)Busan46241Republic of Korea
| | - Geon‐Tae Hwang
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringPukyong National University (PKNU)45 Yongso‐ro, Nam‐guBusan48513Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Woo Lee
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringPusan National University (PNU)Busan46241Republic of Korea
| | - Si‐Young Choi
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringPohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH)Pohang37673Republic of Korea
| | - Sahn Nahm
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringKorea UniversitySeoul02841Republic of Korea
| | - Se‐Hun Kwon
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringPusan National University (PNU)Busan46241Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Ho kim
- School of Materials Science and EngineeringPusan National University (PNU)Busan46241Republic of Korea
- Global Frontier R&D Center for Hybrid Interface Materials (HIM)Pusan National UniversityBusan46241Republic of Korea
| | - Woon Ik Park
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringPukyong National University (PKNU)45 Yongso‐ro, Nam‐guBusan48513Republic of Korea
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Zhang L, Liu Y, Wang K, Zhang G, Du Q, Liang Q, Wu Z. Azobenzene-containing surfactant directs small features of DNA thermotropic liquid crystals via bottom-up and top-down strategies. Acta Biomater 2023; 166:147-154. [PMID: 37207742 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Compared to classical block copolymers, the self-assembly of small molecules shows an advantage in addressing small features. As a new type of solvent-free ionic complexes, azobenzene-containing DNA thermotropic liquid crystals (TLCs) form an assembly as block copolymers when using small DNA. However, the self-assembly behavior of such biomaterials has not been fully investigated. In this study, photoresponsive DNA TLCs are fabricated by employing an azobenzene-containing surfactant with double flexible chains. For these DNA TLCs, the self-assembly behavior of DNA and surfactants could be guided by the factors of the molar ratio of azobenzene-containing surfactant, dsDNA/ssDNA, and presence or absence of water, which addresses the bottom-up control on domain spacing of mesophase. Meanwhile, such DNA TLCs also gain top-down control on morphology via photoinduced phase change. This work would provide a strategy for regulating the small features of solvent-free biomaterials, facilitating the development of patterning templates based on photoresponsive biomaterials. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: The relationship between nanostructure and function is attractive in the science of biomaterials. With biocompatibility and degradability, photoresponsive DNA materials in solutions have been widely studied in biological and medical areas, but they are still hard to obtain in a condensed state. The complex created with designed azobenzene-containing surfactants paves the way for obtaining condensed photoresponsive DNA materials. However, fine control of the small features of such biomaterials has not yet been achieved. In this study, we present a bottom-up strategy of controlling the small features of such DNA materials and, simultaneously, the top-down control of morphology via photoinduced phase change. This work provides a bi-directional approach to controlling the small features of condensed biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Yun Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Natural Drugs, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524023, China
| | - Kang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Guoqiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Qianyao Du
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Qikai Liang
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China
| | - Zhongtao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Optic-electric Sensing and Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, MOE, Shandong Key Laboratory of Biochemical Analysis, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, China.
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8
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Baumgarten N, Mumtaz M, Merino DH, Solano E, Halila S, Bernard J, Drockenmuller E, Fleury G, Borsali R. Interface Manipulations Using Cross-Linked Underlayers and Surface-Active Diblock Copolymers to Extend Morphological Diversity in High-χ Diblock Copolymer Thin Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:23736-23748. [PMID: 37134266 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c02247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Top and bottom interfaces of high-χ cylinder-forming polystyrene-block-maltoheptaose (PS-b-MH) diblock copolymer (BCP) thin films are manipulated using cross-linked copolymer underlayers and a fluorinated phase-preferential surface-active polymer (SAP) additive to direct the self-assembly (both morphology and orientation) of BCP microdomains into sub-10 nm patterns. A series of four photo-cross-linkable statistical copolymers with various contents of styrene, a 4-vinylbenzyl azide cross-linker, and a carbohydrate-based acrylamide are processed into 15 nm-thick cross-linked passivation layers on silicon substrates. A partially fluorinated analogue of the PS-b-MH phase-preferential SAP additive is designed to tune the surface energy of the top interface. The self-assembly of PS-b-MH thin films on top of different cross-linked underlayers and including 0-20 wt % of SAP additive is investigated by atomic force microscopy and synchrotron grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering analysis. The precise manipulation of the interfaces of ca. 30 nm thick PS-b-MH films not only allows the control of the in-plane/out-of-plane orientation of hexagonally packed (HEX) cylinders but also promotes epitaxial order-order transitions from HEX cylinders to either face-centered orthorhombic or body-centered cubic spheres without modifying the volume fraction of both blocks. This general approach paves the way for the controlled self-assembly of other high-χ BCP systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noémie Baumgarten
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, INSA de Lyon, CNRS, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, UMR 5223, F-69003, Lyon, France
| | | | - Daniel Hermida Merino
- Dutch-Belgian Beamline, Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research, European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, CINBIO, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende, E36310 Vigo, Galicia, Spain
| | - Eduardo Solano
- NCD-SWEET Beamline, ALBA Synchrotron Light Source, 08290 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Sami Halila
- Univ Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CERMAV, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Julien Bernard
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, INSA de Lyon, CNRS, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, UMR 5223, F-69003, Lyon, France
| | - Eric Drockenmuller
- Univ Lyon, Université Lyon 1, INSA de Lyon, CNRS, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, UMR 5223, F-69003, Lyon, France
| | - Guillaume Fleury
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600 Pessac, France
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Angelopoulou PP, Stathouraki MM, Keum JK, Hong K, Avgeropoulos A, Sakellariou G. Synthesis and morphological characterization of linear and miktoarm star poly(solketal methacrylate)-block-polystyrene copolymers. Eur Polym J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.111995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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10
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Nowak SR, Tiwale N, Doerk GS, Nam CY, Black CT, Yager KG. Responsive blends of block copolymers stabilize the hexagonally perforated lamellae morphology. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:2594-2604. [PMID: 36947412 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00142c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Blends of block copolymers can form phases and exhibit features distinct from the constituent materials. We study thin film blends of cylinder-forming and lamellar-forming block copolymers across a range of substrate surface energies. Blend materials are responsive to interfacial energy, allowing selection of pure or coexisting phases based on surface chemistry. Blending stabilizes certain motifs that are typically metastable, and can be used to generate pure hexagonally perforated lamellar thin films across a range of film thicknesses and surface energies. This tolerant behavior is ascribed to the ability of blend materials to redistribute chains to stabilize otherwise high-energy defect structures. The blend responsiveness allows the morphology to be spatially defined through multi-tone chemical surface patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha R Nowak
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA.
| | - Nikhil Tiwale
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA.
| | - Gregory S Doerk
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA.
| | - Chang-Yong Nam
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA.
| | - Charles T Black
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA.
| | - Kevin G Yager
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA.
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11
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Zaręba J, Jenczyk J, Dobies M, Makrocka-Rydzyk M, Woźniak-Braszak A, Jarek M, Jancelewicz M, Banaszak M. Block copolymer interfaces investigated by means of NMR, atomic force microscopy and dielectric spectroscopy. POLYMER 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2023.125882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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12
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Hu M, Li X, Heller WT, Bras W, Rzayev J, Russell TP. Using Grazing-Incidence Small-Angle Neutron Scattering to Study the Orientation of Block Copolymer Morphologies in Thin Films. Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingqiu Hu
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Xindi Li
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
| | - William T. Heller
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, P.O. Box 2008,
MS-6473, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Wim Bras
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, P.O. Box 2008, MS-6131, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Javid Rzayev
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, New York 14260-3000, United States
| | - Thomas P. Russell
- Polymer Science and Engineering Department, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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13
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Thedford RP, Yu F, Tait WRT, Shastri K, Monticone F, Wiesner U. The Promise of Soft-Matter-Enabled Quantum Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2203908. [PMID: 35863756 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202203908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The field of quantum materials has experienced rapid growth over the past decade, driven by exciting new discoveries with immense transformative potential. Traditional synthetic methods to quantum materials have, however, limited the exploration of architectural control beyond the atomic scale. By contrast, soft matter self-assembly can be used to tailor material structure over a large range of length scales, with a vast array of possible form factors, promising emerging quantum material properties at the mesoscale. This review explores opportunities for soft matter science to impact the synthesis of quantum materials with advanced properties. Existing work at the interface of these two fields is highlighted, and perspectives are provided on possible future directions by discussing the potential benefits and challenges which can arise from their bridging.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Paxton Thedford
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
- Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - Fei Yu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - William R T Tait
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
- Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - Kunal Shastri
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - Francesco Monticone
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
| | - Ulrich Wiesner
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
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14
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Panda AS, Lee YC, Shastry T, Manesi GM, Avgeropoulos A, Ho RM. Controlled Orientation of Silicon-Containing Diblock Copolymer Thin Films by Substrate Functionalization Under Vacuum. Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Aum Sagar Panda
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu30013, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chien Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu30013, Taiwan
| | - Thanmayee Shastry
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu30013, Taiwan
| | - Gkreti-Maria Manesi
- Department of Materials Science Engineering, University of Ioannina, University Campus, Ioannina45110, Greece
| | - Apostolos Avgeropoulos
- Department of Materials Science Engineering, University of Ioannina, University Campus, Ioannina45110, Greece
| | - Rong-Ming Ho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu30013, Taiwan
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15
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Angelopoulou PP, Moutsios I, Manesi GM, Ivanov DA, Sakellariou G, Avgeropoulos A. Designing high χ copolymer materials for nanotechnology applications: A systematic bulk vs. thin films approach. Prog Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2022.101625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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16
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Li X, Wang Z, Hong C, Feng F, Yu K, Liu H. Geometry-Modulated Self-Assembly Structures of Covalent Polyoxometalate–Polymer Hybrid in Bulk and Thin-Film States. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangqian Li
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Ze Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Chengyang Hong
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Fengfeng Feng
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Kun Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Hao Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
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17
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Pino G, Cummins C, Mantione D, Demazy N, Alvarez-Fernandez A, Guldin S, Fleury G, Hadziioannou G, Cloutet E, Brochon C. Design and Morphological Investigation of High-χ Catechol-Containing Styrenic Block Copolymers. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Pino
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Cian Cummins
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Daniele Mantione
- POLYKEY Polymers, Joxe Mari Korta Center, Avda. Tolosa 72, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Nils Demazy
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Alberto Alvarez-Fernandez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, WC1E 6BT London, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Guldin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, WC1E 6BT London, United Kingdom
| | - Guillaume Fleury
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Georges Hadziioannou
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Eric Cloutet
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Cyril Brochon
- Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600 Pessac, France
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18
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Erb DJ, Perlich J, Roth SV, Röhlsberger R, Schlage K. Real-Time Observation of Temperature-Induced Surface Nanofaceting in M-Plane α-Al 2O 3. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:31373-31384. [PMID: 35764295 PMCID: PMC9284515 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c22029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The spontaneous crystal surface reconstruction of M-plane α-Al2O3 is employed for nanopatterning and nanofabrication in various fields of research including, among others, magnetism, superconductivity, and optoelectronics. In this reconstruction process the crystalline surface transforms from a planar morphology to one with a nanoscale ripple patterning. However, the high sample temperature required to induce surface reconstruction made in situ studies of the process seem unfeasible. The kinetics of ripple pattern formation therefore remained uncertain, and thus production of templates for nanofabrication could not advance beyond a trial-and-error stage. We present an approach combining in situ real-time grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering experiments (GISAXS) with model-based analysis and with ex situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) to observe this morphological transition in great detail. Our approach provides time-resolved information about all relevant morphological parameters required to trace the surface topography on the nanometer scale during reconstruction, i.e., the time dependence of the pattern wavelength, the ripple length, width, and height, and thus their facet angles. It offers a comprehensive picture of this process exemplified by a M-plane α-Al2O3 surface annealed at 1325 °C for 930 min. Fitting the model parameters to the experimental GISAXS data revealed a Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogorov type of behavior for the pattern wavelength and a predominantly linear time dependence of the other parameters. In this case the reconstruction resulted in a crystalline surface fully patterned with asymmetric ripple-shaped nanostructures of 75 nm periodicity, 15 nm in height, and 630 nm in length. By elucidating the time dependence of these morphological parameters, this study shows a powerful way to significantly advance the predictability of annealing outcome and thus to efficiently customize nanopatterned α-Al2O3 templates for improved nanofabrication routines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise J Erb
- Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf HZDR, 01328 Dresden, Germany
- Photon Science Department, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan Perlich
- Photon Science Department, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stephan V Roth
- Photon Science Department, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Röhlsberger
- Photon Science Department, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
- Institut für Optik und Quantenelektronik, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Helmholtz Institute Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research GSI, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Kai Schlage
- Photon Science Department, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
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19
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Zhou C, Wang J, Liu H. Two-dimensional crystallization of cyclopolymers. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.125051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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20
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Nishimura T, Katsuhara S, Lee C, Ree BJ, Borsali R, Yamamoto T, Tajima K, Satoh T, Isono T. Fabrication of Ultrafine, Highly Ordered Nanostructures Using Carbohydrate-Inorganic Hybrid Block Copolymers. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:1653. [PMID: 35630875 PMCID: PMC9144075 DOI: 10.3390/nano12101653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Block copolymers (BCPs) have garnered considerable interest due to their ability to form microphase-separated structures suitable for nanofabrication. For these applications, it is critical to achieve both sufficient etch selectivity and a small domain size. To meet both requirements concurrently, we propose the use of oligosaccharide and oligodimethylsiloxane as hydrophilic and etch-resistant hydrophobic inorganic blocks, respectively, to build up a novel BCP system, i.e., carbohydrate-inorganic hybrid BCP. The carbohydrate-inorganic hybrid BCPs were synthesized via a click reaction between oligodimethylsiloxane with an azido group at each chain end and propargyl-functionalized maltooligosaccharide (consisting of one, two, and three glucose units). In the bulk state, small-angle X-ray scattering revealed that these BCPs microphase separated into gyroid, asymmetric lamellar, and symmetric lamellar structures with domain-spacing ranging from 5.0 to 5.9 nm depending on the volume fraction. Additionally, we investigated microphase-separated structures in the thin film state and discovered that the BCP with the most asymmetric composition formed an ultrafine and highly oriented gyroid structure as well as in the bulk state. After reactive ion etching, the gyroid thin film was transformed into a nanoporous-structured gyroid SiO2 material, demonstrating the material's promising potential as nanotemplates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiki Nishimura
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan; (T.N.); (S.K.); (C.L.)
| | - Satoshi Katsuhara
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan; (T.N.); (S.K.); (C.L.)
| | - Chaehun Lee
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan; (T.N.); (S.K.); (C.L.)
| | - Brian J. Ree
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan; (B.J.R.); (T.Y.); (K.T.)
| | - Redouane Borsali
- Centre de Recherches sur les Macromolécules Végétales (CERMAV), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Grenoble Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France;
| | - Takuya Yamamoto
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan; (B.J.R.); (T.Y.); (K.T.)
| | - Kenji Tajima
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan; (B.J.R.); (T.Y.); (K.T.)
| | - Toshifumi Satoh
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan; (B.J.R.); (T.Y.); (K.T.)
| | - Takuya Isono
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan; (B.J.R.); (T.Y.); (K.T.)
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21
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Kim YC, Kim SY. A Single Crystal 2D Hexagonal Array in a Centimeter Scale with a Self-Directed Assembly of Diblock Copolymer Spheres. ACS NANO 2022; 16:3870-3880. [PMID: 35179365 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c08862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The creation of a single-grain two-dimensional (2D) nanoarray over a large area (∼1 cm2) has been only realized with expensive lithographic fabrication involving a complicated multichemical process. In this work, we report the production of a highly aligned single-grain 2D crystalline nanoarray over a centimeter-scale large area with a concept of self-directed assembly (SDA) in block copolymer (BCP) thin films. No lithographic guiding pattern is employed in SDA. A sphere-forming BCP is first transformed to transient-cylinders and aligned with shear. The aligned cylinders act as a guiding pattern to restore the sphere-morphology producing a single-grain 2D crystalline array with the following solvent vapor annealing. The SDA process has two governing parameters: orientational order of guiding patterns in the first step and the lattice matching between the transient guiding cylinders and the restored spheres. The successful application of SDA yields a single-grain of 2D crystalline hexagonal nanoarray with an exceptional long-range order, which is confirmed by employing image treating algorithms and grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) measurements. The suggested SDA strategy is found to be effective for large-scale nanopatterning with no lithographic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Chan Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - So Youn Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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22
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Zheng CY, Yao Y, Deng J, Seifert S, Wong AM, Lee B, Mirkin CA. Confined Growth of DNA-Assembled Superlattice Films. ACS NANO 2022; 16:4813-4822. [PMID: 35213130 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c00161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We study the assembly of DNA-functionalized nanocubes under lateral confinement in microscale square trenches on a DNA-functionalized substrate. Microfocus small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) are used to characterize the superlattices (SLs). The results indicate that nanocubes form simple-cubic SLs with square-prism morphology and a (100) out-of-plane orientation to maximize DNA bonding. In-plane, SLs align with the template, exposing their {100} side facets, and the degree of alignment depends on trench size. Interestingly, the distribution of in-plane orientations determined from SAXS and SEM do not agree, indicating that the internal and external structures of the SLs differ. To understand this discrepancy, X-ray ptychography is employed to image the internal structures of the SLs, revealing that SLs which appear to be single-crystalline in SEM may have subsurface grain boundaries, depending on trench size. SEM reveals that the SLs grow via nucleation and growth of randomly oriented domains, which then coalesce; this mechanism explains the observed dependence of alignment and defect structure on size. Interestingly, crystallization occurs via an unusual growth mode, whereby continuous SL layers grow on top of several misoriented islands. Overall, this work elucidates the effect of lateral confinement on the crystallization of DNA-functionalized nanoparticles and shows how X-ray ptychography can be used to gain insight into nanoparticle crystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yudong Yao
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Junjing Deng
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Soenke Seifert
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | | | - Byeongdu Lee
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
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23
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Yang GG, Choi HJ, Han KH, Kim JH, Lee CW, Jung EI, Jin HM, Kim SO. Block Copolymer Nanopatterning for Nonsemiconductor Device Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:12011-12037. [PMID: 35230079 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c22836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Block copolymer (BCP) nanopatterning has emerged as a versatile nanoscale fabrication tool for semiconductor devices and other applications, because of its ability to organize well-defined, periodic nanostructures with a critical dimension of 5-100 nm. While the most promising application field of BCP nanopatterning has been semiconductor devices, the versatility of BCPs has also led to enormous interest from a broad spectrum of other application areas. In particular, the intrinsically low cost and straightforward processing of BCP nanopatterning have been widely recognized for their large-area parallel formation of dense nanoscale features, which clearly contrasts that of sophisticated processing steps of the typical photolithographic process, including EUV lithography. In this Review, we highlight the recent progress in the field of BCP nanopatterning for various nonsemiconductor applications. Notable examples relying on BCP nanopatterning, including nanocatalysts, sensors, optics, energy devices, membranes, surface modifications and other emerging applications, are summarized. We further discuss the current limitations of BCP nanopatterning and suggest future research directions to open up new potential application fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geon Gug Yang
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jae Choi
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Hyo Han
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang Hwan Kim
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Woo Lee
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Edwin Ino Jung
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeong Min Jin
- Department of Organic Materials Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Ouk Kim
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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24
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Hu XH, Xiong S. Fabrication of Nanodevices Through Block Copolymer Self-Assembly. FRONTIERS IN NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fnano.2022.762996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Block copolymer (BCP) self-assembly, as a novel bottom-up patterning technique, has received increasing attention in the manufacture of nanodevices because of its significant advantages of high resolution, high throughput, low cost, and simple processing. BCP self-assembly provides a very powerful approach to constructing diverse nanoscale templates and patterns that meet large-scale manufacturing practices. For the past 20 years, the self-assembly of BCPs has been extensively employed to produce a range of nanodevices, such as nonvolatile memory, bit-patterned media (BPM), fin field-effect transistors (FinFETs), photonic nanodevices, solar cells, biological and chemical sensors, and ultrafiltration membranes, providing a variety of configurations for high-density integration and cost-efficient manufacturing. In this review, we summarize the recent progress in the fabrication of nanodevices using the templates of BCP self-assembly, and present current challenges and future opportunities.
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25
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Yin S, Tian T, Weindl CL, Wienhold KS, Ji Q, Cheng Y, Li Y, Papadakis CM, Schwartzkopf M, Roth SV, Müller-Buschbaum P. In Situ GISAXS Observation and Large Area Homogeneity Study of Slot-Die Printed PS- b-P4VP and PS- b-P4VP/FeCl 3 Thin Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:3143-3155. [PMID: 34982535 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c19797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Mesoporous hematite (α-Fe2O3) thin films with high surface-to-volume ratios show great potential as photoelectrodes or electrochemical electrodes in energy conversion and storage. In the present work, with the assistance of an up-scalable slot-die coating technique, locally highly ordered α-Fe2O3 thin films are successfully printed based on the amphiphilic diblock copolymer poly(styrene-b-4-vinylpyridine) (PS-b-P4VP) as a structure-directing agent. Pure PS-b-P4VP films are printed under the same conditions for comparison. The micellization of the diblock copolymer in solution, the film formation process of the printed thin films, the homogeneity of the dry films in the lateral and vertical direction as well as the morphological and compositional information on the calcined hybrid PS-b-P4VP/FeCl3 thin film are investigated. Because of convection during the solvent evaporation process, a similar dimple-type structure of vertically aligned cylindrical PS domains in a P4VP matrix developed for both printed PS-b-P4VP and hybrid PS-b-P4VP/FeCl3 thin films. The coordination effect between the Fe3+ ions and the vinylpyridine groups significantly affects the attachment ability of the P4VP chains to the silicon substrate. Accordingly, distinct feature sizes and homogeneity in the lateral direction, as well as the thicknesses in the perpendicular direction, are demonstrated in the two printed films. By removing the polymer template from the hybrid PS-b-P4VP/FeCl3 film at high temperature, a locally highly ordered mesoporous α-Fe2O3 film is obtained. Thus, a facile and up-scalable printing technique is presented for producing homogeneous mesoporous α-Fe2O3 thin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Yin
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Strasse 1, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Ting Tian
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Strasse 1, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Christian L Weindl
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Strasse 1, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Kerstin S Wienhold
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Strasse 1, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Qing Ji
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1219 Zhongguan West Road, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
| | - Yajun Cheng
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1219 Zhongguan West Road, Ningbo 315201, P. R. China
| | - Yanan Li
- Fachgebiet Physik weicher Materie, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Strasse 1, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Christine M Papadakis
- Fachgebiet Physik weicher Materie, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Strasse 1, Garching 85748, Germany
| | | | - Stephan V Roth
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, Hamburg 22603, Germany
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, Stockholm SE-100 44, Sweden
| | - Peter Müller-Buschbaum
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Strasse 1, Garching 85748, Germany
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 1, Garching 85748, Germany
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26
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Tu WH, Seah GL, Li Y, Wang X, Tan KW. Transient Laser-Annealing-Induced Mesophase Transitions of Block Copolymer-Resol Thin Films. ACS POLYMERS AU 2021; 2:42-49. [PMID: 36855749 PMCID: PMC9954231 DOI: 10.1021/acspolymersau.1c00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Block copolymer self-assembly-derived thin films provide direct access to two- and three-dimensional periodically ordered mesostructures as enablers for many nanotechnology applications. This report describes laser-annealing-induced disorder-order mesophase transitions of polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene oxide)/resol hybrid thin films over a range of laser temperatures (∼45 to 525 °C) and short dwell times (0.25 to 100 ms), revealing the non-equilibrium ordering and disordering kinetics and behaviors. We found that a combination of transient laser temperature of ∼275 °C and annealing dwell time of 100 ms provided the most optimal kinetic and thermodynamic control of the diffusivities of hybrid mesophases and photothermal-induced resol polymerization, yielding long-range ordered films resembling an in-plane body-centered cubic sphere morphology. A clear understanding of hybrid thin film mesophase self-assembly under non-equilibrium laser annealing could open new avenues to introduce novel chemistries and rapidly achieve nanoscale periodic order suitable for the patterning of complex structures, electronics, sensing, and emerging quantum materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Han Tu
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang
Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Geok Leng Seah
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang
Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Yun Li
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang
Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Xinghui Wang
- College
of Physics and Information Engineering, Institute of Micro-Nano Devices
and Solar Cells, Fuzhou University, Fujian 350108, China
| | - Kwan W. Tan
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang
Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore,
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27
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Neppalli SN, Collins TW, Gholamvand Z, Cummins C, Morris MA, Mokarian-Tabari P. Defining Swelling Kinetics in Block Copolymer Thin Films: The Critical Role of Temperature and Vapour Pressure Ramp. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:4238. [PMID: 34883741 PMCID: PMC8659708 DOI: 10.3390/polym13234238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the kinetics of swelling in high-χ lamellar-forming poly(styrene)-block- poly(lactic acid) (PS-b-PLA) block copolymer (BCP) by varying the heating rate and monitoring the solvent vapour pressure and the substrate temperature in situ during solvo-thermal vapour annealing (STVA) in an oven, and analysing the resulting morphology. Our results demonstrate that there is not only a solvent vapour pressure threshold (120 kPa), but also that the rate of reaching this pressure threshold has a significant effect on the microphase separation and the resulting morphologies. To study the heating rate effect, identical films were annealed in a tetrahydrofuran (THF) vapour environment under three different ramp regimes, low (rT<1 °C/min), medium (2
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhakara Naidu Neppalli
- School of Chemistry, The University of Dublin, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland; (S.N.N.); (Z.G.); (M.A.M.)
- Advance Material and BioEngineering Research (AMBER) Centre and CRANN, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Timothy W. Collins
- Department of Chemistry, University College Cork, Tyndall National Institute, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland;
| | - Zahra Gholamvand
- School of Chemistry, The University of Dublin, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland; (S.N.N.); (Z.G.); (M.A.M.)
- Advance Material and BioEngineering Research (AMBER) Centre and CRANN, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Cian Cummins
- Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal (CRPP), The French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS), University of Bordeaux, UMR 5031, 115 Avenue Schweitzer, 33600 Pessac, France;
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymeres Organiques (LCPO), University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, 16 Avenue Pey-Berland, CEDEX, 33607 Pessac, France
| | - Michael A. Morris
- School of Chemistry, The University of Dublin, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland; (S.N.N.); (Z.G.); (M.A.M.)
- Department of Chemistry, University College Cork, Tyndall National Institute, T12 K8AF Cork, Ireland;
| | - Parvaneh Mokarian-Tabari
- School of Chemistry, The University of Dublin, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland; (S.N.N.); (Z.G.); (M.A.M.)
- Advance Material and BioEngineering Research (AMBER) Centre and CRANN, Trinity College Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
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28
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Pound-Lana G, Bézard P, Petit-Etienne C, Cavalaglio S, Cunge G, Cabannes-Boué B, Fleury G, Chevalier X, Zelsmann M. Dry-Etching Processes for High-Aspect-Ratio Features with Sub-10 nm Resolution High-χ Block Copolymers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:49184-49193. [PMID: 34636239 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c13503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Directed self-assembly of block copolymers (BCP) is a very attractive technique for the realization of functional nanostructures at high resolution. In this work, we developed full dry-etching strategies for BCP nanolithography using an 18 nm pitch lamellar silicon-containing block copolymer. Both an oxidizing Ar/O2 plasma and a nonoxidizing H2/N2 plasma are used to remove the topcoat material of our BCP stack and reveal the perpendicular lamellae. Under Ar/O2 plasma, an interfacial layer stops the etch process at the topcoat/BCP interface, which provides an etch-stop but also requires an additional CF4-based breakthrough plasma for further etching. This interfacial layer is not present in H2/N2. Increasing the H2/N2 ratio leads to more profound modifications of the silicon-containing lamellae, for which a chemistry in He/N2/O2 rather than Ar/O2 plasma produces a smoother and more regular lithographic mask. Finally, these features are successfully transferred into silicon, silicon-on-insulator, and silicon nitride substrates. This work highlights the performance of a silicon-containing block copolymer at 18 nm pitch to pattern relevant hard-mask materials for various applications, including microelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwenaelle Pound-Lana
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA/LETI Minatec, Grenoble INP, LTM, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Philippe Bézard
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA/LETI Minatec, Grenoble INP, LTM, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Camille Petit-Etienne
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA/LETI Minatec, Grenoble INP, LTM, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Sébastien Cavalaglio
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA/LETI Minatec, Grenoble INP, LTM, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Gilles Cunge
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA/LETI Minatec, Grenoble INP, LTM, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Guillaume Fleury
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, LCPO, UMR 5629, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Xavier Chevalier
- ARKEMA FRANCE, GRL, Route Nationale 117, BP34, 64170 Lacq, France
| | - Marc Zelsmann
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA/LETI Minatec, Grenoble INP, LTM, 38000 Grenoble, France
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29
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Zhou J, Thapar V, Chen Y, Wu BX, Craig GSW, Nealey PF, Hur SM, Chang TH, Xiong S. Self-Aligned Assembly of a Poly(2-vinylpyridine)- b-Polystyrene- b-Poly(2-vinylpyridine) Triblock Copolymer on Graphene Nanoribbons. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:41190-41199. [PMID: 34470104 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c08940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Directed self-assembly (DSA) of block copolymers is one of the most promising patterning techniques for patterning sub-10 nm features. However, at such small feature sizes, it is becoming increasingly difficult to fabricate the guiding pattern for the DSA process, and it is necessary to explore alternative guiding methods for DSA to achieve long-range ordered alignment. Here, we report the self-aligned assembly of a triblock copolymer, poly(2-vinylpyridine)-b-polystyrene-b-poly(2-vinylpyridine) (P2VP-b-PS-b-P2VP) on neutral graphene nanoribbons with the gap consisting of a P2VP-preferential silicon oxide (SiO2) substrate via solvent vapor annealing. The assembled P2VP-b-PS-b-P2VP demonstrated long-range, one-dimensional alignment on the graphene substrate in a direction perpendicular to the boundary of the graphene and substrate with a half-pitch size of 8 nm, which greatly alleviates the lithography resolution required for traditional chemoepitaxy DSA. A wide processing window is demonstrated with the gap between graphene stripes varying from 10 to 100 nm, overcoming the restriction on widths of guiding patterns to have commensurate domain spacing. When the gap was reduced to 10 nm, P2VP-b-PS-b-P2VP formed a straight-line pattern on both the graphene and the substrate. Monte Carlo simulations showed that the self-aligned assembly of the triblock copolymer on the graphene nanoribbons is guided at the boundary of parallel and perpendicular lamellae on graphene and SiO2, respectively. Simulations also indicate that the swelling of a system allows for rapid rearrangement of chains and quickly anneal any misaligned grains and defects. The effect of the interaction strength between SiO2 and P2VP on the self-assembly is systematically investigated in simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhou
- School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Vikram Thapar
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Yu Chen
- School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Bi-Xian Wu
- Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Gordon S W Craig
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 S Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Paul F Nealey
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 S Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Su-Mi Hur
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Tzu-Hsuan Chang
- Graduate Institute of Electronics Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Shisheng Xiong
- School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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30
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Hu T, Ren Y, Li W. Impact of Molecular Asymmetry of Block Copolymers on the Stability of Defects in Aligned Lamellae. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Key Laboratory of Computational Physical Sciences, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yongzhi Ren
- Key Lab of In-fiber Integrated Optics, Ministry of Education, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, 150001 Harbin, China
| | - Weihua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Key Laboratory of Computational Physical Sciences, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
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31
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Bayomi RAH, Aoki T, Sasaki S, Sakurai S. Regular ordering of spherical microdomains in dewetted monolayer islands induced by thermal annealing of spin-coated ultrathin films of a triblock copolymer. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:7396-7407. [PMID: 34318868 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00699a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We report here spontaneous dewetting of a spin-coated, ultra-thin film of a sphere-forming block copolymer (BCP) upon thermal annealing, and that the dewetting resulted in the formation of plateau-shaped islands with a constant thickness consistent with the thickness of a monolayer, in which the spherical microdomains are regularly ordered two-dimensionally in a deformed hexagonal lattice. Thus, the spontaneous dewetting was ascribed to a mismatch between the initial spin-coated film thickness with respect to the monolayer thickness. Such dewetting of sphere-forming BCPs is considered to be deterministic compared to the cases of lamella- and cylinder-forming BCPs, as incommensuration in thickness is avoided by attaining perpendicular orientation without dewetting. We further quantitatively examined the ordering regularity of spherical microdomains in the dewetted monolayer islands to clarify the effect of confinement on sphere ordering. The degree of deformation of the hexagonal lattice was found to have an increasing tendency as a function of the degree of the deformation of the dewetted islands (the island shape), irrespective of the size of the island. Namely, islands with almost round shapes exhibit a well-ordered arrangement of the spherical microdomains in a perfect hexagonal lattice. Another notable finding is that the regular ordering of the spherical microdomains was found to be spoiled in the vicinity of the edge of the island. In other words, the spherical microdomains were well-ordered in a hexagonal lattice far from the edge of the island, while they were not regularly ordered in the vicinity of the edge, which may be due to mismatch between the curvature of the island's perimeter and the polygonal shape of ordered sphere grains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha Ahmed Hanafy Bayomi
- Department of Biobased Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan. and Department of Apparel Design and Technology, Faculty of Applied Arts, Helwan University, Orman, Giza 12111, Egypt
| | - Takashi Aoki
- Department of Biobased Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan.
| | - Sono Sasaki
- Department of Biobased Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan.
| | - Shinichi Sakurai
- Department of Biobased Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan. and Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Kamrup, Assam 781-039, India
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32
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Thermally induced self-assembly of poly(4-(tert-butyldimethylsiloxy)styrene-b-2-vinylpyridine) with extremely reduced roughness of patterns. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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33
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Jin HM, Park K, Kwon K, Yang GG, Han YS, Kim HS, Kim SO, Jung HT. Wafer-Scale Unidirectional Alignment of Supramolecular Columns on Faceted Surfaces. ACS NANO 2021; 15:11762-11769. [PMID: 34251179 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c02632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The long-range alignment of supramolecular structures must be engineered as a first step toward advanced nanopatterning processes aimed at miniaturizing features to dimensions below 5 nm. This study introduces a facile method of directing the orientation of supramolecular columns over wafer-scale areas using faceted surfaces. Supramolecular columns with features on the sub-5 nm scale were highly aligned in a direction orthogonal to that of the facet patterning on unidirectional and nanoscopic faceted surface patterns. This unidirectional alignment of supramolecular columns is also observed by varying the thickness of the supramolecular film or by altering the dimensions of the facet pattern. The ordering behavior of the supramolecular columns can be attributed to the triangular depth profile of the bottom facet pattern. Furthermore, this directed self-assembly principle allows for the continuous alignment of supramolecular structures across ultralarge distances on flexible patterned substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong Min Jin
- Neutron Science Center, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), 111 Daedeok-daero 989 Beon-Gil, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34057, Republic of Korea
| | - Kangho Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for NanoCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Kiok Kwon
- Green Chemistry and Materials Group, Research Institute of Sustainable Manufacturing System, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology, Cheonan 31056, Republic of Korea
| | - Geon Gug Yang
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Soo Han
- Neutron Science Center, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), 111 Daedeok-daero 989 Beon-Gil, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34057, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa Soo Kim
- Neutron Science Center, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), 111 Daedeok-daero 989 Beon-Gil, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34057, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Ouk Kim
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Tae Jung
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for NanoCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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34
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Robertson M, Zhou Q, Ye C, Qiang Z. Developing Anisotropy in Self-Assembled Block Copolymers: Methods, Properties, and Applications. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2100300. [PMID: 34272778 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Block copolymers (BCPs) self-assembly has continually attracted interest as a means to provide bottom-up control over nanostructures. While various methods have been demonstrated for efficiently ordering BCP nanodomains, most of them do not generically afford control of nanostructural orientation. For many applications of BCPs, such as energy storage, microelectronics, and separation membranes, alignment of nanodomains is a key requirement for enabling their practical use or enhancing materials performance. This review focuses on summarizing research progress on the development of anisotropy in BCP systems, covering a variety of topics from established aligning techniques, resultant material properties, and the associated applications. Specifically, the significance of aligning nanostructures and the anisotropic properties of BCPs is discussed and highlighted by demonstrating a few promising applications. Finally, the challenges and outlook are presented to further implement aligned BCPs into practical nanotechnological applications, where exciting opportunities exist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Robertson
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Qingya Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Changhuai Ye
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Zhe Qiang
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
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35
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Schaper SJ, Löhrer FC, Xia S, Geiger C, Schwartzkopf M, Pandit P, Rubeck J, Fricke B, Frenzke S, Hinz AM, Carstens N, Polonskyi O, Strunskus T, Faupel F, Roth SV, Müller-Buschbaum P. Revealing the growth of copper on polystyrene- block-poly(ethylene oxide) diblock copolymer thin films with in situ GISAXS. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:10555-10565. [PMID: 34100512 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr01480c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Copper (Cu) as an excellent electrical conductor and the amphiphilic diblock copolymer polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene oxide) (PS-b-PEO) as a polymer electrolyte and ionic conductor can be combined with an active material in composite electrodes for polymer lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). As interfaces are a key issue in LIBs, sputter deposition of Cu contacts on PS-b-PEO thin films with high PEO fraction is investigated with in situ grazing-incidence small-angle X-ray scattering (GISAXS) to follow the formation of the Cu layer in real-time. We observe a hierarchical morphology of Cu clusters building larger Cu agglomerates. Two characteristic distances corresponding to the PS-b-PEO microphase separation and the Cu clusters are determined. A selective agglomeration of Cu clusters on the PS domains explains the origin of the persisting hierarchical morphology of the Cu layer even after a complete surface coverage is reached. The spheroidal shape of the Cu clusters growing within the first few nanometers of sputter deposition causes a highly porous Cu-polymer interface. Four growth stages are distinguished corresponding to different kinetics of the cluster growth of Cu on PS-b-PEO thin films: (I) nucleation, (II) diffusion-driven growth, (III) adsorption-driven growth, and (IV) grain growth of Cu clusters. Percolation is reached at an effective Cu layer thickness of 5.75 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Schaper
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Franziska C Löhrer
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Senlin Xia
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Christina Geiger
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Matthias Schwartzkopf
- Photon Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Pallavi Pandit
- Photon Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan Rubeck
- Photon Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Björn Fricke
- Photon Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Susann Frenzke
- Photon Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexander M Hinz
- Lehrstuhl für Materialverbunde, Institut für Materialwissenschaft, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Niko Carstens
- Lehrstuhl für Materialverbunde, Institut für Materialwissenschaft, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Oleksandr Polonskyi
- Lehrstuhl für Materialverbunde, Institut für Materialwissenschaft, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Strunskus
- Lehrstuhl für Materialverbunde, Institut für Materialwissenschaft, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Franz Faupel
- Lehrstuhl für Materialverbunde, Institut für Materialwissenschaft, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kaiserstr. 2, 24143 Kiel, Germany
| | - Stephan V Roth
- Photon Science, Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron (DESY), Notkestr. 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany and KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, Teknikringen 56-58, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Müller-Buschbaum
- Lehrstuhl für Funktionelle Materialien, Physik-Department, Technische Universität München, James-Franck-Str. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany. and Heinz Maier-Leibniz Zentrum (MLZ), Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 1, 85748 Garching, Germany
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36
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Versatile approach to nanoporous polymers with bicontinuous morphology using metal templated synthesis. Eur Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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37
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Wang R, Lan K, Lin R, Jing X, Hung CT, Zhang X, Liu L, Yang Y, Chen G, Liu X, Fan C, El-Toni AM, Khan A, Tang Y, Zhao D. Precisely Controlled Vertical Alignment in Mesostructured Carbon Thin Films for Efficient Electrochemical Sensing. ACS NANO 2021; 15:7713-7721. [PMID: 33821624 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c01367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional carbon materials, incorporating a large mesoporosity, are attracting considerable research interest in various fields such as catalysis, electrochemistry, and energy-related technologies owing to their integrated functionalities. However, their potential applications, which require favorable mass transport within mesopore channels, are constrained by the undesirable and finite mesostructural configurations due to the immense synthetic difficulties. Herein, we demonstrate an oriented monomicelle assembly strategy, for the facile fabrication of highly ordered mesoporous carbon thin films with vertically aligned and permeable mesopore channels. Such a facile and reproducible approach relies on the swelling and fusion effect of hydrophobic benzene homologues for directional monomicelle assembly. The orientation assembly process shows precise controllability and great universality, affording mesoporous carbon films with a cracking-free structure over a centimeter in size, highly tunable thicknesses (13 to 85 nm, an interval of ∼12 nm), mesopore size (8.4 to 13.5 nm), and switchable growth substrates. Owing to their large permeable mesopore channels, electrochemical sensors based on vertical mesoporous carbon films exhibit an ultralow limit of detection (50 nmol L-1) and great sensitivity in dopamine detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruicong Wang
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Lan
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Runfeng Lin
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinxin Jing
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Chin-Te Hung
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingmiao Zhang
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Liangliang Liu
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Yang
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Chen
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoguo Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunhai Fan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering and Institute of Molecular Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Ahmed Mohamed El-Toni
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Central Metallurgical Research and Development Institute, CMRDI, Helwan, Cairo 11421, Egypt
| | - Aslam Khan
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yun Tang
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongyuan Zhao
- Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Department of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials), Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
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38
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Shi LY, Yin C, Zhou B, Xia W, Weng L, Ross CA. Annealing Process Dependence of the Self-Assembly of Rod–Coil Block Copolymer Thin Films. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Ying Shi
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Chengxiao Yin
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Bo Zhou
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Wei Xia
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Lin Weng
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Caroline A. Ross
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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39
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Kim DH, Suh A, Park G, Yoon DK, Kim SY. Nanoscratch-Directed Self-Assembly of Block Copolymer Thin Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:5772-5781. [PMID: 33472362 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c19665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Directed self-assembly (DSA) of block copolymer (BCP) thin films is of particular interest in nanoscience and nanotechnology due to its superior ability to form various well-aligned nanopatterns. Herein, nanoscratch-DSA is introduced as a simple and scalable DSA strategy allowing highly aligned BCP nanopatterns over a large area. A gentle scratching on the target substrate with a commercial diamond lapping film can form uniaxially aligned nanoscratches. As applied in BCP thin films, the nanoscratch effectively guides the self-assembly of overlying BCPs and provides highly aligned nanopatterns along the direction of the nanoscratch. The nanoscratch-DSA is not material-specific, allowing more versatile nanofabrication for various functional nanomaterials. In addition, we demonstrate that the nanoscratch-DSA can be utilized as a direction-controllable and area-selective nanofabrication method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Hyup Kim
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahram Suh
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Geonhyeong Park
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Ki Yoon
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry and KINC, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - So Youn Kim
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
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40
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Hu T, Ren Y, Zhang L, Li W. Impact of Architecture of Symmetric Block Copolymers on the Stability of a Dislocation Defect. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Key Laboratory of Computational Physical Sciences, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Yongzhi Ren
- Key Lab of In-fiber Integrated Optics, Ministry of Education, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, 150001 Harbin, China
| | - Liangshun Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Weihua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Key Laboratory of Computational Physical Sciences, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
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41
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Zheng N, Xu Y, Zhao Q, Xie T. Dynamic Covalent Polymer Networks: A Molecular Platform for Designing Functions beyond Chemical Recycling and Self-Healing. Chem Rev 2021; 121:1716-1745. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, 310027, People’s Republic of China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 311215, People’s Republic of China
- Center for Chemistry of High-Performance and Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, 310027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, 310027, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, 310027, People’s Republic of China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 311215, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, 310027, People’s Republic of China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 311215, People’s Republic of China
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42
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Han KH, Kang H, Lee GY, Lee HJ, Jin HM, Cha SK, Yun T, Kim JH, Yang GG, Choi HJ, Ko YK, Jung HT, Kim SO. Highly Aligned Carbon Nanowire Array by E-Field Directed Assembly of PAN-Containing Block Copolymers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:58113-58121. [PMID: 33325677 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c15491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale engineering of carbon materials is immensely demanded in various scientific areas. We present highly ordered nitrogen-doped carbon nanowire arrays via block copolymer (BCP) self-assembly under an electric field. Large dielectric constant difference between distinct polymer blocks offers rapid alignment of PMMA-b-PAN self-assembled nanodomains under an electric field. Lithographic patterning of the graphene electrode as well as straightforward thermal carbonization of the PAN block creates well-aligned carbon nanowire device structures. Diverse carbon nanopatterns including radial and curved arrays can be readily assembled by the modification of electrode shapes. Our carbon nanopatterns bear a nitrogen content over 26%, highly desirable for NO2 sensing, as the nitrogen element acts as adsorption sites for NO2 molecules. Aligned carbon nanowire arrays exhibits a 6-fold enhancement of NO2 sensitivity from a randomly aligned counterpart. Taking advantage of well-established benefits from device-oriented BCP nanopatterning, our approach proposes a viable route to highly ordered carbon nanostructures compatible to next-generation device architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu Hyo Han
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hohyung Kang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Gil Yong Lee
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Jin Lee
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeong Min Jin
- Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), Daejeon 34057, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Keun Cha
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeyoung Yun
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang Hwan Kim
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Geon Gug Yang
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jae Choi
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Kyu Ko
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Tae Jung
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Ouk Kim
- National Creative Research Initiative Center for Multi-Dimensional Directed Nanoscale Assembly, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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43
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Huang H, Liu R, Ross CA, Alexander-Katz A. Self-Directed Self-Assembly of 3D Tailored Block Copolymer Nanostructures. ACS NANO 2020; 14:15182-15192. [PMID: 33074654 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c05417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Directed self-assembly (DSA) of block copolymers (BCPs) provides a powerful tool to fabricate various 2D nanostructures. However, it still remains a challenge to extend DSA to make uniform and complex 3D nanostructures through BCP self-assembly. In this paper, we introduce a method to fabricate various nanostructures in 3D and test it using simulations. In particular, we employ dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) simulation to demonstrate that uniform multilayer nanostructures can be achieved by alternating the stacking of two "orthogonal" BCPs films, AB copolymer film and AC copolymer film, without the need to cross-link or etch any of the components. The assembly of a new layer occurs on top of the previous bottom layer, and thus the structural information from the substrate is propagated upward in the film, a process we refer to as self-directed self-assembly (SDSA). If this process is repeated many times, one can have tailored multilayer nanostructures. Furthermore, the natural (bulk) phases of the block copolymers in each layer do not need to be the same, so one can achieve complex 3D assemblies that are not possible with a single-phase 3D system. This method in conjunction with grapho (or chemo) epitaxy is able to evolve a surface pattern into a 3D nanostructure. Here we show several examples of nanostructures fabricated by this process, which include aligned cylinders, spheres on top of cylinders, and orthogonal nanomeshes. Our work should be useful for creating complex 3D nanostructures using self-assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hejin Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Runze Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Caroline A Ross
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Alfredo Alexander-Katz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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44
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Xie W, Zhang Z, Liao L, Liu J, Su H, Wang S, Guo D. Green chemical mechanical polishing of sapphire wafers using a novel slurry. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:22518-22526. [PMID: 32996521 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr04705h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Toxic and corrosive solutions are widely used in the preparation of abrasives and chemical mechanical polishing (CMP) of sapphire wafers, resulting in potential environmental pollution. Developing a novel green CMP technique to achieve light-emitting diode sapphire wafers is a significant challenge. In this study, a novel green CMP slurry, consisting of silica, sorbitol, aminomethyl propanol, and deionized water was developed for sapphire wafers. After CMP, the sapphire wafers were cleaned with deionized water and dried with compressed air, which is a green process. After CMP, the surface roughness Ra of the sapphire wafer surface with an area of 5 × 5 μm2 was 0.098 nm, which is the lowest surface roughness reported to date for sapphire wafers. Tetrahydroxy-coordinated Al(OH)4- ions were produced in the alkaline CMP slurry, and chelation occurred between sorbitol and these ions. The proposed green CMP has potential applications in the semiconductor and microelectronics industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiang Xie
- Key Laboratory for Precision and Non-Traditional Machining Technology of Ministry of Education, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China.
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45
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Gu X, Li W. Impact of Thin-Film Confinement on the Packing of Low-Coordinate Spheres in Bulk. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Key Laboratory of Computational Physical Sciences, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 2004338, China
| | - Weihua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Key Laboratory of Computational Physical Sciences, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 2004338, China
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46
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Ree BJ, Satoh Y, Isono T, Satoh T. Bicyclic Topology Transforms Self-Assembled Nanostructures in Block Copolymer Thin Films. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:6520-6525. [PMID: 32787170 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c02268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ongoing efforts in materials science have resulted in linear block copolymer systems that generate nanostructures via the phase separation of immiscible blocks; however, such systems are limited with regard to their domain miniaturization and lack of orientation control. We overcome these limitations through the bicyclic topological alteration of a block copolymer system. Grazing incidence X-ray scattering analysis of nanoscale polymer films revealed that bicyclic topologies achieve 51.3-72.8% reductions in domain spacing when compared against their linear analogue, which is more effective than the theoretical predictions for conventional cyclic topologies. Moreover, bicyclic topologies achieve unidirectional orientation and a morphological transformation between lamellar and cylindrical domains with high structural integrity. When the near-equivalent volume fraction between the blocks is considered, the formation of hexagonally packed cylindrical domains is particularly noteworthy. Bicyclic topological alteration is therefore a powerful strategy for developing advanced nanostructured materials for microelectronics, displays, and membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Ree
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Yusuke Satoh
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Takuya Isono
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Satoh
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
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47
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Bilchak CR, Govind S, Contreas G, Rasin B, Maguire SM, Composto RJ, Fakhraai Z. Kinetic Monitoring of Block Copolymer Self-Assembly Using In Situ Spectroscopic Ellipsometry. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:1095-1101. [PMID: 35653214 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the kinetic pathways of self-assembly in block copolymers (BCPs) has been a long-standing challenge, mostly due to limitations of in situ monitoring techniques. Here, we demonstrate an approach that uses optical birefringence, determined by spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE), as a measure of domain formation in cylinder- and lamellae-forming BCP films. The rapid experimental acquisition time in SE (ca. 1 sec) enables monitoring of the assembly/disassembly kinetics of BCP films during solvent-vapor annealing (SVA). We demonstrate that upon SVA, BCP films form ordered domains that are stable in the swollen state, but disorder upon rapid drying. Surprisingly, the disassembly during drying strongly depends on the duration of solvent exposure in the swollen state, explaining previous observations of loss of order in SVA processes. SE thus allows for decoupling of BCP self-assembly and disordering that occurs during solvent annealing and solvent evaporation, which is difficult to probe using other, slower techniques.
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48
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Ferrarese Lupi F, Murataj I, Celegato F, Angelini A, Frascella F, Chiarcos R, Antonioli D, Gianotti V, Tiberto P, Pirri CF, Boarino L, Laus M. Tailored and Guided Dewetting of Block Copolymer/Homopolymer Blends. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Ferrarese Lupi
- Nanoscience and Materials Division, Istituto Nazionale Ricerca Metrologica, Strada Delle Cacce 91, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - I. Murataj
- Nanoscience and Materials Division, Istituto Nazionale Ricerca Metrologica, Strada Delle Cacce 91, 10135 Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi, 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - F. Celegato
- Nanoscience and Materials Division, Istituto Nazionale Ricerca Metrologica, Strada Delle Cacce 91, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - A. Angelini
- Nanoscience and Materials Division, Istituto Nazionale Ricerca Metrologica, Strada Delle Cacce 91, 10135 Torino, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi, 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - F. Frascella
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi, 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - R. Chiarcos
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica (DISIT), Università Del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - D. Antonioli
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica (DISIT), Università Del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - V. Gianotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica (DISIT), Università Del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - P. Tiberto
- Nanoscience and Materials Division, Istituto Nazionale Ricerca Metrologica, Strada Delle Cacce 91, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - C. F. Pirri
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca Degli Abruzzi, 24, 10129 Torino, Italy
| | - L. Boarino
- Nanoscience and Materials Division, Istituto Nazionale Ricerca Metrologica, Strada Delle Cacce 91, 10135 Torino, Italy
| | - M. Laus
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica (DISIT), Università Del Piemonte Orientale “A. Avogadro”, Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
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49
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Zhang J, Wu J, Jiang R, Wang Z, Yin Y, Li B, Wang Q. Lattice self-consistent field calculations of confined symmetric block copolymers of various chain architectures. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:4311-4323. [PMID: 32315012 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00293c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The effects of chain architecture and confinement on the structure and orientation of lamellae formed by incompressible and symmetric AB-type block copolymer melts confined between two parallel and identical surfaces are investigated using self-consistent field calculations on a simple cubic lattice. Five systems of various chain architectures (linear, ring, and star) and lengths are studied, with their bulk lamellar period L0 chosen such that they have comparable L0/Rg, where Rg denotes the ideal-chain radius of gyration. For thin films of thickness D = L0 confined between two neutral surfaces, we define the rescaled volume fraction profiles of A, B, chain end, and joint segments in the parallel and perpendicular lamellae such that these profiles can be directly compared among the five systems to quantitatively reveal the interplay between the chain-end enrichment near confining surfaces and the surface-induced A-B compatibilization, and how such interplay is affected by the chain architectures (for example, the chain-crowding effects in the star block copolymers). The effects of D and surface preference for one of the blocks are also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxue Zhang
- School of Physics, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education, Nankai University, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin, 300071, China.
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50
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Mawélé Loudy C, Allouche J, Bousquet A, Martinez H, Billon L. A nanopatterned dual reactive surface driven by block copolymer self-assembly. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:7532-7537. [PMID: 32219294 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr10740a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report the selective functionalization of nano-domains obtained by the self-assembly of a polystyrene-block-poly(vinyl benzyl azide) PS-b-PVBN3 copolymer synthesized in three steps. First, a polystyrene macro-initiator was synthesized, and then extended with vinyl benzyl chloride by nitroxide mediated polymerization to form polystyrene-block-poly(vinyl benzyl chloride) PS-b-PVBC. Nucleophilic substitution of vinyl benzyl chloride into a vinyl benzyl azide moiety is finally performed to obtain PS-b-PVBN3 which self-assembled into nano-domains of vinyl benzyl azide PVBN3. Click chemistry was then used to bind functional gold nanoparticles and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) on PVBN3 domains due to the specific anchoring at the surface of the nanopatterned film. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to observe the block copolymer self-assembly and the alignment of the gold nanoparticles at the surface of the PVBN3 nanodomains. Thorough X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis of the functional film showed evidence of the sequential grafting of nanoparticles and PNIPAM. The hybrid surface expresses thermo-responsive properties and serves as a pattern to perfectly align and control the assembly of inorganic particles at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coste Mawélé Loudy
- Universite de Pau et Pays de l'Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Analytiques & de Physico-Chimie pour l'Environnement & les Matériaux, UMR5254, 64000, Pau, France.
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