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Gao B, Hu G, Chapman JW. Effects of nocturnal celestial illumination on high-flying migrant insects. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20230115. [PMID: 38705175 PMCID: PMC11070249 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Radar networks hold great promise for monitoring population trends of migrating insects. However, it is important to elucidate the nature of responses to environmental cues. We use data from a mini-network of vertical-looking entomological radars in the southern UK to investigate changes in nightly abundance, flight altitude and behaviour of insect migrants, in relation to meteorological and celestial conditions. Abundance of migrants showed positive relationships with air temperature, indicating that this is the single most important variable influencing the decision to initiate migration. In addition, there was a small but significant effect of moonlight illumination, with more insects migrating on full moon nights. While the effect of nocturnal illumination levels on abundance was relatively minor, there was a stronger effect on the insects' ability to orientate close to downwind: flight headings were more tightly clustered on nights when the moon was bright and when cloud cover was sparse. This indicates that nocturnal illumination is important for the navigational mechanisms used by nocturnal insect migrants. Further, our results clearly show that environmental conditions such as air temperature and light levels must be considered if long-term radar datasets are to be used to assess changing population trends of migrants. This article is part of the theme issue 'Towards a toolkit for global insect biodiversity monitoring'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boya Gao
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
- Centre of Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Gao Hu
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
- Centre of Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Jason W. Chapman
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, People's Republic of China
- Centre of Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
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2
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Bauer S, Tielens EK, Haest B. Monitoring aerial insect biodiversity: a radar perspective. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2024; 379:20230113. [PMID: 38705181 PMCID: PMC11070259 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2023.0113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
In the current biodiversity crisis, populations of many species have alarmingly declined, and insects are no exception to this general trend. Biodiversity monitoring has become an essential asset to detect biodiversity change but remains patchy and challenging for organisms that are small, inconspicuous or make (nocturnal) long-distance movements. Radars are powerful remote-sensing tools that can provide detailed information on intensity, timing, altitude and spatial scale of aerial movements and might therefore be particularly suited for monitoring aerial insects and their movements. Importantly, they can contribute to several essential biodiversity variables (EBVs) within a harmonized observation system. We review existing research using small-scale biological and weather surveillance radars for insect monitoring and outline how the derived measures and quantities can contribute to the EBVs 'species population', 'species traits', 'community composition' and 'ecosystem function'. Furthermore, we synthesize how ongoing and future methodological, analytical and technological advancements will greatly expand the use of radar for insect biodiversity monitoring and beyond. Owing to their long-term and regional-to-large-scale deployment, radar-based approaches can be a powerful asset in the biodiversity monitoring toolbox whose potential has yet to be fully tapped. This article is part of the theme issue 'Towards a toolkit for global insect biodiversity monitoring'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Bauer
- Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, 8903 Birmensdorf, Switzerland
- Swiss Ornithological Institute, Sempach, LU 6204, Switzerland
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, 1090 GE Amsterdam, Noord-Holland, The Netherlands
- Department of Environmental System Science, Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Elske K. Tielens
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019-0390, USA
| | - Birgen Haest
- Swiss Ornithological Institute, Sempach, LU 6204, Switzerland
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Sappington TW. Aseasonal, undirected migration in insects: 'Invisible' but common. iScience 2024; 27:110040. [PMID: 38883831 PMCID: PMC11177203 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Many insect pests are long-distance migrants, moving from lower latitudes where they overwinter to higher latitudes in spring to exploit superabundant, but seasonally ephemeral, host crops. These seasonal long-distance migration events are relatively easy to recognize, and justifiably garner much research attention. Evidence indicates several pest species that overwinter in diapause, and thus inhabit a year-round range, also engage in migratory flight, which is somewhat "invisible" because displacement is nondirectional and terminates among conspecifics. Support for aseasonal, undirected migration is related to recognizing true migratory flight behavior, which differs fundamentally from most other kinds of flight in that it is nonappetitive. Migrating adults are not searching for resources and migratory flight is not arrested by encounters with potential resources. The population-level consequence of aseasonal, undirected migration is spatial mixing of individuals within the larger metapopulation, which has important implications for population dynamics, gene flow, pest management, and insect resistance management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Sappington
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research Unit, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology, Entomology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Hawkes WL, Doyle T, Massy R, Weston ST, Davies K, Cornelius E, Collier C, Chapman JW, Reynolds DR, Wotton KR. The most remarkable migrants-systematic analysis of the Western European insect flyway at a Pyrenean mountain pass. Proc Biol Sci 2024; 291:20232831. [PMID: 38864145 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.2831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
In autumn 1950 David and Elizabeth Lack chanced upon a huge migration of insects and birds flying through the Pyrenean Pass of Bujaruelo, from France into Spain, later describing the spectacle as combining both grandeur and novelty. The intervening years have seen many changes to land use and climate, posing the question as to the current status of this migratory phenomenon. In addition, a lack of quantitative data has prevented insights into the ecological impact of this mass insect migration and the factors that may influence it. To address this, we revisited the site in autumn over a 4 year period and systematically monitored abundance and species composition of diurnal insect migrants. We estimate an annual mean of 17.1 million day-flying insect migrants from five orders (Diptera, Hymenoptera, Hemiptera, Lepidoptera and Odonata) moving south, with observations of southward 'mass migration' events associated with warmer temperatures, the presence of a headwind, sunlight, low windspeed and low rainfall. Diptera dominated the migratory assemblage, and annual numbers varied by more than fourfold. Numbers at this single site hint at the likely billions of insects crossing the entire Pyrenean mountain range each year, and we highlight the importance of this route for seasonal insect migrants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Will L Hawkes
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
- Swiss Ornithological Institute, Seerose 1, Sempach, 6204, Switzerland
| | - Toby Doyle
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Richard Massy
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Scarlett T Weston
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Kelsey Davies
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Elliott Cornelius
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Connor Collier
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Jason W Chapman
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Don R Reynolds
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham, Kent SE10 9LS, UK
- Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Karl R Wotton
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
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Song Y, Cang X, He W, Zhang H, Wu K. Migration Activity of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) between China and the South-Southeast Asian Region. INSECTS 2024; 15:335. [PMID: 38786891 PMCID: PMC11121980 DOI: 10.3390/insects15050335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The common cutworm, Spodoptera litura (F.), feeds on a wide variety of food and cash crops and is one of the most widespread and destructive agricultural pests worldwide. Migration is the biological basis of its regional population outbreaks but the seasonal movement of this pest between east and south Asia regions remains unknown. In this study, searchlight traps were used to monitor the seasonal migration of S. litura from 2019 to 2023 in Ruili City (Yunnan, China), located along the insect migratory route between China and the south Asia region. The results showed that migratory activity could occur throughout the year, with the main periods found in spring (April-May) and autumn (October-December). The ovarian development and mating status of the trapped females indicated that most individuals were in the middle or late stages of migration and that Ruili City was located in the transit area of the long-distance migration of the pest. In the migration trajectory simulation, populations of S. litura moved from northeast India, Bangladesh, and northern Myanmar to southwestern China along the southern margin of the Himalayas in spring and returned to the south Asia region in autumn. Our findings clarify the seasonal migration patterns of S. litura in China and South Asia and facilitate the development of regional cross-border monitoring and management systems for this pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Song
- Institute of Insect Sciences, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China (H.Z.)
| | - Xinzhu Cang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China (H.Z.)
| | - Wei He
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China (H.Z.)
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Institute of Applied Ecology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Haowen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China (H.Z.)
| | - Kongming Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China (H.Z.)
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Wang X, Ma H, Zhao Y, Gao Y, Wu K. Abundance and Seasonal Migration Patterns of Green Lacewings (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) across the Bohai Strait in Eastern Asia. INSECTS 2024; 15:321. [PMID: 38786877 PMCID: PMC11121799 DOI: 10.3390/insects15050321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Many insects, including green lacewings, migrate seasonally to exploit suitable breeding and winter habitats. Green lacewings are important natural enemies of insect pests worldwide. Here, four dominant green lacewing species, Chrysoperla nipponensis (Okamoto), Chrysopa pallens (Rambur), Chrysoperla furcifera (Okamoto), and Chrysopa formosa Brauer, were investigated for their ability to migrate between northern and northeastern China across the Bohai Strait from late May to late October each year. Furthermore, there were significant interannual and seasonal differences in the number of migratory green lacewings collected. The number of green lacewings in spring was significantly lower than that in summer and autumn, and the highest average number of green lacewings occurred in June. In addition, there were differences in the sex ratio of migrating green lacewings between months, with a greater proportion of females than males. Finally, the seasonal migration trajectories simulated by the HYSPLIT model revealed that the green lacewings captured on Beihuang Island primarily originated from Shandong Province. Accordingly, these findings contribute to our understanding of green lacewing migration in eastern Asia and aid its incorporation within integrated pest management (IPM) packages for several crop pests. Furthermore, long-term tracking of migrant insect populations can reveal ecosystem services and trophic dynamic processes at the macroscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingya Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (X.W.); (H.M.); (Y.Z.); (Y.G.)
| | - Haotian Ma
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (X.W.); (H.M.); (Y.Z.); (Y.G.)
| | - Yuechao Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (X.W.); (H.M.); (Y.Z.); (Y.G.)
| | - Ying Gao
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; (X.W.); (H.M.); (Y.Z.); (Y.G.)
| | - Kongming Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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Huang J, Feng H, Drake VA, Reynolds DR, Gao B, Chen F, Zhang G, Zhu J, Gao Y, Zhai B, Li G, Tian C, Huang B, Hu G, Chapman JW. Massive seasonal high-altitude migrations of nocturnal insects above the agricultural plains of East China. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2317646121. [PMID: 38648486 PMCID: PMC11067063 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2317646121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Long-distance migrations of insects contribute to ecosystem functioning but also have important economic impacts when the migrants are pests or provide ecosystem services. We combined radar monitoring, aerial sampling, and searchlight trapping, to quantify the annual pattern of nocturnal insect migration above the densely populated agricultural lands of East China. A total of ~9.3 trillion nocturnal insect migrants (15,000 t of biomass), predominantly Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, and Diptera, including many crop pests and disease vectors, fly at heights up to 1 km above this 600 km-wide region every year. Larger migrants (>10 mg) exhibited seasonal reversal of movement directions, comprising northward expansion during spring and summer, followed by southward movements during fall. This north-south transfer was not balanced, however, with southward movement in fall 0.66× that of northward movement in spring and summer. Spring and summer migrations were strongest when the wind had a northward component, while in fall, stronger movements occurred on winds that allowed movement with a southward component; heading directions of larger insects were generally close to the track direction. These findings indicate adaptations leading to movement in seasonally favorable directions. We compare our results from China with similar studies in Europe and North America and conclude that ecological patterns and behavioral adaptations are similar across the Northern Hemisphere. The predominance of pests among these nocturnal migrants has severe implications for food security and grower prosperity throughout this heavily populated region, and knowledge of their migrations is potentially valuable for forecasting pest impacts and planning timely management actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianrong Huang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control, Key Laboratory for Integrated Crop Pests Management on Crops in Southern Region of North China, International Joint Research Laboratory for Crop Protection of Henan, No. 0 Entomological Radar Field Scientific Observation and Research Station of Henan Province, Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan450002, China
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, and Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, CornwallTR10 9FE, United Kingdom
| | - Hongqiang Feng
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control, Key Laboratory for Integrated Crop Pests Management on Crops in Southern Region of North China, International Joint Research Laboratory for Crop Protection of Henan, No. 0 Entomological Radar Field Scientific Observation and Research Station of Henan Province, Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan450002, China
| | - V. Alistair Drake
- School of Science, UNSW Canberra, The University of New South Wales, Canberra, ACT2610, Australia
- Institute for Applied Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT2617, Australia
| | - Don R. Reynolds
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham, KentME4 4 TB, United Kingdom
- Department of Computational and Analytical Sciences, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, HertsAL5 2JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Boya Gao
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu210095, China
| | - Fajun Chen
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu210095, China
| | - Guoyan Zhang
- Plant Protection and Quarantine Station of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan450002, China
| | - Junsheng Zhu
- Shandong Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Jinan, Shandong250100, China
| | - Yuebo Gao
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu210095, China
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Gongzhuling, Jilin136100, China
| | - Baoping Zhai
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu210095, China
| | - Guoping Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control, Key Laboratory for Integrated Crop Pests Management on Crops in Southern Region of North China, International Joint Research Laboratory for Crop Protection of Henan, No. 0 Entomological Radar Field Scientific Observation and Research Station of Henan Province, Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan450002, China
| | - Caihong Tian
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control, Key Laboratory for Integrated Crop Pests Management on Crops in Southern Region of North China, International Joint Research Laboratory for Crop Protection of Henan, No. 0 Entomological Radar Field Scientific Observation and Research Station of Henan Province, Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan450002, China
| | - Bo Huang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crop Pest Control, Key Laboratory for Integrated Crop Pests Management on Crops in Southern Region of North China, International Joint Research Laboratory for Crop Protection of Henan, No. 0 Entomological Radar Field Scientific Observation and Research Station of Henan Province, Institute of Plant Protection, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, Henan450002, China
| | - Gao Hu
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu210095, China
| | - Jason W. Chapman
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, and Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, CornwallTR10 9FE, United Kingdom
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu210095, China
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Ma HT, Zhou LH, Tan H, Xiu XZ, Wang JY, Wang XY. Population dynamics and seasonal migration patterns of Spodoptera exigua in northern China based on 11 years of monitoring data. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17223. [PMID: 38618573 PMCID: PMC11015832 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hübner), is an important agricultural pest worldwide that has caused serious economic losses in the main crop-producing areas of China. To effectively monitor and control this pest, it is crucial to investigate its population dynamics and seasonal migration patterns in northern China. Methods In this study, we monitored the population dynamics of S. exigua using sex pheromone traps in Shenyang, Liaoning Province from 2012 to 2022, combining these data with amigration trajectory simulation approach and synoptic weather analysis. Results There were significant interannual and seasonal variations in the capture number of S. exigua, and the total number of S. exigua exceeded 2,000 individuals in 2018 and 2020. The highest and lowest numbers of S. exigua were trapped in September and May, accounting for 34.65% ± 6.81% and 0.11% ± 0.04% of the annual totals, respectively. The average occurrence period was 140.9 ± 9.34 days during 2012-2022. In addition, the biomass of S. exigua also increased significantly during these years. The simulated seasonal migration trajectories also revealed varying source regions in different months, primarily originated from Northeast China and East China. These unique insights into the migration patterns of S. exigua will contribute to a deeper understanding of its occurrence in northern China and provide a theoretical basis for regional monitoring, early warning, and the development of effective management strategies for long-range migratory pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Tian Ma
- Shenyang Agricultural University, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Li-Hong Zhou
- Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Flower, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Hao Tan
- Shenyang Agricultural University, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xian-Zhi Xiu
- Shenyang Agricultural University, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Jin-Yang Wang
- Shenyang Agricultural University, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xing-Ya Wang
- Shenyang Agricultural University, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
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Chen H, Wan G, Li J, Ma Y, Reynolds DR, Dreyer D, Warrant EJ, Chapman JW, Hu G. Adaptive migratory orientation of an invasive pest on a new continent. iScience 2023; 26:108281. [PMID: 38187194 PMCID: PMC10767162 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Many species of insects undertake long-range, seasonally reversed migrations, displaying sophisticated orientation behaviors to optimize their migratory trajectories. However, when invasive insects arrive in new biogeographical regions, it is unclear if migrants retain (or how quickly they regain) ancestral migratory traits, such as seasonally preferred flight headings. Here we present behavioral evidence that an invasive migratory pest, the fall armyworm moth (Spodoptera frugiperda), a native of the Americas, exhibited locally adaptive migratory orientation less than three years after arriving on a new continent. Specimens collected from China showed flight orientations directed north-northwest in spring and southwest in autumn, and this would promote seasonal forward and return migrations in East Asia. We also show that the driver of the seasonal switch in orientation direction is photoperiod. Our results thus provide a clear example of an invasive insect that has rapidly exhibited adaptive migratory behaviors, either inherited or newly evolved, in a completely alien environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- National Key Laboratory of Bio-interactions and Crop Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Lund Vision Group, Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, 22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Guijun Wan
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- National Key Laboratory of Bio-interactions and Crop Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jianchun Li
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- National Key Laboratory of Bio-interactions and Crop Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yibo Ma
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- National Key Laboratory of Bio-interactions and Crop Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Don R. Reynolds
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham ME4 4TB, UK
- Rothamsted Research, Harpenden AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - David Dreyer
- Lund Vision Group, Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, 22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Eric J. Warrant
- Lund Vision Group, Department of Biology, Lund University, Sölvegatan 35, 22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jason W. Chapman
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK
| | - Gao Hu
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
- National Key Laboratory of Bio-interactions and Crop Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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10
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Sappington TW, Spencer JL. Movement Ecology of Adult Western Corn Rootworm: Implications for Management. INSECTS 2023; 14:922. [PMID: 38132596 PMCID: PMC10744206 DOI: 10.3390/insects14120922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Movement of adult western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, is of fundamental importance to this species' population dynamics, ecology, evolution, and interactions with its environment, including cultivated cornfields. Realistic parameterization of dispersal components of models is needed to predict rates of range expansion, development, and spread of resistance to control measures and improve pest and resistance management strategies. However, a coherent understanding of western corn rootworm movement ecology has remained elusive because of conflicting evidence for both short- and long-distance lifetime dispersal, a type of dilemma observed in many species called Reid's paradox. Attempts to resolve this paradox using population genetic strategies to estimate rates of gene flow over space likewise imply greater dispersal distances than direct observations of short-range movement suggest, a dilemma called Slatkin's paradox. Based on the wide-array of available evidence, we present a conceptual model of adult western corn rootworm movement ecology under the premise it is a partially migratory species. We propose that rootworm populations consist of two behavioral phenotypes, resident and migrant. Both engage in local, appetitive flights, but only the migrant phenotype also makes non-appetitive migratory flights, resulting in observed patterns of bimodal dispersal distances and resolution of Reid's and Slatkin's paradoxes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W. Sappington
- Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Ames, IA 50011, USA
- Department of Plant Pathology, Entomology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Joseph L. Spencer
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Prairie Research Institute, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
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Zhou X, Jia H, Zhang H, Wu K. Cross-Regional Pollination Behavior of Trichoplusia ni between China and the Indo-China Peninsula. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3778. [PMID: 37960134 PMCID: PMC10648395 DOI: 10.3390/plants12213778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Noctuid moths, a group of "non-bee" pollinators, are essential but frequently underappreciated. To elucidate their roles in cross-regional pollination, this study selected the agriculturally significant species, cabbage looper (CL) Trichoplusia ni, as a representative model. From 2017 to 2021, this study was conducted on Yongxing Island, situated at the center of the South China Sea. We investigated the flower-visiting activities of CL, including its occurrence, potential host species, and geographic distribution in the surrounding areas of the South China Sea. First, the potential transoceanic migratory behavior and regional distribution of CL were systematically monitored through a comprehensive integration of the data obtained from a searchlight trap. The transoceanic migratory behavior of CL was characterized by intermittent occurrence, with the major migratory periods and the peak outbreak yearly. Furthermore, trajectory analysis confirmed the ability of CL to engage in periodic, round-trip, migratory flights between Southeast Asian countries and China. More importantly, an observation of pollen on the body surface demonstrated that 95.59% (130/136) of the migrating individuals carried pollen. The proboscis and compound eyes were identified as the primary pollen-carrying parts, with no observable gender-based differences in pollen-carrying rates. Further, identifying the pollen carried by CL using morphological and molecular methods revealed a diverse range of pollen types from at least 17 plant families and 31 species. Notably, CL predominantly visited eudicot and herbaceous plants. In conclusion, this pioneering study has not only revealed the long-distance migration activities of these noctuid moths in the East Asian region but also provided direct evidence supporting their role as potential pollinators. These findings offer a critical theoretical basis to guide the development of scientific management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianyong Zhou
- Xianghu Lab, Hangzhou 311258, China;
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Huiru Jia
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (H.J.); (H.Z.)
| | - Haowen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (H.J.); (H.Z.)
| | - Kongming Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; (H.J.); (H.Z.)
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12
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Parlin AF, Kendzel MJ, Taylor OR, Culley TM, Matter SF, Guerra PA. The cost of movement: assessing energy expenditure in a long-distant ectothermic migrant under climate change. J Exp Biol 2023; 226:jeb245296. [PMID: 37815453 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.245296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Migration is an energetically taxing phenomenon as animals move across vast, heterogeneous landscapes where the cost of transport is impacted by permissible ambient conditions. In this study, we assessed the energetic demands of long-distance migration in a multigenerational ectothermic migrant, the monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus). We tested the hypotheses that temperature-dependent physiological processes reduce energy reserves faster during migration than previously estimated, and that increasing climatic temperatures resulting from the climate crisis will intensify baseline daily energy expenditure. First, we reared monarchs under laboratory conditions to assess energy and mass conversion from fifth instar to adult stages, as a baseline for migratory adult mass and ontogenetic shifts in metabolic rate from larvae to adult. Then, using historical tag-recapture data, we estimated the movement propensity and migratory pace of autumn migrants using computer simulations and subsequently calculated energy expenditure. Finally, we estimated the energy use of monarchs based on these tag-recapture data and used this information to estimate daily energy expenditure over a 57 year period. We found support for our two hypotheses, noting that incorporating standard metabolic rate into estimates of migratory energy expenditure shows higher energy demand and that daily energy expenditure has been gradually increasing over time since 1961. Our study shows the deleterious energetic consequences under current climate change trajectories and highlights the importance of incorporating energetic estimates for understanding migration by small, ectothermic migrants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam F Parlin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
- Department of Environmental Biology, College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | - Mitchell J Kendzel
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Orley R Taylor
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
| | - Theresa M Culley
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Stephen F Matter
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Patrick A Guerra
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
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13
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Otuka A. Prediction of the Overseas Migration of the Fall Armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, to Japan. INSECTS 2023; 14:804. [PMID: 37887816 PMCID: PMC10607009 DOI: 10.3390/insects14100804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
(1) Background: The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, is an invasive migratory insect pest that first arrived in Japan in early July 2019. Since then, the species has immigrated to Japan mainly in the summer monsoon season and inflicted damage mainly on the maize used as animal feed in the western region, where major immigrations occur. In this study, to know the precise arrival timing and area of S. frugiperda for purposes of pest management, a prediction method for its overseas migration from neighboring source areas was developed. (2) Methods: The method uses the Weather Research and Forecast model to give numerical weather predictions and the GEARN-insect model to predict migration. Emigration source areas on the Chinese mainland and the island of Taiwan and the insect's take-off and flight behaviors were input to the GEARN-insect model to calculate the daily migration prediction figures. (3) Results: In a prediction evaluation using 2-year six-point trapping data in Japan, the prediction method achieved an average hitting ratio of 78%. (4) Conclusions: The method has sufficient prediction quality for operational use. The technique may be applicable to other migratory moths immigrating to Japan, such as the oriental armyworm, Mythimna separata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Otuka
- Institute for Plant Protection, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2421 Suya, Koshi 8611192, Japan
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14
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Wang X, Ma H, Wu Q, Zhou Y, Zhou L, Xiu X, Zhao Y, Wu K. Comigration and interactions between two species of rice planthopper (Laodelphax striatellus and Sogatella furcifera) and natural enemies in eastern Asia. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2023; 79:4066-4077. [PMID: 37288961 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural enemies are important in pest control. However, control by natural enemies is hindered by the migration of rice planthoppers. Therefore, comigration and interactions between Laodelphax striatellus (Fallén) and Sogatella furcifera (Horváth) and five predator species, Chrysoperla sinica Tjeder, Harmonia axyridis (Pallas), Episyrphus balteatus, Syrphus corollae (Fab.) and Chrysopa pallens (Rambur) in eastern Asia were investigated. RESULTS From 2012 to 2021, the migration patterns of two rice planthoppers and five natural enemy species were monitored by suction trapping on Beihuang Island, Shandong Province, China. Both planthoppers and the five natural enemies regularly comigrated from late April to late October each year. There were significant interannual and seasonal differences in the numbers of two rice planthoppers migrating across this island. Simulated seasonal migration trajectories indicated different source areas for the two rice planthoppers, which mainly originated in northeast, north and east China. The biomass of planthoppers was significantly positively correlated with that of the ladybug H. axyridis in all migration periods, and significant differences in the ratio of rice planthoppers to natural enemies among months. A time-lag effect between seasons was obtained when natural enemies and pests comigrated. CONCLUSION Migration was coordinated between rice planthoppers and natural enemies in East Asia. When natural enemies and rice planthoppers comigrated, time lags between seasons were observed. The unique insights into the migration patterns will help to increase understanding of the occurrence of rice planthoppers in eastern Asia and provide an important theoretical basis for regional monitoring and management of rice planthoppers. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingya Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Haotian Ma
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qiulin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Meteorology of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lihong Zhou
- Institute of Flower, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Xianzhi Xiu
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuechao Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Kongming Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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15
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Oelmann Y, Fiedler D, Michaelis R, Leivits M, Braun A, Gschwind P, Neidhardt H, Willigalla C. Autumn migration of the migrant hawker (Aeshna mixta) at the Baltic coast. MOVEMENT ECOLOGY 2023; 11:52. [PMID: 37620899 PMCID: PMC10464154 DOI: 10.1186/s40462-023-00415-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Migratory insects are important for the provision of ecosystem services both at the origin and destination sites but - apart from some iconic species - the migration routes of many insect species have not been assessed. Coastlines serve as a funnel where migrating animals including insects accumulate. Migratory behaviour and captures of dragonflies in bird traps suggest autumn migration of dragonflies along coastlines while the origin and regularity of this migration remain unclear. METHODS Dragonfly species were caught at the bird observatory Kabli at the Baltic coast in Estonia in 2009, 2010 and 2015. For the 2015 data set, we used a stable hydrogen (H) approach to trace the potential natal origin of the migrant hawker (Aeshna mixta). RESULTS 1079 (2009), 701 (2010) and 88 (2015) A. mixta individuals were caught during the study periods (35, 37 and 11 days in 2009, 2010 and 2015, respectively). The migration period lasted from end of August to end of September. Based on the results from our stable isotope analysis, we identified two populations of A. mixta: One (range of isotope signatures of non-exchangeable H [δ2Hn wing]: -78‰ to -112‰) had a local likely origin while the other (δ2Hn wing: -113‰ to -147‰) migrated from northerly directions even in headwind from the South. The former showed an even sex ratio whereas the actively migrating population was dominated by males. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest a regular southbound autumn migration of A. mixta along the Baltic coast. However, nearly half of the sampled individuals originated from the surroundings suggesting either no, partial or "leap-frog" migration. Contrary to our expectation, A. mixta did not select favourable wind conditions but continued the southbound autumn migration in the flight boundary layer even in case of headwinds. The dominance of males might indicate migration as a result of competition for resources. Further repeated, large-scale studies along the Baltic coast are necessary to pinpoint the migratory pattern and the reason for migration of A. mixta. Such studies should also comprise locations north of the known species range of A. mixta because of the rapid climate-change induced range expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Oelmann
- Geoecology, Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, 72070, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Diana Fiedler
- Geoecology, Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, 72070, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Rune Michaelis
- Geoecology, Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, 72070, Tübingen, Germany
- Lower Saxon Wadden Sea National Park Authority, 26382, Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Meelis Leivits
- Estonian Environment Agency, Nigula Nature Centre, 86107, Reinu village, Estonia
| | - Andreas Braun
- Geoinformatics, Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, 72070, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Philipp Gschwind
- Geoecology, Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, 72070, Tübingen, Germany
- GÖG - Gruppe für ökologische Gutachten, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Harald Neidhardt
- Geoecology, Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, 72070, Tübingen, Germany
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16
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Hawkes WL, Davies K, Weston S, Moyes K, Chapman JW, Wotton KR. Bat activity correlated with migratory insect bioflows in the Pyrenees. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:230151. [PMID: 37593718 PMCID: PMC10427818 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.230151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
High altitude mountain passes in the Pyrenees are known to be important migratory hotspots for autumn migrating insects originating from large swathes of northern Europe. In the Pyrenees, prior research has focused on diurnal migratory insects. In this study, we investigate the nocturnal component of the migratory assemblage and ask if this transient food source is also used by bat species. Three seasons of insect trapping revealed 66 species of four different orders, 90% of which were Noctuid moths, including the destructive pest Helicoverpa armigera, otherwise known as the cotton bollworm. Acoustic bat detectors revealed that high activity of Nyctalus spp. and Tadarida teniotis bats were closely synchronized with the arrival of the migratory moths, suggesting this food source is important for both resident and migratory bats to build or maintain energy reserves. Bats of the Nyctalus spp. are likely migrating through the study site using fly-and-forage strategies or stopping over in the area, while resident T. teniotis may be exploiting the abundant food source to build fat stores for hibernation. This study shows that nocturnal migratory insects are abundant in the Pyrenees during autumn and interact during migration, not only with their co-migrant bats but also with resident bat species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Will L. Hawkes
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, UK
- Swiss Ornithological Institute, Sempach, Switzerland
| | - Kelsey Davies
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, UK
| | - Scarlett Weston
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, UK
| | - Kelly Moyes
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, UK
| | - Jason W. Chapman
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, UK
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, UK
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Karl R. Wotton
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, UK
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17
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Gladson SL, Stepien TL. An Agent-Based Model of Biting Midge Dynamics to Understand Bluetongue Outbreaks. Bull Math Biol 2023; 85:69. [PMID: 37318632 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-023-01177-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Bluetongue (BT) is a well-known vector-borne disease that infects ruminants such as sheep, cattle, and deer with high mortality rates. Recent outbreaks in Europe highlight the importance of understanding vector-host dynamics and potential courses of action to mitigate the damage that can be done by BT. We present an agent-based model, entitled 'MidgePy', that focuses on the movement of individual Culicoides spp. biting midges and their interactions with ruminants to understand their role as vectors in BT outbreaks, especially in regions that do not regularly experience outbreaks. The results of our sensitivity analysis suggest that midge survival rate has a significant impact on the probability of a BTV outbreak as well as its severity. Using midge flight activity as a proxy for temperature, we found that an increase in environmental temperature corresponded with an increased probability of outbreak after identifying parameter regions where outbreaks are more likely to occur. This suggests that future methods to control BT spread could combine large-scale vaccination programs with biting midge population control measures such as the use of pesticides. Spatial heterogeneity in the environment is also explored to give insight on optimal farm layouts to reduce the potential for BT outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shane L Gladson
- Department of Mathematics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Tracy L Stepien
- Department of Mathematics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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18
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Lv H, Zhai MY, Zeng J, Zhang YY, Zhu F, Shen HM, Qiu K, Gao BY, Reynolds DR, Chapman JW, Hu G. Changing patterns of the East Asian monsoon drive shifts in migration and abundance of a globally important rice pest. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:2655-2668. [PMID: 36794561 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Numerous insects including pests and beneficial species undertake windborne migrations over hundreds of kilometers. In East Asia, climate-induced changes in large-scale atmospheric circulation systems are affecting wind-fields and precipitation zones and these, in turn, are changing migration patterns. We examined the consequences in a serious rice pest, the brown planthopper (BPH, Nilaparvata lugens) in East China. BPH cannot overwinter in temperate East Asia, and infestations there are initiated by several waves of windborne spring or summer migrants originating from tropical areas in Indochina. The East Asian summer monsoon, characterized by abundant rainfall and southerly winds, is of critical importance for these northward movements. We analyzed a 42-year dataset of meteorological parameters and catches of BPH from a standardized network of 341 light-traps in South and East China. We show that south of the Yangtze River during summer, southwesterly winds have weakened and rainfall increased, while the summer precipitation has decreased further north on the Jianghuai Plain. Together, these changes have resulted in shorter migratory journeys for BPH leaving South China. As a result, pest outbreaks of BPH in the key rice-growing area of the Lower Yangtze River Valley (LYRV) have declined since 2001. We show that these changes to the East Asian summer monsoon weather parameters are driven by shifts in the position and intensity of the Western Pacific subtropical high (WPSH) system that have occurred during the last 20 years. As a result, the relationship between WPSH intensity and BPH immigration that was previously used to predict the size of the immigration to the LYRV has now broken down. Our results demonstrate that migration patterns of a serious rice pest have shifted in response to the climate-induced changes in precipitation and wind pattern, with significant consequences for the population management of migratory pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Lv
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Interactions and Crop Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meng-Yuan Zhai
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Interactions and Crop Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Juan Zeng
- China National Agro-Tech Extension and Service Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Yang Zhang
- China National Agro-Tech Extension and Service Center, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- Plant Protection Station of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui-Mei Shen
- Shanghai Agricultural Technology Extension and Service Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Kun Qiu
- Plant Protection Station of Anhui Province, Hefei, China
| | - Bo-Ya Gao
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Interactions and Crop Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Don R Reynolds
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham, UK
- Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - Jason W Chapman
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Cornwall, UK
| | - Gao Hu
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Interactions and Crop Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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19
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Robertson SM. Moth community among apples during bloom in Northwest Arkansas: likely pollinators and activity periods. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 116:637-642. [PMID: 36895196 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toad045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Apples are a fruit crop of economic and nutritional importance that require cross-pollination primarily by insects for sustainable production. It was recently demonstrated that nocturnal pollinators can contribute as much to apple pollination as diurnal pollinators. However, information concerning nocturnal pollinator identity, activity periods, and community composition in apples is lacking, which limits research expansion. To address this knowledge gap, nocturnal moths in an apple orchard were surveyed during apple bloom from 2018 to 2020 using blacklight traps, with samples collected hourly to delineate moth activity. Observations during the same periods were made to identify moths visiting apple flowers, whose capture data were then compared to other captured moth species to provide useful information concerning community composition during apple bloom. Blacklight surveys yielded 1,087 moths representing at least 68 species from 12 families, wherein 15 species from five families were observed visiting apple flowers. Captured moths were most abundant and diverse in the first two hours after sunset. Most captured moth species did not visit flowers and are likely not associated with apple pollination. However, moth species that were observed visiting flowers were the most abundant overall and most diverse by hour in surveys. Data indicate a rich moth community present among apple orchards during bloom and identify likely moth pollinators of apples. Though more research is required to establish the precise relationships between moth pollination and apples, the information provided here allows for targeted efforts to do so.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Robertson
- Ecdysis Foundation, 46958 188th St., Estelline, SD 57234, USA
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, PTSC 217, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA
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20
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Tessnow AE, Nagoshi RN, Meagher RL, Fleischer SJ. Revisiting fall armyworm population movement in the United States and Canada. FRONTIERS IN INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 3:1104793. [PMID: 38469489 PMCID: PMC10926481 DOI: 10.3389/finsc.2023.1104793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Biophysical approaches validated against haplotype and trap catch patterns have modeled the migratory trajectory of fall armyworms at a semi-continental scale, from their natal origins in Texas or Florida through much of the United States east of the Rocky Mountains. However, unexplained variation in the validation analysis was present, and misalignments between the simulated movement patterns of fall armyworm populations and the haplotype ratios at several locations, especially in the northeastern US and Canada, have been reported. Methods Using an expanded dataset extending into Canada, we assess the consistency of haplotype patterns that relate overwintered origins of fall armyworm populations to hypothesized dispersal trajectories in North America and compare the geographic distribution of these patterns with previous model projections. Results and discussion We confirm the general accuracy of previous modeling efforts, except for late in the season where our data suggests a higher proportion of Texas populations invading the northeast, extending into eastern Canada. We delineate geographic limits to the range of both overwintering populations and show that substantial intermixing of the Texas and Florida migrants routinely occurs north of South Carolina. We discuss annual variation to these migratory trajectories and test the hypothesis that the Appalachian Mountains influence geographic patterns of haplotypes. We discuss how these results may limit gene flow between the Texas and Florida natal populations and limit the hereditary consequences of interbreeding between these populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley E. Tessnow
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Rodney N. Nagoshi
- U.S. Department of Agriculture- Agriculture Research Service- Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology (USDA-ARS CMAVE), Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Robert L. Meagher
- U.S. Department of Agriculture- Agriculture Research Service- Center for Medical, Agricultural, and Veterinary Entomology (USDA-ARS CMAVE), Gainesville, FL, United States
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21
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Zhang XY, Huang L, Liu J, Zhang HB, Qiu K, Lu F, Hu G. Migration Dynamics of Fall Armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) in the Yangtze River Delta. INSECTS 2023; 14:127. [PMID: 36835696 PMCID: PMC9961294 DOI: 10.3390/insects14020127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The Yangtze River Delta, located in East China, is an important passage on the eastern pathway of the northward migration of fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) in China, connecting China's year-round breeding area and the Huang-Huai-Hai summer maize area. Clarifying the migration dynamics of S. frugiperda in the Yangtze River Delta is of great significance for the scientific control and prevention of S. frugiperda in the Yangtze River Delta, even in the Huang-Huai-Hai region and Northeast China. This study is based on the pest investigation data of S. frugiperda in the Yangtze River Delta from 2019 to 2021, combining it with the migration trajectory simulation approach and the synoptic weather analysis. The result showed that S. frugiperda migrated to the Yangtze River Delta in March or April at the earliest, and mainly migrated to the south of the Yangtze River in May, which can be migrated from Guangdong, Guangxi, Fujian, Jiangxi, Hunan and other places. In May and June, S. frugiperda migrated further into the Jiang-Huai region, and its source areas were mainly distributed in Jiangxi, Hunan, Zhejiang, Jiangsu, Anhui and Hubei provinces. In July, it mainly migrated to the north of Huai River, and the source areas of the insects were mainly distributed in Jiangsu, Anhui, Hunan, Hubei and Henan. From the south of the Yangtze River to the north of the Huai River, the source areas of S. frugiperda were constantly moving north. After breeding locally, S. frugiperda can not only migrate to other regions of the Yangtze River Delta, but also to its surrounding provinces of Jiangxi, Hunan, Hubei, Henan, Shandong and Hebei, and even cross the Shandong Peninsula into Northeast China such as Liaoning and Jilin provinces. Trajectory simulation showed that the emigrants of S. frugiperda from the Yangtze River Delta moved northward, westward and eastward as wind direction was quite diverse in June-August. This paper analyzes the migration dynamics of S. frugiperda in the Yangtze River Delta, which has important guiding significance for the monitoring, early warning and the development of scientific prevention and control strategies for whole country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Yan Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Le Huang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jie Liu
- China National Agro-Tech Extension and Service Center, Beijing 100125, China
| | - Hai-Bo Zhang
- Plant Protection and Plant Quarantine Station of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210036, China
| | - Kun Qiu
- Plant Protection Station of Anhui Province, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Fang Lu
- Shanghai Agricultural Technology Extension and Service Center, Shanghai 201103, China
| | - Gao Hu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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22
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Wang J, Huang Y, Huang L, Dong Y, Huang W, Ma H, Zhang H, Zhang X, Chen X, Xu Y. Migration risk of fall armyworm ( Spodoptera frugiperda) from North Africa to Southern Europe. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1141470. [PMID: 37077648 PMCID: PMC10106561 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1141470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
With the development of globalization and agriculture trade, as well as its own strong migratory capacity, fall armyworm (FAW) (Spodoptera frugiperda) (J.E. Smith) has invaded more than 70 countries, posing a serious threat to the production of major crops in these areas. FAW has now also been detected in Egypt in North Africa, putting Europe, which is separated from it only by the Mediterranean Sea, at high risk of invasion. Therefore, this study integrated multiple factors of insect source, host plant, and environment to provide a risk analysis of the potential trajectories and time periods of migration of FAW into Europe in 2016~2022. First, the CLIMEX model was used to predict the annual and seasonal suitable distribution of FAW. The HYSPLIT numerical trajectory model was then used to simulate the possibility of the FAW invasion of Europe through wind-driven dispersal. The results showed that the risk of FAW invasion between years was highly consistent (P<0.001). Coastal areas were most suitable for the expansion of the FAW, and Spain and Italy had the highest risk of invasion, with 39.08% and 32.20% of effective landing points respectively. Dynamic migration prediction based on spatio-temporal data can enable early warning of FAW, which is important for joint multinational pest management and crop protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Agro-Ecological Big Data Analysis and Application, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Yanru Huang
- Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Linsheng Huang
- National Engineering Research Center for Agro-Ecological Big Data Analysis and Application, Anhui University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Linsheng Huang, ; Yingying Dong,
| | - Yingying Dong
- Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Linsheng Huang, ; Yingying Dong,
| | - Wenjiang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Digital Earth Science, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- International Research Center of Big Data for Sustainable Development Goals, Beijing, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Huiqin Ma
- School of Automation, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hansu Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Agro-Ecological Big Data Analysis and Application, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Xueyan Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinyu Chen
- National Engineering Research Center for Agro-Ecological Big Data Analysis and Application, Anhui University, Hefei, China
| | - Yunlei Xu
- National Engineering Research Center for Agro-Ecological Big Data Analysis and Application, Anhui University, Hefei, China
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23
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Freas CA, Spetch ML. Varieties of visual navigation in insects. Anim Cogn 2023; 26:319-342. [PMID: 36441435 PMCID: PMC9877076 DOI: 10.1007/s10071-022-01720-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The behaviours and cognitive mechanisms animals use to orient, navigate, and remember spatial locations exemplify how cognitive abilities have evolved to suit a number of different mobile lifestyles and habitats. While spatial cognition observed in vertebrates has been well characterised in recent decades, of no less interest are the great strides that have also been made in characterizing and understanding the behavioural and cognitive basis of orientation and navigation in invertebrate models and in particular insects. Insects are known to exhibit remarkable spatial cognitive abilities and are able to successfully migrate over long distances or pinpoint known locations relying on multiple navigational strategies similar to those found in vertebrate models-all while operating under the constraint of relatively limited neural architectures. Insect orientation and navigation systems are often tailored to each species' ecology, yet common mechanistic principles can be observed repeatedly. Of these, reliance on visual cues is observed across a wide number of insect groups. In this review, we characterise some of the behavioural strategies used by insects to solve navigational problems, including orientation over short-distances, migratory heading maintenance over long distances, and homing behaviours to known locations. We describe behavioural research using examples from a few well-studied insect species to illustrate how visual cues are used in navigation and how they interact with non-visual cues and strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody A. Freas
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada ,School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Marcia L. Spetch
- Department of Psychology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada
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24
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Guo J, Yang F, Zhang H, Lin P, Zhai B, Lu Z, Hu G, Liu P. Reproduction does not impede the stopover departure to ensure a potent migration in Cnaphalocrocis medinalis moths. INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 29:1672-1684. [PMID: 35179825 PMCID: PMC10078686 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Despite the importance of reproduction in insects, its relation with multi-stop flight remains poorly understood in migratory species. To clarify whether reproductive maturation commences during the multi-stop flight or after the completion of migration, we conducted physiological and behavioral assays in the rice leaf roller Cnaphalocrocis medinalis with laboratory-simulated conditions and field-captured populations. We found that the ovarian development was significantly promoted by tethered flight treatment for 1-2 nights when compared to the unflown group, while the flight muscle development was not impaired. There was no significant difference in flight duration, flight distance and flight velocity between mated and virgin female moths, indicating that mated moths remained competent for the subsequent flights as did the virgins. Using an integrated field assay, we identified that over 60% of the female moths in the migrating populations captured by high-altitude searchlights in the Immigration period of a season had completed the ovarian development and mating. Sexually mature and mated moths collected in the rice field in the Emigration period were found capable of engaging in migratory take-off, as observed using an indoor monitoring platform. Overall, our findings point out that C. medinalis managed to complete reproductive maturation to a large extent during the multi-stop migratory flight without compromising the migration performance. Such a cost-effective strategy ensures a successful migration for the moths. These findings advance our understanding of the relationship between reproduction and migration, thus shedding light on the development of novel control measures for the outbreak of migratory insect pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawen Guo
- College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐ProductsInstitute of Plant Protection and MicrobiologyZhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhouChina
| | - Fan Yang
- College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- Institute of VegetableWuhan Academy of Agricultural ScienceWuhanChina
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- Station of Plant Protection and Plant InspectionAgricultural Technology Extension Center of Jiangyan DistrictTaizhouChina
| | - Peijiong Lin
- College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- Wenzhou Station of Plant ProtectionSoil and FertilizersWenzhouChina
| | - Baoping Zhai
- College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Zhongxian Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro‐ProductsInstitute of Plant Protection and MicrobiologyZhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhouChina
| | - Gao Hu
- College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and PestsMinistry of EducationNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
| | - Pengcheng Liu
- College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and PestsMinistry of EducationNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
- Laboratory of Bio‐interactions and Crop HealthNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjingChina
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25
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Ge SS, Zhang HW, Liu DZ, Lv CY, Cang XZ, Sun XX, Song YF, He W, Chu B, Zhao SY, Wu QL, Yang XM, Wu KM. Seasonal migratory activity of SPODOPTERA FRUGIPERDA (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) across China and Myanmar. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2022; 78:4975-4982. [PMID: 36054519 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fall armyworm (FAW) Spodoptera frugiperda Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) invaded Myanmar and China in 2018 and greatly impacted agricultural production and ecosystem balance in these areas. FAW is a migratory insect, but its seasonal migration pattern between the two countries has been largely unknown. From 2019 to 2021, we monitored the seasonal migration of FAW in the China-Myanmar border area using a searchlight trap, assessed the reproductive development status of female migrants and traced the migratory routes by trajectory simulation. RESULTS FAW moths were trapped by the searchlight trap in Lancang County (Yunnan, China) all year, with obvious seasonal differences in the number caught. There were small-scale persistent trapping peaks in spring and summer, and obvious peaks in autumn; only a small number of moths were trapped in winter. Examination of the ovaries of female moths collected in different seasons showed that most females had matured, indicating that the moths were migrating and did not take off from the local area. In the migration trajectory simulation, FAW mainly migrated from Myanmar to Southwest China in spring and summer and back to Myanmar in autumn. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that FAW migrates between China and Myanmar according to the monsoon circulation, which will help guide cross-border regional monitoring and management strategies against this pest. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Shuai Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hao-Wen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Da-Zhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Chun-Yang Lv
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin-Zhu Cang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Xu Sun
- Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yi-Fei Song
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei He
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Chu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- College of Plant Protection, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Sheng-Yuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiu-Lin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Meteorology of Jiangsu Province, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Xian-Ming Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kong-Ming Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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26
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Wu Y, Sun SS, Jiang ZY, Chen AD, Ma MY, Zhang G, Zhai BP, Li C. Immigration Pathways of White-Backed Planthopper in the Confluence Area of the Two Monsoon Systems. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 115:1480-1489. [PMID: 35665819 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toac084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The white-backed planthopper, WBPH, Sogatella furcifera (Horváth) is a plant pest that migrates long-distances. The migration pathway of WBPH in eastern China coincides with the north-south round trip of the East Asian monsoon. However, in Yunnan China, which is affected by two monsoon systems, the migration pathway is unclear. Light-trap data and analysis of female ovarian development showed that the peak period of immigration of WBPH into western Yunnan was earlier than in eastern Yunnan. Using meteorological reanalysis data and flight parameters of WBPH, trajectory modeling showed that there are two immigration pathways to Yunnan. One is from Myanmar to western Yunnan, and the other is from Vietnam and Laos to eastern Yunnan. The reason for the differences in source areas and immigration pathways between eastern and western Yunnan is that the west wind prevails in western Yunnan and is controlled by South Asian monsoon, while southwesterly winds prevail in eastern Yunnan due to the combined influence of South Asian monsoon and East Asian monsoon. The results indicate that WBPH invades Yunnan via two pathways under a two-monsoon system. These data will allow earlier prediction and population management of WBPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wu
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insect of the Mountainous Region, Guiyang University, Guiyang 550005, China
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Si-Si Sun
- Guizhou Key Laboratory of Mountainous Climate and Resources, Guizhou Institute of Mountainous Environment and Climate, Guiyang 550002, China
| | - Zi-Ye Jiang
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insect of the Mountainous Region, Guiyang University, Guiyang 550005, China
| | - Ai-Dong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control of Agricultural Transboundary Pests of Yunnan Province, Agricultural Environment and Resource Research Institute, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming 650205, China
- Research Team for Innovations in Sustainable Prevention and Control of Agricultural Cross-Border Pests of Yunnan Province, Kunming 650205, China
- Joint Laboratory for Collaborative and Innovative Chinese and South & Southeast Asian Plant Protection Research, Kunming 650205, China
| | - Ming-Yong Ma
- Plant Protection Institute, Hunan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Guo Zhang
- Zhenjiang Institute of Agricultural Science in Hilly Area of Jiangsu Province, Zhenjiang 212400, China
| | - Bao-Ping Zhai
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Can Li
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insect of the Mountainous Region, Guiyang University, Guiyang 550005, China
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27
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Menz MHM, Scacco M, Bürki-Spycher HM, Williams HJ, Reynolds DR, Chapman JW, Wikelski M. Individual tracking reveals long-distance flight-path control in a nocturnally migrating moth. Science 2022; 377:764-768. [PMID: 35951704 DOI: 10.1126/science.abn1663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Each year, trillions of insects make long-range seasonal migrations. These movements are relatively well understood at a population level, but how individual insects achieve them remains elusive. Behavioral responses to conditions en route are little studied, primarily owing to the challenges of tracking individual insects. Using a light aircraft and individual radio tracking, we show that nocturnally migrating death's-head hawkmoths maintain control of their flight trajectories over long distances. The moths did not just fly with favorable tailwinds; during a given night, they also adjusted for head and crosswinds to precisely hold course. This behavior indicates that the moths use a sophisticated internal compass to maintain seasonally beneficial migratory trajectories independent of wind conditions, illuminating how insects traverse long distances to take advantage of seasonal resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myles H M Menz
- Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, 78315 Radolfzell, Germany.,College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia.,Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Martina Scacco
- Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, 78315 Radolfzell, Germany.,Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | | | - Hannah J Williams
- Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, 78315 Radolfzell, Germany.,Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Don R Reynolds
- Natural Resources Institute, University of Greenwich, Chatham, Kent ME4 4TB, UK.,Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Jason W Chapman
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK.,Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK.,Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Martin Wikelski
- Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, 78315 Radolfzell, Germany.,Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany.,Centre for the Advanced Study of Collective Behaviour, University of Konstanz, 78464 Konstanz, Germany
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28
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Abstract
Most current insect research techniques are ground-based and provide scarce information about flying insects in the planetary boundary layer (PBL), which remains a poorly studied ecological niche. To address this gap, we developed a new insect-sampling method consisting of a fixed-wing drone platform with net traps attached to the fuselage, a mobile design that has optimal aerodynamic characteristics for insect capture in the PBL. We tested the proposed device on 16 flights in Doñana National Park (Spain) with two different trap designs fitted on the fuselage nose and wing. We collected 34 insect specimens belonging to four orders with a representation of twelve families at mean altitudes below 23 m above ground level and sampling altitudes between 9 and 365 m. This drone insect-sampling design constitutes a low-cost and low-impact method for insect monitoring in the PBL, especially in combination with other remote sensing technologies that directly quantify aerial insect abundance but do not provide taxonomic information, opening interesting possibilities for ecology and entomological research, with the possibility of transfer to economically important sectors, such as agriculture and health.
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29
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Sun W, Hu G, Su Q, Wang Y, Yang W, Zhou J, Gao Y. Population Source of Third-Generation Oriental Armyworm in Jilin, China, Determined by Entomology Radar, Trajectory Analysis, and Mitochondrial COI Sequences. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 51:621-632. [PMID: 35390144 PMCID: PMC9205478 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvac020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The armyworm, Mythimna separata (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is an important polyphagous pest with a strong migratory ability. Recently, third-generation larvae have become an increasingly serious pest threat in Jilin Province of northeast China. To investigate the population source of this species, scanning entomological radar observations and insect mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) genes were used in this study. Five main results were found: (1) The peak period in captured second-generation moths was from mid to late July. The temperature and wind speeds were optimum for the moths to have migrated. Strong southwesterly winds occurred during the peak migration period. (2) Radar observations indicated that most of the moths' migration took place at a height of 600 m, often in a dense layer which formed at heights of 350-800 m. (3) Analyses of adult ovarian development and larval haplotypes showed third-generation larvae were progeny of both locally produced progeny and immigrant moths. (4) Based on our back-tracking and haplotype analyses, immigration led to an outbreak originated in the same source area to the southwest. (5) Emigration of second-generation moths was confirmed by both radar observation and mtDNA analysis. Forward trajectories indicated that the moths were capable of immigrating far from their overwintering range. These results are useful for improving the forecasting systems of this insect pest species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Qianfu Su
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northeast, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Gongzhuling 136100, China
| | - Yangzhou Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northeast, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Gongzhuling 136100, China
| | - Wei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northeast, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Gongzhuling 136100, China
| | - Jiachun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northeast, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Plant Protection, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Gongzhuling 136100, China
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30
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Antolínez CA, Martini X, Stelinski LL, Rivera MJ. Wind Speed and Direction Drive Assisted Dispersal of Asian Citrus Psyllid. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 51:305-312. [PMID: 34897406 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvab140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Wind directly influences the spread of vector-borne plant pathogens by driving the passive dispersal of vectors to potentially new areas. Here, we evaluated the effect of wind speed and direction on the dispersal of the Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri (Kuwayama) (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), the vector of the bacteria causing huanglongbing (HLB), a lethal disease of citrus. The effect of different wind speeds on short or long-distance dispersal of ACP was investigated using a high-speed wind tunnel under laboratory conditions. The effect of wind direction on ACP dispersal under field conditions was evaluated using custom-made wind vane-style traps. In wind tunnel assays, ACP remained on plants until wind treatments reached ≥48 km/h when psyllids were mostly dislodged from plants and moved by the wind. For a short-distance, wind-driven movement (movement by the wind from one plant to another), the effect of wind speed was not significant at any of the wind speed treatments tested. Wind vane traps placed in a Florida citrus grove captured significantly more ACP on the windward side, suggesting that ACP were moved with the wind. The number of ACP found on the windward side of traps was significantly higher from May to August. These results indicate that ACP is likely to disperse with prevailing wind direction and that settled ACP may become dislodged and moved at random by high wind speeds occurring in areas of significant citrus production (southern California, Florida, or Texas).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Antolínez
- Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Xavier Martini
- North Florida Research and Education Center, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Quincy, FL, USA
| | - Lukasz L Stelinski
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL, USA
| | - Monique J Rivera
- Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
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31
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Jia H, Liu Y, Li X, Li H, Pan Y, Hu C, Zhou X, Wyckhuys KAG, Wu K. Windborne migration amplifies insect-mediated pollination services. eLife 2022; 11:76230. [PMID: 35416148 PMCID: PMC9042232 DOI: 10.7554/elife.76230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, hoverflies (Syrphidae: Diptera) provide crucial ecosystem services such as pollination and biological pest control. Although many hoverfly species exhibit migratory behavior, the spatiotemporal facets of these movement dynamics, and their ecosystem services implications are poorly understood. In this study, we use long-term (16-year) trapping records, trajectory analysis, and intrinsic (i.e., isotope, genetic, pollen) markers to describe migration patterns of the hoverfly Episyrphus balteatus in northern China. Our work reveals how E. balteatus migrate northward during spring–summer and exhibits return (long-range) migration during autumn. The extensive genetic mixing and high genetic diversity of E. balteatus populations underscore its adaptive capacity to environmental disturbances, for example, climate change. Pollen markers and molecular gut analysis further illuminate how E. balteatus visits min. 1012 flowering plant species (39 orders) over space and time. By thus delineating E. balteatus transregional movements and pollination networks, we advance our understanding of its migration ecology and facilitate the design of targeted strategies to conserve and enhance its ecosystem services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiru Jia
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yongqiang Liu
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xaiokang Li
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Li
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yunfei Pan
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Xainyong Zhou
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Kongming Wu
- Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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32
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Boyes D, Holland PW. The genome sequence of the large yellow underwing, Noctua pronuba (Linnaeus, 1758). Wellcome Open Res 2022; 7:119. [PMID: 36874564 PMCID: PMC9975414 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17747.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a genome assembly from an individual female Noctua pronuba (the large yellow underwing; Arthropoda; Insecta; Lepidoptera; Noctuidae). The genome sequence is 529 megabases in span. The complete assembly is scaffolded into 32 chromosomal pseudomolecules, with the W and Z sex chromosome assembled. The mitochondrial genome was also assembled and is 15.3 kilobases in length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Boyes
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK
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33
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Wu M, Qi G, Chen H, Ma J, Liu J, Jiang Y, Lee G, Otuka A, Hu G. Overseas immigration of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), invading Korea and Japan in 2019. INSECT SCIENCE 2022; 29:505-520. [PMID: 34050604 PMCID: PMC9292357 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), spread rapidly in Africa and Asia recently, causing huge economic losses in crop production. Fall armyworm caterpillars were first detected in South Korea and Japan in June 2019. Here, the migration timing and path for FAW into the countries were estimated by a trajectory simulation approach implementing the insect's flight behavior. The result showed that FAWs found in both South Korea and Japan were estimated to have come from eastern China by crossing the Yellow Sea or the East China Sea in 10-36 h in three series of migrations. In the first series, FAW moths that arrived on Jeju Island during 22-24 May were estimated to be from Zhejiang, Anhui and Fujian Provinces after 1-2 nights' flights. In the second series, it was estimated that FAW moths landed in southern Korea and Kyushu region of Japan simultaneously or successively during 5-9 June, and these moths mostly came from Guangdong and Fujian Provinces. The FAW moths in the third series were estimated to have immigrated from Taiwan Province onto Okinawa Islands during 19-24 June. During these migrations, southwesterly low-level jets extending from eastern China to southern Korea and/or Japan were observed in the northwestern periphery of the western Pacific Subtropical High. These results, for the first time, suggested that the overseas FAW immigrants invading Korea and Japan came from eastern and southern China. This study is helpful for future monitoring, early warning and the source control of this pest in the two countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming‐Fei Wu
- College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing210095China
| | - Guo‐Jun Qi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of High Technology for Plant Protection/Plant Protection Research InstituteGuangdong Academy of Agricultural SciencesGuangzhou510640China
| | - Hui Chen
- College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing210095China
| | - Jian Ma
- College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing210095China
| | - Jie Liu
- Division of Pest ForecastingChina National Agro‐Tech Extension and Service CenterBeijing100026China
| | - Yu‐Ying Jiang
- Division of Pest ForecastingChina National Agro‐Tech Extension and Service CenterBeijing100026China
| | - Gwan‐Seok Lee
- Department of Agro‐food Safety and Crop ProtectionNational Institute of Agricultural SciencesWanju55365Korea
| | - Akira Otuka
- Institute of Agricultural MachineryNational Agriculture and Food Research OrganizationTsukuba3058517Japan
| | - Gao Hu
- College of Plant ProtectionNanjing Agricultural UniversityNanjing210095China
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Acclimation Effects of Natural Daily Temperature Variation on Longevity, Fecundity, and Thermal Tolerance of the Diamondback Moth (Plutella xylostella). INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13040309. [PMID: 35447751 PMCID: PMC9025151 DOI: 10.3390/insects13040309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Diurnal, monthly, or seasonal temperatures can fluctuate substantially. Daily temperature amplitudes (DTAs) can significantly impact the traits of insects but there is limited evidence from the natural environment. Therefore, we studied the acclimation effects of DTA on the longevity, total fecundity, early fecundity, and thermal tolerance of adult diamondback moths (Plutella xylostella) under environmental conditions. The longevity, total fecundity, early fecundity, and heat thermal tolerance of adults significantly changed under different DTAs. These findings highlight the effects of DTA on the acclimation response in the P.xylostella phenotype, and DTA should be incorporated into prediction models for assessing insect populations and the effects of climate change. Abstract Daily temperature amplitudes (DTAs) significantly affect the ecological and physiological traits of insects. Most studies in this field are based on laboratory experiments, while there is limited research on the effects of changes in DTA on insect phenotypic plasticity under natural conditions. Therefore, we studied the acclimation effects of DTA on the longevity, total fecundity, early fecundity, and the thermal tolerance of adult diamondback moths (Plutella xylostella L.) under naturally occurring environmental conditions. As DTAs increased, male longevity and total fecundity decreased, and early fecundity increased. An increase in DTA was significantly associated with the increased heat coma temperature (CTmax) of both males and females, but had no significant effect on their cold coma temperature (CTmin). Our findings highlight the effects of DTA on the acclimation response of P. xylostella and emphasize the importance of considering DTA in predicting models for assessing insect populations and the effects of climate change.
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Boyes D, Holland PW. The genome sequence of the silver Y moth, Autographa gamma (Linnaeus, 1758). Wellcome Open Res 2022; 7:100. [PMID: 38799510 PMCID: PMC11128053 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.17758.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
We present a genome assembly from an individual female Autographa gamma (the silver Y; Arthropoda; Insecta; Lepidoptera; Noctuidae). The genome sequence is 373 megabases in span. The majority of the assembly (99.65%) is scaffolded into 32 chromosomal pseudomolecules, with the W and Z sex chromosomes assembled. The mitochondrial genome was also assembled and is 15.2 kilobases in length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Boyes
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, UK
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Wang Y, Li S, Du G, Hu G, Zhang Y, Tu X, Zhang Z. An Analysis of the Possible Migration Routes of Oedaleus decorus asiaticus Bey-Bienko (Orthoptera: Acrididae) from Mongolia to China. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13010072. [PMID: 35055915 PMCID: PMC8781545 DOI: 10.3390/insects13010072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Airflow is very important for the long-distance migration of O. decorus asiaticus, and wind shear, in particular, is the main factor related to forced landing. Analyzing the weather records, we found that the northwest wind prevailed when the population invaded. Specifically, from July to August, a large number of emerging adults appeared in the source areas of Mongolia, and the large-scale northwest wind was the decisive condition for the successful long-distance migration of O. decorus asiaticus. The species has a strong migratory ability, flying along the airflow for several nights. If the northwest air current meets the southwest warm current going north, a large number of O. decorus asiaticus will drop due to wind shear, and then a major outbreak will occur. Analysis of the source of the insects shows that the O. decorus asiaticus break outs in China may have originated from Mongolia. They were brought into China by the southerly airflow at night, and they likely made a forced landing in Beijing due to wind shear, sinking airflow, rainfall and other reasons. In summary, through analysis of the insect’s prevalence and the meteorological conditions in Mongolia, we can provide a basis for predicting the occurrence of O. decorus asiaticus in China. Abstract Oedaleus decorus asiaticus (Bey-Bienko) is a destructive pest in grasslands and adjacent farmland in northern China, Mongolia, and other countries in Asia. It has been supposed that this insect pest can migrate a long distance and then induce huge damages, however, the migration mechanism is still unrevealed. The current study uses insect light trap data from Yanqing (Beijing), together with regional meteorological data to determine how air flow contributes to the long-distance migration of O. decorus asiaticus. Our results indicate that sinking airflow is the main factor leading to the insects’ forced landing, and the prevailing northwest wind was associated with O. decorus asiaticus taking off in the northwest and moving southward with the airflow from July to September. Meanwhile, the insects have a strong migratory ability, flying along the airflow for several nights. Thus, when the airflow from the northwest met the northward-moving warm current from the southwest, a large number of insects were dropped due to sinking airflow, resulting in a large outbreak. Our simulations suggest that the source of the grasshoppers involved in these outbreaks during early 2000s in northern China probably is in Mongolia, and all evidence indicates that there are two important immigrant routes for O. decorus asiaticus migration from Mongolia to Beijing. These findings improves our understanding of the factors guiding O. decorus asiaticus migration, providing valuable information to reduce outbreaks in China that have origins from outside the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100125, China; (Y.W.); (S.L.); (Z.Z.)
- Institute of Applied Agricultural Micro-Organisms, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Science, Nanchang 330008, China
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China;
| | - Shuang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100125, China; (Y.W.); (S.L.); (Z.Z.)
- Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Pests in Xilin Gol Rangeland, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xilinhot 026000, China
| | - Guilin Du
- National Animal Husbandry Service, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100125, China;
| | - Gao Hu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China;
| | - Yunhui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100125, China; (Y.W.); (S.L.); (Z.Z.)
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (X.T.); Tel.: +86-10-82109569 (Y.Z. & X.T.)
| | - Xiongbing Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100125, China; (Y.W.); (S.L.); (Z.Z.)
- Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Pests in Xilin Gol Rangeland, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xilinhot 026000, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (X.T.); Tel.: +86-10-82109569 (Y.Z. & X.T.)
| | - Zehua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100125, China; (Y.W.); (S.L.); (Z.Z.)
- Scientific Observation and Experimental Station of Pests in Xilin Gol Rangeland, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xilinhot 026000, China
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Kettemer LE, Biastoch A, Wagner P, Coombs EJ, Penrose R, Scott R. Oceanic drivers of juvenile sea turtle strandings in the UK. ENDANGER SPECIES RES 2022. [DOI: 10.3354/esr01184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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38
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Rhodes MW, Bennie JJ, Spalding A, Ffrench-Constant RH, Maclean IMD. Recent advances in the remote sensing of insects. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 97:343-360. [PMID: 34609062 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Remote sensing has revolutionised many aspects of ecological research, enabling spatiotemporal data to be collected in an efficient and highly automated manner. The last two decades have seen phenomenal growth in capabilities for high-resolution remote sensing that increasingly offers opportunities to study small, but ecologically important organisms, such as insects. Here we review current applications for using remote sensing within entomological research, highlighting the emerging opportunities that now arise through advances in spatial, temporal and spectral resolution. Remote sensing can be used to map environmental variables, such as habitat, microclimate and light pollution, capturing data on topography, vegetation structure and composition, and luminosity at spatial scales appropriate to insects. Such data can also be used to detect insects indirectly from the influences that they have on the environment, such as feeding damage or nest structures, whilst opportunities for directly detecting insects are also increasingly available. Entomological radar and light detection and ranging (LiDAR), for example, are transforming our understanding of aerial insect abundance and movement ecology, whilst ultra-high spatial resolution drone imagery presents tantalising new opportunities for direct observation. Remote sensing is rapidly developing into a powerful toolkit for entomologists, that we envisage will soon become an integral part of insect science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus W Rhodes
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, U.K
| | - Jonathan J Bennie
- Centre for Geography and Environmental Science, University of Exeter Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, U.K
| | - Adrian Spalding
- Spalding Associates (Environmental) Ltd, 10 Walsingham Place, Truro, Cornwall, TR1 2RP, U.K
| | - Richard H Ffrench-Constant
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, U.K
| | - Ilya M D Maclean
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, TR10 9FE, U.K
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Massy R, Hawkes WLS, Doyle T, Troscianko J, Menz MHM, Roberts NW, Chapman JW, Wotton KR. Hoverflies use a time-compensated sun compass to orientate during autumn migration. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20211805. [PMID: 34547904 PMCID: PMC8456149 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.1805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The sun is the most reliable celestial cue for orientation available to daytime migrants. It is widely assumed that diurnal migratory insects use a 'time-compensated sun compass' to adjust for the changing position of the sun throughout the day, as demonstrated in some butterfly species. The mechanisms used by other groups of diurnal insect migrants remain to be elucidated. Migratory species of hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae) are one of the most abundant and beneficial groups of diurnal migrants, providing multiple ecosystem services and undergoing directed seasonal movements throughout much of the temperate zone. To identify the hoverfly navigational strategy, a flight simulator was used to measure orientation responses of the hoverflies Scaeva pyrastri and Scaeva selenitica to celestial cues during their autumn migration. Hoverflies oriented southwards when they could see the sun and shifted this orientation westward following a 6 h advance of their circadian clocks. Our results demonstrate the use of a time-compensated sun compass as the primary navigational mechanism, consistent with field observations that hoverfly migration occurs predominately under clear and sunny conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Massy
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, UK
| | - Will L. S. Hawkes
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, UK
| | - Toby Doyle
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, UK
| | - Jolyon Troscianko
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, UK
| | - Myles H. M. Menz
- Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behaviour, Radolfzell, Germany
- Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | | | - Jason W. Chapman
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, UK
- Environment and Sustainability Institute, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, UK
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Karl R. Wotton
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Cornwall Campus, Penryn, UK
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40
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Hedlund JSU, Lv H, Lehmann P, Hu G, Anderson RC, Chapman JW. Unraveling the World’s Longest Non-stop Migration: The Indian Ocean Crossing of the Globe Skimmer Dragonfly. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.698128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect migration redistributes enormous quantities of biomass, nutrients and species globally. A subset of insect migrants perform extreme long-distance journeys, requiring specialized morphological, physiological and behavioral adaptations. The migratory globe skimmer dragonfly (Pantala flavescens) is hypothesized to migrate from India across the Indian Ocean to East Africa in the autumn, with a subsequent generation thought to return to India from East Africa the following spring. Using an energetic flight model and wind trajectory analysis, we evaluate the dynamics of this proposed transoceanic migration, which is considered to be the longest regular non-stop migratory flight when accounting for body size. The energetic flight model suggests that a mixed strategy of gliding and active flapping would allow a globe skimmer to stay airborne for up to 230–286 h, assuming that the metabolic rate of gliding flight is close to that of resting. If engaged in continuous active flapping flight only, the flight time is severely reduced to ∼4 h. Relying only on self-powered flight (combining active flapping and gliding), a globe skimmer could cross the Indian Ocean, but the migration would have to occur where the ocean crossing is shortest, at an exceptionally fast gliding speed and with little headwind. Consequently, we deem this scenario unlikely and suggest that wind assistance is essential for the crossing. The wind trajectory analysis reveals intra- and inter-seasonal differences in availability of favorable tailwinds, with only 15.2% of simulated migration trajectories successfully reaching land in autumn but 40.9% in spring, taking on average 127 and 55 h respectively. Thus, there is a pronounced requirement on dragonflies to be able to select favorable winds, especially in autumn. In conclusion, a multi-generational, migratory circuit of the Indian Ocean by the globe skimmer is shown to be achievable, provided that advanced adaptations in physiological endurance, behavior and wind selection ability are present. Given that migration over the Indian Ocean would be heavily dependent on the assistance of favorable winds, occurring during a relatively narrow time window, the proposed flyway is potentially susceptible to disruption, if wind system patterns were to be affected by climatic change.
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41
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Xing K, Sun D, Zhao F. Within- and Trans-Generational Life History Responses to Diurnal Temperature Amplitudes of the Pupal Stage in the Diamondback Moth. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 50:888-897. [PMID: 33974683 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvab044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Diurnal temperature fluctuations in nature can have a significant effect on many ectodermic traits. However, studies on the effects of diurnal temperature fluctuations on organisms, especially the effects on specific life stages, are still limited. We examined the immediate effects of the same average temperature (25°C) and different temperature amplitudes (±4, ±6, ±8, ±10, ±12°C) on the development and survival of Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). We also assessed carry-over effects on adult longevity, reproduction, development, and survival of offspring across generations. The effect of moderate temperature amplitudes was similar to that of constant temperature. Wide temperature amplitudes inhibited the development of pupae, reduced total reproduction, lowered intrinsic rates of population growth, and slowed the development and survival of eggs on the first day, but the proportion of females ovipositing on the first three days increased. Insects coped with the adverse effects of wide temperature amplitudes by laying eggs as soon as possible. Our results confirmed that a logistic model based on daily average temperature cannot predict development rates under wide temperature amplitudes. These findings highlight the effect of environmental temperature fluctuations at the pupal stage on the development and oviposition patterns of P. xylostella and should be fully considered when predicting field occurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Xing
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China
- Shanxi Shouyang Dryland Agroecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Shouyang 031700, China
| | - Dongbao Sun
- Shanxi Shouyang Dryland Agroecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Shouyang 031700, China
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Fei Zhao
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan 030031, China
- Shanxi Shouyang Dryland Agroecosystem National Observation and Research Station, Shouyang 031700, China
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42
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Thongjued K, Chotigeat W, Bumrungsri S, Thanakiatkrai P, Kitpipit T. Direct PCR-DGGE Technique Reveals Wrinkle-Lipped Free-Tailed Bat (Chaerephon plicatus Buchanan, 1800) Predominantly Consume Planthoppers and Mosquitoes in Central Thailand. ACTA CHIROPTEROLOGICA 2021. [DOI: 10.3161/15081109acc2021.23.1.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kantima Thongjued
- Prince of Songkla University, 15 Karnchanawanich Road, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand 90112
| | - Wilaiwan Chotigeat
- Prince of Songkla University, 15 Karnchanawanich Road, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand 90112
| | - Sara Bumrungsri
- Prince of Songkla University, 15 Karnchanawanich Road, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand 90112
| | - Phuvadol Thanakiatkrai
- Prince of Songkla University, 15 Karnchanawanich Road, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand 90112
| | - Thitika Kitpipit
- Prince of Songkla University, 15 Karnchanawanich Road, Hat Yai, Songkhla, Thailand 90112
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Environmental drivers of annual population fluctuations in a trans-Saharan insect migrant. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2102762118. [PMID: 34155114 PMCID: PMC8256005 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2102762118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The painted lady butterfly is an annual migrant to northern regions, but the size of the immigration varies by more than 100-fold in successive years. Unlike the monarch, the painted lady breeds year round, and it has long been suspected that plant-growing conditions in winter-breeding locations drive this high annual variability. However, the regions where caterpillars develop over winter remained unclear. Here, we show for the European summer population that winter plant greenness in the savanna of sub-Saharan Africa is the key driver of the size of the spring immigration. Our results show that painted ladies regularly cross the Sahara Desert and elucidate the climatic drivers of the annual population dynamics. Many latitudinal insect migrants including agricultural pests, disease vectors, and beneficial species show huge fluctuations in the year-to-year abundance of spring immigrants reaching temperate zones. It is widely believed that this variation is driven by climatic conditions in the winter-breeding regions, but evidence is lacking. We identified the environmental drivers of the annual population dynamics of a cosmopolitan migrant butterfly (the painted lady Vanessa cardui) using a combination of long-term monitoring and climate and atmospheric data within the western part of its Afro-Palearctic migratory range. Our population models show that a combination of high winter NDVI (normalized difference vegetation index) in the Savanna/Sahel of sub-Saharan Africa, high spring NDVI in the Maghreb of North Africa, and frequent favorably directed tailwinds during migration periods are the three most important drivers of the size of the immigration to western Europe, while our atmospheric trajectory simulations demonstrate regular opportunities for wind-borne trans-Saharan movements. The effects of sub-Saharan vegetative productivity and wind conditions confirm that painted lady populations on either side of the Sahara are linked by regular mass migrations, making this the longest annual insect migration circuit so far known. Our results provide a quantification of the environmental drivers of large annual population fluctuations of an insect migrant and hold much promise for predicting invasions of migrant insect pests, disease vectors, and beneficial species.
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Hou L, Guo S, Wang Y, Nie X, Yang P, Ding D, Li B, Kang L, Wang X. Neuropeptide ACP facilitates lipid oxidation and utilization during long-term flight in locusts. eLife 2021; 10:e65279. [PMID: 34151772 PMCID: PMC8324298 DOI: 10.7554/elife.65279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term flight depends heavily on intensive energy metabolism in animals; however, the neuroendocrine mechanisms underlying efficient substrate utilization remain elusive. Here, we report that the adipokinetic hormone/corazonin-related peptide (ACP) can facilitate muscle lipid utilization in a famous long-term migratory flighting species, Locusta migratoria. By peptidomic analysis and RNAi screening, we identified brain-derived ACP as a key flight-related neuropeptide. ACP gene expression increased notably upon sustained flight. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout of ACP gene and ACP receptor gene (ACPR) significantly abated prolonged flight of locusts. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses further revealed that genes and metabolites involved in fatty acid transport and oxidation were notably downregulated in the flight muscle of ACP mutants. Finally, we demonstrated that a fatty-acid-binding protein (FABP) mediated the effects of ACP in regulating muscle lipid metabolism during long-term flight in locusts. Our results elucidated a previously undescribed neuroendocrine mechanism underlying efficient energy utilization associated with long-term flight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Siyuan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
- CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions, University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xin Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Pengcheng Yang
- Beijing Institutes of Life Science, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Ding Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Beibei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Le Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Xianhui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
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Dreyer D, Frost B, Mouritsen H, Lefèvre A, Menz M, Warrant E. A Guide for Using Flight Simulators to Study the Sensory Basis of Long-Distance Migration in Insects. Front Behav Neurosci 2021; 15:678936. [PMID: 34177479 PMCID: PMC8222684 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2021.678936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Studying the routes flown by long-distance migratory insects comes with the obvious challenge that the animal's body size and weight is comparably low. This makes it difficult to attach relatively heavy transmitters to these insects in order to monitor their migratory routes (as has been done for instance in several species of migratory birds. However, the rather delicate anatomy of insects can be advantageous for testing their capacity to orient with respect to putative compass cues during indoor experiments under controlled conditions. Almost 20 years ago, Barrie Frost and Henrik Mouritsen developed a flight simulator which enabled them to monitor the heading directions of tethered migratory Monarch butterflies, both indoors and outdoors. The design described in the original paper has been used in many follow-up studies to describe the orientation capacities of mainly diurnal lepidopteran species. Here we present a modification of this flight simulator design that enables studies of nocturnal long-distance migration in moths while allowing controlled magnetic, visual and mechanosensory stimulation. This modified flight simulator has so far been successfully used to study the sensory basis of migration in two European and one Australian migratory noctuid species.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Dreyer
- Lund Vision Group, Department of Biology, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden
| | - Barrie Frost
- Department of Psychology, Queens University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Henrik Mouritsen
- Institute for Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Adrien Lefèvre
- Lund Vision Group, Department of Biology, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden
| | - Myles Menz
- Department of Migration, Max Planck Institute of Animal Behavior, Radolfzell, Germany.,Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany.,School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Eric Warrant
- Lund Vision Group, Department of Biology, University of Lund, Lund, Sweden.,Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,Division of Information, Technology and Development, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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46
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Wu QL, Jiang YY, Liu J, Hu G, Wu KM. Trajectory modeling revealed a southwest-northeast migration corridor for fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) emerging from the North China Plain. INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 28:649-661. [PMID: 32691947 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda, an invasive insect pest native to the Americas, has established populations throughout eastern China. The North China Plain-a key corn-producing area in East China with a unique topography-was invaded by fall armyworm in 2019 and is seriously threatened by this migratory pest. However, the spatiotemporal extent of the migratory movements of fall armyworm from the North China Plain remains poorly understood. Using an air transport-based trajectory modeling approach that incorporates flight behavior, we simulated the potential nocturnal migration trajectories of fall armyworm from the North China Plain based on historical meteorological data from June to October of 2015-2019, and examined the night-time atmospheric conditions associated with their possible flights. The emigration patterns showed monthly variation in the main landing area and common migration direction. The displacement of newly emerged moths from the North China Plain was concentrated in the Northeast China Plain (including Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces) before late summer, after which they were most likely to undertake return flights to the south (especially into Hubei, Anhui and Hunan provinces). This southwest-northeast aerial migration corridor follows the topography of East China and is affected by the East Asian monsoon. These topographic-atmospheric conditions have resulted in the North China Plain becoming a key stopover for fall armyworm populations engaging in multigenerational long-distance migration across East China. These findings contribute to our knowledge of fall armyworm migration and will aid in the implementation of management and control strategies against this highly migratory agricultural pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Lin Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yu-Ying Jiang
- National Agro-Tech Extension and Service Centre, Beijing, 100125, China
| | - Jie Liu
- National Agro-Tech Extension and Service Centre, Beijing, 100125, China
| | - Gao Hu
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Kong-Ming Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
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47
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Leitch KJ, Ponce FV, Dickson WB, van Breugel F, Dickinson MH. The long-distance flight behavior of Drosophila supports an agent-based model for wind-assisted dispersal in insects. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2013342118. [PMID: 33879607 PMCID: PMC8092610 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2013342118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the ecological importance of long-distance dispersal in insects, its mechanistic basis is poorly understood in genetic model species, in which advanced molecular tools are readily available. One critical question is how insects interact with the wind to detect attractive odor plumes and increase their travel distance as they disperse. To gain insight into dispersal, we conducted release-and-recapture experiments in the Mojave Desert using the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster We deployed chemically baited traps in a 1 km radius ring around the release site, equipped with cameras that captured the arrival times of flies as they landed. In each experiment, we released between 30,000 and 200,000 flies. By repeating the experiments under a variety of conditions, we were able to quantify the influence of wind on flies' dispersal behavior. Our results confirm that even tiny fruit flies could disperse ∼12 km in a single flight in still air and might travel many times that distance in a moderate wind. The dispersal behavior of the flies is well explained by an agent-based model in which animals maintain a fixed body orientation relative to celestial cues, actively regulate groundspeed along their body axis, and allow the wind to advect them sideways. The model accounts for the observation that flies actively fan out in all directions in still air but are increasingly advected downwind as winds intensify. Our results suggest that dispersing insects may strike a balance between the need to cover large distances while still maintaining the chance of intercepting odor plumes from upwind sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine J Leitch
- Division of Biology and Bioengineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Francesca V Ponce
- Division of Biology and Bioengineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - William B Dickson
- Division of Biology and Bioengineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Floris van Breugel
- Division of Biology and Bioengineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
| | - Michael H Dickinson
- Division of Biology and Bioengineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125
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48
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Chowdhury S, Fuller RA, Dingle H, Chapman JW, Zalucki MP. Migration in butterflies: a global overview. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:1462-1483. [PMID: 33783119 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Insect populations including butterflies are declining worldwide, and they are becoming an urgent conservation priority in many regions. Understanding which butterfly species migrate is critical to planning for their conservation, because management actions for migrants need to be coordinated across time and space. Yet, while migration appears to be widespread among butterflies, its prevalence, as well as its taxonomic and geographic distribution are poorly understood. The study of insect migration is hampered by their small size and the difficulty of tracking individuals over long distances. Here we review the literature on migration in butterflies, one of the best-known insect groups. We find that nearly 600 butterfly species show evidence of migratory movements. Indeed, the rate of 'discovery' of migratory movements in butterflies suggests that many more species might in fact be migratory. Butterfly migration occurs across all families, in tropical as well as temperate taxa; Nymphalidae has more migratory species than any other family (275 species), and Pieridae has the highest proportion of migrants (13%; 133 species). Some 13 lines of evidence have been used to ascribe migration status in the literature, but only a single line of evidence is available for 92% of the migratory species identified, with four or more lines of evidence available for only 10 species - all from the Pieridae and Nymphalidae. Migratory butterflies occur worldwide, although the geographic distribution of migration in butterflies is poorly resolved, with most data so far coming from Europe, USA, and Australia. Migration is much more widespread in butterflies than previously realised - extending far beyond the well-known examples of the monarch Danaus plexippus and the painted lady Vanessa cardui - and actions to conserve butterflies and insects in general must account for the spatial dependencies introduced by migratory movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawan Chowdhury
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Richard A Fuller
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
| | - Hugh Dingle
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Jason W Chapman
- Biosciences, Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, TR10 9FE, UK.,College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Myron P Zalucki
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Saint Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia
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49
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Maino JL, Schouten R, Overton K, Day R, Ekesi S, Bett B, Barton M, Gregg PC, Umina PA, Reynolds OL. Regional and seasonal activity predictions for fall armyworm in Australia. CURRENT RESEARCH IN INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 1:100010. [PMID: 36003595 PMCID: PMC9387490 DOI: 10.1016/j.cris.2021.100010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Since 2016, the fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda, has undergone a significant range expansion from its native range in the Americas, to continental Africa, Asia, and in February 2020, mainland Australia. The large dispersal potential of FAW adults, wide host range of immature feeding stages, and unique environmental conditions in its invasive range creates large uncertainties in the expected impact on Australian plant production industries. Here, using a spatial model of population growth and spread potential informed by existing biological and climatic data, we simulate seasonal population activity potential of FAW, with a focus on Australia's grain production regions. Our results show that, in Australia, the large spread potential of FAW will allow it to exploit temporarily favourable conditions for population growth across highly variable climatic conditions. It is estimated that FAW populations would be present in a wide range of grain growing regions at certain times of year, but importantly, the expected seasonal activity will vary markedly between regions and years depending on climatic conditions. The window of activity for FAW will be longer for growing regions further north, with some regions possessing conditions conducive to year-round population survival. Seasonal migrations from this permanent range into southern regions, where large areas of annual grain crops are grown annually, are predicted to commence from October, i.e. spring, with populations subsequently building up into summer. The early stage of the FAW incursion into Australia means our predictions of seasonal activity potential will need to be refined as more Australian-specific information is accumulated. This study has contributed to our early understanding of FAW movement and population dynamics in Australia. Importantly, the models established here provide a useful framework that will be available to other countries should FAW invade in the future. To increase the robustness of our model, field sampling to identify conditions under which population growth occurs, and the location of source populations for migration events is required. This will enable accurate forecasting and early warning to farmers, which should improve pest monitoring and control programs of FAW.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L. Maino
- Cesar Australia, 293 Royal Parade, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Rafael Schouten
- Cesar Australia, 293 Royal Parade, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Kathy Overton
- Cesar Australia, 293 Royal Parade, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | | | - Sunday Ekesi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Madeleine Barton
- Cesar Australia, 293 Royal Parade, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Peter C. Gregg
- School of Environmental & Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Paul A. Umina
- Cesar Australia, 293 Royal Parade, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Olivia L. Reynolds
- Cesar Australia, 293 Royal Parade, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
- Graham Centre for Agricultural Innovation, Wagga Wagga NSW 2650, Australia
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50
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Jyothi P, Aralimarad P, Wali V, Dave S, Bheemanna M, Ashoka J, Shivayogiyappa P, Lim KS, Chapman JW, Sane SP. Evidence for facultative migratory flight behavior in Helicoverpa armigera (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) in India. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245665. [PMID: 33481893 PMCID: PMC7822321 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite its deleterious impact on farming and agriculture, the physiology and energetics of insect migration is poorly understood due to our inability to track their individual movements in the field. Many insects, e.g. monarch butterflies, Danaus plexippus (L.), are facultative migrants. Hence, it is important to establish whether specific insect populations in particular areas migrate. The polyphagous insect, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner), is especially interesting in this regard due to its impact on a variety of crops. Here, we used a laboratory-based flight mill assay to show that Helicoverpa armigera populations clearly demonstrate facultative migration in South India. Based on various flight parameters, we categorized male and female moths as long, medium or short distance fliers. A significant proportion of moths exhibited long-distance flight behavior covering more than 10 km in a single night, averaging about 8 flight hours constituting 61% flight time in the test period. The maximum and average flight speeds of these long fliers were greater than in the other categories. Flight activity across sexes also varied; male moths exhibited better performance than female moths. Wing morphometric parameters including forewing length, wing loading, and wing aspect ratio were key in influencing long-distance flight. Whereas forewing length positively correlated with flight distance and duration, wing loading was negatively correlated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patil Jyothi
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, Karnataka, India
| | - Prabhuraj Aralimarad
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, Karnataka, India
| | - Vijaya Wali
- Department of Agricultural Statistics, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, Karnataka, India
| | - Shivansh Dave
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK campus, Bengaluru, India
| | - M. Bheemanna
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, Karnataka, India
| | - J. Ashoka
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, Karnataka, India
| | - Patil Shivayogiyappa
- Department of Agricultural Entomology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, Karnataka, India
| | - Ka S. Lim
- Department of Agro-Ecology, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Jason W. Chapman
- Centre of Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, Cornwall, United Kingdom
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sanjay P. Sane
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK campus, Bengaluru, India
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