1
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King JS, Wan M, Wagley Y, Stestiv M, Kalajzic I, Hankenson KD, Sanjay A. Signaling pathways associated with Lgr6 to regulate osteogenesis. Bone 2024; 187:117207. [PMID: 39033993 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2024.117207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Revised: 07/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Fracture management largely relies on the bone's inherent healing capabilities and, when necessary, surgical intervention. Currently, there are limited osteoinductive therapies to promote healing, making targeting skeletal stem/progenitor cells (SSPCs) a promising avenue for therapeutic development. A limiting factor for this approach is our incomplete understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing SSPCs' behavior. We have recently identified that the Leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein coupled receptor 6 (Lgr6) is expressed in sub-populations of SSPCs, and is required for maintaining bone volume during adulthood and for proper fracture healing. Lgr family members (Lgr4-6) are markers of stem cell niches and play a role in tissue regeneration primarily by binding R-Spondin (Rspo1-4). This interaction promotes canonical Wnt (cWnt) signaling by stabilizing Frizzled receptors. Interestingly, our findings here indicate that Lgr6 may also influence cWnt-independent pathways. Remarkably, Lgr6 expression was enhanced during Bmp-mediated osteogenesis of both human and murine cells. Using biochemical approaches, RNA sequencing, and bioinformatic analysis of published single-cell data, we found that elements of BMP signaling, including its target gene, pSMAD, and gene ontology pathways, are downregulated in the absence of Lgr6. Our findings uncover a molecular interdependency between the Bmp pathway and Lgr6, offering new insights into osteogenesis and potential targets for enhancing fracture healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin S King
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Musculoskeletal Research Institute, UCONN Health, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Matthew Wan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Musculoskeletal Research Institute, UCONN Health, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Yadav Wagley
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Marta Stestiv
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Musculoskeletal Research Institute, UCONN Health, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Ivo Kalajzic
- Center for Regenerative Medicine and Skeletal Development, The Musculoskeletal Research Institute, UCONN Health, Farmington, CT 06032, USA
| | - Kurt D Hankenson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Archana Sanjay
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Musculoskeletal Research Institute, UCONN Health, Farmington, CT 06032, USA.
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2
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Lee SH, Platt S, Lim CH, Ito M, Myung P. The development of hair follicles and nail. Dev Biol 2024; 513:3-11. [PMID: 38759942 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2024.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
The hair follicle and nail unit develop and regenerate through epithelial-mesenchymal interactions. Here, we review some of the key signals and molecular interactions that regulate mammalian hair follicle and nail formation during embryonic development and how these interactions are reutilized to promote their regeneration during adult homeostasis and in response to skin wounding. Finally, we highlight the role of some of these signals in mediating human hair follicle and nail conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soung-Hoon Lee
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology and Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sarah Platt
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Chae Ho Lim
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology and Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mayumi Ito
- The Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology and Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peggy Myung
- Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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3
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Fujiwara H. Dynamic duo: Cell-extracellular matrix interactions in hair follicle development and regeneration. Dev Biol 2024:S0012-1606(24)00192-1. [PMID: 39059679 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2024.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Ectodermal organs, such as hair follicles, originate from simple epithelial and mesenchymal sheets through a complex developmental process driven by interactions between these cell types. This process involves dermal condensation, placode formation, bud morphogenesis, and organogenesis, and all of these processes require intricate interactions among various tissues. Recent research has emphasized the crucial role of reciprocal and dynamic interactions between cells and the extracellular matrix (ECM), referred to as the "dynamic duo", in the development of ectodermal organs. These interactions provide spatially and temporally changing biophysical and biochemical cues within tissues. Using the hair follicle as an example, this review highlights two types of cell-ECM adhesion units-focal adhesion-type and hemidesmosome-type adhesion units-that facilitate communication between epithelial and mesenchymal cells. This review further explores how these adhesion units, along with other cell-ECM interactions, evolve during hair follicle development and regeneration, underscoring their importance in guiding both developmental and regenerative processes.
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4
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Jiao Y, Sun QM, Shen YC, Li QS, Piao YJ, Gong L. Stimulation of mouse hair regrowth by exosomes derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells. Acta Histochem 2024; 126:152184. [PMID: 39053176 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2024.152184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is an urgent need for new treatments to solve hair loss problem. As mesenchymal stem cells were proved to have effects on promoting tissue repair and regeneration, in which the exosome plays a vital role, we aim to investigate the influence of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells exosome (UCMSC-Exos) on hair growth and its mechanism. METHODS The hUCMSC-Exos were extracted by ultracentrifugation. Primary fibroblasts were cultured with or without hUCMSC-Exos and cell proliferation was evaluated by CCK-8 assay. C57BL/6 mice model of depilation-induced hair regrowth was treated with either hUCMSC-Exos (200 μg/mL) or PBS on one side of the dorsal back. Real time quantitative PCR, flow cytometry analysis, immunohistochemistry and Immunofluorescent staining were used to analyze the regulative effect of hUCMSC-Exos on hair follicle stem/progenitor cells and Wnt/β-catenin pathway. RESULTS The proliferation of fibroblasts incubated with hUCMSC-Exos at the concentration of 200 μg/mL was greater than other groups. Treatment with hUCMSC-Exos resulted in rapid reentry into anagen. Hair follicle stem/progenitor cell markers (K15, Lgr5, Lgr6, CD34 and Lrig1) and Wnt/β-catenin pathway related factors (Wnt5, Lef1, Lrp5 and β-catenin) were increased in hUCMSC-Exos-injected region. CONCLUSION hUCMSC-Exos promote fibroblasts proliferation and accelerate mouse hair regrowth by upregulating hair follicle stem/progenitor cell and Wnt/β-catenin pathway, which suggests potential therapeutic approaches for hair loss disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Jiao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian City, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Qing-Min Sun
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian City, Liaoning Province, China; Chang Zhou Hospital affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Changzhou City, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yu-Chen Shen
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian City, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Qing-Shan Li
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian City, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Yong-Jun Piao
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian City, Liaoning Province, China.
| | - Lin Gong
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian City, Liaoning Province, China.
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5
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Kim HJ, Seo DW, Shim J, Lee JS, Choi SH, Kim DH, Moon SJ, Jung HS, Jeong YT. Reassessing the genetic lineage tracing of lingual Lgr5+ and Lgr6+ cells in vivo. Anim Cells Syst (Seoul) 2024; 28:353-366. [PMID: 39040684 PMCID: PMC11262215 DOI: 10.1080/19768354.2024.2381578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Taste buds, the neuroepithelial organs responsible for the detection of gustatory stimuli in the oral cavity, arise from stem/progenitor cells among nearby basal keratinocytes. Using genetic lineage tracing, Lgr5 and Lgr6 were suggested as the specific markers for the stem/progenitor cells of taste buds, but recent evidence implied that taste buds may arise even in the absence of these markers. Thus, we wanted to verify the genetic lineage tracing of lingual Lgr5- and Lgr6-expressing cells. Unexpectedly, we found that antibody staining revealed more diverse Lgr5-expressing cells inside and outside the taste buds of circumvallate papillae than was previously suggested. We also found that, while tamoxifen-induced genetic recombination occurred only in cells expressing the Lgr5 reporter GFP, we did not see any increase in the number of recombined daughter cells induced by consecutive injections of tamoxifen. Similarly, we found that cells expressing Lgr6, another stem/progenitor cell marker candidate and an analog of Lgr5, also do not generate recombined clones. In contrast, Lgr5-expressing cells in fungiform papillae can transform into Lgr5-negative progeny. Together, our data indicate that lingual Lgr5- and Lgr6-expressing cells exhibit diversity in their capacity to transform into Lgr5- and Lgr6-negative cells, depending on their location. Our results complement previous findings that did not distinguish this diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Ji Kim
- BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Woo Seo
- BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaewon Shim
- Department of Biochemistry, Kosin University College of Medicine, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Seok Lee
- BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hyun Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hoon Kim
- BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Jun Moon
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Han-Sung Jung
- Department of Oral Biology, Yonsei University College of Dentistry, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Taek Jeong
- BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Pharmacology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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6
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Tu J, Toh Y, Aldana AM, Wen JJ, Wu L, Jacob J, Li L, Pan S, Carmon KS, Liu QJ. Antitumor Activity of a Pyrrolobenzodiazepine Antibody-Drug Conjugate Targeting LGR5 in Preclinical Models of Neuroblastoma. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:943. [PMID: 39065640 PMCID: PMC11279891 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16070943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is a cancer of the peripheral nervous system found in children under 15 years of age. It is the most frequently diagnosed cancer during infancy, accounting for ~12% of all cancer-related deaths in children. Leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 5 (LGR5) is a membrane receptor that is associated with the primary tumor formation and metastasis of cancers in the gastrointestinal system. Remarkably, high levels of LGR5 are found in NB tumor cells, and high LGR5 expression is strongly correlated with poor survival. Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are monoclonal antibodies that are covalently linked to cell-killing cytotoxins to deliver the payloads into cancer cells. We generated an ADC with an anti-LGR5 antibody and pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) dimer-based payload SG3199 using a chemoenzymatic conjugation method. The resulting anti-LGR5 ADC was able to inhibit the growth of NB cells expressing LGR5 with high potency and specificity. Importantly, the ADC was able to completely inhibit the growth of NB xenograft tumors in vivo at a clinically relevant dose for the PBD class of ADCs. The findings support the potential of targeting LGR5 using the PBD class of payload for the treatment of high-risk NBs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Qingyun J. Liu
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, Center for Translational Cancer Research, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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7
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Hegde A, Ghosh S, Ananthan ASHP, Kataria S, Dutta A, Prabhu S, Khedkar SU, Dutta A, Jamora C. Extracellular Caspase-1 induces hair stem cell migration in wounded and inflamed skin conditions. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202306028. [PMID: 38587472 PMCID: PMC11001599 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202306028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The wound-healing process is a paradigm of the directed migration of various pools of stem cells from their niche to the site of injury where they replenish damaged cells. Two decades have elapsed since the observation that wounding activates multipotent hair follicle stem cells to infiltrate the epidermis, but the cues that coax these cells out of their niche remain unknown. Here, we report that Caspase-1, a protein classically known as an integral component of the cytosolic inflammasome, is secreted upon wounding and has a non-canonical role in the extracellular milieu. Through its caspase activation recruitment domain (CARD), Caspase-1 is sufficient to initiate the migration of hair follicle stem cells into the epidermis. Uncovering this novel function of Caspase-1 also facilitates a deeper understanding of the mechanistic basis of the epithelial hyperplasia found to accompany numerous inflammatory skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay Hegde
- IFOM-inStem Joint Research Laboratory, Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Homeostasis, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology (SCBT), Shanmugha Arts, Science, Technology and Research Academy (SASTRA), Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Subhasri Ghosh
- IFOM-inStem Joint Research Laboratory, Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Homeostasis, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India
| | - Akhil SHP Ananthan
- IFOM-inStem Joint Research Laboratory, Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Homeostasis, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India
| | - Sunny Kataria
- IFOM-inStem Joint Research Laboratory, Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Homeostasis, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India
| | - Abhik Dutta
- IFOM-inStem Joint Research Laboratory, Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Homeostasis, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology (SCBT), Shanmugha Arts, Science, Technology and Research Academy (SASTRA), Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Srilekha Prabhu
- IFOM-inStem Joint Research Laboratory, Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Homeostasis, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India
| | - Sneha Uday Khedkar
- IFOM-inStem Joint Research Laboratory, Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Homeostasis, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India
| | - Anupam Dutta
- IFOM-inStem Joint Research Laboratory, Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Homeostasis, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India
| | - Colin Jamora
- IFOM-inStem Joint Research Laboratory, Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Homeostasis, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, India
- FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
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8
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Xu G, Qiao Z, Schraauwen R, Avan A, Peppelenbosch MP, Bijvelds MJC, Jiang S, Li P. Evidence for cross-species transmission of human coronavirus OC43 through bioinformatics and modeling infections in porcine intestinal organoids. Vet Microbiol 2024; 293:110101. [PMID: 38718529 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2024.110101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/15/2024]
Abstract
Cross-species transmission of coronaviruses has been continuously posing a major challenge to public health. Pigs, as the major animal reservoirs for many zoonotic viruses, frequently mediate viral transmission to humans. This study comprehensively mapped the relationship between human and porcine coronaviruses through in-depth bioinformatics analysis. We found that human coronavirus OC43 and porcine coronavirus PHEV share a close phylogenetic relationship, evidenced by high genomic homology, similar codon usage patterns and comparable tertiary structure in spike proteins. Inoculation of infectious OC43 viruses in organoids derived from porcine small and large intestine demonstrated that porcine intestinal organoids (pIOs) are highly susceptible to human coronavirus OC43 infection and support infectious virus production. Using transmission electron microscopy, we visualized OC43 viral particles in both intracellular and extracellular compartments, and observed abnormalities of multiple organelles in infected organoid cells. Robust OC43 infections in pIOs result in a significant reduction of organoids viability and widespread cell death. This study bears essential implications for better understanding the evolutionary origin of human coronavirus OC43, and provides a proof-of-concept for using pIOs as a model to investigate cross-species transmission of human coronavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guige Xu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Zhiwen Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, China
| | - Rick Schraauwen
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Amine Avan
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Maikel P Peppelenbosch
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel J C Bijvelds
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Shijin Jiang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, Shandong 271018, China.
| | - Pengfei Li
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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9
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Taylor MA, Kandyba E, Halliwill K, Delrosario R, Khoroshkin M, Goodarzi H, Quigley D, Li YR, Wu D, Bollam SR, Mirzoeva OK, Akhurst RJ, Balmain A. Stem-cell states converge in multistage cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma development. Science 2024; 384:eadi7453. [PMID: 38815020 DOI: 10.1126/science.adi7453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Stem cells play a critical role in cancer development by contributing to cell heterogeneity, lineage plasticity, and drug resistance. We created gene expression networks from hundreds of mouse tissue samples (both normal and tumor) and integrated these with lineage tracing and single-cell RNA-seq, to identify convergence of cell states in premalignant tumor cells expressing markers of lineage plasticity and drug resistance. Two of these cell states representing multilineage plasticity or proliferation were inversely correlated, suggesting a mutually exclusive relationship. Treatment of carcinomas in vivo with chemotherapy repressed the proliferative state and activated multilineage plasticity whereas inhibition of differentiation repressed plasticity and potentiated responses to cell cycle inhibitors. Manipulation of this cell state transition point may provide a source of potential combinatorial targets for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Taylor
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok 15-089, Poland
| | - Eve Kandyba
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Kyle Halliwill
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- AbbVie, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Reyno Delrosario
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Matvei Khoroshkin
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Hani Goodarzi
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94518, USA
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94518, USA
- Arc Institute, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - David Quigley
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94518, USA
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94518, USA
| | - Yun Rose Li
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Radiation Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
- Department of Cancer Genetics & Epigenetics, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
- Division of Quantitative Medicine & Systems Biology, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, CA 85004, USA
| | - Di Wu
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Saumya R Bollam
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94518, USA
| | - Olga K Mirzoeva
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Rosemary J Akhurst
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94518, USA
| | - Allan Balmain
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94518, USA
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10
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Inomata Y, Kawatani N, Yamashita H, Hattori F. Lgr6-expressing functional nail stem-like cells differentiated from human-induced pluripotent stem cells. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0303260. [PMID: 38743670 PMCID: PMC11093308 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0303260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The nail matrix containing stem cell populations produces nails and may contribute to fingertip regeneration. Nails are important tissues that maintain the functions of the hand and foot for handling objects and locomotion. Tumor chemotherapy impairs nail growth and, in many cases, loses them, although not permanently. In this report, we have achieved the successful differentiation of nail stem (NS)-like cells from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) via digit organoids by stepwise stimulation, tracing the molecular processes involved in limb development. Comprehensive mRNA sequencing analysis revealed that the digit organoid global gene expression profile fits human finger development. The NS-like cells expressed Lgr6 mRNA and protein and produced type-I keratin, KRT17, and type-II keratin, KRT81, which are abundant in nails. Furthermore, we succeeded in producing functional Lgr6-reporter human iPSCs. The reporter iPSC-derived Lgr6-positive cells also produced KRT17 and KRT81 proteins in the percutaneously transplanted region. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of NS-like cell differentiation from human iPSCs. Our differentiation method and reporter construct enable the discovery of drugs for nail repair and possibly fingertip-regenerative therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukino Inomata
- Innovative Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata city, Osaka, Japan
- Osaka College of High-Technology, Osaka City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nano Kawatani
- Innovative Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata city, Osaka, Japan
- Osaka College of High-Technology, Osaka City, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiromi Yamashita
- Innovative Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata city, Osaka, Japan
| | - Fumiyuki Hattori
- Innovative Regenerative Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata city, Osaka, Japan
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11
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Liu Y, Gao H, Chen H, Ji S, Wu L, Zhang H, Wang Y, Fu X, Sun X. Sebaceous gland organoid engineering. BURNS & TRAUMA 2024; 12:tkae003. [PMID: 38699464 PMCID: PMC11063650 DOI: 10.1093/burnst/tkae003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Sebaceous glands (SGs), as holocrine-secreting appendages, lubricate the skin and play a central role in the skin barrier. Large full-thickness skin defects cause overall architecture disruption and SG loss. However, an effective strategy for SG regeneration is lacking. Organoids are 3D multicellular structures that replicate key anatomical and functional characteristics of in vivo tissues and exhibit great potential in regenerative medicine. Recently, considerable progress has been made in developing reliable procedures for SG organoids and existing SG organoids recapitulate the main morphological, structural and functional features of their in vivo counterparts. Engineering approaches empower researchers to manipulate cell behaviors, the surrounding environment and cell-environment crosstalk within the culture system as needed. These techniques can be applied to the SG organoid culture system to generate functionally more competent SG organoids. This review aims to provide an overview of recent advancements in SG organoid engineering. It highlights some potential strategies for SG organoid functionalization that are promising to forge a platform for engineering vascularized, innervated, immune-interactive and lipogenic SG organoids. We anticipate that this review will not only contribute to improving our understanding of SG biology and regeneration but also facilitate the transition of the SG organoid from laboratory research to a feasible clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqiong Liu
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration affliated to the Medical Innovation Research Department and 4th Medical Center, PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical College; PLA Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration; Research Unit of Trauma Care, Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU051, Beijing 100048, P. R. China
| | - Huanhuan Gao
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration affliated to the Medical Innovation Research Department and 4th Medical Center, PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical College; PLA Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration; Research Unit of Trauma Care, Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU051, Beijing 100048, P. R. China
| | - Huating Chen
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration affliated to the Medical Innovation Research Department and 4th Medical Center, PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical College; PLA Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration; Research Unit of Trauma Care, Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU051, Beijing 100048, P. R. China
| | - Shuaifei Ji
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration affliated to the Medical Innovation Research Department and 4th Medical Center, PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical College; PLA Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration; Research Unit of Trauma Care, Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU051, Beijing 100048, P. R. China
| | - Lu Wu
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration affliated to the Medical Innovation Research Department and 4th Medical Center, PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical College; PLA Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration; Research Unit of Trauma Care, Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU051, Beijing 100048, P. R. China
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration affliated to the Medical Innovation Research Department and 4th Medical Center, PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical College; PLA Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration; Research Unit of Trauma Care, Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU051, Beijing 100048, P. R. China
| | - Yujia Wang
- Queen Mary School of Nanchang University, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, P. R. China
| | - Xiaobing Fu
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration affliated to the Medical Innovation Research Department and 4th Medical Center, PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical College; PLA Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration; Research Unit of Trauma Care, Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU051, Beijing 100048, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Sun
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration affliated to the Medical Innovation Research Department and 4th Medical Center, PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical College; PLA Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration; Research Unit of Trauma Care, Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU051, Beijing 100048, P. R. China
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12
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Rathna RP, Kulandhaivel M. Advancements in wound healing: integrating biomolecules, drug delivery carriers, and targeted therapeutics for enhanced tissue repair. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:199. [PMID: 38563993 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-03910-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Wound healing, a critical biological process vital for tissue restoration, has spurred a global market exceeding $15 billion for wound care products and $12 billion for scar treatment. Chronic wounds lead to delayed or impaired wound healing. Natural bioactive compounds, prized for minimal side effects, stand out as promising candidates for effective wound healing. In response, researchers are turning to nanotechnology, employing the encapsulation of these agents into drug delivery carriers. Drug delivery system will play a crucial role in enabling targeted delivery of therapeutic agents to promote tissue regeneration and address underlying issues such as inflammation, infection, and impaired angiogenesis in chronic wound healing. Drug delivery carriers offer distinct advantages, exhibiting a substantial ratio of surface area to volume and altered physical and chemical properties. These carriers facilitate sustained and controlled release, proving particularly advantageous for the extended process of wound healing, that typically comprise a diverse range of components, integrating both natural and synthetic polymers. Additionally, they often incorporate bioactive molecules. Despite their properties, including poor solubility, rapid degradation, and limited bioavailability, various natural bioactive agents face challenges in clinical applications. With a global research, emphasis on harnessing nanomaterial for wound healing application, this research overview engages advancing drug delivery technologies to augment the effectiveness of tissue regeneration using bioactive molecules. Recent progress in drug delivery has poised to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of natural compounds in wound healing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Preethi Rathna
- Department of Microbiology, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, 641021, India
| | - M Kulandhaivel
- Department of Microbiology, Karpagam Academy of Higher Education, Coimbatore, Tamilnadu, 641021, India.
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13
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An L, Kim D, Donahue LR, Mejooli MA, Eom CY, Nishimura N, White AC. Sexual dimorphism in melanocyte stem cell behavior reveals combinational therapeutic strategies for cutaneous repigmentation. Nat Commun 2024; 15:796. [PMID: 38280858 PMCID: PMC10821900 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45034-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Vitiligo is an autoimmune skin disease caused by cutaneous melanocyte loss. Although phototherapy and T cell suppression therapy have been widely used to induce epidermal re-pigmentation, full pigmentation recovery is rarely achieved due to our poor understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms governing this process. Here, we identify unique melanocyte stem cell (McSC) epidermal migration rates between male and female mice, which is due to sexually dimorphic cutaneous inflammatory responses generated by ultra-violet B exposure. Using genetically engineered mouse models, and unbiased bulk and single-cell mRNA sequencing approaches, we determine that manipulating the inflammatory response through cyclooxygenase and its downstream prostaglandin product regulates McSC proliferation and epidermal migration in response to UVB exposure. Furthermore, we demonstrate that a combinational therapy that manipulates both macrophages and T cells (or innate and adaptive immunity) significantly promotes epidermal melanocyte re-population. With these findings, we propose a novel therapeutic strategy for repigmentation in patients with depigmentation conditions such as vitiligo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luye An
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Dahihm Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Leanne R Donahue
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | | | - Chi-Yong Eom
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Nozomi Nishimura
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Andrew C White
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14850, USA.
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14
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Kananykhina E, Elchaninov A, Bolshakova G. Impact of Stem Cells on Reparative Regeneration in Abdominal and Dorsal Skin in the Rat. J Dev Biol 2024; 12:6. [PMID: 38390957 PMCID: PMC10885081 DOI: 10.3390/jdb12010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
A characteristic feature of repair processes in mammals is the formation of scar tissue at the site of injury, which is designed to quickly prevent contact between the internal environment of the organism and the external environment. Despite this general pattern, different organs differ in the degree of severity of scar changes in response to injury. One of the areas in which regeneration after wounding leads to the formation of a structure close to the original one is the abdominal skin of laboratory rats. Finding out the reasons for such a phenomenon is essential for the development of ways to stimulate full regeneration. The model of skin wound healing in the abdominal region of laboratory animals was reproduced in this work. It was found that the wound surface is completely epithelialized on the abdomen by 20 days, while on the back-by 30 days. The qPCR method revealed higher expression of marker genes of skin stem cells (Sox9, Lgr6, Gli1, Lrig1) in the intact skin of the abdomen compared to the back, which corresponded to a greater number of hairs with which stem cells are associated on the abdomen compared to the back. Considering that some stem cell populations are associated with hair, it can be suggested that one of the factors in faster regeneration of abdominal skin in the rat is the greater number of stem cells in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniya Kananykhina
- Laboratory of Growth and Development, Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology of FSBI "Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery", 117418 Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey Elchaninov
- Laboratory of Growth and Development, Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology of FSBI "Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery", 117418 Moscow, Russia
- Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Galina Bolshakova
- Laboratory of Growth and Development, Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology of FSBI "Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery", 117418 Moscow, Russia
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15
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Nguyen MB, Flora P, Branch MC, Weber M, Zheng XY, Sivan U, Joost S, Annusver K, Zheng D, Kasper M, Ezhkova E. Tenascin-C expressing touch dome keratinocytes exhibit characteristics of all epidermal lineages. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadi5791. [PMID: 38241368 PMCID: PMC10798558 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi5791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
The touch dome (TD) keratinocytes are specialized epidermal cells that intimately associate with the light touch sensing Merkel cells (MCs). The TD keratinocytes function as a niche for the MCs and can induce de novo hair follicles upon stimulation; however, how the TD keratinocytes are maintained during homeostasis remains unclear. scRNA-seq identified a specific TD keratinocyte marker, Tenascin-C (TNC). Lineage tracing of Tnc-expressing TD keratinocytes revealed that these cells maintain themselves as an autonomous epidermal compartment and give rise to MCs upon injury. Molecular characterization uncovered that, while the transcriptional and chromatin landscape of the TD keratinocytes is remarkably similar to that of the interfollicular epidermal keratinocytes, it also shares certain molecular signatures with the hair follicle keratinocytes. Our study highlights that the TD keratinocytes in the adult skin have molecular characteristics of keratinocytes of diverse epidermal lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minh Binh Nguyen
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Pooja Flora
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Meagan C. Branch
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Madison Weber
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Xiang Yu Zheng
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, and Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Unnikrishnan Sivan
- Department of Neurology, and Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Simon Joost
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Karl Annusver
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Deyou Zheng
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, and Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maria Kasper
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elena Ezhkova
- Black Family Stem Cell Institute, Department of Cell, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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16
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Dingwall HL, Tomizawa RR, Aharoni A, Hu P, Qiu Q, Kokalari B, Martinez SM, Donahue JC, Aldea D, Mendoza M, Glass IA, Wu H, Kamberov YG. Sweat gland development requires an eccrine dermal niche and couples two epidermal programs. Dev Cell 2024; 59:20-32.e6. [PMID: 38096824 PMCID: PMC10872420 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Eccrine sweat glands are indispensable for human thermoregulation and, similar to other mammalian skin appendages, form from multipotent epidermal progenitors. Limited understanding of how epidermal progenitors specialize to form these vital organs has precluded therapeutic efforts toward their regeneration. Herein, we applied single-nucleus transcriptomics to compare the expression content of wild-type, eccrine-forming mouse skin to that of mice harboring a skin-specific disruption of Engrailed 1 (En1), a transcription factor that promotes eccrine gland formation in humans and mice. We identify two concurrent but disproportionate epidermal transcriptomes in the early eccrine anlagen: one that is shared with hair follicles and one that is En1 dependent and eccrine specific. We demonstrate that eccrine development requires the induction of a dermal niche proximal to each developing gland in humans and mice. Our study defines the signatures of eccrine identity and uncovers the eccrine dermal niche, setting the stage for targeted regeneration and comprehensive skin repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Dingwall
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Reiko R Tomizawa
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Adam Aharoni
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Peng Hu
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Qi Qiu
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Blerina Kokalari
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Joan C Donahue
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Daniel Aldea
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Meryl Mendoza
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ian A Glass
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yana G Kamberov
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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17
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Zhou Y, Seo J, Tu S, Nanmo A, Kageyama T, Fukuda J. Exosomes for hair growth and regeneration. J Biosci Bioeng 2024; 137:1-8. [PMID: 37996318 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Exosomes are lipid bilayer vesicles, 30-200 nm in diameter, that are produced by cells and play essential roles in cell-cell communication. Exosomes have been studied in several medical fields including dermatology. Hair loss, a major disorder that affects people and sometimes causes mental stress, urgently requires more effective treatment. Because the growth and cycling of hair follicles are governed by interactions between hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs) and dermal papilla cells (DPCs), a better understanding of the mechanisms responsible for hair growth and cycling through exosomes may provide new insights into novel treatments for hair loss. In this review, we focused on the comprehensive knowledge and recent studies on exosomes in the field of hair development and regeneration. We classified exosomes of several cellular origins for the treatment of hair loss. Exosomes and their components, such as microRNAs, are promising drugs for effective hair loss treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghui Zhou
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan
| | - Jieun Seo
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan; Institute of Advanced Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan; Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, 3-2-1 Sakado Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 213-0012, Japan
| | - Shan Tu
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan
| | - Ayaka Nanmo
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan
| | - Tatsuto Kageyama
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan; Institute of Advanced Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan; Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, 3-2-1 Sakado Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 213-0012, Japan
| | - Junji Fukuda
- Faculty of Engineering, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan; Institute of Advanced Sciences, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 240-8501, Japan; Kanagawa Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, 3-2-1 Sakado Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 213-0012, Japan.
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18
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Deng Y, Xu W, Ni M, Sun X, Wang X, Zhang T, Pan F. DNA methylation and expression of LGR6 gene in ankylosing spondylitis: A case-control study. Hum Immunol 2023; 84:110719. [PMID: 37802707 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2023.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objectives of the present research were to ascertain the relationship of Leucine-Rich Repeat-Containing G-Protein Coupled Receptors 6 (LGR6) methylation and transcript levels with ankylosing spondylitis (AS). METHODS Targeted bisulfite sequencing was applied to analyze LGR6 DNA methylation in 81 AS cases and 81 controls. Besides, the LGR6 transcription level of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 70 AS cases and 64 controls was measured utilizing quantitative real-time transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). RESULTS The study detected the methylation levels of 43 sites in two CpG (cytosine-guanine dinucleotide) islands of LGR6 and found that LGR6 were significantly hypomethylated in AS patients (LGR6_1: P = 0.002; LGR6_2: P < 0.001). LGR6 transcript level was obviously reduced in AS (P = 0.001) and was positively related to DNA methylation level (CpG-1: P = 0.010; CpG-2: P = 0.007). Besides, the Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) exhibited good diagnostic performance of LGR6 methylation level (AUC = 0.676, 95% CI = 0.594-0.758, P < 0.001). Further subgroup analysis revealed that gender may affect the LGR6_1 methylation pattern. CONCLUSION The present study revealed that LGR6 DNA methylation dysregulation may be involved in the pathogenesis of AS from an epigenetic perspective for the first time, with the aim of providing new directions for biomarker identification and treatment development for AS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Deng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; The Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; The Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Man Ni
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; The Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Xiaoya Sun
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; The Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Xinqi Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; The Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; The Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China
| | - Faming Pan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China; The Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui 230032, China.
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19
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Cui Z, Wei H, Goding C, Cui R. Stem cell heterogeneity, plasticity, and regulation. Life Sci 2023; 334:122240. [PMID: 37925141 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2023.122240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
As a population of homogeneous cells with both self-renewal and differentiation potential, stem cell pools are highly compartmentalized and contain distinct subsets that exhibit stable but limited heterogeneity during homeostasis. However, their striking plasticity is showcased under natural or artificial stress, such as injury, transplantation, cancer, and aging, leading to changes in their phenotype, constitution, metabolism, and function. The complex and diverse network of cell-extrinsic niches and signaling pathways, together with cell-intrinsic genetic and epigenetic regulators, tightly regulate both the heterogeneity during homeostasis and the plasticity under perturbation. Manipulating these factors offers better control of stem cell behavior and a potential revolution in the current state of regenerative medicine. However, disruptions of normal regulation by genetic mutation or excessive plasticity acquisition may contribute to the formation of tumors. By harnessing innovative techniques that enhance our understanding of stem cell heterogeneity and employing novel approaches to maximize the utilization of stem cell plasticity, stem cell therapy holds immense promise for revolutionizing the future of medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyang Cui
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China.
| | - Hope Wei
- Department of Biology, Boston University, 5 Cummington Mall, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America
| | - Colin Goding
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX37DQ, UK
| | - Rutao Cui
- Skin Disease Research Institute, The 2nd Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
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20
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Farnhammer F, Colozza G, Kim J. RNF43 and ZNRF3 in Wnt Signaling - A Master Regulator at the Membrane. Int J Stem Cells 2023; 16:376-384. [PMID: 37643759 PMCID: PMC10686798 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc23070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The Wnt β-catenin signaling pathway is a highly conserved mechanism that plays a critical role from embryonic development and adult stem cell homeostasis. However, dysregulation of the Wnt pathway has been implicated in various diseases, including cancer. Therefore, multiple layers of regulatory mechanisms tightly control the activation and suppression of the Wnt signal. The E3 ubiquitin ligases RNF43 and ZNRF3, which are known negative regulators of the Wnt pathway, are critical component of Wnt signaling regulation. These E3 ubiquitin ligases control Wnt signaling by targeting the Wnt receptor Frizzled to induce ubiquitination-mediated endo-lysosomal degradation, thus controlling the activation of the Wnt signaling pathway. We also discuss the regulatory mechanisms, interactors, and evolution of RNF43 and ZNRF3. This review article summarizes recent findings on RNF43 and ZNRF3 and their potential implications for the development of therapeutic strategies to target the Wnt signaling pathway in various diseases, including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiona Farnhammer
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
- Division of Oncology and Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gabriele Colozza
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (IMBA), Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna, Austria
| | - Jihoon Kim
- Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Korea
- Center for Genome Engineering, Institute for Basic Science, Daejeon, Korea
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21
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Yusupova M, Ankawa R, Yosefzon Y, Meiri D, Bachelet I, Fuchs Y. Apoptotic dysregulation mediates stem cell competition and tissue regeneration. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7547. [PMID: 37985759 PMCID: PMC10662150 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41684-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Since adult stem cells are responsible for replenishing tissues throughout life, it is vital to understand how failure to undergo apoptosis can dictate stem cell behavior both intrinsically and non-autonomously. Here, we report that depletion of pro-apoptotic Bax protein bestows hair follicle stem cells with the capacity to eliminate viable neighboring cells by sequestration of TNFα in their membrane. This in turn induces apoptosis in "loser" cells in a contact-dependent manner. Examining the underlying mechanism, we find that Bax loss-of-function competitive phenotype is mediated by the intrinsic activation of NFκB. Notably, winner stem cells differentially respond to TNFα, owing to their elevated expression of TNFR2. Finally, we report that in vivo depletion of Bax results in an increased stem cell pool, accelerating wound-repair and de novo hair follicle regeneration. Collectively, we establish a mechanism of mammalian cell competition, which can have broad therapeutic implications for tissue regeneration and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Yusupova
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Roi Ankawa
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Augmanity, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yahav Yosefzon
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - David Meiri
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Yaron Fuchs
- Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
- Augmanity, Rehovot, Israel.
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22
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Mäkelä OJM, Mikkola ML. Mesenchyme governs hair follicle induction. Development 2023; 150:dev202140. [PMID: 37982496 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Tissue interactions are essential for guiding organ development and regeneration. Hair follicle formation relies on inductive signalling between two tissues, the embryonic surface epithelium and the adjacent mesenchyme. Although previous research has highlighted the hair-inducing potential of the mesenchymal component of the hair follicle - the dermal papilla and its precursor, the dermal condensate - the source and nature of the primary inductive signal before dermal condensate formation have remained elusive. Here, we performed epithelial-mesenchymal tissue recombination experiments using hair-forming back skin and glabrous plantar skin from mouse embryos to unveil that the back skin mesenchyme is inductive even before dermal condensate formation. Moreover, the naïve, unpatterned mesenchyme was sufficient to trigger hair follicle formation even in the oral epithelium. Building on previous knowledge, we explored the hair-inductive ability of the Wnt agonist R-spondin 1 and a Bmp receptor inhibitor in embryonic skin explants. Although R-spondin 1 instigated precocious placode-specific transcriptional responses, it was insufficient for hair follicle induction, either alone or in combination with Bmp receptor inhibition. Our findings pave the way for identifying the hair follicle-inducing cue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otto J M Mäkelä
- Cell and Tissue Dynamics Research Program, Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marja L Mikkola
- Cell and Tissue Dynamics Research Program, Institute of Biotechnology, Helsinki Institute of Life Sciences (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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23
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Danielian A, Danielian M, Cheng MY, Burton J, Han PS, Kerr RPR. Antiaging Effects of Topical Defensins. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am 2023; 31:535-546. [PMID: 37806687 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsc.2023.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Topical defensins have recently gained attention as agents to improve skin composition. This study aimed to aggregate and synthesize studies in the literature assessing the effects of topical defensins on skin composition in the context of its ability to combat signs of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arman Danielian
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 200 Medical Plaza, Suite 550, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Marie Danielian
- Independent Researcher, 200 Medical Plaza, Suite 550, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Melodyanne Y Cheng
- David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jason Burton
- University of California Los Angeles, 200 Medical Plaza, Suite 550, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Peter S Han
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 200 Medical Plaza, Suite 550, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Rhorie P R Kerr
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 200 Medical Plaza, Suite 550, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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24
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Abstract
Diseases affecting the hair follicle are common in domestic animals, but despite the importance of an intact skin barrier and a fully functional hair coat, knowledge about the detailed morphological features and the diversity of these complex mini-organs are often limited, although mandatory to evaluate skin biopsies with a history of alopecia. The factors that regulate the innate hair follicle formation and the postnatal hair cycle are still not completely understood in rodents, only rudimentarily known in humans, and are poorly understood in our companion animals. This review aims to summarize the current knowledge about hair follicle and hair shaft anatomy, the arrangement of hair follicles, hair follicle morphogenesis in the embryo, and the lifelong regeneration during the postnatal hair cycle in domestic animals. The role of follicular stem cells and the need for a multitude of interacting signaling events during hair follicle morphogenesis and regeneration is unquestioned. Because of the lack of state of the art methods that can be applied in rodents but are not feasible in companion animals, most of the information in this review is based on rodent studies. However, the few data from domestic animals that are available will be discussed, and it can be assumed that at least the principal molecular mechanisms are similar in rodents and other species.
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25
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Lim C, Lim J, Choi S. Wound-Induced Hair Follicle Neogenesis as a Promising Approach for Hair Regeneration. Mol Cells 2023; 46:573-578. [PMID: 37650216 PMCID: PMC10590709 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2023.0071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian skin contains hair follicles, which are epidermal appendages that undergo periodic cycles and exhibit mini-organ features, such as discrete stem cell compartments and different cellular components. Wound-induced hair follicle neogenesis (WIHN) is the remarkable ability to regenerate hair follicles after large-scale wounding and occurs in several adult mammals. WIHN is comparable to embryonic hair follicle development in its processes. Researchers are beginning to identify the stem cells that, in response to wounding, develop into neogenic hair follicles, as well as to understand the functions of immune cells, mesenchymal cells, and several signaling pathways that are essential for this process. WIHN represents a promising therapeutic approach to the reprogramming of cellular states for promoting hair follicle regeneration and preventing scar formation. In the scope of this review, we investigate the contribution of several cell types and molecular mechanisms to WIHN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaeryeong Lim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Jooyoung Lim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Sekyu Choi
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
- School of Medical Science and Engineering, POSTECH, Pohang 37673, Korea
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, POSTECH, Pohang 37673, Korea
- Institute for Convergence Research and Education in Advanced Technology (I_CREATE), Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Korea
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26
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Wang J, Koch DT, Hofmann FO, Härtwig D, Beirith I, Janssen KP, Bazhin AV, Niess H, Werner J, Renz BW, Ilmer M. WNT enhancing signals in pancreatic cancer are transmitted by LGR6. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:10897-10914. [PMID: 37770230 PMCID: PMC10637827 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
The G-protein-coupled receptor LGR6 associates with ligands of the R-Spondin (RSPO) family to potentiate preexisting signals of the canonical WNT pathway. However, its importance in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains unclear. Here, we show that LGR6 is differentially expressed in various PDAC cell lines of mesenchymal and epithelial phenotype, respectively, siding with the latter subsets. LGR6 expression is altered based upon the cells' WNT activation status. Furthermore, extrinsic enhancement of WNT pathway signaling increased LGR6 expression suggestive of a reinforcing self-regulatory loop in highly WNT susceptible cells. Downregulation of LGR6 on the other hand, seemed to tamper those effects. Last, downregulation of LGR6 reduced cancer stemness as determined by functional in vitro assays. These findings shed new insights into regulatory mechanisms for the canonical WNT pathway in pancreatic cancer cells. It may also have potential value for treatment stratification of PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Hospital of the University of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Bavaria, Germany
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, P.R. China
| | - Dominik T. Koch
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Hospital of the University of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Felix O. Hofmann
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Hospital of the University of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Daniel Härtwig
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Hospital of the University of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Iris Beirith
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Hospital of the University of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Klaus Peter Janssen
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Alexandr V. Bazhin
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Hospital of the University of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Bavaria, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Bavaria, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), LMU Munich, Munich, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Hanno Niess
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Hospital of the University of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Jens Werner
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Hospital of the University of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Bavaria, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Bavaria, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), LMU Munich, Munich, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Bernhard W. Renz
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Hospital of the University of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Bavaria, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Bavaria, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), LMU Munich, Munich, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Matthias Ilmer
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Hospital of the University of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Bavaria, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Bavaria, Germany
- Bavarian Cancer Research Center (BZKF), LMU Munich, Munich, Bavaria, Germany
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27
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Watanabe K, Horie M, Hayatsu M, Mikami Y, Sato N. Spatiotemporal expression patterns of R-spondins and their receptors, Lgrs, in the developing mouse telencephalon. Gene Expr Patterns 2023; 49:119333. [PMID: 37651925 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2023.119333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Development of the mammalian telencephalon, which is the most complex region of the central nervous system, is precisely orchestrated by many signaling molecules. Wnt signaling derived from the cortical hem, a signaling center, is crucial for telencephalic development including cortical patterning and the induction of hippocampal development. Secreted protein R-spondin (Rspo) 1-4 and their receptors, leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor (Lgr) 4-6, act as activators of Wnt signaling. Although Rspo expression in the hem during the early stages of cortical development has been reported, comparative expression analysis of Rspos and Lgr4-6 has not been performed. In this study, we examined the detailed spatiotemporal expression patterns of Rspo1-4 and Lgr4-6 in the embryonic and postnatal telencephalon to elucidate their functions. In the embryonic day (E) 10.5-14.5 telencephalon, Rspo1-3 were prominently expressed in the cortical hem. Among their receptors, Lgr4 was observed in the ventral telencephalon, and Lgr6 was highly expressed throughout the telencephalon at the same stages. This suggests that Rspo1-3 and Lgr4 initially regulate telencephalic development in restricted regions, whereas Lgr6 functions broadly. From the late embryonic stage, the expression areas of Rspo1-3 and Lgr4-6 dramatically expanded; their expression was found in the neocortex and limbic system, such as the hippocampus, amygdala, and striatum. Increased Rspo and Lgr expression from the late embryonic stages suggests broad roles of Rspo signaling in telencephalic development. Furthermore, the Lgr+ regions were located far from the Rspo+ regions, especially in the E10.5-14.5 ventral telencephalon, suggesting that Lgrs act via a Rspo-independent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Watanabe
- Division of Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan.
| | - Masao Horie
- Department of Nursing, Niigata College of Nursing, Jōetsu, Japan
| | - Manabu Hayatsu
- Division of Microscopic Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Mikami
- Division of Microscopic Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Noboru Sato
- Division of Anatomy, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
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28
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Gao H, Liu Y, Shi Z, Zhang H, Wang M, Chen H, Li Y, Ji S, Xiang J, Pi W, Zhou L, Hong Y, Wu L, Cai A, Fu X, Sun X. A volar skin excisional wound model for in situ evaluation of multiple-appendage regeneration and innervation. BURNS & TRAUMA 2023; 11:tkad027. [PMID: 37397511 PMCID: PMC10309083 DOI: 10.1093/burnst/tkad027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Background Promoting rapid wound healing with functional recovery of all skin appendages is the main goal of regenerative medicine. So far current methodologies, including the commonly used back excisional wound model (BEWM) and paw skin scald wound model, are focused on assessing the regeneration of either hair follicles (HFs) or sweat glands (SwGs). How to achieve de novo appendage regeneration by synchronized evaluation of HFs, SwGs and sebaceous glands (SeGs) is still challenging. Here, we developed a volar skin excisional wound model (VEWM) that is suitable for examining cutaneous wound healing with multiple-appendage restoration, as well as innervation, providing a new research paradigm for the perfect regeneration of skin wounds. Methods Macroscopic observation, iodine-starch test, morphological staining and qRT-PCR analysis were used to detect the existence of HFs, SwGs, SeGs and distribution of nerve fibres in the volar skin. Wound healing process monitoring, HE/Masson staining, fractal analysis and behavioral response assessment were performed to verify that VEWM could mimic the pathological process and outcomes of human scar formation and sensory function impairment. Results HFs are limited to the inter-footpads. SwGs are densely distributed in the footpads, scattered in the IFPs. The volar skin is richly innervated. The wound area of the VEWM at 1, 3, 7 and 10 days after the operation is respectively 89.17% ± 2.52%, 71.72% ± 3.79%, 55.09 % ± 4.94% and 35.74% ± 4.05%, and the final scar area accounts for 47.80% ± 6.22% of the initial wound. While the wound area of BEWM at 1, 3, 7 and 10 days after the operation are respectively 61.94% ± 5.34%, 51.26% ± 4.89%, 12.63% ± 2.86% and 6.14% ± 2.84%, and the final scar area accounts for 4.33% ± 2.67% of the initial wound. Fractal analysis of the post-traumatic repair site for VEWM vs human was performed: lacunarity values, 0.040 ± 0.012 vs 0.038 ± 0.014; fractal dimension values, 1.870 ± 0.237 vs 1.903 ± 0.163. Sensory nerve function of normal skin vs post-traumatic repair site was assessed: mechanical threshold, 1.05 ± 0.52 vs 4.90 g ± 0.80; response rate to pinprick, 100% vs 71.67% ± 19.92%, and temperature threshold, 50.34°C ± 3.11°C vs 52.13°C ± 3.54°C. Conclusions VEWM closely reflects the pathological features of human wound healing and can be applied for skin multiple-appendages regeneration and innervation evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hongliang Zhang
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration Affiliated to Medical Innovation Research Department and 4 Medical Center, PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical College; PLA Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration; Research Unit of Trauma Care, Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU051, Beijing 100048, P. R. China
| | - Mengyang Wang
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration Affiliated to Medical Innovation Research Department and 4 Medical Center, PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical College; PLA Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration; Research Unit of Trauma Care, Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU051, Beijing 100048, P. R. China
| | - Huating Chen
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration Affiliated to Medical Innovation Research Department and 4 Medical Center, PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical College; PLA Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration; Research Unit of Trauma Care, Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU051, Beijing 100048, P. R. China
| | - Yan Li
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration Affiliated to Medical Innovation Research Department and 4 Medical Center, PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical College; PLA Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration; Research Unit of Trauma Care, Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU051, Beijing 100048, P. R. China
| | - Shaifei Ji
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration Affiliated to Medical Innovation Research Department and 4 Medical Center, PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical College; PLA Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration; Research Unit of Trauma Care, Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU051, Beijing 100048, P. R. China
| | - Jiangbing Xiang
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration Affiliated to Medical Innovation Research Department and 4 Medical Center, PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical College; PLA Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration; Research Unit of Trauma Care, Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU051, Beijing 100048, P. R. China
| | - Wei Pi
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration Affiliated to Medical Innovation Research Department and 4 Medical Center, PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical College; PLA Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration; Research Unit of Trauma Care, Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU051, Beijing 100048, P. R. China
| | - Laixian Zhou
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration Affiliated to Medical Innovation Research Department and 4 Medical Center, PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical College; PLA Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration; Research Unit of Trauma Care, Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU051, Beijing 100048, P. R. China
| | - Yiyue Hong
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration Affiliated to Medical Innovation Research Department and 4 Medical Center, PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical College; PLA Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration; Research Unit of Trauma Care, Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU051, Beijing 100048, P. R. China
| | - Lu Wu
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration Affiliated to Medical Innovation Research Department and 4 Medical Center, PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical College; PLA Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration; Research Unit of Trauma Care, Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU051, Beijing 100048, P. R. China
| | - Aizhen Cai
- Correspondence. Sun Xiaoyan, ; Xiaobing Fu, ; Aizhen Cai,
| | - Xiaobing Fu
- Correspondence. Sun Xiaoyan, ; Xiaobing Fu, ; Aizhen Cai,
| | - Xiaoyan Sun
- Correspondence. Sun Xiaoyan, ; Xiaobing Fu, ; Aizhen Cai,
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29
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An L, Kim D, Donahue L, Mejooli MA, Chi-Yong E, Nishimura N, White AC. Sexual dimorphism in melanocyte stem cell behavior reveals combinational therapeutic strategies for cutaneous repigmentation. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.22.541644. [PMID: 37293072 PMCID: PMC10245926 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.22.541644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Vitiligo is an autoimmune skin disease caused by cutaneous melanocyte loss. Although phototherapy and T cell suppression therapy have been widely used to induce epidermal repigmentation, full pigmentation recovery is rarely achieved due to our poor understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms governing this process. Here, we identify unique melanocyte stem cell (McSC) epidermal migration rates between male and female mice, which is due to sexually dimorphic cutaneous inflammatory responses generated by ultra-violet B exposure. Using genetically engineered mouse models, and unbiased bulk and single-cell mRNA sequencing approaches, we determine that manipulating the inflammatory response through cyclooxygenase and its downstream prostaglandin product regulates McSC proliferation and epidermal migration in response to UVB exposure. Furthermore, we demonstrate that a combinational therapy that manipulates both macrophages and T cells (or innate and adaptive immunity) significantly promotes epidermal melanocyte re-population. With these findings, we propose a novel therapeutic strategy for repigmentation in patients with depigmentation conditions such as vitiligo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luye An
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA, 14850
| | - Dahihm Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA, 14850
| | - Leanne Donahue
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA, 14850
| | | | - Eom Chi-Yong
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA, 14850
| | - Nozomi Nishimura
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA, 14850
| | - Andrew C White
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA, 14850
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30
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Taylor MA, Kandyba E, Halliwill K, Delrosario R, Koroshkin M, Goodarzi H, Quigley D, Li YR, Wu D, Bollam S, Mirzoeva O, Akhurst RJ, Balmain A. Gene networks reveal stem-cell state convergence during preneoplasia and progression to malignancy in multistage skin carcinogenesis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.08.539863. [PMID: 37215032 PMCID: PMC10197547 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.08.539863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Adult mammalian stem cells play critical roles in normal tissue homeostasis, as well as in tumor development, by contributing to cell heterogeneity, plasticity, and development of drug resistance. The relationship between different types of normal and cancer stem cells is highly controversial and poorly understood. Here, we carried out gene expression network analysis of normal and tumor samples from genetically heterogeneous mice to create network metagenes for visualization of stem-cell networks, rather than individual stem-cell markers, at the single-cell level during multistage carcinogenesis. We combined this approach with lineage tracing and single-cell RNASeq of stem cells and their progeny, identifying a previously unrecognized hierarchy in which Lgr6+ stem cells from tumors generate progeny that express a range of other stem-cell markers including Sox2, Pitx1, Foxa1, Klf5, and Cd44. Our data identify a convergence of multiple stem-cell and tumor-suppressor pathways in benign tumor cells expressing markers of lineage plasticity and oxidative stress. This same single-cell population expresses network metagenes corresponding to markers of cancer drug resistance in human tumors of the skin, lung and prostate. Treatment of mouse squamous carcinomas in vivo with the chemotherapeutic cis-platin resulted in elevated expression of the genes that mark this cell population. Our data have allowed us to create a simplified model of multistage carcinogenesis that identifies distinct stem-cell states at different stages of tumor progression, thereby identifying networks involved in lineage plasticity, drug resistance, and immune surveillance, providing a rich source of potential targets for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Taylor
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco; San Francisco, 94158, USA
| | - Eve Kandyba
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco; San Francisco, 94158, USA
| | - Kyle Halliwill
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco; San Francisco, 94158, USA
| | - Reyno Delrosario
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco; San Francisco, 94158, USA
| | - Matvei Koroshkin
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco; San Francisco, 94158, USA
| | - Hani Goodarzi
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco; San Francisco, 94158, USA
| | - David Quigley
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco; San Francisco, 94158, USA
| | - Yun Rose Li
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco; San Francisco, 94158, USA
| | - Di Wu
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco; San Francisco, 94158, USA
| | - Saumya Bollam
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco; San Francisco, 94158, USA
| | - Olga Mirzoeva
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco; San Francisco, 94158, USA
| | - Rosemary J. Akhurst
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco; San Francisco, 94158, USA
| | - Allan Balmain
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco; San Francisco, 94158, USA
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31
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Agarwal R, Dittmar T, Beer HD, Kunz M, Müller S, Kappos EA, Contassot E, Navarini AA. Human epidermis organotypic cultures, a reproducible system recapitulating the epidermis in vitro. Exp Dermatol 2023. [PMID: 37114406 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
The translatability of research is highly dependent on models that recapitulate human tissues and organs. Here, we describe a procedure for the generation of human epidermis organotypic cultures (HEOCs) from primary keratinocytes isolated from foreskin and adult skin as well as from an immortalized keratinocyte cell line (KerTr). We tested several media conditions to develop a defined HEOC growing and expansion media. We characterized the HEOCs and show that in optimal culture conditions they express the proliferation marker Ki67, the basement membrane protein collagen 17 (col17) and the epidermal differentiation markers keratin 15 (K15), keratin 14 (K14), keratin 5 (K5), keratin 10 (K10), keratin 1 (K1), transglutaminase 1 (TGM1), transglutaminase 3 (TGM3) and filaggrin (FLG). Thus, they recapitulate the human epidermis and are stratified from the basal layer to the stratum corneum. These HEOC can be generated reproducibly on a large scale, making it an invaluable model for screening therapeutic compounds and also for the study of pathologies affecting the epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishika Agarwal
- Dermatology Department, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Tanja Dittmar
- Dermatology Department, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Dietmar Beer
- Dermatology Department, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Kunz
- Dermatology Department, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Simon Müller
- Dermatology Department, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth A Kappos
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Emmanuel Contassot
- Dermatology Department, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexander A Navarini
- Dermatology Department, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Pereira B, Duque K, Ramos-Gonzalez G, Díaz-Solano D, Wittig O, Zamora M, Gledhill T, Cardier JE. Wound healing by transplantation of mesenchymal stromal cells loaded on polyethylene terephthalate scaffold: Implications for skin injury treatment. Injury 2023; 54:1071-1081. [PMID: 36801131 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2023.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several clinical studies have shown that cellular therapy based on mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) transplantation may accelerate wound healing. One major challenge is the delivery system used for MSCs transplantation. In this work, we evaluated the capacity of a scaffold based on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) to maintain the viability and biological functions of MSCs, in vitro. We examined the capacity of MSCs loaded on PET (MSCs/PET) to induce wound healing in an experimental model of full-thickness wound. METHODS Human MSCs were seeded and cultured on PET membranes at 37 °C for 48 h. Adhesion, viability, proliferation, migration, multipotential differentiation and chemokine production were evaluated in cultures of MSCs/PET. The possible therapeutic effect of MSCs/PET on the re-epithelialization of full thickness wounds was examined at day 3 post-wounding in C57BL/6 mice. Histological and immunohistochemical (IH) studies were performed to evaluate wound re-epithelialization and the presence of epithelial progenitor cells (EPC). As controls, wounds without treatment or treated with PET were established. RESULTS We observed MSCs adhered to PET membranes and maintained their viability, proliferation and migration. They preserved their multipotential capacity of differentiation and ability of chemokine production. MSCs/PET implants promoted an accelerated wound re-epithelialization, after three days post-wounding. It was associated with the presence of EPC Lgr6+ and K6+. DISCUSSION Our results show that MSCs/PET implants induce a rapid re-epithelialization of deep- and full-thickness wounds. MSCs/PET implants constitute a potential clinical therapy for treating cutaneous wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betzabeth Pereira
- Unidad de Terapia Celular - Laboratorio de Patología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Medicina Regenerativa, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Apartado 21827, Caracas 1020-A, Venezuela; Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología Celular, Centro de Biofísica y Bioquímica, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Apartado 21827, Caracas 1020-A, Venezuela
| | - Kharelys Duque
- Unidad de Terapia Celular - Laboratorio de Patología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Medicina Regenerativa, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Apartado 21827, Caracas 1020-A, Venezuela
| | - Giselle Ramos-Gonzalez
- Unidad de Terapia Celular - Laboratorio de Patología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Medicina Regenerativa, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Apartado 21827, Caracas 1020-A, Venezuela
| | - Dylana Díaz-Solano
- Unidad de Terapia Celular - Laboratorio de Patología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Medicina Regenerativa, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Apartado 21827, Caracas 1020-A, Venezuela
| | - Olga Wittig
- Unidad de Terapia Celular - Laboratorio de Patología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Medicina Regenerativa, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Apartado 21827, Caracas 1020-A, Venezuela
| | - Mariela Zamora
- Departamento de Dermatologia, Hospital Militar "Dr Carlos Arvelo, Venezuela
| | - Teresa Gledhill
- Servicio de Anatomía Patológica, Hospital Vargas, Caracas 1010-A, Venezuela
| | - José E Cardier
- Unidad de Terapia Celular - Laboratorio de Patología Celular y Molecular, Centro de Medicina Regenerativa, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Apartado 21827, Caracas 1020-A, Venezuela.
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Doherty L, Wan M, Peterson A, Youngstrom DW, King JS, Kalajzic I, Hankenson KD, Sanjay A. Wnt-associated adult stem cell marker Lgr6 is required for osteogenesis and fracture healing. Bone 2023; 169:116681. [PMID: 36708855 PMCID: PMC10015414 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2023.116681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Despite the remarkable regenerative capacity of skeletal tissues, nonunion of bone and failure of fractures to heal properly presents a significant clinical concern. Stem and progenitor cells are present in bone and become activated following injury; thus, elucidating mechanisms that promote adult stem cell-mediated healing is important. Wnt-associated adult stem marker Lgr6 is implicated in the regeneration of tissues with well-defined stem cell niches in stem cell-reliant organs. Here, we demonstrate that Lgr6 is dynamically expressed in osteoprogenitors in response to fracture injury. We used an Lgr6-null mouse model and found that Lgr6 expression is necessary for maintaining bone volume and efficient postnatal bone regeneration in adult mice. Skeletal progenitors isolated from Lgr6-null mice have reduced colony-forming potential and reduced osteogenic differentiation capacity due to attenuated cWnt signaling. Lgr6-null mice consist of a lower proportion of self-renewing stem cells. In response to fracture injury, Lgr6-null mice have a deficiency in the proliferation of periosteal progenitors and reduced ALP activity. Further, analysis of the bone regeneration phase and remodeling phase of fracture healing in Lgr6-null mice showed impaired endochondral ossification and decreased mineralization. We propose that in contrast to not being required for successful skeletal development, Lgr6-positive cells have a direct role in endochondral bone repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Doherty
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UConn Musculoskeletal Institute, School of Medicine, USA; School of Dental Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Matthew Wan
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UConn Musculoskeletal Institute, School of Medicine, USA
| | - Anna Peterson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UConn Musculoskeletal Institute, School of Medicine, USA
| | - Daniel W Youngstrom
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UConn Musculoskeletal Institute, School of Medicine, USA
| | - Justin S King
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UConn Musculoskeletal Institute, School of Medicine, USA
| | - Ivo Kalajzic
- School of Dental Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; Department of Reconstructive Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Kurt D Hankenson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Archana Sanjay
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UConn Musculoskeletal Institute, School of Medicine, USA.
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Yusupova M, Fuchs Y. To not love thy neighbor: mechanisms of cell competition in stem cells and beyond. Cell Death Differ 2023; 30:979-991. [PMID: 36813919 PMCID: PMC10070350 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-023-01114-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell competition describes the process in which cells of greater fitness are capable of sensing and instructing elimination of lesser fit mutant cells. Since its discovery in Drosophila, cell competition has been established as a critical regulator of organismal development, homeostasis, and disease progression. It is therefore unsurprising that stem cells (SCs), which are central to these processes, harness cell competition to remove aberrant cells and preserve tissue integrity. Here, we describe pioneering studies of cell competition across a variety of cellular contexts and organisms, with the ultimate goal of better understanding competition in mammalian SCs. Furthermore, we explore the modes through which SC competition takes place and how this facilitates normal cellular function or contributes to pathological states. Finally, we discuss how understanding of this critical phenomenon will enable targeting of SC-driven processes, including regeneration and tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Yusupova
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biology, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Lorry Lokey Interdisciplinary Center for Life Sciences & Engineering, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yaron Fuchs
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biology, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
- Lorry Lokey Interdisciplinary Center for Life Sciences & Engineering, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.
- Augmanity, Rehovot, Israel.
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Zhao P, Dang Z, Liu M, Guo D, Luo R, Zhang M, Xie F, Zhang X, Wang Y, Pan S, Ma X. Molecular hydrogen promotes wound healing by inducing early epidermal stem cell proliferation and extracellular matrix deposition. Inflamm Regen 2023; 43:22. [PMID: 36973725 PMCID: PMC10044764 DOI: 10.1186/s41232-023-00271-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite progress in developing wound care strategies, there is currently no treatment that promotes the self-tissue repair capabilities. H2 has been shown to effectively protect cells and tissues from oxidative and inflammatory damage. While comprehensive effects and how H2 functions in wound healing remains unknown, especially for the link between H2 and extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition and epidermal stem cells (EpSCs) activation. METHODS Here, we established a cutaneous aseptic wound model and applied a high concentration of H2 (66% H2) in a treatment chamber. Molecular mechanisms and the effects of healing were evaluated by gene functional enrichment analysis, digital spatial profiler analysis, blood perfusion/oxygen detection assay, in vitro tube formation assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunofluorescent staining, non-targeted metabonomic analysis, flow cytometry, transmission electron microscope, and live-cell imaging. RESULTS We revealed that a high concentration of H2 (66% H2) greatly increased the healing rate (3 times higher than the control group) on day 11 post-wounding. The effect was not dependent on O2 or anti-reactive oxygen species functions. Histological and cellular experiments proved the fast re-epithelialization in the H2 group. ECM components early (3 days post-wounding) deposition were found in the H2 group of the proximal wound, especially for the dermal col-I, epidermal col-III, and dermis-epidermis-junction col-XVII. H2 accelerated early autologous EpSCs proliferation (1-2 days in advance) and then differentiation into myoepithelial cells. These epidermal myoepithelial cells could further contribute to ECM deposition. Other beneficial outcomes include sustained moist healing, greater vascularization, less T-helper-1 and T-helper-17 cell-related systemic inflammation, and better tissue remodelling. CONCLUSION We have discovered a novel pattern of wound healing induced by molecular hydrogen treatment. This is the first time to reveal the direct link between H2 and ECM deposition and EpSCs activation. These H2-induced multiple advantages in healing may be related to the enhancement of cell viability in various cells and the maintenance of mitochondrial functions at a basic level in the biological processes of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengxiang Zhao
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Molecular Hydrogen Research Center, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China
- Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Antivirus Drug, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Dang
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Molecular Hydrogen Research Center, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China
- Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Antivirus Drug, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengyu Liu
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Molecular Hydrogen Research Center, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China
- Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Antivirus Drug, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China
| | - Dazhi Guo
- Department of Hyperbaric Oxygen, Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruiliu Luo
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Molecular Hydrogen Research Center, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China
- Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Antivirus Drug, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingzi Zhang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (Dongdan campus), No. 1 Shuaifuyuan Wangfujing Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Xie
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Molecular Hydrogen Research Center, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China
- Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Antivirus Drug, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China
| | - Xujuan Zhang
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Molecular Hydrogen Research Center, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China
- Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Antivirus Drug, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China
| | - Youbin Wang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital (Dongdan campus), No. 1 Shuaifuyuan Wangfujing Dongcheng District, Beijing, 100730, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuyi Pan
- Department of Hyperbaric Oxygen, Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuemei Ma
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China.
- Beijing Molecular Hydrogen Research Center, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China.
- Beijing International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Antivirus Drug, Beijing, 100124, People's Republic of China.
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Ji S, Xiong M, Chen H, Liu Y, Zhou L, Hong Y, Wang M, Wang C, Fu X, Sun X. Cellular rejuvenation: molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic interventions for diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:116. [PMID: 36918530 PMCID: PMC10015098 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01343-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The ageing process is a systemic decline from cellular dysfunction to organ degeneration, with more predisposition to deteriorated disorders. Rejuvenation refers to giving aged cells or organisms more youthful characteristics through various techniques, such as cellular reprogramming and epigenetic regulation. The great leaps in cellular rejuvenation prove that ageing is not a one-way street, and many rejuvenative interventions have emerged to delay and even reverse the ageing process. Defining the mechanism by which roadblocks and signaling inputs influence complex ageing programs is essential for understanding and developing rejuvenative strategies. Here, we discuss the intrinsic and extrinsic factors that counteract cell rejuvenation, and the targeted cells and core mechanisms involved in this process. Then, we critically summarize the latest advances in state-of-art strategies of cellular rejuvenation. Various rejuvenation methods also provide insights for treating specific ageing-related diseases, including cellular reprogramming, the removal of senescence cells (SCs) and suppression of senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), metabolic manipulation, stem cells-associated therapy, dietary restriction, immune rejuvenation and heterochronic transplantation, etc. The potential applications of rejuvenation therapy also extend to cancer treatment. Finally, we analyze in detail the therapeutic opportunities and challenges of rejuvenation technology. Deciphering rejuvenation interventions will provide further insights into anti-ageing and ageing-related disease treatment in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaifei Ji
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration Affiliated to Medical Innovation Research Department and 4th Medical Center, PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical College; PLA Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration; Research Unit of Trauma Care, Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU051, Beijing, 100048, P. R. China
| | - Mingchen Xiong
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration Affiliated to Medical Innovation Research Department and 4th Medical Center, PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical College; PLA Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration; Research Unit of Trauma Care, Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU051, Beijing, 100048, P. R. China
| | - Huating Chen
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration Affiliated to Medical Innovation Research Department and 4th Medical Center, PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical College; PLA Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration; Research Unit of Trauma Care, Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU051, Beijing, 100048, P. R. China
| | - Yiqiong Liu
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration Affiliated to Medical Innovation Research Department and 4th Medical Center, PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical College; PLA Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration; Research Unit of Trauma Care, Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU051, Beijing, 100048, P. R. China
| | - Laixian Zhou
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration Affiliated to Medical Innovation Research Department and 4th Medical Center, PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical College; PLA Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration; Research Unit of Trauma Care, Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU051, Beijing, 100048, P. R. China
| | - Yiyue Hong
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration Affiliated to Medical Innovation Research Department and 4th Medical Center, PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical College; PLA Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration; Research Unit of Trauma Care, Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU051, Beijing, 100048, P. R. China
| | - Mengyang Wang
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration Affiliated to Medical Innovation Research Department and 4th Medical Center, PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical College; PLA Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration; Research Unit of Trauma Care, Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU051, Beijing, 100048, P. R. China
| | - Chunming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, 999078, Macau SAR, China.
| | - Xiaobing Fu
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration Affiliated to Medical Innovation Research Department and 4th Medical Center, PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical College; PLA Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration; Research Unit of Trauma Care, Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU051, Beijing, 100048, P. R. China.
| | - Xiaoyan Sun
- Research Center for Tissue Repair and Regeneration Affiliated to Medical Innovation Research Department and 4th Medical Center, PLA General Hospital and PLA Medical College; PLA Key Laboratory of Tissue Repair and Regenerative Medicine and Beijing Key Research Laboratory of Skin Injury, Repair and Regeneration; Research Unit of Trauma Care, Tissue Repair and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, 2019RU051, Beijing, 100048, P. R. China.
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van Kerkhof P, Kralj T, Spanevello F, van Bloois L, Jordens I, van der Vaart J, Jamieson C, Merenda A, Mastrobattista E, Maurice MM. RSPO3 Furin domain-conjugated liposomes for selective drug delivery to LGR5-high cells. J Control Release 2023; 356:72-83. [PMID: 36813038 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
The transmembrane receptor LGR5 potentiates Wnt/β-catenin signaling by binding both secreted R-spondin (RSPOs) and the Wnt tumor suppressors RNF43/ZNRF3, directing clearance of RNF43/ZNRF3 from the cell surface. Besides being widely used as a stem cell marker in various tissues, LGR5 is overexpressed in many types of malignancies, including colorectal cancer. Its expression characterizes a subpopulation of cancer cells that play a crucial role in tumor initiation, progression and cancer relapse, known as cancer stem cells (CSCs). For this reason, ongoing efforts are aimed at eradicating LGR5-positive CSCs. Here, we engineered liposomes decorated with different RSPO proteins to specifically detect and target LGR5-positive cells. Using fluorescence-loaded liposomes, we show that conjugation of full-length RSPO1 to the liposomal surface mediates aspecific, LGR5-independent cellular uptake, largely mediated by heparan sulfate proteoglycan binding. By contrast, liposomes decorated only with the Furin (FuFu) domains of RSPO3 are taken up by cells in a highly specific, LGR5-dependent manner. Moreover, encapsulating doxorubicin in FuFuRSPO3 liposomes allowed us to selectively inhibit the growth of LGR5-high cells. Thus, FuFuRSPO3-coated liposomes allow for the selective detection and ablation of LGR5-high cells, providing a potential drug delivery system for LGR5-targeted anti-cancer strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter van Kerkhof
- Oncode Institute and Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Tomica Kralj
- Oncode Institute and Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Francesca Spanevello
- Oncode Institute and Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Louis van Bloois
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Jordens
- Oncode Institute and Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jelte van der Vaart
- Oncode Institute and Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Cara Jamieson
- Oncode Institute and Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Alessandra Merenda
- Oncode Institute and Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Enrico Mastrobattista
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Madelon M Maurice
- Oncode Institute and Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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High expression of LGR6 is a poor prognostic factor in esophageal carcinoma. Pathol Res Pract 2023; 242:154312. [PMID: 36701848 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2023.154312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein-coupled receptor 6 (LGR6) promotes carcinogenesis and progression in some cancer types. However, there are few reports of LGR6 expression in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). LGR6 expression and clinicopathological features in ESCC were investigated by RNAscope, a highly sensitive RNA in situ hybridization method. METHODS Appropriate tumors were selected from 41 cases of ESCC from which tissue microarrays were generated, and LGR6 expression was identified by RNAscope. RESULTS Thirty-seven patients had LGR6 expression. High LGR6 expression was observed in 17 cases and low LGR6 expression in 24 cases. LGR6 expression was significantly higher in high histological grade ESCC than in low histological grade ESCC (P = 0.0023). ESCC patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy had significantly higher LGR6 expression than those without neoadjuvant chemotherapy (P = 0.0109). Furthermore, high LGR6 expression showed a poorer prognosis than low LGR6 expression (log-rank test, P = 0.0365). CONCLUSIONS LGR6 may be a prognostic factor and a potential new therapeutic target in ESCC.
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Oak ASW, Cotsarelis G. Wound-Induced Hair Neogenesis: A Portal to the Development of New Therapies for Hair Loss and Wound Regeneration. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2023; 15:cshperspect.a041239. [PMID: 36123030 PMCID: PMC9899649 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Adult mammals retain the remarkable ability to regenerate hair follicles after wounding. Wound-induced hair neogenesis (WIHN) in many ways recapitulates embryogenesis. The origin of the stem cells that give rise to a nascent hair follicle after wounding and the role of mesenchymal cells and signaling pathways responsible for this regenerative phenomenon are slowly being elucidated. WIHN provides a potential therapeutic window for manipulating cell fate by the introduction of factors during the wound healing process to enhance hair follicle formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen S W Oak
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - George Cotsarelis
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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40
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Eggerstedt M, Torres-Maldonado S, Danielian A, Hwang SHJ, Echanique KA. Impact of defensins-containing body cream on skin composition. J Cosmet Dermatol 2023; 22:620-627. [PMID: 35621235 PMCID: PMC10087582 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.15118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Defensins are peptides capable of reactivating latent LGR6 stem cells in the basal layer. When applied topically, these peptides can reduce signs of skin aging and increase dermal thickness. This study investigates the effects of a topical defensin formulation on extremity skin composition. METHODS An open label, single arm clinical trial was conducted on participants with dry, photoaged, or dull skin. A defensin-containing hand and body cream was applied twice daily for 6 weeks to the hands, forearms, elbows, and knees. Photographs and objective measurements of skin hydration, viscoelasticity (VE), retraction time (RT), thickness, density/transepidermal water loss (TEWL), as well as self-evaluation of skin quality and characteristics were obtained pre- and post- intervention. RESULTS After the study period, RT decreased by 56% across all body sites (p < 0.001) and VE improved at the elbow (125%, p = 0.009) and knee (110%, p < 0.001). Skin density also increased in all 4 body sites (40%, p < 0.001), while skin thickness increased at the elbow (29%, p = 0.03) and knee (17%, p = 0.04). Skin hydration increased at the elbow, knee, and forearm by 99%, 28%, and 16%, respectively (p < 0.05), while TEWL improved at the elbow only (-39%, p = 0.02). Patients' self-evaluations showed improvements in overall skin quality and in the domains of dryness, ashiness, wrinkling, pigmentation, redness, roughness, and discomfort (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Following 6-week use of a defensin-containing cream, subjects reported significant improvement across many subjective skin domains. Similarly, objective measurements demonstrated significant improvement in skin architecture at select sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Eggerstedt
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Solymar Torres-Maldonado
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Arman Danielian
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Song Hon Josh Hwang
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Kristen A Echanique
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Palmieri TL. Emerging Therapies for Full-Thickness Skin Regeneration. J Burn Care Res 2023; 44:S65-S67. [PMID: 36567471 DOI: 10.1093/jbcr/irac102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The classical treatment of extensive full-thickness skin loss due to trauma or burns has been the split-thickness skin graft. While split-thickness skin grafts close the wound, they leave patients with visible scars, dry skin, pruritis, pain, pigmentation alterations, and changes in sensation. The optimal replacement for full-thickness skin loss is replacement with intact full-thickness skin. New technologies combined with advances in the understanding of the mechanisms behind wound healing have led to the development of techniques and products that may eventually recapitulate the functions, appearance, and physical properties of normal skin. Autologous homologous skin constructs, minimal functional skin units, and composite bioengineered skin with dermal substitutes all represent potential avenues for full-thickness composite skin development and application in extensive wounds. This article summarizes the progress, state, and future of full-thickness skin regeneration in burn and massive wound patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina L Palmieri
- Shriners Children's Northern California and University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
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miR-27a Targeting PIK3R3 Regulates the Proliferation and Apoptosis of Sheep Hair Follicle Stem Cells. Animals (Basel) 2022; 13:ani13010141. [PMID: 36611750 PMCID: PMC9817964 DOI: 10.3390/ani13010141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Micro RNAs are regulatory factors in tissue development, organ formation, cell growth, apoptosis and other biological processes. In particular, several miRNAs are related to the development of hair follicles. Here, we investigated the effect of the targeting of PIK3R3 by miR-27a on the AKT/MTOR pathway and on the proliferation and apoptosis of hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs) in sheep. Knockdown of the expression of PIK3R3 was found to significantly inhibit the proliferation and promote the apoptosis of HFSCs. Similarly, a miR-27a mimic significantly inhibited the proliferation and promoted the apoptosis of HFSCs. The miR-27a mimic was also shown to significantly inhibit the expression of PIK3R3, AKT, and MTOR and the phosphorylation of AKT and MTOR, while a miR-27a inhibitor increased the expression of these genes. The presence of an miR-27a binding site in the 3' UTR of PIK3R3 was identified by a bioinformatics analysis, and the interaction was verified with a dual-luciferase reporter assay. The expression of PIK3R3 mRNA and protein was negatively correlated with the presence of miR-27a, which suggests that this interaction may be involved in the biological impacts on proliferation and apoptosis. Thus, this study demonstrates that miR-27a plays a potential role in the proliferation and apoptosis of sheep hair follicle stem cells by targeting PIK3R3, which can be used to design new methods to improve sheep wool.
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Han J, Lin K, Choo H, Chen Y, Zhang X, Xu RH, Wang X, Wu Y. Distinct bulge stem cell populations maintain the pilosebaceous unit in a β-catenin-dependent manner. iScience 2022; 26:105805. [PMID: 36619975 PMCID: PMC9813789 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The pilosebaceous unit (PSU) is composed of multiple compartments and the self-renewal of PSU depends on distinct hair follicle stem cell (HFSC) populations. However, the differential roles of the HFSCs in sebaceous gland (SG) renewal have not been completely understood. Here, we performed multiple lineage tracing analysis to unveil the contribution of different HFSC populations to PSU regeneration during the hair cycle and wound healing. Our results indicated that the upper bulge stem cells contributed extensively to the SG replenishment during hair cycling, while HFSCs in the lower bugle did not. During skin wound healing, all HFSC populations participated in the SG replenishment. Moreover, β-catenin activation promoted the contribution of HFSCs to SG replenishment, whereas β-catenin deletion substantially repressed the event. Thus, our findings indicated that HFSCs contributed to SG replenishment in a β-catenin-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Han
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Kaijun Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - HuiQin Choo
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute (TBSI), Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yu Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Health Sciences and Technology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xuezheng Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ren-He Xu
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau, China
| | - Xusheng Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Corresponding author
| | - Yaojiong Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Health Sciences and Technology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
- Corresponding author
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Xu K, Yu E, Wu M, Wei P, Yin J. Cells, growth factors and biomaterials used in tissue engineering for hair follicles regeneration. Regen Ther 2022; 21:596-610. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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Shim J, Park J, Abudureyimu G, Kim MH, Shim JS, Jang KT, Kwon EJ, Jang HS, Yeo E, Lee JH, Lee D. Comparative Spatial Transcriptomic and Single-Cell Analyses of Human Nail Units and Hair Follicles Show Transcriptional Similarities between the Onychodermis and Follicular Dermal Papilla. J Invest Dermatol 2022; 142:3146-3157.e12. [PMID: 35853486 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The nail unit and hair follicle are both hard keratin-producing organs that share various biological features. In this study, we used digital spatial profiling and single-cell RNA sequencing to define a spatially resolved expression profile of the human nail unit and hair follicle. Our approach showed the presence of a nail-specific mesenchymal population called onychofibroblasts within the onychodermis. Onychodermis and follicular dermal papilla both expressed Wnt and bone morphogenetic protein signaling molecules. In addition, nail matrix epithelium and hair matrix showed very similar expressions profile, including the expression of hard keratins and HOXC13, a transcriptional regulator of the hair shaft. Integration of single-cell RNA sequencing and digital spatial profiling data through computational deconvolution methods estimated epithelial and mesenchymal cell abundance in the nail- and hair-specific regions of interest and revealed close transcriptional similarity between these major skin appendages. To analyze the function of bone morphogenetic proteins in nail differentiation, we treated cultured human nail matrix keratinocytes with BMP5, which are highly expressed by onychofibroblasts. We observed increased expressions of hard keratin and its regulator genes such as HOXC13. Collectively, our data suggest that onychodermis is the counterpart of dermal papilla and that BMP5 in onychofibroblasts plays a key role in the differentiation of nail matrix keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonho Shim
- Department of Dermatology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye Park
- Department of Dermatology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gulimila Abudureyimu
- Department of Dermatology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Hee Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Sup Shim
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kee-Taek Jang
- Department of Pathology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ji Kwon
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Hyung-Suk Jang
- Department of Dermatology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunhye Yeo
- Department of Dermatology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Medical Device Management and Research, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hee Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Medical Device Management and Research, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongyoun Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Ter Steege EJ, Sijnesael T, Enserink L, Klarenbeek S, Haakma WE, Bakker ERM, Derksen PWB. LGR6-dependent conditional inactivation of E-cadherin and p53 leads to invasive skin and mammary carcinomas in mice. Neoplasia 2022; 35:100844. [PMID: 36371908 PMCID: PMC9664519 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2022.100844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-specific inactivation of E-cadherin combined with tumor suppressor loss leads to invasive and metastatic cancers in mice. While epidermal E-cadherin loss in mice induces squamous cell carcinomas, inactivation of E-cadherin in the mammary gland leads to invasive lobular carcinoma. To further explore the carcinogenic consequences of cell-cell adhesion loss in these compartments, we developed a new conditional mouse model inactivating E-cadherin (Cdh1) and p53 (Trp53) simultaneously in cells expressing the leucine-rich repeat-containing G-protein coupled receptor 6 (Lgr6), a putative epithelial stem cell marker in the skin and alveolar progenitor marker in the mammary gland. Compound Lgr6-CreERT2;Cdh1F;Trp53F female mice containing either heterozygous or homozygous Cdh1F alleles were bred, and Lgr6-driven Cre expression was activated in pre-puberal mice using tamoxifen. We observed that 41% of the mice (16/39) developed mostly invasive squamous-type skin carcinomas, but also a non-lobular mammary tumor was formed. In contrast to previous K14cre or WAPcre E-cadherin and p53 compound models, no significant differences were detected in the tumor-free survival of Lgr6-CreERT2 heterozygous Cdh1F/WT;Trp53F/F versus homozygous Cdh1F/F;Trp53F/F mice (778 versus 754 days, p=0.5). One Cdh1F homozygous mouse presented with lung metastasis that originated from a non-lobular and ERα negative invasive mammary gland carcinoma with squamous metaplasia. In total, 2/8 (25%) Cdh1F heterozygous and 3/12 (25%) Cdh1F homozygous mice developed metastases to lungs, liver, lymph nodes, or the gastro-intestinal tract. In conclusion, we show that inducible and conditional Lgr6-driven inactivation of E-cadherin and p53 in mice causes squamous cell carcinomas of the skin in approximately 40% of the mice and an occasional ductal-type mammary carcinoma after long latency periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline J Ter Steege
- The Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Thijmen Sijnesael
- The Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lotte Enserink
- The Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd Klarenbeek
- Experimental Animal Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wisse E Haakma
- The Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Elvira R M Bakker
- The Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick W B Derksen
- The Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Zouboulis CC, Coenye T, He L, Kabashima K, Kobayashi T, Niemann C, Nomura T, Oláh A, Picardo M, Quist SR, Sasano H, Schneider MR, Törőcsik D, Wong SY. Sebaceous immunobiology - skin homeostasis, pathophysiology, coordination of innate immunity and inflammatory response and disease associations. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1029818. [PMID: 36439142 PMCID: PMC9686445 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1029818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This review presents several aspects of the innovative concept of sebaceous immunobiology, which summarizes the numerous activities of the sebaceous gland including its classical physiological and pathophysiological tasks, namely sebum production and the development of seborrhea and acne. Sebaceous lipids, which represent 90% of the skin surface lipids in adolescents and adults, are markedly involved in the skin barrier function and perifollicular and dermal innate immune processes, leading to inflammatory skin diseases. Innovative experimental techniques using stem cell and sebocyte models have clarified the roles of distinct stem cells in sebaceous gland physiology and sebocyte function control mechanisms. The sebaceous gland represents an integral part of the pilosebaceous unit and its status is connected to hair follicle morphogenesis. Interestingly, professional inflammatory cells contribute to sebocyte differentiation and homeostasis, whereas the regulation of sebaceous gland function by immune cells is antigen-independent. Inflammation is involved in the very earliest differentiation changes of the pilosebaceous unit in acne. Sebocytes behave as potent immune regulators, integrating into the innate immune responses of the skin. Expressing inflammatory mediators, sebocytes also contribute to the polarization of cutaneous T cells towards the Th17 phenotype. In addition, the immune response of the perifollicular infiltrate depends on factors produced by the sebaceous glands, mostly sebaceous lipids. Human sebocytes in vitro express functional pattern recognition receptors, which are likely to interact with bacteria in acne pathogenesis. Sex steroids, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ligands, neuropeptides, endocannabinoids and a selective apoptotic process contribute to a complex regulation of sebocyte-induced immunological reaction in numerous acquired and congenital skin diseases, including hair diseases and atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos C. Zouboulis
- Departments of Dermatology, Venereology, Allergology and Immunology, Dessau Medical Center, Brandenburg Medical School Theodor Fontane and Faculty of Health Sciences Brandenburg, Dessau, Germany
| | - Tom Coenye
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Li He
- Department of Dermatology, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Kenji Kabashima
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Kobayashi
- Laboratory for Innate Immune Systems, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Catherin Niemann
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, CMMC Research Institute, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Takashi Nomura
- Department of Dermatology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Attila Oláh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Mauro Picardo
- San Gallicano Dermatologic Institute, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Sven R. Quist
- Department of Dermatology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Marlon R. Schneider
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Daniel Törőcsik
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen and ELKH-DE Allergology Research Group, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Sunny Y. Wong
- Departments of Dermatology and Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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48
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Hosseini M, Koehler KR, Shafiee A. Biofabrication of Human Skin with Its Appendages. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2201626. [PMID: 36063498 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202201626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Much effort has been made to generate human skin organ in the laboratory. Yet, the current models are limited due to the lack of many critical biological and structural features of the skin. Importantly, these in vitro models lack appendages and fail to recapitulate the whole human skin construction. Thus, engineering a human skin with the capacity to generate all components, including appendages, is a major challenge. This review intends to provide an update on the recent efforts underway to regenerate appendage-bearing skin organs based on scaffold-free and scaffold-based bioengineering approaches. Although the mouse skin equivalents containing hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands have been established in vitro, there has been limited success in humans. A combination of biofabricated matrices and cell aggregates, such as organoids, can pave the way for generating skin substitutes with human-like biological, structural, and physical features. Accordingly, the formation of human skin organoids and reconstruction of vascularized skin equipped with immune cells prompt calls for more scientific research. The generation of appendage-bearing skin substitutes can be applied in practice for wound healing, hair restoration, and scar treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motaharesadat Hosseini
- School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4059, Australia.,ARC Industrial Transformation Training Centre for Multiscale 3D Imaging, Modelling and Manufacturing (M3D), Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4059, Australia
| | - Karl R Koehler
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.,Department of Otolaryngology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Abbas Shafiee
- Herston Biofabrication Institute, Metro North Hospital and Health Service, Brisbane, QLD, 4029, Australia.,Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Metro North Hospital and Health Service, Brisbane, QLD, 4029, Australia.,The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, 4102, Australia
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49
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Ahmed NS, Foote JB, Singh KK. Impaired Mitochondria Promote Aging-Associated Sebaceous Gland Dysfunction and Pathology. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2022; 192:1546-1558. [PMID: 35948081 PMCID: PMC9667715 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2022.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is one of the hallmarks of aging. Changes in sebaceous gland (SG) function and sebum production have been reported during aging. This study shows the direct effects of mitochondrial dysfunction on SG morphology and function. A mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) depleter mouse was used as a model for introducing mitochondrial dysfunction in the whole animal. The effects on skin SGs and modified SGs of the eyelid, lip, clitoral, and preputial glands were characterized. The mtDNA depleter mice showed gross morphologic and histopathologic changes in SGs associated with increased infiltration by mast cells, neutrophils, and polarized macrophages. Consistently, there was increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines. The inflammatory changes were associated with abnormal sebocyte accumulation of lipid, defective sebum delivery at the skin surface, and the up-regulation of key lipogenesis-regulating genes and androgen receptor. The mtDNA depleter mice expressed aging-associated senescent marker. Increased sebocyte proliferation and aberrant expression of stem cell markers were observed. These studies provide, for the first time, a causal link between mitochondrial dysfunction and abnormal sebocyte function within sebaceous and modified SGs throughout the whole body of the animal. They suggest that mtDNA depleter mouse may serve as a novel tool to develop targeted therapeutics to address SG disorders in aging humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha S Ahmed
- Department of Genetics, Heersink School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Dermatology, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Jeremy B Foote
- Department of Microbiology, Heersink School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Animal Resources Program, Heersink School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Keshav K Singh
- Department of Genetics, Heersink School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Pathology, Heersink School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama; Department of Dermatology, Heersink School of Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.
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50
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Colozza G, Park SY, Koo BK. Clone wars: From molecules to cell competition in intestinal stem cell homeostasis and disease. Exp Mol Med 2022; 54:1367-1378. [PMID: 36117218 PMCID: PMC9534868 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-022-00854-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The small intestine is among the fastest self-renewing tissues in adult mammals. This rapid turnover is fueled by the intestinal stem cells residing in the intestinal crypt. Wnt signaling plays a pivotal role in regulating intestinal stem cell renewal and differentiation, and the dysregulation of this pathway leads to cancer formation. Several studies demonstrate that intestinal stem cells follow neutral drift dynamics, as they divide symmetrically to generate other equipotent stem cells. Competition for niche space and extrinsic signals in the intestinal crypt is the governing mechanism that regulates stemness versus cell differentiation, but the underlying molecular mechanisms are still poorly understood, and it is not yet clear how this process changes during disease. In this review, we highlight the mechanisms that regulate stem cell homeostasis in the small intestine, focusing on Wnt signaling and its regulation by RNF43 and ZNRF3, key inhibitors of the Wnt pathway. Furthermore, we summarize the evidence supporting the current model of intestinal stem cell regulation, highlighting the principles of neutral drift at the basis of intestinal stem cell homeostasis. Finally, we discuss recent studies showing how cancer cells bypass this mechanism to gain a competitive advantage against neighboring normal cells. Stem cells in the gut rapidly renew themselves through processes that cancer cells co-opt to trigger tumor development. Gabriele Colozza from the Institute of Molecular Biotechnology in Vienna, Austria, and colleagues review how a network of critical molecular signals and competition for limited space help to regulate the dynamics of stem cells in the intestines. The correct balance between self-renewal and differentiation is tightly controlled by the so-called Wnt signaling pathway and its inhibitors. Competition between dividing cells in the intestinal crypts, the locations between finger-like protrusions in the gut where stem cells are found, provides another protective mechanism against runaway stem cell growth. However, intestinal cancer cells, thanks to their activating mutations, bypass these safeguards to gain a survival advantage. Drugs that target these ‘super-competitive’ behaviors could therefore help combat tumor proliferation.
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