1
|
Su H, Wang M, Li X, Duan S, Sun Q, Sun Y, Wang Z, Yang Q, Huang Y, Zhong J, Chen J, Jiang X, Ma J, Yang T, Liu Y, Luo L, Liu Y, Yang J, Chen G, Liu C, Cai Y, He G. Population genetic admixture and evolutionary history in the Shandong Peninsula inferred from integrative modern and ancient genomic resources. BMC Genomics 2024; 25:611. [PMID: 38890579 PMCID: PMC11184692 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-024-10514-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ancient northern East Asians (ANEA) from the Yellow River region, who pioneered millet cultivation, play a crucial role in understanding the origins of ethnolinguistically diverse populations in modern China and the entire landscape of deep genetic structure and variation discovery in modern East Asians. However, the direct links between ANEA and geographically proximate modern populations, as well as the biological adaptive processes involved, remain poorly understood. RESULTS Here, we generated genome-wide SNP data for 264 individuals from geographically different Han populations in Shandong. An integrated genomic resource encompassing both modern and ancient East Asians was compiled to examine fine-scale population admixture scenarios and adaptive traits. The reconstruction of demographic history and hierarchical clustering patterns revealed that individuals from the Shandong Peninsula share a close genetic affinity with ANEA, indicating long-term genetic continuity and mobility in the lower Yellow River basin since the early Neolithic period. Biological adaptive signatures, including those related to immune and metabolic pathways, were identified through analyses of haplotype homozygosity and allele frequency spectra. These signatures are linked to complex traits such as height and body mass index, which may be associated with adaptations to cold environments, dietary practices, and pathogen exposure. Additionally, allele frequency trajectories over time and a haplotype network of two highly differentiated genes, ABCC11 and SLC10A1, were delineated. These genes, which are associated with axillary odor and bilirubin metabolism, respectively, illustrate how local adaptations can influence the diversification of traits in East Asians. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide a comprehensive genomic dataset that elucidates the fine-scale genetic history and evolutionary trajectory of natural selection signals and disease susceptibility in Han Chinese populations. This study serves as a paradigm for integrating spatiotemporally diverse ancient genomes in the era of population genomic medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Su
- Genetic and Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637007, Sichuan, China
- Institute of Rare Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China
- School of Laboratory Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637007, Sichuan, China
| | - Mengge Wang
- Institute of Rare Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China.
- Center for Archaeological Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China.
- Research Center for Genomic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637100, China.
| | - Xiangping Li
- Institute of Rare Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China
- School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Shuhan Duan
- Institute of Rare Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China
- Research Center for Genomic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637100, China
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College and Genetic and Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637007, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiuxia Sun
- Institute of Rare Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China
- Department of Forensic Medicine, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400331, China
| | - Yuntao Sun
- Institute of Rare Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China
- West China School of Basic Science & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhiyong Wang
- Institute of Rare Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China
- School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Qingxin Yang
- Institute of Rare Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China
- School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Yuguo Huang
- Institute of Rare Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China
| | - Jie Zhong
- Institute of Rare Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Institute of Rare Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, 030001, China
| | - Xiucheng Jiang
- Institute of Rare Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China
- Research Center for Genomic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637100, China
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College and Genetic and Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637007, Sichuan, China
| | - Jinyue Ma
- Institute of Rare Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China
- Research Center for Genomic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637100, China
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College and Genetic and Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637007, Sichuan, China
| | - Ting Yang
- Institute of Rare Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China
- School of Forensic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Yunhui Liu
- Institute of Rare Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China
- Department of Forensic Medicine, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400331, China
| | - Lintao Luo
- Institute of Rare Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China
- Department of Forensic Medicine, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400331, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Institute of Rare Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China
- Research Center for Genomic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637100, China
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College and Genetic and Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637007, Sichuan, China
| | - Junbao Yang
- Research Center for Genomic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637100, China
- Institute of Basic Medicine and Forensic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College and Genetic and Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637007, Sichuan, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410075, China
| | - Chao Liu
- Anti-Drug Technology Center of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, 510230, China.
| | - Yan Cai
- Genetic and Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637007, Sichuan, China.
| | - Guanglin He
- Institute of Rare Diseases, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China.
- Center for Archaeological Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610000, China.
- Research Center for Genomic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, 637100, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhang J, Jiang L, Yu L, Huan X, Zhou L, Wang C, Jin J, Zuo X, Wu N, Zhao Z, Sun H, Yu Z, Zhang G, Zhu J, Wu Z, Dong Y, Fan B, Shen C, Lu H. Rice's trajectory from wild to domesticated in East Asia. Science 2024; 384:901-906. [PMID: 38781358 DOI: 10.1126/science.ade4487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa) serves as a staple food for more than one-third of the global population. However, its journey from a wild gathered food to domestication remains enigmatic, sparking ongoing debates in the biological and anthropological fields. Here, we present evidence of rice phytoliths sampled from two archaeological sites in China, Shangshan and Hehuashan, near the lower reaches of the Yangtze River. We demonstrate the growth of wild rice at least 100,000 years before present, its initial exploitation as a gathered resource at about 24,000 years before present, its predomestication cultivation at about 13,000 years before present, and eventually its domestication at about 11,000 years before present. These developmental stages illuminate a protracted process of rice domestication in East Asia and extend the continuous records of cereal evolution beyond the Fertile Crescent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cenozoic Geology and Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
- Innovation Academy for Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Leping Jiang
- Zhejiang Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Lupeng Yu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water and Soil Conservation and Environmental Protection, School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China
| | - Xiujia Huan
- Key Laboratory of Cenozoic Geology and Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water and Soil Conservation and Environmental Protection, School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China
| | - Liping Zhou
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, Department of Geography, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Changsheng Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water and Soil Conservation and Environmental Protection, School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Linyi University, Linyi 276000, China
| | - Jianhui Jin
- School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Xinxin Zuo
- School of Geographical Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Naiqin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Cenozoic Geology and Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zhijun Zhao
- Institute of Cultural Heritage, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Hanlong Sun
- Zhejiang Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Zhaoyuan Yu
- Administration Center of Shangshan Site, Pujiang 322200, China
| | - Guoping Zhang
- Administration Center of Shangshan Site, Pujiang 322200, China
| | | | | | - Yajie Dong
- Key Laboratory of Cenozoic Geology and Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Baoshuo Fan
- Key Laboratory of Cenozoic Geology and Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
- College of Geographical Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Caiming Shen
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plateau Geographical Processes and Environmental Changes, Faculty of Geography, Yunnan Normal University, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Houyuan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Cenozoic Geology and Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
- Innovation Academy for Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chen G, Li G, Liu M, Ge W, Wu G, Zhan C. The firing temperatures of burnt clay from the Chinese neolithic cultural relics and its paleoenvironmental imprints. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20628. [PMID: 37842580 PMCID: PMC10569999 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of human-induced fires on the surrounding environment has been particularly significant during the Anthropocene epoch. Neolithic burnt clay, which is widely distributed in the archaeological relics of ancient civilizations across the Eurasian continent, provides pivotal information about the ancient firing stories. However, understanding of the paleoenvironmental imprints of fire in burnt clay has been largely limited by the lack of sufficient analytical data on comprehensive knowledge of ancient firing conditions. In this study, a detailed magnetic analysis was conducted on burnt clay materials from a Neolithic site in Fujian, southeastern China, which presented a burnt clay-based record of the Neolithic firing temperature in relation to paleoenvironmental conditions. Based on magnetic analysis, the ancient firing temperature was determined to be approximately 620 °C, which is comparable with other records from Eurasian Neolithic sites. Frequency-dependent magnetic susceptibility provides alternative indicative information for ancient firing conditions in addition to conventional magnetic susceptibility. Furthermore, magnetic properties of burnt clay may decode the in-situ source characteristics with respect to geological background. In addition, a potential link between temporal variations in ancient firing temperatures in burnt clay and surrounding paleoenvironmental changes is tentatively interpreted by local environmental feedback of temperature-moisture conditions and anthropogenic activity. This study further confirms the archaeological potential of thermomagnetic properties as useful indicators in paleoenvironmental studies. More work combining paleoenvironmental and archaeological archives is critically essential to understand ancient firing history in the context of environmental conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guishan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, Guangdong, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, China
| | - Guanhua Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, Guangdong, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, China
| | - Miaomiao Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster Prediction and Prevention, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, Guangdong, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Ge
- Laboratory of Archaeometry, School of History and Cultural Heritage, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian, China
| | - Guibin Wu
- Pucheng Museum, Nanping, 354200, Fujian, China
| | - Changfa Zhan
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519000, Guangdong, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
Combustion is a reactive oxidation process that releases energy bound in chemical compounds used as fuels─energy that is needed for power generation, transportation, heating, and industrial purposes. Because of greenhouse gas and local pollutant emissions associated with fossil fuels, combustion science and applications are challenged to abandon conventional pathways and to adapt toward the demand of future carbon neutrality. For the design of efficient, low-emission processes, understanding the details of the relevant chemical transformations is essential. Comprehensive knowledge gained from decades of fossil-fuel combustion research includes general principles for establishing and validating reaction mechanisms and process models, relying on both theory and experiments with a suite of analytic monitoring and sensing techniques. Such knowledge can be advantageously applied and extended to configure, analyze, and control new systems using different, nonfossil, potentially zero-carbon fuels. Understanding the impact of combustion and its links with chemistry needs some background. The introduction therefore combines information on exemplary cultural and technological achievements using combustion and on nature and effects of combustion emissions. Subsequently, the methodology of combustion chemistry research is described. A major part is devoted to fuels, followed by a discussion of selected combustion applications, illustrating the chemical information needed for the future.
Collapse
|
5
|
Prentiss AM, Laue C, Gjesfjeld E, Walsh MJ, Denis M, Foor TA. Evolution of the Okvik/Old Bering Sea culture of the Bering Strait as a major transition. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20210415. [PMID: 36688384 PMCID: PMC9869439 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Great transitions are thought to embody major shifts in locus of selection, labour diversification and communication systems. Such expectations are relevant for biological and cultural systems as decades of research has demonstrated similar dynamics within the evolution of culture. The evolution of the Neo-Inuit cultural tradition in the Bering Strait provides an ideal context for examination of cultural transitions. The Okvik/Old Bering Sea (Okvik/OBS) culture of Bering Strait is the first representative of the Neo-Inuit tradition. Archaeological evidence drawn for settlement and subsistence data, technological traditions and mortuary contexts suggests that Okvik/OBS fits the definition of a major transition given change in the nature of group membership (from families to political groups with social ranking), task organization (emergent labour specialization) and communication (advent of complex art forms conveying social and ideological information). This permits us to develop a number of implications about the evolutionary process recognizing that transitions may occur on three scales: (1) ephemeral variants, as for example, simple technological entities; (2) integrated systems, spanning modular technology to socio-economic strategies; and (3) simultaneous change across all scales with emergent properties. This article is part of the theme issue 'Human socio-cultural evolution in light of evolutionary transitions'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Cheyenne Laue
- Department of Anthropology, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Erik Gjesfjeld
- McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3ER, England
| | - Matthew J. Walsh
- Modern History and World Cultures Section, The National Museum of Denmark, Ny Vestergade 10 Prinsens Palæ 1471, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Megan Denis
- Department of Anthropology, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| | - Thomas A. Foor
- Department of Anthropology, University of Montana, Missoula, MT 59812, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Guo M, Li G, Cai M, Hou X, Huang K, Tang J, Guo CF. A Tough Hydrogel Adhesive for the Repair of Archeological Pottery. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:1371-1378. [PMID: 36735577 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c04642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Pottery is the oldest art and plays a landmark role in human civilization. The repair of ceramic relics often uses acrylic resins and cyanoacrylate adhesives. However, existing adhesives often take hours to get cured, and wet adhesion is not possible. We herein propose a redox initiator-triggered hydrogel adhesive, of which robust (∼700 J m-2) and wet adhesion with potsherds can be achieved within a few seconds. The high toughness lies in the self-limited delocalized rupture of the porous interface, and the wet adhesion is due to the hydrophilic precursor and its free radical polymerization. The hydrogel adhesive also exhibits high aging resistance for stable preservation of ∼400 annuals. We have applied the adhesive to the restoration of artifacts excavated from Yinxu, Anyang (∼1300 BC) and the Xia Jiao Shan site (∼4000 BC, Neolithic), and the adhesive is expected to be extended to applications beyond archeology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengxue Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Minkun Cai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Xingyu Hou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Kaixi Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Jigen Tang
- Department of Cultural Heritage Center, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Chuan Fei Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
The transmission of pottery technology among prehistoric European hunter-gatherers. Nat Hum Behav 2023; 7:171-183. [PMID: 36550220 PMCID: PMC9957732 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-022-01491-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Human history has been shaped by global dispersals of technologies, although understanding of what enabled these processes is limited. Here, we explore the behavioural mechanisms that led to the emergence of pottery among hunter-gatherer communities in Europe during the mid-Holocene. Through radiocarbon dating, we propose this dispersal occurred at a far faster rate than previously thought. Chemical characterization of organic residues shows that European hunter-gatherer pottery had a function structured around regional culinary practices rather than environmental factors. Analysis of the forms, decoration and technological choices suggests that knowledge of pottery spread through a process of cultural transmission. We demonstrate a correlation between the physical properties of pots and how they were used, reflecting social traditions inherited by successive generations of hunter-gatherers. Taken together the evidence supports kinship-driven, super-regional communication networks that existed long before other major innovations such as agriculture, writing, urbanism or metallurgy.
Collapse
|
8
|
Pottery spread in ancient foragers. Nat Hum Behav 2023; 7:169-170. [PMID: 36550221 DOI: 10.1038/s41562-022-01492-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
9
|
Agrawal T, Schachner A. Hearing water temperature: characterizing the development of nuanced perception of sound sources. Dev Sci 2022; 26:e13321. [PMID: 36068928 DOI: 10.1111/desc.13321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Without conscious thought, listeners link events in the world to sounds they hear. We study one surprising example: Adults can judge the temperature of water simply from hearing it being poured. We test development of the ability to hear water temperature, with the goal of informing developmental theories regarding the origins and cognitive bases of nuanced sound source judgments. We first confirmed that adults accurately distinguished the sounds of hot and cold water (pre-registered Exps. 1, 2; total N = 384), even though many were unaware or uncertain of this ability. By contrast, children showed protracted development of this skill over the course of middle childhood (Exps. 2, 3; total N = 178). In spite of accurately identifying other sounds and hot/cold images, older children (7-11 years) but not younger children (3-6 years) reliably distinguished the sounds of hot and cold water. Accuracy increased with age; 11 year old's performance was similar to adults'. Adults also showed individual differences in accuracy that were predicted by their amount of prior relevant experience (Exp. 1). Experience may similarly play a role in children's performance; differences in auditory sensitivity and multimodal integration may also contribute to young children's failures. The ability to hear water temperature develops slowly over childhood, such that nuanced auditory information that is easily and quickly accessible to adults is not available to guide young children's behavior. Adults can make nuanced judgments from sound, including accurately judging the temperature of water from the sound of it being poured. Children showed protracted development of this skill over the course of middle childhood, such that 7-11 year-olds reliably succeeded while 3-6 year-olds performed at chance. Developmental changes may be due to experience (adults with greater relevant experience showed higher accuracy) and development of multimodal integration and auditory sensitivity. Young children may not detect subtle auditory information that adults easily perceive. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Adena Schachner
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Raheem AA, Hameed P, Whenish R, Elsen RS, G A, Jaiswal AK, Prashanth KG, Manivasagam G. A Review on Development of Bio-Inspired Implants Using 3D Printing. Biomimetics (Basel) 2021; 6:65. [PMID: 34842628 PMCID: PMC8628669 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics6040065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomimetics is an emerging field of science that adapts the working principles from nature to fine-tune the engineering design aspects to mimic biological structure and functions. The application mainly focuses on the development of medical implants for hard and soft tissue replacements. Additive manufacturing or 3D printing is an established processing norm with a superior resolution and control over process parameters than conventional methods and has allowed the incessant amalgamation of biomimetics into material manufacturing, thereby improving the adaptation of biomaterials and implants into the human body. The conventional manufacturing practices had design restrictions that prevented mimicking the natural architecture of human tissues into material manufacturing. However, with additive manufacturing, the material construction happens layer-by-layer over multiple axes simultaneously, thus enabling finer control over material placement, thereby overcoming the design challenge that prevented developing complex human architectures. This review substantiates the dexterity of additive manufacturing in utilizing biomimetics to 3D print ceramic, polymer, and metal implants with excellent resemblance to natural tissue. It also cites some clinical references of experimental and commercial approaches employing biomimetic 3D printing of implants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ansheed A. Raheem
- Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular and Molecular Theranostics, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India; (A.A.R.); (P.H.); (R.W.); (A.K.J.); (G.M.)
| | - Pearlin Hameed
- Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular and Molecular Theranostics, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India; (A.A.R.); (P.H.); (R.W.); (A.K.J.); (G.M.)
| | - Ruban Whenish
- Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular and Molecular Theranostics, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India; (A.A.R.); (P.H.); (R.W.); (A.K.J.); (G.M.)
| | - Renold S. Elsen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India;
| | - Aswin G
- School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India;
| | - Amit Kumar Jaiswal
- Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular and Molecular Theranostics, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India; (A.A.R.); (P.H.); (R.W.); (A.K.J.); (G.M.)
| | - Konda Gokuldoss Prashanth
- Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular and Molecular Theranostics, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India; (A.A.R.); (P.H.); (R.W.); (A.K.J.); (G.M.)
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia
- Erich Schmid Institute of Materials Science, Austrian Academy of Science, Jahnstrasse 12, 8700 Leoben, Austria
| | - Geetha Manivasagam
- Centre for Biomaterials, Cellular and Molecular Theranostics, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore 632014, India; (A.A.R.); (P.H.); (R.W.); (A.K.J.); (G.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Introduction: New Discoveries and Theoretical Implications for the Last Foraging and First Farming in East Asia. QUATERNARY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/quat4040037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide, scientific understanding about domestication and the origins of food production is undergoing rapid change based on new data from discoveries in paleoclimates and environments, paleobiology, and archaeology [...]
Collapse
|
12
|
Craig OE. Prehistoric Fermentation, Delayed-Return Economies, and the Adoption of Pottery Technology. CURRENT ANTHROPOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1086/716610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
|
13
|
Pontzer H. Hotter and sicker: External energy expenditure and the tangled evolutionary roots of anthropogenic climate change and chronic disease. Am J Hum Biol 2021; 33:e23579. [PMID: 33629785 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The dual crises of climate change and chronic, or non-communicable, disease (NCD) have emerged worldwide as the global economy has industrialized over the past two centuries. AIMS In this synthesis I examine humans' dependence on external (non-metabolic) energy expenditure (e.g., fire, fossil fuels) as a common, root cause in these modern crises. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using fossil, archeological, and historical evidence I show that the human lineage has been dependent on external energy sources since the control of fire in the Paleolithic. This reliance has grown with the development of agriculture, the use of wind- and water-power, and the most recently with industrialization and the transition to fossil fuels. To place industrialization in context I develop a Rule of 50, whereby individuals in industrialized economies consume roughly 50-times more external energy and manufacture roughly 50-times more material than do hunter-gatherers. RESULTS Industrialization and mechanization, powered by fossil fuels, have promoted centralization and processing in food production, reduced physical activity, and increased air pollution (including greenhouse gas emissions). These developments have led in turn to NCD and climate change. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Climate change and NCD are connected both to one another and to our species' deep evolutionary dependence on external energy. Transitioning to carbon-free energy is essential to reduce the existential risks of climate change, but will likely have only modest effects on NCD. With the impending exhaustion of oil, coal, and natural gas reserves, developing replacements for fossil fuels is also critical to maintaining our species' external energy portfolio.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Herman Pontzer
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kedzierski M, Frère D, Le Maguer G, Bruzaud S. Why is there plastic packaging in the natural environment? Understanding the roots of our individual plastic waste management behaviours. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 740:139985. [PMID: 32563872 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Plastic waste is now a classic contaminant of the natural environment and the origins of the contamination need to be well understood. The transition from a useful object to a waste product is a fundamental moment that, from the point of view of the scientific literature, remains poorly understood. This review therefore aims to highlight some factors controlling this intentionality, but also those that influence individual waste management behaviours. For this purpose, an original approach involving the study of the amount of knowledge within different disciplinary fields of research has been employed. The results underline that the low direct impact of the consequences on their users of the discarding of plastic packaging seems to be an important reason for individual mismanagement. Furthermore, the modern individual behaviours of the discarding of plastics are often deeply rooted in the past of the populations. Policies to reduce waste disposal come up against strong individual behavioural constraints that limit the proper management of plastic waste. Thus, incivilities, difficulty in enforcing sanctions, or public opposition to changes in waste management are all factors that contribute to the maintenance waste discarding behaviour. The reuse behaviour of objects that have become useless is also historically attested, but has tended to disappear with the rise of the consumer society. This type of behaviour, whose valorisation is a way of reducing plastic waste abandonment behaviour, remains, however, less scientifically studied than other ways such as recycling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dominique Frère
- TEMOS UMR CNRS 9016, Université Bretagne Sud, 56100 Lorient, France
| | | | - Stéphane Bruzaud
- IRDL UMR CNRS 6027, Université Bretagne Sud, 56100 Lorient, France
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Langley MC, Suddendorf T. Mobile containers in human cognitive evolution studies: Understudied and underrepresented. Evol Anthropol 2020; 29:299-309. [DOI: 10.1002/evan.21857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 01/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle C. Langley
- Australian Research Centre for Human Evolution Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University Brisbane Australia
| | - Thomas Suddendorf
- Centre for Psychology & Evolution, Early Cognitive Development Centre School of Psychology, University of Queensland Brisbane Australia
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Shea JJ. Ofer Bar‐Yosef (1937–2020). Evol Anthropol 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/evan.21851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John J. Shea
- Anthropology DepartmentStony Brook University Stony Brook New York USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Li Z, Doyon L, Fang H, Ledevin R, Queffelec A, Raguin E, d’Errico F. A Paleolithic bird figurine from the Lingjing site, Henan, China. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233370. [PMID: 32520932 PMCID: PMC7286485 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent identification of cave paintings dated to 42-40 ka BP in Borneo and Sulawesi highlights the antiquity of painted representations in this region. However, no instances of three-dimensional portable art, well attested in Europe since at least 40 ka BP, were documented thus far in East Asia prior to the Neolithic. Here, we report the discovery of an exceptionally well-preserved miniature carving of a standing bird from the site of Lingjing, Henan, China. Microscopic and microtomographic analyses of the figurine and the study of bone fragments from the same context reveal the object was made of bone blackened by heating and carefully carved with four techniques that left diagnostic traces on the entire surface of the object. Critical analysis of the site's research history and stratigraphy, the cultural remains associated with the figurine and those recovered from the other archeological layers, as well as twenty-eight radiometric ages obtained on associated archeological items, including one provided by a bone fragment worked with the same technique recorded on the object, suggest a Late Paleolithic origin for the carving, with a probable age estimated to 13,500 years old. The carving, which predates previously known comparable instances from this region by 8,500 years, demonstrates that three-dimensional avian representations were part of East Asian Late Pleistocene cultural repertoires and identifies technological and stylistic peculiarities distinguishing this newly discovered art tradition from previous and contemporary examples found in Western Europe and Siberia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhanyang Li
- Institute of Cultural Heritage, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, P.R. of China
| | - Luc Doyon
- Institute of Cultural Heritage, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, P.R. of China
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS UMR5199 PACEA, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France
| | - Hui Fang
- Institute of Cultural Heritage, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong Province, P.R. of China
| | - Ronan Ledevin
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS UMR5199 PACEA, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France
| | - Alain Queffelec
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS UMR5199 PACEA, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France
| | - Emeline Raguin
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Francesco d’Errico
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique CNRS UMR5199 PACEA, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, Nouvelle-Aquitaine, France
- SFF Centre for Early Sapiens Behaviour (SapienCE), University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hormes J, Bovenkamp-Langlois L, Klysubun W, Kizilkaya O. Calcium X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectra: A thermometer for the firing temperature of ceramics? Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
19
|
Tseng YH, Huang HY, Xu WB, Yang HA, Peng CI, Liu Y, Chung KF. Phylogeography of Begonia luzhaiensis suggests both natural and anthropogenic causes for the marked population genetic structure. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2019; 60:20. [PMID: 31493093 PMCID: PMC6730737 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-019-0267-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sino-Vietnamese limestone karsts (SVLK) are a biodiversity hotspot rich in endemic plant species associated with caves and cave-like microhabitats. Based on phylogenetic studies of Begonia sect. Coelocentrum, a species-rich and characteristic SVLK clade, geographic isolation caused by extensive and continuous karstification was proposed as the major driving force triggering population diversification and geographic speciation. To test this proposition, population genetics and phylogeography of Begonia luzhaiensis were investigated using EST-SSR markers and the chloroplast trnC-ycf6 intergenic spacer. RESULTS F statistics, Bayesian clustering analysis, AMOVA, and PCoA of both data sets all indicated substantial population differentiation and significant isolation by distance. Nested clade phylogeographic analyses inferred that historical fragmentations have been prominent, congruent with Guangxi's geohistory of karstification as well as suggesting a mountain chain in northeastern Guangxi could have also acted as a major geographic barrier. A Bayesian skyline plot (BSP) indicated a slight decline in effective population size at 75,000 years ago (75 Kya), coinciding with the last glacial period during which the increased aridity in East Asia had retarded karstification, negatively affecting the populations of B. luzhaiensis. However, BSP detected a continuous and further population decline until the present time even though summer monsoons have resumed since the end of the last glacial maximum. CONCLUSIONS The microevolution patterns of B. luzhaiensis support that limited gene flow would have greatly enhanced the effects of random genetic drift and has been a major factor promoting diversification in Begonia, highly congruent with previous proposition. Based our study, we further propose that the arrival of Paleolithic Homo sapiens whose activities centered around limestone caves could have had further impacts on the populations of B. luzhaiensis, resulting in additional population decline. Further habitat destruction could have resulted from the transition from hunter gathering to food-producing societies ca. 20-10 Kya and the development of agriculture ca. 10 Kya in South China. Implications of the current study for SVLK plant conservation are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hsin Tseng
- Research Museum and Herbarium (HAST), Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Han-Yau Huang
- Research Museum and Herbarium (HAST), Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Forestry and Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Bin Xu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Plant Conservation and Restoration Ecology in Karst Terrain, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guilin, Guangxi China
| | - Hsun-An Yang
- Research Museum and Herbarium (HAST), Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-I Peng
- Research Museum and Herbarium (HAST), Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yan Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Plant Conservation and Restoration Ecology in Karst Terrain, Guangxi Institute of Botany, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guilin, Guangxi China
| | - Kuo-Fang Chung
- Research Museum and Herbarium (HAST), Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Forestry and Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Blasi DE, Moran S, Moisik SR, Widmer P, Dediu D, Bickel B. Human sound systems are shaped by post-Neolithic changes in bite configuration. Science 2019; 363:363/6432/eaav3218. [PMID: 30872490 DOI: 10.1126/science.aav3218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Linguistic diversity, now and in the past, is widely regarded to be independent of biological changes that took place after the emergence of Homo sapiens We show converging evidence from paleoanthropology, speech biomechanics, ethnography, and historical linguistics that labiodental sounds (such as "f" and "v") were innovated after the Neolithic. Changes in diet attributable to food-processing technologies modified the human bite from an edge-to-edge configuration to one that preserves adolescent overbite and overjet into adulthood. This change favored the emergence and maintenance of labiodentals. Our findings suggest that language is shaped not only by the contingencies of its history, but also by culturally induced changes in human biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D E Blasi
- Department of Comparative Linguistics, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland. .,Center for the Interdisciplinary Study of Language Evolution, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Linguistic and Cultural Evolution, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, 07745 Jena, Germany.,Human Relations Area Files, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.,Laboratory of Quantitative Linguistics, Kazan Federal University, 420000 Kazan, Russia
| | - S Moran
- Department of Comparative Linguistics, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland.,Center for the Interdisciplinary Study of Language Evolution, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - S R Moisik
- Division of Linguistics and Multilingual Studies, Nanyang Technological University, 637332 Singapore
| | - P Widmer
- Department of Comparative Linguistics, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland.,Center for the Interdisciplinary Study of Language Evolution, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - D Dediu
- Laboratoire Dynamique Du Langage UMR 5596, Université Lumière Lyon 2, 69363 Lyon Cedex 07, France.,Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, 6525 XD Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - B Bickel
- Department of Comparative Linguistics, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland.,Center for the Interdisciplinary Study of Language Evolution, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Molecular and isotopic evidence for the processing of starchy plants in Early Neolithic pottery from China. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17044. [PMID: 30451924 PMCID: PMC6242940 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-35227-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic residue analysis of ancient ceramic vessels enables the investigation of natural resources that were used in daily cooking practices in different part of the world. Despite many methodological advances, the utilization of plants in pottery has been difficult to demonstrate chemically, hindering the study of their role in ancient society, a topic that is especially important to understanding early agricultural practices at the start of the Neolithic period. Here, we present the first lipid residue study on the Chinese Neolithic pottery dated to 5.0 k - 4.7 k cal BC from the Tianluoshan site, Zhejiang province, a key site with early evidence for rice domestication. Through the identification of novel molecular biomarkers and extensive stable isotope analysis, we suggest that the pottery in Tianluoshan were largely used for processing starchy plant foods. These results not only highlight the significance of starchy plants in Neolithic southern China but also show a clear difference with other contemporary sites in northern Eurasia, where pottery is clearly orientated to aquatic resource exploitation. These differences may be linked with the early development of rice agriculture in China compared to its much later adoption in adjacent northerly regions.
Collapse
|
22
|
Li F, Kuhn SL, Chen F, Wang Y, Southon J, Peng F, Shan M, Wang C, Ge J, Wang X, Yun T, Gao X. The easternmost Middle Paleolithic (Mousterian) from Jinsitai Cave, North China. J Hum Evol 2018; 114:76-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
23
|
Gowlett JAJ. The discovery of fire by humans: a long and convoluted process. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 371:rstb.2015.0164. [PMID: 27216521 PMCID: PMC4874402 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Numbers of animal species react to the natural phenomenon of fire, but only humans have learnt to control it and to make it at will. Natural fires caused overwhelmingly by lightning are highly evident on many landscapes. Birds such as hawks, and some other predators, are alert to opportunities to catch animals including invertebrates disturbed by such fires and similar benefits are likely to underlie the first human involvements with fires. Early hominins would undoubtedly have been aware of such fires, as are savanna chimpanzees in the present. Rather than as an event, the discovery of fire use may be seen as a set of processes happening over the long term. Eventually, fire became embedded in human behaviour, so that it is involved in almost all advanced technologies. Fire has also influenced human biology, assisting in providing the high-quality diet which has fuelled the increase in brain size through the Pleistocene. Direct evidence of early fire in archaeology remains rare, but from 1.5 Ma onward surprising numbers of sites preserve some evidence of burnt material. By the Middle Pleistocene, recognizable hearths demonstrate a social and economic focus on many sites. The evidence of archaeological sites has to be evaluated against postulates of biological models such as the ‘cooking hypothesis' or the ‘social brain’, and questions of social cooperation and the origins of language. Although much remains to be worked out, it is plain that fire control has had a major impact in the course of human evolution. This article is part of the themed issue ‘The interaction of fire and mankind’.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J A J Gowlett
- Archaeology, Classics and Egyptology, School of Histories, Language and Cultures, University of Liverpool, 12-14 Abercromby Square, Liverpool L69 7WZ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Chen S, Yu PL. Intensified Foraging and the Roots of Farming in China. JOURNAL OF ANTHROPOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1086/692660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
25
|
Dating rice remains through phytolith carbon-14 study reveals domestication at the beginning of the Holocene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:6486-6491. [PMID: 28559349 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1704304114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytolith remains of rice (Oryza sativa L.) recovered from the Shangshan site in the Lower Yangtze of China have previously been recognized as the earliest examples of rice cultivation. However, because of the poor preservation of macroplant fossils, many radiocarbon dates were derived from undifferentiated organic materials in pottery sherds. These materials remain a source of debate because of potential contamination by old carbon. Direct dating of the rice remains might serve to clarify their age. Here, we first validate the reliability of phytolith dating in the study region through a comparison with dates obtained from other material from the same layer or context. Our phytolith data indicate that rice remains retrieved from early stages of the Shangshan and Hehuashan sites have ages of approximately 9,400 and 9,000 calibrated years before the present, respectively. The morphology of rice bulliform phytoliths indicates they are closer to modern domesticated species than to wild species, suggesting that rice domestication may have begun at Shangshan during the beginning of the Holocene.
Collapse
|
26
|
Austin ND, Sahinidis NV, Trahan DW. Computer-aided molecular design: An introduction and review of tools, applications, and solution techniques. Chem Eng Res Des 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2016.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
27
|
|
28
|
Arendt M, Cairns KM, Ballard JWO, Savolainen P, Axelsson E. Diet adaptation in dog reflects spread of prehistoric agriculture. Heredity (Edinb) 2016; 117:301-306. [PMID: 27406651 PMCID: PMC5061917 DOI: 10.1038/hdy.2016.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Adaptations allowing dogs to thrive on a diet rich in starch, including a significant AMY2B copy number gain, constituted a crucial step in the evolution of the dog from the wolf. It is however not clear whether this change was associated with the initial domestication, or represents a secondary shift related to the subsequent development of agriculture. Previous efforts to study this process were based on geographically limited data sets and low-resolution methods, and it is therefore not known to what extent the diet adaptations are universal among dogs and whether there are regional differences associated with alternative human subsistence strategies. Here we use droplet PCR to investigate worldwide AMY2B copy number diversity among indigenous as well as breed dogs and wolves to elucidate how a change in dog diet was associated with the domestication process and subsequent shifts in human subsistence. We find that AMY2B copy numbers are bimodally distributed with high copy numbers (median 2nAMY2B=11) in a majority of dogs but no, or few, duplications (median 2nAMY2B=3) in a small group of dogs originating mostly in Australia and the Arctic. We show that this pattern correlates geographically to the spread of prehistoric agriculture and conclude that the diet change may not have been associated with initial domestication but rather the subsequent development and spread of agriculture to most, but not all regions of the globe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Arendt
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - K M Cairns
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - J W O Ballard
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - P Savolainen
- Science for Life Laboratory, School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Solna, Sweden
| | - E Axelsson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Mirazón Lahr M. The shaping of human diversity: filters, boundaries and transitions. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2016; 371:20150241. [PMID: 27298471 PMCID: PMC4920297 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The evolution of modern humans was a complex process, involving major changes in levels of diversity through time. The fossils and stone tools that record the spatial distribution of our species in the past form the backbone of our evolutionary history, and one that allows us to explore the different processes-cultural and biological-that acted to shape the evolution of different populations in the face of major climate change. Those processes created a complex palimpsest of similarities and differences, with outcomes that were at times accelerated by sharp demographic and geographical fluctuations. The result is that the population ancestral to all modern humans did not look or behave like people alive today. This has generated questions regarding the evolution of human universal characters, as well as the nature and timing of major evolutionary events in the history of Homo sapiens The paucity of African fossils remains a serious stumbling block for exploring some of these issues. However, fossil and archaeological discoveries increasingly clarify important aspects of our past, while breakthroughs from genomics and palaeogenomics have revealed aspects of the demography of Late Quaternary Eurasian hominin groups and their interactions, as well as those between foragers and farmers. This paper explores the nature and timing of key moments in the evolution of human diversity, moments in which population collapse followed by differential expansion of groups set the conditions for transitional periods. Five transitions are identified (i) at the origins of the species, 240-200 ka; (ii) at the time of the first major expansions, 130-100 ka; (iii) during a period of dispersals, 70-50 ka; (iv) across a phase of local/regional structuring of diversity, 45-25 ka; and (v) during a phase of significant extinction of hunter-gatherer diversity and expansion of particular groups, such as farmers and later societies (the Holocene Filter), 15-0 ka.This article is part of the themed issue 'Major transitions in human evolution'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Mirazón Lahr
- Leverhulme Centre for Human Evolutionary Studies, Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, University of Cambridge, Fitzwilliam Street, Cambridge CB2 1QH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Membrane-plate transition in leaves as an influence on dietary selectivity and tooth form. J Hum Evol 2016; 98:18-26. [PMID: 27265521 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Primates need accurate sensory signals about food quality to forage efficiently. Current evidence suggests that they target leaf foods based on color at long-range, reinforcing this with post-ingestive sensations relating to leaf toughness evoked during chewing. Selection against tough leaves effectively selects against high fiber content, which in turn gives a greater opportunity of acquiring protein. Here we consider a novel intermediate mechanical factor that could aid a folivore: leaves may transform mechanically from membranes (sheets that cannot maintain their shape under gravitational loads and thus 'flop') early on in development into plates (that can maintain their shape) as they mature. This transformation can be detected visually. Mechanical tests on two species of leaf eaten by southern muriqui monkeys (Brachyteles arachnoides) in Southern Atlantic Forest, Brazil, support a membrane-to-plate shift in turgid leaves during their development. A measure of this mechanical transition, termed lambda (λ), was found to correlate with both leaf color and toughness, thus supporting a potential role in leaf selection. Muriquis appear to select membranous leaves, but they also eat leaves that are plate-like. We attribute this to the degree of cresting of their molar teeth. A dietary choice restricted to membranous leaves might typify the type of 'fallback' leaf that even frugivorous primates will target because membranes of low toughness are relatively easily chewed. This may be relevant to the diets of hominins because these lack the bladed postcanine teeth seen in mammals with a specialized folivorous diet. We suggest that mammals with such dental adaptations can consume tougher leaf 'plates' than others.
Collapse
|
31
|
Ancient lipids document continuity in the use of early hunter-gatherer pottery through 9,000 years of Japanese prehistory. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:3991-6. [PMID: 27001829 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1522908113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The earliest pots in the world are from East Asia and date to the Late Pleistocene. However, ceramic vessels were only produced in large numbers during the warmer and more stable climatic conditions of the Holocene. It has long been assumed that the expansion of pottery was linked with increased sedentism and exploitation of new resources that became available with the ameliorated climate, but this hypothesis has never been tested. Through chemical analysis of their contents, we herein investigate the use of pottery across an exceptionally long 9,000-y sequence from the Jōmon site of Torihama in western Japan, intermittently occupied from the Late Pleistocene to the mid-Holocene. Molecular and isotopic analyses of lipids from 143 vessels provides clear evidence that pottery across this sequence was predominantly used for cooking marine and freshwater resources, with evidence for diversification in the range of aquatic products processed during the Holocene. Conversely, there is little indication that ruminant animals or plants were processed in pottery, although it is evident from the faunal and macrobotanical remains that these foods were heavily exploited. Supported by other residue analysis data from Japan, our results show that the link between pottery and fishing was established in the Late Paleolithic and lasted well into the Holocene, despite environmental and socio-economic change. Cooking aquatic products in pottery represents an enduring social aspect of East Asian hunter-gatherers, a tradition based on a dependable technology for exploiting a sustainable resource in an uncertain and changing world.
Collapse
|
32
|
Yuan P. Thermal-Treatment-Induced Deformations and Modifications of Halloysite. DEVELOPMENTS IN CLAY SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-100293-3.00007-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
33
|
|
34
|
Li Y, Zhang B, Cheng H, Zheng J. The Earliest Chinese Proto-Porcelain Excavated from Kiln Sites: An Elemental Analysis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139970. [PMID: 26535583 PMCID: PMC4633156 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In June 2012, the Piaoshan kiln site was excavated in Huzhou, Zhejiang Province, which hitherto proved to be the earliest known Chinese proto-porcelain kiln. Judging from the decorative patterns of unearthed impressed stoneware and proto-porcelain sherds, the site was determined to date to the late Xia (c. 2070–c. 1600 BC), the first dynasty of China. Here, we report on proton-induced X-ray emission analyses of 118 proto-porcelain and 35 impressed stoneware sherds from Piaoshan and five subsequent kiln sites in the vicinity. Using principal components analysis on the major chemical compositions, we reveal the relationships between impressed stoneware and proto-porcelain samples from the six kiln sites. The sherds from different sites have distinctive chemical profiles. The results indicate that the raw materials were procured locally. We find a developmental tendency for early glazes towards mature calcium-based glaze. It is most likely that woody plant ashes with increased calcia-potash ratios were applied to the formula.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li
- Applied Ion Beam Physics Laboratory (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Institute of Modern Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Applied Ion Beam Physics Laboratory (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Institute of Modern Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
| | - Huansheng Cheng
- Applied Ion Beam Physics Laboratory (Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education), Institute of Modern Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianming Zheng
- Zhejiang Provincial Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Affiliation(s)
- John H. Blitz
- Department of Anthropology; University of Alabama; Tuscaloosa AL 35487-0210
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
From Early Domesticated Rice of the Middle Yangtze Basin to Millet, Rice and Wheat Agriculture: Archaeobotanical Macro-Remains from Baligang, Nanyang Basin, Central China (6700-500 BC). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139885. [PMID: 26460975 PMCID: PMC4604147 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Baligang is a Neolithic site on a northern tributary of the middle Yangtze and provides a long archaeobotanical sequence from the Seventh Millennium BC upto the First Millennium BC. It provides evidence for developments in rice and millet agriculture influenced by shifting cultural affiliation with the north (Yangshao and Longshan) and south (Qujialing and Shijiahe) between 4300 and 1800 BC. This paper reports on plant macro-remains (seeds), from systematic flotation of 123 samples (1700 litres), producing more than 10,000 identifiable remains. The earliest Pre-Yangshao occupation of the sites provide evidence for cultivation of rice (Oryza sativa) between 6300–6700 BC. This rice appears already domesticated in on the basis of a dominance of non-shattering spikelet bases. However, in terms of grain size changes has not yet finished, as grains are still thinner than more recent domesaticated rice and are closer in grain shape to wild rices. This early rice was cultivated alongside collection of wild staple foods, especially acorns (Quercus/Lithicarpus sensu lato). In later periods the sites has evidence for mixed farming of both rice and millets (Setaria italica and Panicum miliaceum). Soybean appears on the site in the Shijiahe period (ca.2500 BC) and wheat (Triticum cf. aestivum) in the Late Longshan levels (2200–1800 BC). Weed flora suggests an intensification of rice agriculture over time with increasing evidence of wetland weeds. We interpret these data as indicating early opportunistic cultivation of alluvial floodplains and some rainfed rice, developing into more systematic and probably irrigated cultivation starting in the Yangshao period, which intensified in the Qujialing and Shijiahe period, before a shift back to an emphasis on millets with the Late Longshan cultural influence from the north.
Collapse
|
37
|
Logan AC, Jacka FN. Nutritional psychiatry research: an emerging discipline and its intersection with global urbanization, environmental challenges and the evolutionary mismatch. J Physiol Anthropol 2014; 33:22. [PMID: 25060574 PMCID: PMC4131231 DOI: 10.1186/1880-6805-33-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In 21st-century public health, rapid urbanization and mental health disorders are a growing global concern. The relationship between diet, brain function and the risk of mental disorders has been the subject of intense research in recent years. In this review, we examine some of the potential socioeconomic and environmental challenges detracting from the traditional dietary patterns that might otherwise support positive mental health. In the context of urban expansion, climate change, cultural and technological changes and the global industrialization and ultraprocessing of food, findings related to nutrition and mental health are connected to some of the most pressing issues of our time. The research is also of relevance to matters of biophysiological anthropology. We explore some aspects of a potential evolutionary mismatch between our ancestral past (Paleolithic, Neolithic) and the contemporary nutritional environment. Changes related to dietary acid load, advanced glycation end products and microbiota (via dietary choices and cooking practices) may be of relevance to depression, anxiety and other mental disorders. In particular, the results of emerging studies demonstrate the importance of prenatal and early childhood dietary practices within the developmental origins of health and disease concept. There is still much work to be done before these population studies and their mirrored advances in bench research can provide translation to clinical medicine and public health policy. However, the clear message is that in the midst of a looming global epidemic, we ignore nutrition at our peril.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alan C Logan
- CAMNR, 23679 Calabasas Road Suite 542, Calabasas, CA 91302, USA
| | - Felice N Jacka
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, IMPACT SRC, PO Box 281, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Yang X, Ma Z, Wang T, Perry L, Li Q, Huan X, Yu J. Starch grain evidence reveals early pottery function cooking plant foods in North China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-014-0500-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
39
|
Abstract
Rice (Oryza sativa) is one of the most important cereal grains in the world today and serves as a staple food source for more than half of the world's population. Research into when, where, and how rice was brought into cultivation and eventually domesticated, along with its development into a staple food source, is thus essential. These questions have been a point of nearly continuous research in both archaeology and genetics, and new information has continually come to light as theory, data acquisition, and analytical techniques have advanced over time. Here, we review the broad history of our scientific understanding of the rice domestication process from both an archaeological and genetic perspective and examine in detail the information that has come to light in both of these fields in the last 10 y. Current findings from genetics and archaeology are consistent with the domestication of O. sativa japonica in the Yangtze River valley of southern China. Interestingly, although it appears rice was cultivated in the area by as early 8000 BP, the key domestication trait of nonshattering was not fixed for another 1,000 y or perhaps longer. Rice was also cultivated in India as early as 5000 BP, but the domesticated indica subspecies currently appears to be a product of the introgression of favorable alleles from japonica. These findings are reshaping our understanding of rice domestication and also have implications for understanding the complex evolutionary process of plant domestication.
Collapse
|
40
|
|
41
|
Earliest evidence for the use of pottery. Nature 2013; 496:351-4. [DOI: 10.1038/nature12109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
42
|
Abstract
Despite almost a century of research, the Chinese Paleolithic chronocultural sequence still remains incomplete, although the number of well-dated sites is rapidly increasing. The Chinese Paleolithic is marked by the long persistence of core-and-flake and cobble-tool industries, so interpretation of cultural and social behavior of humans in East Asia based solely on comparison with the African and western Eurasian prehistoric sequences becomes problematic, such as in assessing cognitive evolutionary stages. For the Chinese Paleolithic, wood and bamboo likely served as raw materials for the production of daily objects since the arrival of the earliest migrants from western Asia, although poor preservation is a problem. Contrary to the notion of a “Movius Line” with handaxes not present on the China side, China does have a limited distribution of Acheulian bifaces and unifaces. Similarly, Middle Paleolithic assemblages are present in the Chinese sequence. Although the available raw materials have been assumed to have limited applicable knapping techniques in China, this notion is challenged by the appearance of microblade industries in the north in the Upper Paleolithic. In the south, early pottery making by foragers emerged 20,000 years ago, thus preceding the emergence of farming but heralding the long tradition of cooking in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ofer Bar-Yosef
- Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Youping Wang
- School of Archaeology, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Affiliation(s)
- Paula J. Reimer
- School of Geography, Archaeology, and Palaeoecology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast BT7 1NN, UK
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Affiliation(s)
- Gideon Shelach
- Department of East Asian Studies, Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91905, Israel
| |
Collapse
|