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Du C, Guo Q, Wu P, Yi Z, Wei R, Dong X, Zerizghi T, Wang Z, Zhang J. Estimating atmospheric nitrogen deposition within a large river basin using moss nitrogen and isotope signatures. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 347:140617. [PMID: 37926163 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Assessing flux and primary sources of the atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition with high spatial resolution remained challenging. The epilithic moss is considered a suitable biological monitor to explore N deposition. Our study presented a detailed analysis of flux and major source contributions of ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3-) deposition using N and δ15N signatures of epilithic moss collected densely from the Yangtze River basin. The results showed a more negative δ15N and higher N concentration of the moss in cropland and urban area than in forest and grassland of the basin. A gradient of the estimated N deposition (9.6-34.0 kg ha-1 yr-1) occurred from the Tibetan Plateau to lower reaches, with amount of NH4+ was approximately three times higher than NO3- deposition. The contribution from volatilization to NH4+ deposition (33.28 ± 8.10%) was less than the contribution from combustion (66.72 ± 8.10%), inconsistent with the traditional findings that N fertilizer and livestock waste are the principal sources of NH3 emissions. Fossil fuel was the dominant sources of NO3- deposition, accounted for 70.22 ± 18.67%. From 2006 to 2019, the source contribution of N deposition in forest remained unchanged, while NH3 volatilization and fossil fuel emitted NOx in urban areas have increased. Our findings highlighted the importance of combustion sources to N deposition in the Yangtze River basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenjun Du
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qingjun Guo
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Pengcheng Wu
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Zhaoqin Yi
- College of Life Sciences, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
| | - Rongfei Wei
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Xinyuan Dong
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Teklit Zerizghi
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; Institute for Commercial Forestry Research, PO Box 100281, Scottsville, 3209, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Ziteng Wang
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Liu Z, Rieder HE, Schmidt C, Mayer M, Guo Y, Winiwarter W, Zhang L. Optimal reactive nitrogen control pathways identified for cost-effective PM 2.5 mitigation in Europe. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4246. [PMID: 37460532 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39900-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Excess reactive nitrogen (Nr), including nitrogen oxides (NOx) and ammonia (NH3), contributes strongly to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) air pollution in Europe, posing challenges to public health. Designing cost-effective Nr control roadmaps for PM2.5 mitigation requires considering both mitigation efficiencies and implementation costs. Here we identify optimal Nr control pathways for Europe by integrating emission estimations, air quality modeling, exposure-mortality modeling, Nr control experiments and cost data. We find that phasing out Nr emissions would reduce PM2.5 by 2.3 ± 1.2 μg·m-3 in Europe, helping many locations achieve the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines and reducing PM2.5-related premature deaths by almost 100 thousand in 2015. Low-ambition NH3 controls have similar PM2.5 mitigation efficiencies as NOx in Eastern Europe, but are less effective in Western Europe until reductions exceed 40%. The efficiency for NH3 controls increases at high-ambition reductions while NOx slightly decreases. When costs are considered, strategies for both regions uniformly shift in favor of NH3 controls, as NH3 controls up to 50% remain 5-11 times more cost-effective than NOx per unit PM2.5 reduction, emphasizing the priority of NH3 control policies for Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehui Liu
- Laboratory for Climate and Ocean-Atmosphere Studies, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Harald E Rieder
- Institute of Meteorology and Climatology, Department of Water, Atmosphere and Environment, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), A-1180, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Schmidt
- Institute of Meteorology and Climatology, Department of Water, Atmosphere and Environment, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), A-1180, Vienna, Austria
| | - Monika Mayer
- Institute of Meteorology and Climatology, Department of Water, Atmosphere and Environment, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), A-1180, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yixin Guo
- Laboratory for Climate and Ocean-Atmosphere Studies, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Wilfried Winiwarter
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria.
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, University of Zielona Góra, PL 65-417, Zielona Góra, Poland.
| | - Lin Zhang
- Laboratory for Climate and Ocean-Atmosphere Studies, Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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Seehamart K, Busayaporn W, Chanajaree R. Molecular adsorption and self-diffusion of NO 2, SO 2, and their binary mixture in MIL-47(V) material. RSC Adv 2023; 13:19207-19219. [PMID: 37362329 PMCID: PMC10289206 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra02724d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The loading dependence of self-diffusion coefficients (Ds) of NO2, SO2, and their equimolar binary mixture in MIL-47(V) have been investigated by using classical molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The Ds of NO2 are found to be two orders of magnitude greater than SO2 at low loadings and temperatures, and its Ds decreases monotonically with loading. The Ds of SO2 exhibit two diffusion patterns, indicating the specific interaction between the gas molecules and the MIL-47(V) lattice. The maximum activation energy (Ea) in the pure component and in the mixture for SO2 are 16.43 and 18.35 kJ mol-1, and for NO2 are 2.69 and 1.89 kJ mol-1, respectively. It is shown that SO2 requires more amount of energy than NO2 to increase the diffusion rate. The radial distribution functions (RDFs) of gas-gas and gas-lattice indicate that the Oh of MIL-47(V) are preferential adsorption site for both NO2 and SO2 molecules. However, the presence of the hydrogen bonding (HB) interaction between the O of SO2 and the H of MIL-47(V) and also their binding angle (θ(OHC)) of 120° with the linkers of lattice indicate a stronger binding interaction between the SO2 and the MIL-47(V), but it does not occur with NO2. The jump-diffusion of SO2 between adsorption sites within the lattice has been confirmed by the 2D density distribution plots. Moreover, the extraordinarily high Sdiff for NO2/SO2 of 623.4 shows that NO2 can diffuse through the MIL-47(V) significantly faster than SO2, especially at low loading and temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kompichit Seehamart
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Engineering, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan Khon Kaen Campus Khon Kaen 40000 Thailand
| | - Wutthikrai Busayaporn
- Synchrotron Light Research Institute (Public Organization) Nakhon Ratchasima 30000 Thailand
| | - Rungroj Chanajaree
- Metallurgy and Materials Science Research Institfute (MMRI), Chulalongkorn University Bangkok 10330 Thailand
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Kim E, Kim BU, Kang YH, Kim HC, Kim S. Role of vertical advection and diffusion in long-range PM 2.5 transport in Northeast Asia. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 320:120997. [PMID: 36621711 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study quantitatively analyzed the role of vertical mixing in long-range transport (LRT) of PM2.5 during its high concentration episode in Northeast Asia toward the end of February 2014. The PM2.5 transport process from an upwind to downwind area was examined using the Community Multi-scale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system with its instrumented tool and certain code modifications. We identified serial distinctive roles of vertical advection (ZADV) and diffusion (VDIF) processes. The surface PM2.5 in an upwind area became aloft by VDIF- during daytime-to the planetary boundary layer (PBL) altitude of 1 km or lower. In contrast, ZADV updraft effectively transported PM2.5 vertically to an altitude of 2-3 km above the PBL. Furthermore, we found that the VDIF and ZADV in the upwind area synergistically promoted the vertical mixing of air pollutants up to an altitude of 1 km and higher. The aloft PM2.5 in the upwind area was then transported to the downwind area by horizontal advection (HADV), which was faster than HADV at the surface layer. Additionally, VDIF and ZADV over the downwind area mixed down the aloft PM2.5 on the surface. During this period, the VDIF and ZADV increased the PM2.5 concentrations in the downwind area by up to 15 μg·m-3 (15%) and 101 μg·m-3 (60%), respectively. This study highlights the importance of vertical mixing on long-range PM2.5 transport and warrants more in-depth model analysis with three-dimensional observations to enhance its comprehensive understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunhye Kim
- Department of Environmental & Safety Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea
| | - Byeong-Uk Kim
- Georgia Environmental Protection Division, Atlanta, GA, 30354, USA
| | - Yoon-Hee Kang
- Air Resources Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, College Park, MD, 20740, USA
| | - Hyun Cheol Kim
- Air Resources Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, College Park, MD, 20740, USA; Cooperative Institute for Satellite Earth System Studies, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20740, USA
| | - Soontae Kim
- Department of Environmental & Safety Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, 16499, South Korea.
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Xin Q, Zhang X, Shao W, Li H, Zhang Y. COF-based MMMs with light-responsive properties generating unexpected surface segregation for efficient SO2/N2 separation. J Memb Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.121109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Neighborhood Emission Mapping Operation (NEMO): A 1-km anthropogenic emission dataset in the United States. Sci Data 2022; 9:680. [PMID: 36351966 PMCID: PMC9646775 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01790-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We present an unprecedented effort to map anthropogenic emissions of air pollutants at 1 km spatial resolution in the contiguous United States (CONUS). This new dataset, Neighborhood Emission Mapping Operation (NEMO), is produced at hourly intervals based on the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) National Emission Inventories 2017. Fine-scale spatial allocation was achieved through distributing the emission sources using 108 spatial surrogates, factors representing the portion of a source in each 1 km grid. Gaseous and particulate pollutants are speciated into model species for the Carbon Bond 6 chemical mechanism. All sources are grouped in 9 sectors and stored in NetCDF format for air quality models, and in shapefile format for GIS users and air quality managers. This dataset shows good consistency with the USEPA benchmark dataset, with a monthly difference in emissions less than 0.03% for any sector. NEMO provides the first 1 km mapping of air pollution over the CONUS, enabling new applications such as fine-scale air quality modeling, air pollution exposure assessment, and environmental justice studies. Measurement(s) | anthropogenic emission in United States | Technology Type(s) | Census survey and computer models |
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Sharma B, Jia S, Polana AJ, Ahmed MS, Haque RR, Singh S, Mao J, Sarkar S. Seasonal variations in aerosol acidity and its driving factors in the eastern Indo-Gangetic Plain: A quantitative analysis. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 305:135490. [PMID: 35760126 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study employs ISORROPIA-II for the evaluation of aerosol acidity and quantification of contributions from chemical species and meteorological parameters to acidity variation in the Indian context. PM2.5 samples collected during summer (April-July 2018), post-monsoon (September-November 2018), and winter (December 2018-January 2019) from a rural receptor location in the eastern Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) were analyzed for ionic species, water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), and organic and elemental carbon (OC, EC) fractions. This was followed by estimation of the in situ aerosol pH and liquid water content (LWC) using the forward mode of ISORROPIA-II, which is less sensitive to measurement uncertainty compared to the reverse mode, for a K+-Ca2+-Mg2+-NH4+-Na+-SO42--NO3--Cl--H2O system. Aerosol pH was moderately acidic (summer: 2.93 ± 0.67; post-monsoon: 2.67 ± 0.23; winter: 3.15 ± 0.34) and was most sensitive to SO42- and total ammonium (TNH3) variation. The LWC of aerosol showed an increasing trend from summer (16.6 ± 13.6 μg m-3) through winter (32.9 ± 10.4 μg m-3). With summer as the baseline, the largest changes in aerosol pH during the other seasons was driven by SO42- (ΔpH: -0.70 to -0.82 units), followed by TNH3 (ΔpH: +0.25 to +0.38 units) with K+ and temperature being significant only during winter (ΔpH: +0.51 and + 0.46 units, respectively). The prevalent acidity regime provided three major insights: i) positive summertime Cl- depletion (49 ± 20%) as a consequence of SO42- substitution increased aerosol pH by 0.03 ± 0.20 units and decreased LWC by 2.4 ± 5.9 μg m-3; ii) the rate of strong acidity (H+str) neutralization and the [H+str]/[SO42-] molar ratio suggested the existence of bounded acidity in ammonium-rich (winter) conditions; and iii) significant correlations between LWC, WSOC, and secondary organics during post-monsoon and winter pointed towards a possible indirect role of WSOC in enhancing LWC of aerosol, thereby increasing pH. Given the inability of proxies such as H+str and charge ratios to accurately represent aerosol pH as demonstrated here, this study emphasizes the need for rigorous thermodynamic model-based evaluation of aerosol acidity in the Indian scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijay Sharma
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, 741246, India; School of Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Mandi, Kamand, Himachal Pradesh, 175075, India
| | - Shiguo Jia
- Guangdong Provincial Field Observation and Research Station for Climate Environment and Air Quality Change in the Pearl River Estuary, Guangzhou, 510275, PR China; School of Atmospheric Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University and Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519082, PR China
| | - Anurag J Polana
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, 741246, India
| | - Md Sahbaz Ahmed
- Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam, 784028, India
| | - Raza Rafiqul Haque
- Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam, 784028, India
| | - Shruti Singh
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, 741246, India
| | - Jingying Mao
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Sayantan Sarkar
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, Nadia, West Bengal, 741246, India; School of Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Mandi, Kamand, Himachal Pradesh, 175075, India.
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Pebax-based membrane filled with photo-responsive Azo@NH2-MIL-53 nanoparticles for efficient SO2/N2 separation. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Chen Z, Wang Y, Chen R, Ni X, Cao J. Effects of Forest Type on Nutrient Fluxes in Throughfall, Stemflow, and Litter Leachate within Acid-Polluted Locations in Southwest China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19052810. [PMID: 35270501 PMCID: PMC8910762 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19052810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although new inputs of acidic anions are decreasing, soil acidification still deserves more academic attention because of the effects of historical stores of SO42− already absorbed into soils. Forest canopy has large, species-specific effects on rainwater chemistry, for which the hydrological mechanism remains unclear. We investigated precipitation, throughfall, stemflow, and litter leachate across three forest types in a severely acid-polluted site located in Southwest China. Precipitation monitored over 4 months, representing summer, fall, winter, and spring, indicated neutral precipitation in Tieshanping with pH ranging from 6.58–7.33. Throughfall and litter leachate in Pinus massoniana Lamb. stands were enriched with greater cation and anion fluxes, as well as more dissolved organic carbon (DOC) flux. Rainwater from pure stands of Cinnamomum camphora (Linn) Presl yielded lower N and DOC inputs to soils with higher base saturation, which would reduce soil acidification and, therefore, improve the sustainability of forest ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Nature Conservation, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; (X.N.); (J.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-62889540
| | - Yihao Wang
- College of Geography and Tourism, Chongqing Normal University, Chongqing 401331, China;
| | - Ruisi Chen
- School of Mathematics and Physics, University of Science and Technology, Beijing 100083, China;
| | - Xiuya Ni
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Nature Conservation, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; (X.N.); (J.C.)
| | - Jixin Cao
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Environment of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Nature Conservation, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing 100091, China; (X.N.); (J.C.)
- Beijing Academy of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Beijing 100044, China
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Du C, Guo Q, Zhang J. A review on moss nitrogen and isotope signatures evidence for atmospheric nitrogen deposition. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:150765. [PMID: 34666089 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Moss nitrogen (N) concentration and isotopic composition (δ15N) values can reveal a better understanding of atmospheric N deposition patterns. Here, we summarize the moss N content and δ15N signatures using data compiled from 104 papers. Based on the dataset, we summarize the models for assessing the level and reduced (NHx): oxidised compounds (NOx) ratio of atmospheric N deposition. Results showed a historical increase in N concentration and 15N depletion of specimen mosses close to anthropogenic N sources from intensive animal production and agricultural activities (NHx emission) since the 1800s. However, an increase of moss N with a less negative 15N observed in the last three decades could be due to a substantial fossil fuel combustion contributed NOx emission. Spatially, N deposition in Europe decreased due to successful control actions, but Asia has become a hotspot for NHx emission from agriculture. The present results highlight the importance of moss N and δ15N values for estimating atmospheric N deposition patterns at spatio-temporal trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenjun Du
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qingjun Guo
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Jun Zhang
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Zhao W, Zhao Y, Ma M, Chang M, Duan L. Long-term variability in base cation, sulfur and nitrogen deposition and critical load exceedance of terrestrial ecosystems in China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 289:117974. [PMID: 34426204 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The rapid development of China's industrial economy and implementation of air pollution controls have led to great changes in sulfur (S), nitrogen (N) and base cation (BC) deposition in the past three decades. We estimated China's anthropogenic BC emissions and simulated BC deposition from 1985 to 2015 with a five-year interval using a multilayer Eulerian model. Deposition of S and N from 2000 to 2015 with a five-year interval was simulated with the EMEP MSC-W model and the Multi-resolution Emission Inventory of China (MEIC). The critical load (CL) and its exceedance were then calculated to evaluate the potential long-term acidification risks. From 1985 to 2005, the BC deposition in China was estimated to have increased by 16 % and then decreased by 33 % till 2015. S deposition was simulated to increase by 49 % from 2000 to 2005 and then decrease by 44 % in 2015, while N deposition increased by 32 % from 2000 to 2010 with a limited reduction afterward. The maximum CL of S was found to increase in 67 % of mainland China areas from 1985 to 2005 and to decline in 55 % of the areas from 2005 to 2015, attributed largely to the changed BC deposition. Consistent with the progress of national controls on SO2 and NOX emissions, the CL exceedance of S increased from 2.9 to 4.6 Mt during 2000-2005 and then decreased to 2.5 Mt in 2015, while that of N increased from 0.4 in 2000 to 1.2 Mt in 2010 and then decreased to 1.1 Mt in 2015. The reduced BC deposition due to particle emission controls partially offset the benefit of SO2 control on acidification risk reduction in the past decade. It demonstrates the need for a comprehensive strategy for multi-pollutant control against soil acidification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse and School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse and School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210044, China.
| | - Mingrui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse and School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China; Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511486, China
| | - Ming Chang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 511486, China
| | - Lei Duan
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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12
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Kim Y, Lee I, Farquhar J, Kang J, Villa IM, Kim H. Multi isotope systematics of precipitation to trace the sources of air pollutants in Seoul, Korea. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 286:117548. [PMID: 34438485 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sulfur (δ34Ssulfate, Δ33Ssulfate, & Δ36Ssulfate), nitrogen and oxygen (δ15Nnitrate & δ18Onitrate) and strontium (87Sr/86Sr) isotope compositions of precipitation collected from Seoul, South Korea were analyzed to study the sources, transportation and deposition of air pollutants in East Asia. The δ34Ssulfate values (from 1.9 to 14.6‰ with a median of 4.7‰) and the δ15Nnitrate values (from -2.0 to 13.3‰ with a median of 1.0‰) suggest that fossil fuel use (emission from coal combustion and vehicle exhaust) is a predominant source for sulfur and nitrogen, but other natural sources including biogenic contributions of DMS also add to their total budget. The seasonal variations are observed in δ34Ssulfate and δ15Nnitrate values (both higher in winter season), which is likely to result from the increase of coal use for domestic heating in China. The δ18Onitrate values also varied seasonally depending on the NOx oxidation pathway, being about 20‰ higher in winter than in summer season. The Δ33Ssulfate and Δ36Ssulfate values are not anomalous, showing the absence of MIF signals in precipitation of Seoul. The 87Sr/86Sr ratio of the precipitation samples range from 0.70988 to 0.71487 with a median of 0.71073, indicating the influence of at least three end-member (silicate dust, carbonate dust and anthropogenic emission). Ionic ratios such as (K++NH4+)/(Ca2++Mg2+) and Cl-/Na+ suggest the overwhelming effect of anthropogenic input rather than carbonate dust on the end-member with lower 87Sr/86Sr ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeongmin Kim
- Research Center for Geochronology and Isotope Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju, 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - Insung Lee
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - James Farquhar
- Department of Geology, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Jisuk Kang
- Institute of Geological Sciences, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 3, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Igor M Villa
- Institute of Geological Sciences, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 3, CH-3012, Bern, Switzerland; Centro Universitario Datazioni e Archeometria, Università di Milano Bicocca, 20126, Milano, Italy
| | - Hyoungbum Kim
- Department of Earth Science Education, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
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Repka S, Erkkilä-Välimäki A, Jonson JE, Posch M, Törrönen J, Jalkanen JP. Assessing the costs and environmental benefits of IMO regulations of ship-originated SOx and NOx emissions in the Baltic Sea. AMBIO 2021; 50:1718-1730. [PMID: 33677810 PMCID: PMC8285436 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-021-01500-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To assess the value of the environmental benefits of the Sulphur Emission regulation (SECA) that came into force in 2015, changes in depositions of SOx and NOx from ship exhaust gas emissions were modelled and monetized for the Baltic Sea region for the years 2014 and 2016. During this period, the total deposition of SOx in the study area decreased by 7.3%. The decrease in ship-originated SOx deposition from 38 kt to 3.4 kt (by over 88%) was translated into a monetary value for the ecosystem impacts of nearly 130 million USD, according to the EcoValue08 model. This is less than the modelled health benefits, but it is not insignificant. For NOx, there was no decreasing trend. The exceedance of the critical loads of SOx and NOx was also estimated. The effect of Baltic shipping on the exceedance of critical loads of acidification after SECA is very small, but Baltic shipping still has a considerable effect on the exceedance of critical loads for eutrophication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sari Repka
- Brahe Centre, Centre for Maritime Studies, University of Turku, University of Turku, 20014, P.O. Box 181, 28101 Pori, Finland
| | - Anne Erkkilä-Välimäki
- Brahe Centre, Centre for Maritime Studies, University of Turku, University of Turku, 20014, P.O. Box 181, 28101 Pori, Finland
| | - Jan Eiof Jonson
- Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Henrik Mohns plass 1, 0313 Oslo, Norway
| | - Maximilian Posch
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), 2361 Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Janne Törrönen
- Brahe Centre, Centre for Maritime Studies, University of Turku, University of Turku, 20014, P.O. Box 181, 28101 Pori, Finland
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14
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Zhang L, Dong H, Zeng S, Hu Z, Hussain S, Zhang X. An Overview of Ammonia Separation by Ionic Liquids. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c00780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex System, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Sino-Danish College, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Haifeng Dong
- Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex System, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Huizhou Institute of Green Energy and Advanced Materials, Huizhou, Guangdong, 516081, China
| | - Shaojuan Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex System, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Zongyuan Hu
- Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex System, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Shahid Hussain
- Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex System, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Xiangping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Green Process and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Complex System, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ionic Liquids Clean Process, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Advanced Energy Science and Technology Guangdong Laboratory, Huizhou, Guangdong 516003, China
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Martínez-Ahumada E, Díaz-Ramírez ML, Velásquez-Hernández MDJ, Jancik V, Ibarra IA. Capture of toxic gases in MOFs: SO 2, H 2S, NH 3 and NO x. Chem Sci 2021; 12:6772-6799. [PMID: 34123312 PMCID: PMC8153083 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc01609a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
MOFs are promising candidates for the capture of toxic gases since their adsorption properties can be tuned as a function of the topology and chemical composition of the pores. Although the main drawback of MOFs is their vulnerability to these highly corrosive gases which can compromise their chemical stability, remarkable examples have demonstrated high chemical stability to SO2, H2S, NH3 and NO x . Understanding the role of different chemical functionalities, within the pores of MOFs, is the key for accomplishing superior captures of these toxic gases. Thus, the interactions of such functional groups (coordinatively unsaturated metal sites, μ-OH groups, defective sites and halogen groups) with these toxic molecules, not only determines the capture properties of MOFs, but also can provide a guideline for the desigh of new multi-functionalised MOF materials. Thus, this perspective aims to provide valuable information on the significant progress on this environmental-remediation field, which could inspire more investigators to provide more and novel research on such challenging task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Martínez-Ahumada
- Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica y Reactividad de Superficies (LaFReS), Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Circuito Exterior s/n, CU, Del. Coyoacán, 04510 Ciudad de México Mexico +52(55) 5622-4595
| | | | | | - Vojtech Jancik
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Instituto de Química, Ciudad Universitaria Ciudad de México Mexico
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable UAEM-UNAM Carr. Toluca-Atlacomulco Km 14.5 Toluca Estado de México 50200 Mexico
| | - Ilich A Ibarra
- Laboratorio de Fisicoquímica y Reactividad de Superficies (LaFReS), Instituto de Investigaciones en Materiales, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México Circuito Exterior s/n, CU, Del. Coyoacán, 04510 Ciudad de México Mexico +52(55) 5622-4595
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16
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Ytreberg E, Åström S, Fridell E. Valuating environmental impacts from ship emissions - The marine perspective. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 282:111958. [PMID: 33461092 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.111958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Shipping is an activity responsible for a range of different pressures affecting the marine environment, air quality and human welfare. The methodology on how ship emissions impact air quality and human health are comparatively well established and used in cost-benefit analysis of policy proposals. However, the knowledge base is not the same for impacts on the marine environment and a coherent environmental and socio-economic impact assessment of shipping has not yet been made. This risk policies to be biased towards air pollution whilst trading off impacts on the marine environment. The aim of the current study was to develop a comprehensive framework on how different pressures from shipping degrade marine ecosystems, air quality and human welfare. A secondary aim was to quantify the societal damage costs of shipping due to the degradation of human welfare in a Baltic Sea case study. By adding knowledge from marine ecotoxicology and life-cycle analysis to the existing knowledge from climate, air pollution and environmental economics we were able to establish a more comprehensive conceptual framework that allows for valuation of environmental impacts from shipping, but it still omits economic values for biological pollution, littering and underwater noise. The results for the Baltic Sea case showed the total annual damage costs of Baltic Sea shipping to be 2.9 billion €2010 (95% CI 2.0-3.9 billion €2010). The damage costs due to impacts on marine eutrophication (768 million €2010) and marine ecotoxicity (582 million €2010) were in the same range as the total damage costs associated with reduced air quality (816 million €2010) and climate change (737 million €2010). The framework and the results from the current study can be used in future socio-economic assessments of ship emissions to prioritize cost efficient measures. The framework can be used globally but the damage costs presented on the marine environment are restricted to emissions on the Baltic Sea and Kattegat region as they are based on willingness to pay studies conducted on citizens around the Baltic Sea where eutrophication and emissions of chemicals are particularly threats to the state of the Baltic Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Ytreberg
- Department of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, SE 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Stefan Åström
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, P.O. Box 53021, 400 14, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Erik Fridell
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, P.O. Box 53021, 400 14, Göteborg, Sweden
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17
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Kim E, Kim BU, Kim HC, Kim S. Direct and cross impacts of upwind emission control on downwind PM 2.5 under various NH 3 conditions in Northeast Asia. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 268:115794. [PMID: 33120348 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Emissions reductions in upwind areas can influence the PM2.5 concentrations in downwind areas via long-range transport. However, few studies have assessed the impact of upwind PM2.5 precursor controls on changes in downwind PM2.5 concentrations. In this study, we analyzed the overall impact of PM2.5 precursor emission controls in upwind areas on PM2.5 in downwind areas with two types of impacts: "direct impact" and "cross impact." The former refers to PM2.5 changes in downwind areas due to the transported PM2.5 itself, whereas the latter represents PM2.5 changes due to reactions between the transported gaseous precursors and intermediates (i.e., HNO3) originating from upwind areas and locally emitted precursors (i.e. NH3) in the downwind areas. As a case study, we performed air quality modeling for Northeast Asia for January 15-17, 2016 by setting China and South Korea as the upwind and downwind areas, respectively. To account for potential spatiotemporal variations in NH3 emissions in downwind areas, we considered two NH3 conditions. When NOx emissions in China were reduced by 35%, in downwind areas the PM2.5 concentrations decreased by 2.2 μg/m3 under NH3-rich conditions, while PM2.5 concentrations increased by 2.3 μg/m3 under NH3-poor conditions. The direct impact increased by 4.0 μg/m3 in both cases due to upwind NOx disbenefit effects. However, the cross impacts led to a PM2.5 decrease of 6.2 μg/m3 under NH3-rich conditions versus a PM2.5 increase of 1.7 μg/m3 under NH3-poor conditions. We noted that PM2.5 concentrations in the downwind areas may not improve unless a cross impact outweighs a direct impact. This may be one of the reasons why South Korea PM2.5 concentrations have not declined despite efforts by China to reduce their PM2.5 precursor emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunhye Kim
- Department of Environmental & Safety Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Byeong-Uk Kim
- Georgia Environmental Protection Division, Atlanta, GA, 30354, USA
| | - Hyun Cheol Kim
- Air Resources Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, College Park, MD, 20740, USA; Cooperative Institute for Satellite Earth System Studies, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20740, USA
| | - Soontae Kim
- Department of Environmental & Safety Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon, South Korea.
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18
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Acid resistance of Masson pine (Pinus massoniana Lamb.) families and their root morphology and physiological response to simulated acid deposition. Sci Rep 2020; 10:22066. [PMID: 33328534 PMCID: PMC7744545 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79043-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pinus massoniana Lamb. is one of the most sensitive species to acid deposition among forest woody plants, but differences in acid resistance among pine families still exist. It is of great significance to study the differences in acid resistance of Masson pine families and to analyze the physiological regulation mechanism of their acid resistance. In this study, the 100-day-old seedlings of 16 Masson pine families were treated with the simulated acid rain (SAR) at different pH levels (5.6, 4.5, 3.5 and 2.5) for 100 days to investigate the plant morphology, chlorophyll content, and root physiological responses. Results showed that pine family No. 35 maintained the good morphology, high chlorophyll content and organic acids secretion, and low plasma membrane permeability exposed to SAR, while family No. 79 presented the opposite. SAR not only increased the root plasma membrane permeability, but also induced an exudation of organic acids from the pine roots, and the test parameters changed sharply when the SAR pH was lower than 4.5. The results indicated that Masson pine could resist to acidic environment (pH 4.5–5.6), and family No. 35 had the acid resistance while the family No. 79 was sensitive to acid stress. The acid resistance diversity of different pine families had close relation with the root physiological processes, including the root plasma membrane permeability and organic acids secretion. For the future research, the natural genetic variation of Masson pine in response to acid stress and its acid resistance mechanism should be further studied.
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19
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Shang Z, Zhao B, Wu Z, Ding Y, Hu A. Synthesis of Conjugated Mesoporous Hyper-cross-linked Polymers for Efficient Capture of Dibenzothiophene and Iodine. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:56454-56461. [PMID: 33327052 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c16816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Porous organic polymers have recently received great attention because of their promising applications in the removal of thiophene compounds in liquid fuels and for the nuclear waste (such as radioactive iodine isotopes) treatments. Herein, a series of conjugated mesoporous hyper-cross-linked polymers (CMHPs) were prepared through our newly developed silicon-promoted cationic polymerization in a straightforward manner. The CMHPs exhibited extended π-conjugation, intrinsic porosity, high surface area, and excellent physicochemical stability. They showed an outstanding dibenzothiophene uptake capacity of ∼1335 mg g-1, which far exceeded many reported porous organic polymers. Meanwhile, these CMHPs showed high adsorption capacity for iodine vapor. Altogether, the CMHPs prepared by the facile and metal-free cationic reactions have great potential in adsorption of harmful substances and environmental protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhikun Shang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Bing Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ziqi Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yun Ding
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Aiguo Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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20
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Wu X, Wei Y, Fu B, Wang S, Zhao Y, Moran EF. Evolution and effects of the social-ecological system over a millennium in China's Loess Plateau. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:6/41/eabc0276. [PMID: 33028526 PMCID: PMC7541069 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc0276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the regime shifts of social-ecological systems (SES) and their local and spillover effects over a long time frame is important for future sustainability. We provide a perspective of processes unfolding over time to identify the regime shifts of a SES based on changes in the relationships between SES components while also addressing their drivers and local and spillover effects. The applicability of this approach has been demonstrated by analyzing the evolution over the past 1000 years of the SES in China's Loess Plateau (LP). Five evolutionary phases were identified: "fast expansion of cultivation," "slow expansion of cultivation," "landscape engineering for higher production," "transition from cultivation to ecological conservation," and "revegetation for environment." Our study establishes empirical links between the state (phase) of a SES to its drivers and effects. Lessons of single-goal driven and locally focused SES management in the LP, which did not consider these links, have important implications to long-term planning and policy formulation of SES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xutong Wu
- Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes of the Ministry of Education, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yongping Wei
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4067, Australia
| | - Bojie Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Shuai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4067, Australia
| | - Emilio F Moran
- Department of Geography, Environment and Spatial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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21
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Geisen S, Wall DH, van der Putten WH. Challenges and Opportunities for Soil Biodiversity in the Anthropocene. Curr Biol 2020; 29:R1036-R1044. [PMID: 31593662 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Biodiversity on Earth is strongly affected by human alterations to the environment. The majority of studies have considered aboveground biodiversity, yet little is known about whether biodiversity changes belowground follow the same patterns as those observed aboveground. It is now established that communities of soil biota have been substantially altered by direct human activities such as soil sealing, agricultural land-use intensification, and biological invasions resulting from the introduction of non-native species. In addition, altered abiotic conditions resulting from climate change have also impacted soil biodiversity. These changes in soil biodiversity can alter ecosystem functions performed by the soil biota, and therefore, human-induced global changes have a feedback effect on ecosystem services via altered soil biodiversity. Here, we highlight the major phenomena that threaten soil biodiversity, and we propose options to reverse the decline in soil biodiversity. We argue that it is essential to protect soil biodiversity as a rich reservoir that provides insurance against the changes wrought by the Anthropocene. Overall, we need to better understand the determinants of soil biodiversity and how they function, plan to avoid further losses, and restore soil biodiversity where possible. Safeguarding this rich biotic reservoir is essential for soil sustainability and, ultimately, the sustainability of human society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Geisen
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Diana H Wall
- School of Global Environmental Sustainability and Department of Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1036, USA
| | - Wim H van der Putten
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology, 6708 PB Wageningen, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University and Research, P.O. Box 8123, 6700 ES, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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22
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Acid Rain Increases Impact of Rice Blast on Crop Health via Inhibition of Resistance Enzymes. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9070881. [PMID: 32668672 PMCID: PMC7412137 DOI: 10.3390/plants9070881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide, rice blast (Pyricularia oryzae) causes more rice crop loss than other diseases. Acid rain has reduced crop yields globally for nearly a century. However, the effects of acid rain on rice-Pyricularia oryzae systems are still far from fully understood. In this study, we conducted a lab cultivation experiment of P. oryzae under a series of acidity conditions as well as a glasshouse cultivation experiment of rice that was inoculated with P. oryzae either before (P. + SAR) or after (SAR + P.) simulated acid rain (SAR) at pH 5.0, 4.0, 3.0 and 2.0. Our results showed that the growth and pathogenicity of P. oryzae was significantly inhibited with decreasing pH treatments in vitro culture. The SAR + P. treatment with a pH of 4.0 was associated with the highest inhibition of P. oryzae expansion. However, regardless of the inoculation time, higher-acidity rain treatments showed a decreased inhibition of P. oryzae via disease-resistance related enzymes and metabolites in rice leaves, thus increasing disease index. The combined effects of high acidity and fungal inoculation were more serious than that of either alone. This study provides novel insights into the effects of acid rain on the plant-pathogen interaction and may also serve as a guide for evaluating disease control and crop health in the context of acid rain.
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Grennfelt P, Engleryd A, Forsius M, Hov Ø, Rodhe H, Cowling E. Acid rain and air pollution: 50 years of progress in environmental science and policy. AMBIO 2020; 49:849-864. [PMID: 31542884 PMCID: PMC7028813 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-019-01244-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Because of its serious large-scale effects on ecosystems and its transboundary nature, acid rain received for a few decades at the end of the last century wide scientific and public interest, leading to coordinated policy actions in Europe and North America. Through these actions, in particular those under the UNECE Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution, air emissions were substantially reduced, and ecosystem impacts decreased. Widespread scientific research, long-term monitoring, and integrated assessment modelling formed the basis for the policy agreements. In this paper, which is based on an international symposium organised to commemorate 50 years of successful integration of air pollution research and policy, we briefly describe the scientific findings that provided the foundation for the policy development. We also discuss important characteristics of the science-policy interactions, such as the critical loads concept and the large-scale ecosystem field studies. Finally, acid rain and air pollution are set in the context of future societal developments and needs, e.g. the UN's Sustainable Development Goals. We also highlight the need to maintain and develop supporting scientific infrastructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peringe Grennfelt
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, PO Box 53021, 40014 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Engleryd
- Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, Virkesvägen 2F, 10648 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Forsius
- Finnish Environment Institute, Latokartanonkaari 11, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Øystein Hov
- The Norwegian Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 43, Blindern, 0313 Oslo, Norway
| | - Henning Rodhe
- Department of Meteorology, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ellis Cowling
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, NC State University, 5211 Glenhope Court, Cary, NC 27511 USA
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24
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Polymer/Graphene oxide nanocomposite thin film for NO 2 sensor: An in situ investigation of electronic, morphological, structural, and spectroscopic properties. Sci Rep 2020; 10:2981. [PMID: 32076004 PMCID: PMC7031537 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59726-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The higher operating temperature of metal oxide and air instability of organic based NO2 sensor causes extremely urgent for development of a reliable low cost sensor to detect NO2 at room temperature. Therefore, we present a fabrication of large area Polymer/GO nano hybrid thin film for polymer thin film transistors (PTFTs) based NO2 sensors assisted via facile method named 'spreading-solidifying (SS) method', grown over air/liquid interface and successive investigation of effect of NO2 on film via several characterizations. The PTFTs sensor has demonstrated swift and high response towards low concentration of NO2 gas with air stability and provided real time non-invasive type NO2 sensor. Herein, we are reporting the nanohybrid PBTTT/GO composite based PTFT sensor with good repeatability and sensor response for low concentration NO2. The thin film grown via SS technique has reported very good adsorption/desorption of target analyte having response/recovery time of 75 s/523 s for 10 ppm concentration of NO2 gas. It has been observed that % change in drain current (sensor response) saturated with increasing concentration of NO2. The transient analysis demonstrates the fast sensor response and recovery time. Furthermore, in order to understand the insight of high performance of sensor, effect of NO2 on nanohybrid film and sensing mechanism, an in situ investigations was conducted via multiple technique viz. spectral, electronic, structural, and morphological characterization. Finally, the performance of sensor and the site of adsorption of NO2 at polymer chains were argued using schematic diagram. This work shows the simple fabrication process for mass production, low cost and room temperature operated gas sensors for monitoring the real-time environment conditions and gives an insight about the sensing mechanism adsorption site of NO2.
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25
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Bai Z, Winiwarter W, Klimont Z, Velthof G, Misselbrook T, Zhao Z, Jin X, Oenema O, Hu C, Ma L. Further Improvement of Air Quality in China Needs Clear Ammonia Mitigation Target. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:10542-10544. [PMID: 31496221 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b04725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohai Bai
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Hebei Key Laboratory of Soil Ecology, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetic and Developmental Biology , The Chinese Academy of Sciences , 286 Huaizhong Road , Shijiazhuang 050021 , Hebei , China
| | - Wilfried Winiwarter
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) , Laxenburg A-2361 , Austria
- The Institute of Environmental Engineering , University of Zielona Góra , Zielona Góra 65-417 , Poland
| | - Zbigniew Klimont
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) , Laxenburg A-2361 , Austria
| | - Gerard Velthof
- Wageningen Environmental Research , Wageningen University and Research , P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA , Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - Tom Misselbrook
- Sustainable Agricultural Sciences , Rothamsted Research , North Wyke , Okehampton EX20 2SB , U.K
| | - Zhanqing Zhao
- School of Land Resources and Urban&Rural Planning , Hebei GEO University , Shijiazhuang 050031 , China
| | - Xinpeng Jin
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Hebei Key Laboratory of Soil Ecology, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetic and Developmental Biology , The Chinese Academy of Sciences , 286 Huaizhong Road , Shijiazhuang 050021 , Hebei , China
| | - Oene Oenema
- Wageningen Environmental Research , Wageningen University and Research , P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA , Wageningen , The Netherlands
| | - Chunsheng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Hebei Key Laboratory of Soil Ecology, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetic and Developmental Biology , The Chinese Academy of Sciences , 286 Huaizhong Road , Shijiazhuang 050021 , Hebei , China
| | - Lin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Water Resources, Hebei Key Laboratory of Soil Ecology, Center for Agricultural Resources Research, Institute of Genetic and Developmental Biology , The Chinese Academy of Sciences , 286 Huaizhong Road , Shijiazhuang 050021 , Hebei , China
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26
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Miao KJ, He QX, Li YX, Liu XQ, Jiang Y, Gu C, Sun LB. Fabrication of Cu(I)-Functionalized MIL-101(Cr) for Adsorptive Desulfurization: Low-Temperature Controllable Conversion of Cu(II) via Vapor-Induced Reduction. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:11085-11090. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b01584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kang-Jing Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Qiu-Xia He
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yu-Xia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Xiao-Qin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Yao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Chen Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
| | - Lin-Bing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China
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27
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Peng Y, Cui J, Zhu H, Cao Y, Du K, Yao D. Long-term spatiotemporal variations of atmospheric sulfur, nitrogen and particle pollutants in Chongqing, southwest China: implication of industrial transfer. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:8098-8110. [PMID: 30685864 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04224-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Industrial transfer has swept through in China. However, there is still a knowledge gap about its environmental effects. In this study, industrial transfer status was assessed and evaluated by industrial ratios (%; the gross product contributions of the secondary industry to the whole industry) and the impact of such transfer on atmospheric environment (SO2, NO2, PM10 (particles with aerodynamic diameter less than 10 μm), precipitations of SO42-, NO3-, and NH4+) in the 38 districts and counties in Chongqing was analyzed and discussed for the period of 2006-2015. Results showed that industries were transferred obviously from the main urban region (MUR) into the 1-h economic region (OHER). Atmospheric sulfur and PM10 were efficiently put in control, but atmospheric nitrogen (NO2; precipitations of NO3- and NH4+) was increasing and posted a potential threat to air quality especially during 2011-2015. Correlations showed that industrial ratios had significantly positive relationships with concentrations of ambient SO2 and PM10 in the MUR and ambient NO2 in the OHER (p < 0.05) while a remarkably negative one with concentrations of ambient SO2 in the OHER (p < 0.05) during 2006-2015, implying that industrial transfer could be effective in transferring sulfur pollution but not as efficient in transferring atmospheric nitrogen and PM10 pollutions as SO2 between in the MUR and OHER. More measures should be taken to reduce nitrogen and PM10 emission and a regional monitoring network of ambient NH3 is in urgent need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Peng
- School of Environmental Science, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing, 211171, China
| | - Jian Cui
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing Botanical Garden, Mem. Sun Yat-Sen, Nanjing, 210014, China.
- Center of Atmospheric Environment Research, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China.
| | - Hongyun Zhu
- School of Environmental Science, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing, 211171, China
| | - Youhui Cao
- Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Ke Du
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Dongrui Yao
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing Botanical Garden, Mem. Sun Yat-Sen, Nanjing, 210014, China
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28
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Aas W, Mortier A, Bowersox V, Cherian R, Faluvegi G, Fagerli H, Hand J, Klimont Z, Galy-Lacaux C, Lehmann CMB, Myhre CL, Myhre G, Olivié D, Sato K, Quaas J, Rao PSP, Schulz M, Shindell D, Skeie RB, Stein A, Takemura T, Tsyro S, Vet R, Xu X. Global and regional trends of atmospheric sulfur. Sci Rep 2019; 9:953. [PMID: 30700755 PMCID: PMC6353995 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37304-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The profound changes in global SO2 emissions over the last decades have affected atmospheric composition on a regional and global scale with large impact on air quality, atmospheric deposition and the radiative forcing of sulfate aerosols. Reproduction of historical atmospheric pollution levels based on global aerosol models and emission changes is crucial to prove that such models are able to predict future scenarios. Here, we analyze consistency of trends in observations of sulfur components in air and precipitation from major regional networks and estimates from six different global aerosol models from 1990 until 2015. There are large interregional differences in the sulfur trends consistently captured by the models and observations, especially for North America and Europe. Europe had the largest reductions in sulfur emissions in the first part of the period while the highest reduction came later in North America and East Asia. The uncertainties in both the emissions and the representativity of the observations are larger in Asia. However, emissions from East Asia clearly increased from 2000 to 2005 followed by a decrease, while in India a steady increase over the whole period has been observed and modelled. The agreement between a bottom-up approach, which uses emissions and process-based chemical transport models, with independent observations gives an improved confidence in the understanding of the atmospheric sulfur budget.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenche Aas
- NILU -Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, Norway.
| | | | | | - Ribu Cherian
- Institute for Meteorology, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Greg Faluvegi
- NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies and Center for Climate Systems Research, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | | | - Jenny Hand
- Cooperative Institute for Research in the Atmosphere, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Zbigniew Klimont
- International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Corinne Galy-Lacaux
- Laboratoire d'Aérologie, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | - Gunnar Myhre
- Center for International Climate and Environmental Research - Oslo (CICERO), Oslo, Norway
| | - Dirk Olivié
- Norwegian Meteorological Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - Keiichi Sato
- Asia Center for Air Pollution Research (ACAP), Niigata, Japan
| | - Johannes Quaas
- Institute for Meteorology, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - P S P Rao
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, India
| | | | - Drew Shindell
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ragnhild B Skeie
- Center for International Climate and Environmental Research - Oslo (CICERO), Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Toshihiko Takemura
- Research Institute for Applied Mechanics, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Robert Vet
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada
| | - Xiaobin Xu
- Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, China
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29
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Liu H, Ren X, Zhu J, Wu X, Liang C. Effect of exogenous abscisic acid on morphology, growth and nutrient uptake of rice (Oryza sativa) roots under simulated acid rain stress. PLANTA 2018; 248:647-659. [PMID: 29855701 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-2922-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Application of proper ABA can improve acid tolerance of rice roots by balancing endogenous hormones and promoting nutrient uptake. Abscisic acid (ABA) has an important signaling role in enhancing plant tolerance to environmental stress. To alleviate the inhibition on plant growth and productivity caused by acid rain, it is crucial to clarify the regulating mechanism of ABA on adaptation of plants to acid rain. Here, we studied the effects of exogenously applied ABA on nutrients uptake of rice roots under simulated acid rain (SAR) stress from physiological, biochemical and molecular aspects. Compared to the single SAR treatment (pH 4.5 or 3.5), exogenous 10 μM ABA alleviated the SAR-induced inhibition of root growth by balancing endogenous hormones (abscisic acid, indole-3-acetic acid, gibberellic acid and zeatin), promoting nutrient uptake (nitrate, P, K and Mg) in rice roots, and increasing the activity of the plasma membrane H+-ATPase by up-regulating expression levels of genes (OSA2, OSA4, OSA9 and OSA10). However, exogenous 100 μM ABA exacerbated the SAR-caused inhibition of root growth by disrupting the balance of endogenous hormones, and inhibiting nutrient uptake (nitrate, P, K, Ca and Mg) through decreasing the activity of the plasma membrane H+-ATPase. These results indicate that proper concentration of exogenous ABA could enhance tolerance of rice roots to SAR stress by promoting nutrients uptake and balancing endogenous hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Xiaoqian Ren
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Jiuzheng Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Xi Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Chanjuan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
- Jiangsu Cooperative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
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30
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Pinho P, Dias T, Cordovil CMDS, Dragosits U, Dise NB, Sutton MA, Branquinho C. Mapping Portuguese Natura 2000 sites in risk of biodiversity change caused by atmospheric nitrogen pollution. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198955. [PMID: 29927996 PMCID: PMC6013174 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we assess and map the risk that atmospheric nitrogen (atN) pollution poses to biodiversity in Natura 2000 sites in mainland Portugal. We first review the ecological impacts of atN pollution on terrestrial ecosystems, focusing on the biodiversity of Natura 2000 sites. These nature protection sites, especially those located within the Mediterranean Basin, are under-characterized regarding the risk posed by atN pollution. We focus on ammonia (NH3) because this N form is mostly associated with agriculture, which co-occurs at or in the immediate vicinity of most areas of conservation interest in Portugal. We produce a risk map integrating NH3 emissions and the susceptibility of Natura 2000 sites to atN pollution, ranking habitat sensitivity to atN pollution using expert knowledge from a panel of Portuguese ecological and habitat experts. Peats, mires, bogs, and similar acidic and oligotrophic habitats within Natura 2000 sites (most located in the northern mountains) were assessed to have the highest relative risk of biodiversity change due to atN pollution, whereas Natura 2000 sites in the Atlantic and Mediterranean climate zone (coastal, tidal, and scrubland habitats) were deemed the least sensitive. Overall, results allowed us to rank all Natura 2000 sites in mainland Portugal in order of evaluated risk posed by atN pollution. The approach is of great relevance for stakeholders in different countries to help prioritize site protection and to define research priorities. This is especially relevant in countries with a lack of expertise to assess the impacts of nitrogen on biodiversity and can represent an important step up from current knowledge in such countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Pinho
- cE3c, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- CERENA, Centro de Recursos Naturais e Ambiente, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Teresa Dias
- cE3c, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Ulrike Dragosits
- NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (CEH), Edinburgh Research Station, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Nancy B. Dise
- NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (CEH), Edinburgh Research Station, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Mark A. Sutton
- NERC Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (CEH), Edinburgh Research Station, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian, United Kingdom
| | - Cristina Branquinho
- cE3c, Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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31
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van der Linde S, Suz LM, Orme CDL, Cox F, Andreae H, Asi E, Atkinson B, Benham S, Carroll C, Cools N, De Vos B, Dietrich HP, Eichhorn J, Gehrmann J, Grebenc T, Gweon HS, Hansen K, Jacob F, Kristöfel F, Lech P, Manninger M, Martin J, Meesenburg H, Merilä P, Nicolas M, Pavlenda P, Rautio P, Schaub M, Schröck HW, Seidling W, Šrámek V, Thimonier A, Thomsen IM, Titeux H, Vanguelova E, Verstraeten A, Vesterdal L, Waldner P, Wijk S, Zhang Y, Žlindra D, Bidartondo MI. Environment and host as large-scale controls of ectomycorrhizal fungi. Nature 2018; 558:243-248. [PMID: 29875410 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0189-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Explaining the large-scale diversity of soil organisms that drive biogeochemical processes-and their responses to environmental change-is critical. However, identifying consistent drivers of belowground diversity and abundance for some soil organisms at large spatial scales remains problematic. Here we investigate a major guild, the ectomycorrhizal fungi, across European forests at a spatial scale and resolution that is-to our knowledge-unprecedented, to explore key biotic and abiotic predictors of ectomycorrhizal diversity and to identify dominant responses and thresholds for change across complex environmental gradients. We show the effect of 38 host, environment, climate and geographical variables on ectomycorrhizal diversity, and define thresholds of community change for key variables. We quantify host specificity and reveal plasticity in functional traits involved in soil foraging across gradients. We conclude that environmental and host factors explain most of the variation in ectomycorrhizal diversity, that the environmental thresholds used as major ecosystem assessment tools need adjustment and that the importance of belowground specificity and plasticity has previously been underappreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sietse van der Linde
- Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot, UK. .,Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London, UK. .,Forest Research, Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham, UK.
| | - Laura M Suz
- Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London, UK
| | | | - Filipa Cox
- Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Henning Andreae
- Public Enterprise Sachsenforst, Kompetenzzentrum Wald und Forstwirtschaft, Pirna, Germany
| | - Endla Asi
- Estonian Environment Agency, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Bonnie Atkinson
- Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot, UK.,Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London, UK
| | - Sue Benham
- Forest Research, Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham, UK
| | | | - Nathalie Cools
- Nature and Forest Research Institute, Environment and Climate, Geraardsbergen, Belgium
| | - Bruno De Vos
- Nature and Forest Research Institute, Environment and Climate, Geraardsbergen, Belgium
| | | | | | - Joachim Gehrmann
- Landesamt für Natur Umwelt und Verbraucherschutz Nordrhein-Westfalen, Recklinghausen, Germany
| | - Tine Grebenc
- Slovenian Forestry Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Hyun S Gweon
- Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK.,Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Wallingford, UK
| | - Karin Hansen
- IVL Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Ferdinand Kristöfel
- Federal Research and Training Centre for Forests, Natural Hazards and Landscape (BFW), Wien, Austria
| | - Paweł Lech
- Forest Research Institute, Sękocin Stary, Poland
| | | | - Jan Martin
- Landesforstanstalt M-V BT: FVI, Schwerin, Germany
| | | | - Päivi Merilä
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Oulu, Finland
| | - Manuel Nicolas
- Office National des Forêts, Recherche-Développement-Innovation, Fontainebleau, France
| | | | - Pasi Rautio
- Natural Resources Institute Finland, Rovaniemi, Finland
| | - Marcus Schaub
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Vít Šrámek
- Forestry and Game Management Research Institute, Jíloviště, Czech Republic
| | - Anne Thimonier
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Iben Margrete Thomsen
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Hugues Titeux
- University of Louvain, Earth and Life Institute, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | | | - Arne Verstraeten
- Nature and Forest Research Institute, Environment and Climate, Geraardsbergen, Belgium
| | - Lars Vesterdal
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Peter Waldner
- WSL Swiss Federal Institute for Forest, Snow and Landscape Research, Birmensdorf, Switzerland
| | - Sture Wijk
- Swedish Forest Agency, Jönköping, Sweden
| | - Yuxin Zhang
- Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot, UK
| | | | - Martin I Bidartondo
- Life Sciences, Imperial College London, Ascot, UK.,Comparative Plant and Fungal Biology, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, London, UK
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32
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Agrawal AV, Kumar R, Venkatesan S, Zakhidov A, Yang G, Bao J, Kumar M, Kumar M. Photoactivated Mixed In-Plane and Edge-Enriched p-Type MoS 2 Flake-Based NO 2 Sensor Working at Room Temperature. ACS Sens 2018; 3:998-1004. [PMID: 29663806 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.8b00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Toxic gases are produced during the burning of fossil fuels. Room temperature (RT) fast detection of toxic gases is still challenging. Recently, MoS2 transition metal dichalcogenides have sparked great attention in the research community due to their performance in gas sensing applications. However, MoS2 based gas sensors still suffer from long response and recovery times, especially at RT. Considering this challenge, here, we report photoactivated highly reversible and fast detection of NO2 sensors at room temperature (RT) by using mixed in-plane and edge-enriched p-MoS2 flakes (mixed MoS2). The sensor showed fast response with good sensitivity of ∼10.36% for 10 ppm of NO2 at RT without complete recovery. However, complete recovery was obtained with better sensor performance under UV light illumination at RT. The UV assisted NO2 sensing showed improved performance in terms of fast response and recovery kinetics with enhanced sensitivity to 10 ppm NO2 concentration. The sensor performance is also investigated under thermal energy, and a better sensor performance with reduced sensitivity and high selectivity toward NO2 was observed. A detailed gas sensing mechanism based on the density functional theory (DFT) calculations for favorable NO2 adsorption sites on in-plane and edge-enriched MoS2 flakes is proposed. This study revealed the role of favorable adsorption sites in MoS2 flakes for the enhanced interaction of target gases and developed a highly sensitive, reversible, and fast gas sensor for next-generation toxic gases at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhay. V. Agrawal
- Functional and Renewable Energy Materials Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Punjab-140001, India
| | - Rahul Kumar
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur-342011, India
| | | | - Alex Zakhidov
- Department of Physics, Texas State University, San Marcos, Texas 78666, United States
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Electrical Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Jiming Bao
- Department of Electrical Computer Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Mahesh Kumar
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur-342011, India
| | - Mukesh Kumar
- Functional and Renewable Energy Materials Laboratory, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Punjab-140001, India
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33
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Shi G, Xu J, Peng X, Xiao Z, Chen K, Tian Y, Guan X, Feng Y, Yu H, Nenes A, Russell AG. pH of Aerosols in a Polluted Atmosphere: Source Contributions to Highly Acidic Aerosol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:4289-4296. [PMID: 28303714 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b05736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Acidity (pH) plays a key role in the physical and chemical behavior of PM2.5. However, understanding of how specific PM sources impact aerosol pH is rarely considered. Performing source apportionment of PM2.5 allows a unique link of sources pH of aerosol from the polluted city. Hourly water-soluble (WS) ions of PM2.5 were measured online from December 25th, 2014 to June 19th, 2015 in a northern city in China. Five sources were resolved including secondary nitrate (41%), secondary sulfate (26%), coal combustion (14%), mineral dust (11%), and vehicle exhaust (9%). The influence of source contributions to pH was estimated by ISORROPIA-II. The lowest aerosol pH levels were found at low WS-ion levels and then increased with increasing total ion levels, until high ion levels occur, at which point the aerosol becomes more acidic as both sulfate and nitrate increase. Ammonium levels increased nearly linearly with sulfate and nitrate until approximately 20 μg m-3, supporting that the ammonium in the aerosol was more limited by thermodynamics than source limitations, and aerosol pH responded more to the contributions of sources such as dust than levels of sulfate. Commonly used pH indicator ratios were not indicative of the pH estimated using the thermodynamic model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoliang Shi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, China
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0512, United States
| | - Jiao Xu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xing Peng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhimei Xiao
- Environmental Monitoring Center of Tianjin, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Kui Chen
- Environmental Monitoring Center of Tianjin, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Yingze Tian
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xinbei Guan
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0512, United States
| | - Yinchang Feng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University , Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Haofei Yu
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0512, United States
| | - Athanasios Nenes
- Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Armistead G Russell
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0512, United States
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34
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Kopáček J, Hejzlar J, Krám P, Oulehle F, Posch M. Effect of industrial dust on precipitation chemistry in the Czech Republic (Central Europe) from 1850 to 2013. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 103:30-37. [PMID: 27429352 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Using statistical relationships between the composition of precipitation at eight long-term monitoring stations and emission rates of sulphur (S) and nitrogen (N) compounds, as well as industrial dust in the Czech Republic and Slovakia (Central Europe), we modelled historic pH and concentrations of sulphate (SO4(2-)), nitrate (NO3(-)), ammonium (NH4(+)), chloride (Cl(-)), base cations (BC), and bicarbonate (HCO3(-)) in bulk precipitation from 1850 to 2013. Our model suggests that concentrations of SO4(2-), NO3(-), and HCO3(-) were similar (11-16 μeq l(-1)) in 1850. Cations were dominated by NH4(+) and BC (24-27 μeq l(-1)) and precipitation pH was >5.6. The carbonate buffering system was depleted around 1920 and precipitation further acidified at an exponential rate until the 1980s, when concentrations of SO4(2-), NO3(-), Cl(-), NH4(+) and BC reached maxima of 126, 55, 16, 76, and 57 μeq l(-1), respectively, and pH decreased to 4.2. Dust emissions from industrial sources were an important source of BC. Without their contribution, pH would have decreased to 4.0 in the 1980s, and the carbonate buffering system would have been depleted already in the 1870s. Since the late 1980s, concentrations of strong acid anions and BC have decreased by 46-81% (i.e. more than in Europe on average) due to a 53-93% reduction in regional emissions of S and N compounds and dust from industrial and agricultural sources. The present composition of precipitation is similar to the late 19th century, except for NO3(-) concentrations, which are similar to those during 1926-1950. Precipitation pH now exceeds 5.0, the carbonate buffering system has been re-established, and HCO3(-) has again become (after almost a century) a significant component of precipitation chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Kopáček
- Biology Centre CAS, Institute of Hydrobiology, Na Sádkách 7, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic; Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 1760, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Josef Hejzlar
- Biology Centre CAS, Institute of Hydrobiology, Na Sádkách 7, 37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Krám
- Czech Geological Survey, Klárov 3, 11821 Prague 1, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Oulehle
- Czech Geological Survey, Klárov 3, 11821 Prague 1, Czech Republic
| | - Maximilian Posch
- Coordination Centre for Effects, RIVM, P.O. Box 1, NL-3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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de Sousa A, AbdElgawad H, Han A, Teixeira J, Matos M, Fidalgo F. Oxidative Metabolism of Rye (Secale cereale L.) after Short Term Exposure to Aluminum: Uncovering the Glutathione-Ascorbate Redox Network. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:685. [PMID: 27252711 PMCID: PMC4877395 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
One of the major limitations to plant growth and yield in acidic soils is the prevalence of soluble aluminum ions (Al(3+)) in the soil solution, which can irreversible damage the root apex cells. Nonetheless, many Al-tolerant species overcome Al toxicity and are well-adapted to acidic soils, being able to complete their life cycle under such stressful conditions. At this point, the complex physiological and biochemical processes inherent to Al tolerance remain unclear, especially in what concerns the behavior of antioxidant enzymes and stress indicators at early plant development. Since rye (Secale cereale L.), is considered the most Al-tolerant cereal, in this study we resort to seedlings of two genotypes with different Al sensitivities in order to evaluate their oxidative metabolism after short term Al exposure. Al-induced toxicity and antioxidant responses were dependent on rye genotype, organ and exposure period. Al affected biomass production and membrane integrity in roots and leaves of the sensitive (RioDeva) genotype. Catalase was the primary enzyme involved in H2O2 detoxification in the tolerant (Beira) genotype, while in RioDeva this task was mainly performed by GPX and POX. Evaluation of the enzymatic and non-enzymatic components of the ascorbate-glutathione cycle, as well the oxalate content, revealed that Beira genotype coped with Al stress by converting DHA into oxalate and tartarate, which posteriorly may bind to Al forming non-toxic chelates. In contrast, RioDeva genotype used a much more ineffective strategy which passed through ascorbate regeneration. So, remarkable differences between MDHAR and DHAR activities appear to be the key for a higher Al tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra de Sousa
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do PortoPorto, Portugal
| | - Hamada AbdElgawad
- Laboratory for Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, Department of Biology, University of AntwerpAntwerp, Belgium
| | - Asard Han
- Laboratory for Integrated Molecular Plant Physiology Research, Department of Biology, University of AntwerpAntwerp, Belgium
| | - Jorge Teixeira
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do PortoPorto, Portugal
| | - Manuela Matos
- Departamento de Genética e Biotecnologia, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto-DouroVila Real, Portugal
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de LisboaLisboa, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Fidalgo
- Biosystems and Integrative Sciences Institute, Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do PortoPorto, Portugal
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36
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Yao FF, Ding HM, Feng LL, Chen JJ, Yang SY, Wang XH. Photosynthetic and growth responses of Schima superba seedlings to sulfuric and nitric acid depositions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:8644-58. [PMID: 26797956 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5970-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
A continuing rise in acid deposition can cause forest degradation. In China, acid deposition has converted gradually from sulfuric acid deposition (SAD) to nitric acid deposition (NAD). However, the differing responses of photosynthesis and growth to depositions of sulfuric vs. nitric acid have not been well studied. In this study, 1-year-old seedlings of Schima superba, a dominant species in subtropical forests, were treated with two types of acid deposition SO4 (2-)/NO3 (-) ratios (8:1 and 0.7:1) with two applications (foliar spraying and soil drenching) at two pH levels (pH 3.5 and pH 2.5) over a period of 18 months. The results showed that the intensity, acid deposition type, and spraying method had significant effects on the physiological characteristics and growth performance of seedlings. Acid deposition at pH 2.5 via foliar application reduced photosynthesis and growth of S. superba, especially in the first year. Unlike SAD, NAD with high acidity potentially alleviated the negative effects of acidity on physiological properties and growth, probably due to a fertilization effect that improved foliar nitrogen and chlorophyll contents. Our results suggest that trees were damaged mainly by direct acid stress in the short term, whereas in the long term, soil acidification was also likely to be a major risk to forest ecosystems. Our data suggest that the shift in acid deposition type may complicate the ongoing challenge of anthropogenic acid deposition to ecosystem stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Fang Yao
- School of Ecological and Environmental Science, East China Normal University, 200241, Shanghai, China
- Tiantong National Forest Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, 315114, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hui-Ming Ding
- School of Ecological and Environmental Science, East China Normal University, 200241, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Li Feng
- School of Ecological and Environmental Science, East China Normal University, 200241, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing-Jing Chen
- School of Ecological and Environmental Science, East China Normal University, 200241, Shanghai, China
| | - Song-Yu Yang
- School of Ecological and Environmental Science, East China Normal University, 200241, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi-Hua Wang
- School of Ecological and Environmental Science, East China Normal University, 200241, Shanghai, China.
- Tiantong National Forest Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, 315114, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China.
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Smith P, House JI, Bustamante M, Sobocká J, Harper R, Pan G, West PC, Clark JM, Adhya T, Rumpel C, Paustian K, Kuikman P, Cotrufo MF, Elliott JA, McDowell R, Griffiths RI, Asakawa S, Bondeau A, Jain AK, Meersmans J, Pugh TAM. Global change pressures on soils from land use and management. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2016; 22:1008-28. [PMID: 26301476 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.13068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Soils are subject to varying degrees of direct or indirect human disturbance, constituting a major global change driver. Factoring out natural from direct and indirect human influence is not always straightforward, but some human activities have clear impacts. These include land-use change, land management and land degradation (erosion, compaction, sealing and salinization). The intensity of land use also exerts a great impact on soils, and soils are also subject to indirect impacts arising from human activity, such as acid deposition (sulphur and nitrogen) and heavy metal pollution. In this critical review, we report the state-of-the-art understanding of these global change pressures on soils, identify knowledge gaps and research challenges and highlight actions and policies to minimize adverse environmental impacts arising from these global change drivers. Soils are central to considerations of what constitutes sustainable intensification. Therefore, ensuring that vulnerable and high environmental value soils are considered when protecting important habitats and ecosystems, will help to reduce the pressure on land from global change drivers. To ensure that soils are protected as part of wider environmental efforts, a global soil resilience programme should be considered, to monitor, recover or sustain soil fertility and function, and to enhance the ecosystem services provided by soils. Soils cannot, and should not, be considered in isolation of the ecosystems that they underpin and vice versa. The role of soils in supporting ecosystems and natural capital needs greater recognition. The lasting legacy of the International Year of Soils in 2015 should be to put soils at the centre of policy supporting environmental protection and sustainable development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pete Smith
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Scottish Food Security Alliance-Crops & ClimateXChange, University of Aberdeen, 23 St Machar Drive, Aberdeen, AB24 3UU, UK
| | - Joanna I House
- Cabot Institute, School of Geographical Sciences, University of Bristol, University Road, Bristol, BS8 1SS, UK
| | - Mercedes Bustamante
- Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade de Brasília, I.B. C.P. 04457, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro - UnB. D.F., CEP: 70919-970, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Jaroslava Sobocká
- National Agriculture and Food Centre Lužianky, Soil Science and Conservation Research Institute Bratislava, Gagarinova 10, 827 13, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Richard Harper
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, South Street, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Genxing Pan
- Institute of Resources, Environment and Ecosystem of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Paul C West
- Global Landscapes Initiative, Institute on the Environment (IonE), University of Minnesota, 325 Learning & Environmental Sciences, 1954 Buford Ave, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Joanna M Clark
- Soil Research Centre, Department of Geography and Environmental Science, School of Archaeology, Geography and Environmental Science, The University of Reading, Whiteknights, PO Box 227, Reading, RG6 6AB, UK
| | - Tapan Adhya
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India
| | - Cornelia Rumpel
- CNRS, IEES (UMR 7618 UPMC-CNRS-UPEC-IRD) CentreAgroParisTech-INRA, Bâtiment EGER, Thiverval-Grignon, France and INRA, UMR 1402 INRA-AgroParisTech ECOSYS, F-78850, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Keith Paustian
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences & Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1499, USA
| | - Peter Kuikman
- Alterra Wageningen UR, PO Box 47, 6700AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - M Francesca Cotrufo
- Department of Soil and Crop Sciences & Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1499, USA
| | - Jane A Elliott
- National Hydrology Research Centre, Environment Canada, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - Richard McDowell
- Invermay Agricultural Centre, AgResearch, Private Bag, Mosgiel, 50034, New Zealand
| | - Robert I Griffiths
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Maclean Building, Benson Lane, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, OX10 8BB, UK
| | - Susumu Asakawa
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Alberte Bondeau
- Institut Méditerranéen de Biodiversité et d'Ecologie marine et continentale, Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, IRD, Avignon Université, BP 80, Aix-en-Provence, 13545, France
| | - Atul K Jain
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 105 S. Gregory Street, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Jeroen Meersmans
- Department of Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Armory Building, Renes Drive, Exeter, EX4 4RJ, UK
| | - Thomas A M Pugh
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research/Atmospheric Environmental Research (IMK-IFU), Kreuzeckbahnstrasse 19, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, 82467, Germany
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Wu J, Liang G, Hui D, Deng Q, Xiong X, Qiu Q, Liu J, Chu G, Zhou G, Zhang D. Prolonged acid rain facilitates soil organic carbon accumulation in a mature forest in Southern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 544:94-102. [PMID: 26657252 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
With the continuing increase in anthropogenic activities, acid rain remains a serious environmental threat, especially in the fast developing areas such as southern China. To detect how prolonged deposition of acid rain would influence soil organic carbon accumulation in mature subtropical forests, we conducted a field experiment with simulated acid rain (SAR) treatments in a monsoon evergreen broadleaf forest at Dinghushan National Nature Reserve in southern China. Four levels of SAR treatments were set by irrigating plants with water of different pH values: CK (the control, local lake water, pH ≈ 4.5), T1 (water pH=4.0), T2 (water pH=3.5), and T3 (water pH=3.0). Results showed reduced pH measurements in the topsoil exposed to simulated acid rains due to soil acidification. Soil respiration, soil microbial biomass and litter decomposition rates were significantly decreased by the SAR treatments. As a result, T3 treatment significantly increased the total organic carbon by 24.5% in the topsoil compared to the control. Furthermore, surface soil became more stable as more recalcitrant organic matter was generated under the SAR treatments. Our results suggest that prolonged acid rain exposure may have the potential to facilitate soil organic carbon accumulation in the subtropical forest in southern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Wu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Guohua Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Dafeng Hui
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209, USA
| | - Qi Deng
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tennessee State University, Nashville, TN 37209, USA
| | - Xin Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Qingyan Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Juxiu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Guowei Chu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Guoyi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Deqiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
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Vellingiri K, Kim KH, Kwon EE, Deep A, Jo SH, Szulejko JE. Insights into the adsorption capacity and breakthrough properties of a synthetic zeolite against a mixture of various sulfur species at low ppb levels. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2016; 166:484-492. [PMID: 26562781 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2015.10.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2015] [Revised: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The sorptive removal properties of a synthetic A4 zeolite were evaluated against sulfur dioxide (SO2) and four reference reduced sulfur compounds (RSC: hydrogen sulfide (H2S), methanethiol (CH3SH), dimethyl sulfide (DMS, (CH3)2S), and dimethyl disulfide (DMDS, CH3SSCH3). To this end, a sorbent bed of untreated (as-received) A4 zeolite was loaded with gaseous standards at four concentration levels (10-100 part-per-billion (ppb (v/v)) at four different volumes (0.1, 0.2, 0.5, and 1 L increments) in both increasing (IO: 0.1-1.0 L) and decreasing volume order (DO: 1.0 to 0.1 L). Morphological properties were characterized by PXRD, FTIR, and BET analysis. The removal efficiency of SO2 decreased from 100% for all concentrations at 0.1 L (initial sample volume) to ∼82% (100 ppb) or ∼96% (10 ppb) at 3.6 L. In contrast, removal efficiency of RSC was near 100% at small loading volumes but then fell sharply, irrespective of concentration (10-100 ppb) (e.g., 32% (DMS) to 52% (H2S) at 100 ppb). The adsorption capacity of zeolite, if expressed in terms of solid-gas partition coefficient (e.g., similar to the Henry's law constant (mmol kg(-1) Pa(-1))), showed moderate variabilities with the standard concentration levels and S compound types such as the minimum of 2.03 for CH3SH (at 20 ppb) to the maximum of 13.9 for SO2 (at 10 ppb). It clearly demonstrated a notable distinction in the removal efficiency of A4 zeolite among the different S species in a mixture with enhanced removal efficiency of SO2 compared to the RSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kowsalya Vellingiri
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222, Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222, Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea.
| | - Eilhann E Kwon
- Dept. of Environment and Energy, Sejong University, Seoul 143-747, Republic of Korea
| | - Akash Deep
- Central Scientific Instruments Organisation (CSIR-CSIO), Sector 30 C, Chandigarh 160030, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-CSIO, Sector 30 C, Chandigarh 160030, India
| | - Sang-Hee Jo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222, Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Jan E Szulejko
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222, Wangsimni-Ro, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea
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40
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Hu WJ, Wu Q, Liu X, Shen ZJ, Chen J, Liu TW, Chen J, Zhu CQ, Wu FH, Chen L, Wei J, Qiu XY, Shen GX, Zheng HL. Comparative Proteomic Analysis Reveals the Effects of Exogenous Calcium against Acid Rain Stress in Liquidambar formosana Hance Leaves. J Proteome Res 2015; 15:216-28. [PMID: 26616104 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Acid rain (AR) impacts forest health by leaching calcium (Ca) away from soils and plants. Ca is an essential element and participates in various plant physiological responses. In the present study, the protective role of exogenous Ca in alleviating AR stress in Liquidambar formosana Hance at the physiological and proteomic levels was examined. Our results showed that low Ca condition resulted in the chlorophyll content and photosynthesis decreasing significantly in L. formosana leaves; however, these effects could be reversed by high Ca supplementation. Further proteomic analyses successfully identified 81 differentially expressed proteins in AR-treated L. formosana under different Ca levels. In particular, some of the proteins are involved in primary metabolism, photosynthesis, energy production, antioxidant defense, transcription, and translation. Moreover, quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) results indicated that low Ca significantly increased the expression level of the investigated Ca-related genes, which can be reversed by high Ca supplementation under AR stress. Further, Western blotting analysis revealed that exogenous Ca supply reduced AR damage by elevating the expression of proteins involved in the Calvin cycle, reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging system. These findings allowed us to better understand how woody plants respond to AR stress at various Ca levels and the protective role of exogenous Ca against AR stress in forest tree species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jun Hu
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310021, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of the Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Ministry of Education, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University , Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P. R. China
| | - Qian Wu
- Key Laboratory of the Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Ministry of Education, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University , Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of the Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Ministry of Education, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University , Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Jun Shen
- Key Laboratory of the Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Ministry of Education, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University , Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P. R. China
| | - Juan Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Ministry of Education, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University , Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P. R. China
| | - Ting-Wu Liu
- Key Laboratory of the Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Ministry of Education, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University , Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P. R. China
| | - Juan Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Ministry of Education, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University , Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P. R. China
| | - Chun-Quan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of the Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Ministry of Education, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University , Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P. R. China
| | - Fei-Hua Wu
- Key Laboratory of the Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Ministry of Education, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University , Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P. R. China.,College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310036, P. R. China
| | - Lin Chen
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310021, P. R. China
| | - Jia Wei
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310021, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Yun Qiu
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310021, P. R. China
| | - Guo-Xin Shen
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310021, P. R. China
| | - Hai-Lei Zheng
- Key Laboratory of the Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, Ministry of Education, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University , Xiamen, Fujian 361005, P. R. China
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Reis S, Seto E, Northcross A, Quinn NW, Convertino M, Jones RL, Maier HR, Schlink U, Steinle S, Vieno M, Wimberly MC. Integrating modelling and smart sensors for environmental and human health. ENVIRONMENTAL MODELLING & SOFTWARE : WITH ENVIRONMENT DATA NEWS 2015; 74:238-246. [PMID: 26644778 PMCID: PMC4669571 DOI: 10.1016/j.envsoft.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Sensors are becoming ubiquitous in everyday life, generating data at an unprecedented rate and scale. However, models that assess impacts of human activities on environmental and human health, have typically been developed in contexts where data scarcity is the norm. Models are essential tools to understand processes, identify relationships, associations and causality, formalize stakeholder mental models, and to quantify the effects of prevention and interventions. They can help to explain data, as well as inform the deployment and location of sensors by identifying hotspots and areas of interest where data collection may achieve the best results. We identify a paradigm shift in how the integration of models and sensors can contribute to harnessing 'Big Data' and, more importantly, make the vital step from 'Big Data' to 'Big Information'. In this paper, we illustrate current developments and identify key research needs using human and environmental health challenges as an example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Reis
- Natural Environment Research Council, Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, EH26 0QB, United Kingdom
- University of Exeter Medical School, Knowledge Spa, Truro, TR1 3HD, United Kingdom
| | - Edmund Seto
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, 1959 Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Amanda Northcross
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, George Washington University, 950 New Hampshire Ave. NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Nigel W.T. Quinn
- HydroEcological Engineering Advanced Decision Support, Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road Bld 64-209, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Matteo Convertino
- HumNat Lab, School of Public Health - Division of Environmental Health Sciences & Health Informatics Program, Institute on the Environment and Institute for Engineering in Medicine University of Minnesota, Twin-Cities USA
| | - Rod L. Jones
- Department of Chemistry, Cambridge University, United Kingdom
| | - Holger R. Maier
- School of Civil, Environmental and Mining Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide SA 5005, Australia
| | - Uwe Schlink
- UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Susanne Steinle
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Research Avenue North, Riccarton, Edinburgh, EH14 4AP, United Kingdom
| | - Massimo Vieno
- Natural Environment Research Council, Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, EH26 0QB, United Kingdom
| | - Michael C. Wimberly
- Geospatial Sciences Center of Excellence, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD 57007-3510, USA
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Qiu Q, Wu J, Liang G, Liu J, Chu G, Zhou G, Zhang D. Effects of simulated acid rain on soil and soil solution chemistry in a monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest in southern China. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2015; 187:272. [PMID: 25893761 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-015-4492-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Acid rain is an environmental problem of increasing concern in China. In this study, a laboratory leaching column experiment with acid forest soil was set up to investigate the responses of soil and soil solution chemistry to simulated acid rain (SAR). Five pH levels of SAR were set: 2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, and 4.5 (as a control, CK). The results showed that soil acidification would occur when the pH of SAR was ≤3.5. The concentrations of NO₃(-)and Ca(2+) in the soil increased significantly when the pH of SAR fell 3.5. The concentration of SO₄(2-) in the soil increased significantly when the pH of SAR was <4.0. The effects of SAR on soil solution chemistry became increasingly apparent as the experiment proceeded (except for Na(+) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC)). The net exports of NO₃(-), SO₄(2-), Mg(2+), and Ca(2+) increased about 42-86% under pH 2.5 treatment as compared to CK. The Ca(2+) was sensitive to SAR, and the soil could release Ca(2+) through mineral weathering to mitigate soil acidification. The concentration of exchangeable Al(3+) in the soil increased with increasing the acidity of SAR. The releases of soluble Al and Fe were SAR pH dependent, and their net exports under pH 2.5 treatment were 19.6 and 5.5 times, respectively, higher than that under CK. The net export of DOC was reduced by 12-29% under SAR treatments as compared to CK. Our results indicate the chemical constituents in the soil are more sensitive to SAR than those in the soil solution, and the effects of SAR on soil solution chemistry depend not only on the intensity of SAR but also on the duration of SAR addition. The soil and soil solution chemistry in this region may not be affected by current precipitation (pH≈4.5) in short term, but the soil and soil leachate chemistry may change dramatically if the pH of precipitation were below 3.5 and 3.0, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyan Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 723 Xingke Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, 510650, China
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Liu J, Mooney H, Hull V, Davis SJ, Gaskell J, Hertel T, Lubchenco J, Seto KC, Gleick P, Kremen C, Li S. Systems integration for global sustainability. Science 2015; 347:1258832. [DOI: 10.1126/science.1258832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 668] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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Jonard M, Fürst A, Verstraeten A, Thimonier A, Timmermann V, Potočić N, Waldner P, Benham S, Hansen K, Merilä P, Ponette Q, de la Cruz AC, Roskams P, Nicolas M, Croisé L, Ingerslev M, Matteucci G, Decinti B, Bascietto M, Rautio P. Tree mineral nutrition is deteriorating in Europe. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2015; 21:418-30. [PMID: 24920268 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.12657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The response of forest ecosystems to increased atmospheric CO2 is constrained by nutrient availability. It is thus crucial to account for nutrient limitation when studying the forest response to climate change. The objectives of this study were to describe the nutritional status of the main European tree species, to identify growth-limiting nutrients and to assess changes in tree nutrition during the past two decades. We analysed the foliar nutrition data collected during 1992-2009 on the intensive forest monitoring plots of the ICP Forests programme. Of the 22 significant temporal trends that were observed in foliar nutrient concentrations, 20 were decreasing and two were increasing. Some of these trends were alarming, among which the foliar P concentration in F. sylvatica, Q. Petraea and P. sylvestris that significantly deteriorated during 1992-2009. In Q. Petraea and P. sylvestris, the decrease in foliar P concentration was more pronounced on plots with low foliar P status, meaning that trees with latent P deficiency could become deficient in the near future. Increased tree productivity, possibly resulting from high N deposition and from the global increase in atmospheric CO2, has led to higher nutrient demand by trees. As the soil nutrient supply was not always sufficient to meet the demands of faster growing trees, this could partly explain the deterioration of tree mineral nutrition. The results suggest that when evaluating forest carbon storage capacity and when planning to reduce CO2 emissions by increasing use of wood biomass for bioenergy, it is crucial that nutrient limitations for forest growth are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Jonard
- UCL-ELI, Université catholique de Louvain, Earth and Life Institute, Croix du Sud 2, L7.05.09, Louvain-la-Neuve, BE-1348, Belgium
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Tzanidakis K, Oxley T, Cockerill T, ApSimon H. Illustrative national scale scenarios of environmental and human health impacts of Carbon Capture and Storage. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2013; 56:48-64. [PMID: 23603732 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2013.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Integrated Assessment, and the development of strategies to reduce the impacts of air pollution, has tended to focus only upon the direct emissions from different sources, with the indirect emissions associated with the full life-cycle of a technology often overlooked. Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) reflects a number of new technologies designed to reduce CO2 emissions, but which may have much broader environmental implications than greenhouse gas emissions. This paper considers a wider range of pollutants from a full life-cycle perspective, illustrating a methodology for assessing environmental impacts using source-apportioned effects based impact factors calculated by the national scale UK Integrated Assessment Model (UKIAM). Contrasting illustrative scenarios for the deployment of CCS towards 2050 are presented which compare the life-cycle effects of air pollutant emissions upon human health and ecosystems of business-as-usual, deployment of CCS and widespread uptake of IGCC for power generation. Together with estimation of the transboundary impacts we discuss the benefits of an effects based approach to such assessments in relation to emissions based techniques.
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Mulder C, Ahrestani FS, Bahn M, Bohan DA, Bonkowski M, Griffiths BS, Guicharnaud RA, Kattge J, Krogh PH, Lavorel S, Lewis OT, Mancinelli G, Naeem S, Peñuelas J, Poorter H, Reich PB, Rossi L, Rusch GM, Sardans J, Wright IJ. Connecting the Green and Brown Worlds. ADV ECOL RES 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-420002-9.00002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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