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Terada Y, Miyata K, Shoji N, Mochizuki M. Human T-cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 (HTLV-1)-induced Uveitis. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2023; 31:1416-1424. [PMID: 36803501 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2023.2175697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a human retrovirus that causes T-cell malignant diseases (adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma) and HTLV-1-related non-malignant inflammatory diseases, such as HTLV-1 uveitis. Although the symptoms and signs of HTLV-1 uveitis are nonspecific, intermediate uveitis with various degrees of vitreous opacity is the most common clinical presentation. It can occur in one or both eyes and its onset is acute or subacute. Intraocular inflammation can be managed with topical and/or systemic corticosteroids; however, recurrence of uveitis is common. The visual prognosis is generally favorable, but a certain proportion of patients have a poor visual prognosis. Systemic complications of patients with HTLV-1 uveitis include Graves' disease and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. This review describes the clinical characteristics, diagnosis, ocular manifestations, management, and immunopathogenic mechanisms of HTLV-1 uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nobuyuki Shoji
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Japan
| | - Manabu Mochizuki
- Miyata Eye Hospital, Miyazaki, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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da Silva Carvalho JM, de Araújo Campos EMT, Ferreira JLN, Carvalho HM, Carneiro Neto JA, de Oliveira Carneiro T, Carvalho EM. Radiographic aspects in individuals infected by human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) with joint pain. Adv Rheumatol 2022; 62:31. [DOI: 10.1186/s42358-022-00259-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Joint pain in the absence or with little synovitis is observed in a large percentage of HTLV-1 infected subjects. As the virus infect CD4 + and CD8 + positive, macrophages and B cells an exaggerated production of pro-inflammatory cytokines is detected in these patients. However, the possible association of HTLV-1 infection with autoimmune diseases has not been documented definitively and the clinical characteristics of HTLV-1 associated arthropathy has not been defined. The objective this study is to describe clinic and radiographic features in HTLV-1-infected individuals with complaints of joint pain.
Methods
Cross-sectional study enrolling HTLV-1-infected individuals with chronic joint pain, aged up to 75 years, both genders and seronegative controls with osteoarthritis. All participants underwent conventional radiography of the hips, knees and ankles.
Results
Eighty-one HTLV-1 infected patients and 30 subjects with osteoarthritis participated in the study. Polyarticular and symmetrical arthritis prevailed in the HTLV-1 positive group (54%), while oligoarticular and asymmetrical (44%) were more common in controls (p < 0.05). The frequency of enthesophytes (90%) in HTLV-1-infected patients was greater than in the control group (73%) (p < 0.05). Radiographic features were similar in HTLV-1 carriers and in patients with probable or definite HTLV-1 associated myelopathy. The presence of enthesophytes in the absence of joint space reduction or osteophytes was only observed in HTLV-1-infected individuals (p < 0.001). Magnetic resonance imaging of the ankles of five HTLV-1-infected patients and five controls demonstrated a higher frequency of enthesitis, bursitis and osteitis in the HTLV-1 infected group.
Conclusion
HTLV-1-associated arthropathy is clinically characterized by symmetrical polyarthralgia and the main radiological finding is the presence of enthesophytes in the absence of osteophytes and joint space narrowing.
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Paradoxical Duel Role of Collagen in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Cause of Inflammation and Treatment. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9070321. [PMID: 35877372 PMCID: PMC9311863 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9070321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In biology, collagen-biomaterial regulates several signaling mechanisms of bone and immune cells involved in tissue repair and any imbalance in collagen turnover may affect the homeostasis of cells, becoming a major cause of several complications. In this case, the administration of oral collagen may play a potential role in returning cells to their normal function. For several decades, the beneficial effects of collagen have been explored widely, and thus many commercial products are available in cosmetics, food, and biomedical fields. For instance, collagen-based-products have been widely used to treat the complications of cartilage-related-disorders. Many researchers are reporting the anti-arthritogenic properties of collagen-based materials. In contrast, collagen, especially type-II collagen (CII), has been widely used to induce arthritis by immunization in an animal-model with or without adjuvants, and the potentially immunogenic-properties of collagen have been continuously reported for a long time. Additionally, the immune tolerance of collagen is mainly regulated by the T-lymphocytes and B-cells. This controversial hypothesis is getting more and more evidence nowadays from both sides to support its mechanism. Therefore, this review links the gap between the arthritogenic and anti-arthritogenic effects of collagen and explored the actual mechanism to understand the fundamental concept of collagen in arthritis. Accordingly, this review opens-up several unrevealed scientific knots of collagen and arthritis and helps the researchers understand the potential use of collagen in therapeutic applications.
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Nakamura H, Tsukamoto M, Nagasawa Y, Kitamura N, Shimizu T, Kawakami A, Nagata K, Takei M. Does HTLV-1 Infection Show Phenotypes Found in Sjögren's Syndrome? Viruses 2022; 14:v14010100. [PMID: 35062304 PMCID: PMC8780498 DOI: 10.3390/v14010100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are a possible cause for Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) as an environmental factor related to SS onset, which exhibits exocrine gland dysfunction and the emergence of autoantibodies. Although retroviruses may exhibit lymphocytic infiltration into exocrine glands, human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) has been postulated to be a causative agent for SS. Transgenic mice with HTLV-1 genes showed sialadenitis resembling SS, but their phenotypic symptoms differed based on the adopted region of HTLV-1 genes. The dominance of tax gene differed in labial salivary glands (LSGs) of SS patients with HTLV 1-associated myelopathy (HAM) and adult T-cell leukemia. Although HTLV-1 was transmitted to salivary gland epithelial cells (SGECs) by a biofilm-like structure, no viral synapse formation was observed. After infection to SGECs derived from SS patients, adhesion molecules and migration factors were time-dependently released from infected SGECs. The frequency of the appearance of autoantibodies including anti-Ro/SS-A, La/SS-B antibodies in SS patients complicated with HAM is unknown; the observation of less frequent ectopic germinal center formation in HTLV-1-seropositive SS patients was a breakthrough. In addition, HTLV-1 infected cells inhibited B-lymphocyte activating factor or C-X-C motif chemokine 13 through direct contact with established follicular dendritic cell-like cells. These findings show that HTLV-1 is directly involved in the pathogenesis of SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Nakamura
- Division of Hematology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan; (M.T.); (Y.N.); (N.K.); (K.N.); (M.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-3-3972-8111 (ext. 2400); Fax: +81-3-3972-2893
| | - Masako Tsukamoto
- Division of Hematology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan; (M.T.); (Y.N.); (N.K.); (K.N.); (M.T.)
| | - Yosuke Nagasawa
- Division of Hematology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan; (M.T.); (Y.N.); (N.K.); (K.N.); (M.T.)
| | - Noboru Kitamura
- Division of Hematology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan; (M.T.); (Y.N.); (N.K.); (K.N.); (M.T.)
| | - Toshimasa Shimizu
- Division of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan; (T.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Atsushi Kawakami
- Division of Advanced Preventive Medical Sciences, Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan; (T.S.); (A.K.)
| | - Kinya Nagata
- Division of Hematology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan; (M.T.); (Y.N.); (N.K.); (K.N.); (M.T.)
| | - Masami Takei
- Division of Hematology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan; (M.T.); (Y.N.); (N.K.); (K.N.); (M.T.)
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Lanigan LG, Hildreth BE, Dirksen WP, Simmons JK, Martin CK, Werbeck JL, Thudi NK, Papenfuss TL, Boyaka PN, Toribio RE, Ward JM, Weilbaecher KN, Rosol TJ. In Vivo Tumorigenesis, Osteolytic Sarcomas, and Tumorigenic Cell Lines from Transgenic Mice Expressing the Human T-Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 (HTLV-1) Tax Viral Oncogene. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2021; 191:335-352. [PMID: 33181139 PMCID: PMC7863134 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) causes adult T-cell leukemia, a disease commonly associated with hypercalcemia and osteolysis. There is no effective treatment for HTLV-1, and the osteolytic mechanisms are not fully understood. Mice expressing the HTLV-1 oncogene Tax, driven by the human granzyme B promoter (Tax+), develop osteolytic tumors. To investigate the progression of the bone-invasive malignancies, wild-type, Tax+, and Tax+/interferon-γ-/- mice were assessed using necropsy, histologic examination, IHC analysis, flow cytometry, and advanced imaging. Tax+ and Tax+/interferon-γ-/- malignancies of the ear, tail, and foot comprised poorly differentiated, round to spindle-shaped cells with prominent neutrophilic infiltrates. Tail tumors originated from muscle, nerve, and/or tendon sheaths, with frequent invasion into adjacent bone. F4/80+ and anti-mouse CD11b (Mac-1)+ histiocytic cells predominated within the tumors. Three Tax+/interferon-γ-/- cell lines were generated for in vivo allografts, in vitro gene expression and bone resorption assays. Two cell lines were of monocyte/macrophage origin, and tumors formed in vivo in all three. Differences in Pthrp, Il6, Il1a, Il1b, and Csf3 expression in vitro were correlated with differences in in vivo plasma calcium levels, tumor growth, metastasis, and neutrophilic inflammation. Tax+ mouse tumors were classified as bone-invasive histiocytic sarcomas. The cell lines are ideal for further examination of the role of HTLV-1 Tax in osteolytic tumor formation and the development of hypercalcemia and tumor-associated inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa G Lanigan
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; Tox Path Specialists, a StageBio Company, Fredrick, Maryland
| | - Blake E Hildreth
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Wessel P Dirksen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jessica K Simmons
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Chelsea K Martin
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Prince Edward Island, Atlantic Veterinary College, Prince Edward Island, Canada
| | - Jillian L Werbeck
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Nandu K Thudi
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Tracey L Papenfuss
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Prosper N Boyaka
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Ramiro E Toribio
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | | | - Katherine N Weilbaecher
- Division of Molecular Oncology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Thomas J Rosol
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, Ohio.
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Yabe R, Chung SH, Murayama MA, Kubo S, Shimizu K, Akahori Y, Maruhashi T, Seno A, Kaifu T, Saijo S, Iwakura Y. TARM1 contributes to development of arthritis by activating dendritic cells through recognition of collagens. Nat Commun 2021; 12:94. [PMID: 33397982 PMCID: PMC7782728 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20307-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
TARM1 is a member of the leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor family and stimulates macrophages and neutrophils in vitro by associating with FcRγ. However, the function of this molecule in the regulation of the immune system is unclear. Here, we show that Tarm1 expression is elevated in the joints of rheumatoid arthritis mouse models, and the development of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) is suppressed in Tarm1-/- mice. T cell priming against type 2 collagen is suppressed in Tarm1-/- mice and antigen-presenting ability of GM-CSF-induced dendritic cells (GM-DCs) from Tarm1-/- mouse bone marrow cells is impaired. We show that type 2 collagen is a functional ligand for TARM1 on GM-DCs and promotes DC maturation. Furthermore, soluble TARM1-Fc and TARM1-Flag inhibit DC maturation and administration of TARM1-Fc blocks the progression of CIA in mice. These results indicate that TARM1 is an important stimulating factor of dendritic cell maturation and could be a good target for the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rikio Yabe
- Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences (RIBS), Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, 278-0022, Japan
- Medical Mycobiology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Chiba, 260-8673, Japan
| | - Soo-Hyun Chung
- Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences (RIBS), Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, 278-0022, Japan
| | - Masanori A Murayama
- Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences (RIBS), Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, 278-0022, Japan
| | - Sachiko Kubo
- Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences (RIBS), Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, 278-0022, Japan
| | - Kenji Shimizu
- Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences (RIBS), Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, 278-0022, Japan
| | - Yukiko Akahori
- Medical Mycobiology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Chiba, 260-8673, Japan
| | - Takumi Maruhashi
- Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences (RIBS), Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, 278-0022, Japan
| | - Akimasa Seno
- Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences (RIBS), Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, 278-0022, Japan
| | - Tomonori Kaifu
- Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences (RIBS), Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, 278-0022, Japan
| | - Shinobu Saijo
- Medical Mycobiology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Chiba, 260-8673, Japan.
| | - Yoichiro Iwakura
- Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences (RIBS), Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, 278-0022, Japan.
- Medical Mycobiology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, Chiba, 260-8673, Japan.
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Bilateral Wrist Tenosynovitis owing to Acute Conversion of Adult T-Cell Leukemia-Lymphoma in a Patient with Rheumatoid Arthritis. Case Rep Orthop 2020; 2020:8862599. [PMID: 33204558 PMCID: PMC7666637 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8862599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1- (HTLV-1-) associated arthritis is a relatively common disease. However, tenosynovitis owing to adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma (ATL) is a rare condition. To the best of our knowledge, there have been no reports of tenosynovitis caused by conversion to acute ATL from one of the other ATL types. We present the case of a 60-year-old woman with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with bilateral wrist tenosynovitis owing to the conversion to acute ATL from one of the other ATL types. She had swelling around the bilateral wrist joint under well controlled RA inflammation. She had no symptoms, physical findings, or laboratory findings indicative of conversion to acute ATL from one of the other ATL types. She underwent tenosynovectomy on the volar and dorsal sides of the left wrist joint to diagnose the cause of swelling around the bilateral wrist joint. Pathological analysis revealed diffuse proliferation of medium-sized atypical CD4(+) lymphocytes. Interestingly, she was diagnosed with wrist tenosynovitis caused by an acute ATL type. This diagnosis suggested that clinicians must consider ATL in connection with atypical wrist tenosynovitis in HTLV-1-endemic areas.
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Nakamura H, Shimizu T, Kawakami A. Role of Viral Infections in the Pathogenesis of Sjögren's Syndrome: Different Characteristics of Epstein-Barr Virus and HTLV-1. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9051459. [PMID: 32414149 PMCID: PMC7290771 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9051459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses are possible pathogenic agents in several autoimmune diseases. Sjögren’s syndrome (SS), which involves exocrine dysfunction and the appearance of autoantibodies, shows salivary gland- and lacrimal gland-oriented clinical features. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the most investigated pathogen as a candidate that directly induces the phenotype found in SS. The reactivation of the virus with various stimuli induced a dysregulated form of EBV that has the potential to infect SS-specific B cells and plasma cells that are closely associated with the function of an ectopic lymphoid structure that contains a germinal center (GC) in the salivary glands of individuals with SS. The involvement of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) in SS has been epidemiologically established, but the disease concept of HTLV-1-associated SS remains unexplained due to limited evidence from basic research. Unlike the cell-to-cell contact between lymphocytes, biofilm-like structures are candidates as the mode of HTLV-1 infection of salivary gland epithelial cells (SGECs). HTLV-1 can infect SGECs with enhanced levels of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines that are secreted from SGECs. Regardless of the different targets that viruses have with respect to affinitive lymphocytes, viruses are involved in the formation of pathological alterations with immunological modifications in SS.
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Talotta R, Atzeni F, Laska MJ. Retroviruses in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus: Are they potential therapeutic targets? Autoimmunity 2020; 53:177-191. [PMID: 32321325 DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2020.1755962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is characterised by the hyper-activation of immunologic pathways related to the antiviral response. Exogenous and endogenous retroviruses, by integrating their DNA templates in the host cell genome, may epigenetically control the transcription of genes involved in the immune response. Furthermore, their nucleic acids or neo-synthesized proteins could stimulate the sensor molecules placed upstream the inflammatory cascade. Exogenous retroviruses, like human immunodeficiency virus, have been associated to SLE-like manifestations or to a fair SLE diagnosis. In addition, there is some evidence confirming a pathogenic role of human endogenous retroviruses in SLE. In line with these data, the use of antiretroviral agents could represent an attractive opportunity in the future therapeutic algorithms of this disease, but studies are still missing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Talotta
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital "Gaetano Martino", Messina, Italy
| | - Fabiola Atzeni
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University Hospital "Gaetano Martino", Messina, Italy
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Kannagi M, Hasegawa A, Nagano Y, Kimpara S, Suehiro Y. Impact of host immunity on HTLV-1 pathogenesis: potential of Tax-targeted immunotherapy against ATL. Retrovirology 2019; 16:23. [PMID: 31438973 PMCID: PMC6704564 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-019-0484-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1) causes adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL), HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), and other inflammatory diseases. There is no disease-specific difference in viral strains, and it is unclear how HTLV-1 causes such different diseases manifesting as lymphoproliferation or inflammation. Although some progress has been made in therapies for these diseases, the prognosis for ATL is still dismal and HAM/TSP remains an intractable disease. So far, two regulatory proteins of HTLV-1, Tax and HBZ, have been well studied and shown to have pleiotropic functions implicated in viral pathogenesis. Tax in particular can strongly activate NFκB, which is constitutively activated in HTLV-1-infected cells and considered to contribute to both oncogenesis and inflammation. However, the expression level of Tax is very low in vivo, leading to confusion in understanding its role in viral pathogenesis. A series of studies using IL-2-dependent HTLV-1-infected cells indicated that IL-10, an anti-inflammatory/immune suppressive cytokine, could induce a proliferative phenotype in HTLV-1-infected cells. In addition, type I interferon (IFN) suppresses HTLV-1 expression in a reversible manner. These findings suggest involvement of host innate immunity in the switch between lymphoproliferative and inflammatory diseases as well as the regulation of HTLV-1 expression. Innate immune responses also affect another important host determinant, Tax-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), which are impaired in ATL patients, while activated in HAM/TSP patients. Activation of Tax-specific CTLs in ATL patients after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation indicates Tax expression and its fluctuation in vivo. A recently developed anti-ATL therapeutic vaccine, consisting of Tax peptide-pulsed dendritic cells, induced Tax-specific CTL responses in ATL patients and exhibited favorable clinical outcomes, unless Tax-defective ATL clones emerged. These findings support the significance of Tax in HTLV-1 pathogenesis, at least in part, and encourage Tax-targeted immunotherapy in ATL. Host innate and acquired immune responses induce host microenvironments that modify HTLV-1-encoded pathogenesis and establish a complicated network for development of diseases in HTLV-1 infection. Both host and viral factors should be taken into consideration in development of therapeutic and prophylactic strategies in HTLV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Kannagi
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan.
| | - Atsuhiko Hasegawa
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Nagano
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan
| | - Shuichi Kimpara
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8519, Japan.,Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Youko Suehiro
- Department of Hematology, National Kyushu Cancer Center, Fukuoka, Japan
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Vicario M, Mattiolo A, Montini B, Piano MA, Cavallari I, Amadori A, Chieco-Bianchi L, Calabrò ML. A Preclinical Model for the ATLL Lymphoma Subtype With Insights Into the Role of Microenvironment in HTLV-1-Mediated Lymphomagenesis. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1215. [PMID: 29951044 PMCID: PMC6008390 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult T cell Leukemia/Lymphoma (ATLL) is a mature T cell malignancy associated with Human T cell Leukemia Virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection. Among its four main clinical subtypes, the prognosis of acute and lymphoma variants remains poor. The long latency (3–6 decades) and low incidence (3–5%) of ATLL imply the involvement of viral and host factors in full-blown malignancy. Despite multiple preclinical and clinical studies, the contribution of the stromal microenvironment in ATLL development is not yet completely unraveled. The aims of this study were to investigate the role of the host microenvironment, and specifically fibroblasts, in ATLL pathogenesis and to propose a murine model for the lymphoma subtype. Here we present evidence that the oncogenic capacity of HTLV-1-immortalized C91/PL cells is enhanced when they are xenotransplanted together with human foreskin fibroblasts (HFF) in immunocompromised BALB/c Rag2-/-γc-/- mice. Moreover, cell lines derived from a developed lymphoma and their subsequent in vivo passages acquired the stable property to induce aggressive T cell lymphomas. In particular, one of these cell lines, C91/III cells, consistently induced aggressive lymphomas also in NOD/SCID/IL2Rγc KO (NSG) mice. To dissect the mechanisms linked to this enhanced tumorigenic ability, we quantified 45 soluble factors released by these cell lines and found that 21 of them, mainly pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, were significantly increased in C91/III cells compared to the parental C91/PL cells. Moreover, many of the increased factors were also released by human fibroblasts and belonged to the known secretory pattern of ATLL cells. C91/PL cells co-cultured with HFF showed features reminiscent of those observed in C91/III cells, including a similar secretory pattern and a more aggressive behavior in vivo. On the whole, our data provide evidence that fibroblasts, one of the major stromal components, might enhance tumorigenesis of HTLV-1-infected and immortalized T cells, thus throwing light on the role of microenvironment contribution in ATLL pathogenesis. We also propose that the lymphoma induced in NSG mice by injection with C91/III cells represents a new murine preclinical ATLL model that could be adopted to test novel therapeutic interventions for the aggressive lymphoma subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Vicario
- Immunology and Molecular Oncology, Veneto Institute of Oncology, IOV - IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Adriana Mattiolo
- Immunology and Molecular Oncology, Veneto Institute of Oncology, IOV - IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Barbara Montini
- Immunology and Molecular Oncology, Veneto Institute of Oncology, IOV - IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Maria Assunta Piano
- Immunology and Molecular Oncology, Veneto Institute of Oncology, IOV - IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Ilaria Cavallari
- Immunology and Molecular Oncology, Veneto Institute of Oncology, IOV - IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Alberto Amadori
- Immunology and Molecular Oncology, Veneto Institute of Oncology, IOV - IRCCS, Padua, Italy.,Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Luigi Chieco-Bianchi
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Calabrò
- Immunology and Molecular Oncology, Veneto Institute of Oncology, IOV - IRCCS, Padua, Italy
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12
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Del Mistro A, Calabrò ML, Favero A, Chieco-Bianchi L. Epidemiology and Etiopathology of Human T-Lymphotropic Viruses: Diagnostic and Clinical Implications for Non-Endemic Areas. TUMORI JOURNAL 2018; 80:88-100. [PMID: 7912463 DOI: 10.1177/030089169408000202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic viruses (HTLV) type I and II were first described more than a decade ago. HTLV-I epidemiology and etiopathology are more defined than those of HTLV-II, but conflicting results have been obtained in seroepidemiologic surveys, mainly for difficulties in the discrimination between the two infections. The introduction of advanced serologic and molecular assays has recently provided sensitive and specific tools for diagnosis, and the epidemiologic and etiopathologic patterns linked to these retroviruses are being more precisely defined. Moreover, extensive nucleotide sequence analyses performed so far have mainly focused on HTLV-I isolates. The recent discovery of new HTLV-II endemic areas and the isolation of HTLV-II strains from intravenous drug users have finally provided the material for the molecular characterization of HTLV-II isolates, which is now a rapidly envolving field. We review the diagnostic strategies available and the etiologic associations reported so far for both viruses and also discuss the occurrence and significance of indeterminate serologic reactivities observed in both endemic and non-endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Del Mistro
- Istituto di Oncologia, Università di Padova, Italy
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13
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Terada Y, Kamoi K, Komizo T, Miyata K, Mochizuki M. Human T Cell Leukemia Virus Type 1 and Eye Diseases. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2017; 33:216-223. [DOI: 10.1089/jop.2016.0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yukiko Terada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tokyo Metropolitan Geriatrics Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koju Kamoi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | - Manabu Mochizuki
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Miyata Eye Hospital, Miyakonojo, Miyazaki, Japan
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14
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Abstract
Infection with human T cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) causes adult T cell leukemia (ATL) in a minority of infected individuals after long periods of viral persistence. The various stages of HTLV-I infection and leukemia development are studied by using several different animal models: (1) the rabbit (and mouse) model of persistent HTLV-I infection, (2) transgenic mice to model tumorigenesis by HTLV-I specific protein expression, (3) ATL cell transfers into immune-deficient mice, and (4) infection of humanized mice with HTLV-I. After infection, virus replicates without clinical disease in rabbits and to a lesser extent in mice. Transgenic expression of both the transactivator protein (Tax) and the HTLV-I bZIP factor (HBZ) protein have provided insight into factors important in leukemia/lymphoma development. To investigate factors relating to tumor spread and tissue invasion, a number of immune-deficient mice based on the severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) or non-obese diabetic/SCID background have been used. Inoculation of adult T cell leukemia cell (lines) leads to lymphoma with osteolytic bone lesions and to a lesser degree to leukemia development. These mice have been used extensively for the testing of anticancer drugs and virotherapy. A recent development is the use of so-called humanized mice, which, upon transfer of CD34(+)human umbilical cord stem cells, generate human lymphocytes. Infection with HTLV-I leads to leukemia/lymphoma development, thus providing an opportunity to investigate disease development with the aid of molecularly cloned viruses. However, further improvements of this mouse model, particularly in respect to the development of adaptive immune responses, are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Niewiesk
- Stefan Niewiesk, DVM, PhD, is a professor in the Department of Veterinary Biosciences in the College of Veterinary Medicine at the Ohio State University in Columbus, Ohio
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15
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Murayama MA, Kakuta S, Inoue A, Umeda N, Yonezawa T, Maruhashi T, Tateishi K, Ishigame H, Yabe R, Ikeda S, Seno A, Chi HH, Hashiguchi Y, Kurata R, Tada T, Kubo S, Sato N, Liu Y, Hattori M, Saijo S, Matsushita M, Fujita T, Sumida T, Iwakura Y. CTRP6 is an endogenous complement regulator that can effectively treat induced arthritis. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8483. [PMID: 26404464 PMCID: PMC4598845 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The complement system is important for the host defence against infection as well as for the development of inflammatory diseases. Here we show that C1q/TNF-related protein 6 (CTRP6; gene symbol C1qtnf6) expression is elevated in mouse rheumatoid arthritis (RA) models. C1qtnf6(-/-) mice are highly susceptible to induced arthritis due to enhanced complement activation, whereas C1qtnf6-transgenic mice are refractory. The Arthus reaction and the development of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis are also enhanced in C1qtnf6(-/-) mice and C1qtnf6(-/-) embryos are semi-lethal. We find that CTRP6 specifically suppresses the alternative pathway of the complement system by competing with factor B for C3(H2O) binding. Furthermore, treatment of arthritis-induced mice with intra-articular injection of recombinant human CTRP6 cures the arthritis. CTRP6 is expressed in human synoviocytes, and CTRP6 levels are increased in RA patients. These results indicate that CTRP6 is an endogenous complement regulator and could be used for the treatment of complement-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori A Murayama
- Division of Experimental Animal Immunology, Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-0022, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.,Department of Computational Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-0882, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kakuta
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
| | - Naoto Umeda
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
| | - Tomo Yonezawa
- Division of Experimental Animal Immunology, Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-0022, Japan.,Department of Systems Biomedicine, National Research Institute of Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Takumi Maruhashi
- Division of Experimental Animal Immunology, Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-0022, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Koichiro Tateishi
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan
| | - Harumichi Ishigame
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Rikio Yabe
- Division of Experimental Animal Immunology, Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-0022, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.,Department of Molecular Immunology, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8673, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ikeda
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Akimasa Seno
- Division of Experimental Animal Immunology, Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-0022, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.,Department of Computational Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Hsi-Hua Chi
- Division of Experimental Animal Immunology, Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-0022, Japan
| | - Yuriko Hashiguchi
- Division of Experimental Animal Immunology, Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-0022, Japan
| | - Riho Kurata
- Division of Experimental Animal Immunology, Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-0022, Japan.,Department of Systems Biomedicine, National Research Institute of Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan
| | - Takuya Tada
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Sachiko Kubo
- Division of Experimental Animal Immunology, Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-0022, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Nozomi Sato
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Yang Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Masahira Hattori
- Department of Computational Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Shinobu Saijo
- Laboratory of Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.,Department of Molecular Immunology, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8673, Japan
| | - Misao Matsushita
- Department of Applied Biochemistry, Tokai University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1292, Japan
| | - Teizo Fujita
- Fukushima Prefectural General Hygiene Institute, Fukushima 960-8142, Japan
| | - Takayuki Sumida
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Iwakura
- Division of Experimental Animal Immunology, Center for Animal Disease Models, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba 278-0022, Japan.,Laboratory of Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.,Department of Computational Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-0882, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama 332-0012, Japan.,Department of Molecular Immunology, Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba 260-8673, Japan
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16
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Selected Aspects in the Pathogenesis of Autoimmune Diseases. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:351732. [PMID: 26300591 PMCID: PMC4537751 DOI: 10.1155/2015/351732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune processes can be found in physiological circumstances. However, they are quenched with properly functioning regulatory mechanisms and do not evolve into full-blown autoimmune diseases. Once developed, autoimmune diseases are characterized by signature clinical features, accompanied by sustained cellular and/or humoral immunological abnormalities. Genetic, environmental, and hormonal defects, as well as a quantitative and qualitative impairment of immunoregulatory functions, have been shown in parallel to the relative dominance of proinflammatory Th17 cells in many of these diseases. In this review we focus on the derailed balance between regulatory and Th17 cells in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Additionally, we depict a cytokine imbalance, which gives rise to a biased T-cell homeostasis. The assessment of Th17/Treg-cell ratio and the simultaneous quantitation of cytokines, may give a useful diagnostic tool in autoimmune diseases. We also depict the multifaceted role of dendritic cells, serving as antigen presenting cells, contributing to the development of the pathognomonic cytokine signature and promote cellular and humoral autoimmune responses. Finally we describe the function and role of extracellular vesicles in particular autoimmune diseases. Targeting these key players of disease progression in patients with autoimmune diseases by immunomodulating therapy may be beneficial in future therapeutic strategies.
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17
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Martin F, Taylor GP, Jacobson S. Inflammatory manifestations of HTLV-1 and their therapeutic options. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2015; 10:1531-46. [PMID: 25340428 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2014.966690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human T lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is one of the most intriguing retroviruses infecting humans. Most commonly, infection remains undetected, since it does not cause obvious harm, yet in 4-9% of patients, this infection can be devastating, causing adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and/or HTLV-1 associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). This review concentrates on all inflammatory aspects of HTLV-1 infection: HAM/TSP, HTLV-1 associated uveitis, HTLV-1 associated conjunctivitis, sicca syndrome and interstitial keratitis, HTLV-1 associated Sjögren's syndrome, Hashimoto's thyroiditis and Graves' disease, HTLV-1 associated pulmonary disease, infective dermatitis associated with HTLV-1, HTLV-1 associated inflammatory myositis and HTLV-1 associated arthritis. With the exception of HAM/TSP treatment, studies of these conditions are sparse and even for HAM/TSP, the level of evidence is limited. While control or elimination of infection remains a goal, most therapy beyond symptomatic management is directed at the immune response to HTLV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Martin
- Department of Biology, Hull and York Medical School, Center for Immunology and Infection, University of York, YO10 5DD, UK
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18
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Katayose T, Iwata S, Oyaizu N, Hosono O, Yamada T, Dang NH, Hatano R, Tanaka H, Ohnuma K, Morimoto C. The role of Cas-L/NEDD9 as a regulator of collagen-induced arthritis in a murine model. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 460:1069-75. [PMID: 25847598 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.03.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cas-L/NEDD9 is a cytoplasmic docking protein downstream of β1 integrin-mediated signaling pathway and is essential for cellular migration and β1 integrin-mediated costimulation of T cells. We previously found that increased number of Cas-L positive leukocytes migrated into the inflamed joints of HTLV-I tax transgenic mice which spontaneously develop polyarthritis, suggesting a role of Cas-L in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) pathophysiology. Our current study expanded these findings on the role of Cas-L/NEDD9 in the development of RA by analyzing the pathophysiological changes in a Nedd9(-/-) mouse collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model. Nedd9(-/-) mice exhibited a decrease in arthritis severity as compared to Nedd9(+/+) mice. In addition, as being conducted bone marrow transplantation experiments with a CIA model, Nedd9(-/-)→Nedd9(+/+) transplant showed a decrease in the incidence and severity score of arthritis, compared to those of Nedd9(+/+)→Nedd9(-/-) transplant. For analysis of serum levels of various cytokines, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-17, TNF-α, IFN-γ and anti-collagen antibody were decreased, while IL-4 and IL-10 levels were increased, in Nedd9(-/-) mice as compared to those in Nedd9(+/+) mice. Furthermore, collagen-mediated cellular responses of lymphocytes isolated from spleen or affected lymph nodes of Nedd9(-/-) mice were reduced. Our results strongly suggest that Cas-L/NEDD9 plays a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of CIA, and that Cas-L/NEDD9 may be a potential molecular target for the treatment of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoki Katayose
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Advanced Clinical Research Center, IMSUT Hospital, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Satoshi Iwata
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Advanced Clinical Research Center, IMSUT Hospital, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Naoki Oyaizu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, IMSUT Hospital, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Osamu Hosono
- Department of Rheumatology and Allergy, IMSUT Hospital, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Taketo Yamada
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Nam H Dang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Road, Box 100278, Room MSB M410A, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Ryo Hatano
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Advanced Clinical Research Center, IMSUT Hospital, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Hirotoshi Tanaka
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Advanced Clinical Research Center, IMSUT Hospital, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; Department of Rheumatology and Allergy, IMSUT Hospital, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Kei Ohnuma
- Department of Rheumatology and Allergy, IMSUT Hospital, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
| | - Chikao Morimoto
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Advanced Clinical Research Center, IMSUT Hospital, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; Department of Rheumatology and Allergy, IMSUT Hospital, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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19
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van den Berg WB. Animal models of arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-09138-1.00090-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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20
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Araya N, Sato T, Ando H, Tomaru U, Yoshida M, Coler-Reilly A, Yagishita N, Yamauchi J, Hasegawa A, Kannagi M, Hasegawa Y, Takahashi K, Kunitomo Y, Tanaka Y, Nakajima T, Nishioka K, Utsunomiya A, Jacobson S, Yamano Y. HTLV-1 induces a Th1-like state in CD4+CCR4+ T cells. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:3431-42. [PMID: 24960164 PMCID: PMC4109535 DOI: 10.1172/jci75250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is linked to multiple diseases, including the neuroinflammatory disease HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) and adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma. Evidence suggests that HTLV-1, via the viral protein Tax, exploits CD4+ T cell plasticity and induces transcriptional changes in infected T cells that cause suppressive CD4+CD25+CCR4+ Tregs to lose expression of the transcription factor FOXP3 and produce IFN-γ, thus promoting inflammation. We hypothesized that transformation of HTLV-1-infected CCR4+ T cells into Th1-like cells plays a key role in the pathogenesis of HAM/TSP. Here, using patient cells and cell lines, we demonstrated that Tax, in cooperation with specificity protein 1 (Sp1), boosts expression of the Th1 master regulator T box transcription factor (T-bet) and consequently promotes production of IFN-γ. Evaluation of CSF and spinal cord lesions of HAM/TSP patients revealed the presence of abundant CD4+CCR4+ T cells that coexpressed the Th1 marker CXCR3 and produced T-bet and IFN-γ. Finally, treatment of isolated PBMCs and CNS cells from HAM/TSP patients with an antibody that targets CCR4+ T cells and induces cytotoxicity in these cells reduced both viral load and IFN-γ production, which suggests that targeting CCR4+ T cells may be a viable treatment option for HAM/TSP.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/virology
- Cell Line
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Female
- Gene Products, tax/immunology
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/immunology
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/pathogenicity
- Humans
- Immunotherapy
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/genetics
- Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/immunology
- Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/virology
- Receptors, CCR4/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, CCR4/immunology
- Receptors, CCR4/metabolism
- Sp1 Transcription Factor/immunology
- T-Box Domain Proteins/genetics
- T-Box Domain Proteins/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/virology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Th1 Cells/virology
- Viral Load/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsumi Araya
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Tomoo Sato
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hitoshi Ando
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Utano Tomaru
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mari Yoshida
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Ariella Coler-Reilly
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Naoko Yagishita
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Junji Yamauchi
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Atsuhiko Hasegawa
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mari Kannagi
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yasuhiro Hasegawa
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Katsunori Takahashi
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yasuo Kunitomo
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yuetsu Tanaka
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Toshihiro Nakajima
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kusuki Nishioka
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Atae Utsunomiya
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Steven Jacobson
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yoshihisa Yamano
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Pathology, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido, Japan. Institute for Medical Science of Aging, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan. Department of Immunotherapeutics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan. Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan. Institute of Medical Science and Center for Clinical Research, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan. Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Miyazato P, Matsuoka M. Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 and Foxp3 expression: viral strategy in vivo. Int Immunol 2014; 26:419-25. [PMID: 24792037 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxu048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the causal agent of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) and inflammatory diseases, including HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis, uveitis and infective dermatitis. However, it remains to be elucidated how HTLV-1 induces both neoplastic and inflammatory diseases. A critical component in the Treg-cell machinery is the transcription factor Forkhead box P3 (Foxp3), which is expressed in ~5% of CD4(+) T cells of healthy individuals. Foxp3 is expressed in around 80% of ATL cases. Recent studies point to the capacity of Treg cells to convert to other cell types, even to those with an inflammatory phenotype. These characteristics might indicate that Treg cells might be playing a critical role in HTLV-1 infection, either by being targeted by the virus or by regulating and modulating the immune response. In this review, we will discuss the interplay between Foxp3 expression and HTLV-1, focusing on important viral proteins that might help the virus to trigger the development of such diverse pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Miyazato
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Masao Matsuoka
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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22
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Ono Y, Ogihara Y, Saijo S, Iwakura Y, Inoue M. Evaluation of Kampo medicines used to treat rheumatoid arthritis in collagen-induced arthritic and pX transgenic mice. Mod Rheumatol 2014; 13:50-6. [PMID: 24387116 DOI: 10.3109/s101650300007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract To evaluate the usefulness of Kampo medicines (traditional herbal medicines) used clinically for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), we selected eight of them and examined their effects on collagen-induced arthritic and pX transgenic mice. Among these, Dai-bofu-to, Kanzo-bushi-to, and Makyo-yokkan-to significantly reduced the severity of arthritis in collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mice. The onset of arthritis was delayed by three Kampo medicines, but only the effect of Makyo-yokkan-to was statistically significant. In addition, three Kampo medicines suppressed the arthropathy of pX transgenic mice, which had developed spontaneously. The onset of arthritis was delayed by 10.7, 8.3, and 15.4 days following treatment with Dai-bofu-to, Kanzo-bushi-to, and Makyo-yokkan-to, respectively. A study of the underlying mechanism showed that Kanzo-bushi-to decreased serum antitype II collagen antibody levels, suggesting that Kanzo-bushi-to possesses immunomodulating activity. This study shows that some Kampo medicines are effective in an induced or spontaneously developed arthritis animal model of human RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Ono
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University , 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8603 , Japan
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Zane L, Jeang KT. HTLV-1 and leukemogenesis: virus-cell interactions in the development of adult T-cell leukemia. Recent Results Cancer Res 2014; 193:191-210. [PMID: 24008300 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-38965-8_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) was originally discovered in the early 1980s. It is the first retrovirus to be unambiguously linked causally to a human cancer. HTLV-1 currently infects approximately 20 million people worldwide. In this chapter, we review progress made over the last 30 years in our understanding of HTLV-1 infection, replication, gene expression, and cellular transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Zane
- Molecular Virology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology, The National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892-0460, USA
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Murayama MA, Kakuta S, Maruhashi T, Shimizu K, Seno A, Kubo S, Sato N, Saijo S, Hattori M, Iwakura Y. CTRP3 plays an important role in the development of collagen-induced arthritis in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 443:42-8. [PMID: 24269820 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune inflammatory disease exhibited most commonly in joints. We found that the expression of C1qtnf3, which encodes C1q/TNF-related protein 3 (CTRP3), was highly increased in two mouse RA models with different etiology. To elucidate the pathogenic roles of CTRP3 in the development of arthritis, we generated C1qtnf3(-/-) mice and examined the development of collagen-induced arthritis in these mice. We found that the incidence and severity score was higher in C1qtnf3(-/-) mice compared with wild-type (WT) mice. Histopathology of the joints was also more severe in C1qtnf3(-/-) mice. The levels of antibodies against type II collagen and pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNAs in C1qtnf3(-/-) mice were higher than WT mice. These observations indicate that CTRP3 plays an important role in the development of autoimmune arthritis, suggesting CTRP3 as a possible medicine to treat RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori A Murayama
- Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; Department of Computational Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-0882, Japan; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Shigeru Kakuta
- Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Takumi Maruhashi
- Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Kenji Shimizu
- Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Akimasa Seno
- Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; Department of Computational Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Sachiko Kubo
- Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Nozomi Sato
- Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Shinobu Saijo
- Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; PRESTO, JST, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Masahira Hattori
- Department of Computational Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-0882, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Iwakura
- Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo (IMSUT), Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; Department of Computational Biology, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Chiba 277-0882, Japan; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama 332-0012, Japan.
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Abstract
Since the isolation and discovery of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) over 30 years ago, researchers have utilized animal models to study HTLV-1 transmission, viral persistence, virus-elicited immune responses, and HTLV-1-associated disease development (ATL, HAM/TSP). Non-human primates, rabbits, rats, and mice have all been used to help understand HTLV-1 biology and disease progression. Non-human primates offer a model system that is phylogenetically similar to humans for examining viral persistence. Viral transmission, persistence, and immune responses have been widely studied using New Zealand White rabbits. The advent of molecular clones of HTLV-1 has offered the opportunity to assess the importance of various viral genes in rabbits, non-human primates, and mice. Additionally, over-expression of viral genes using transgenic mice has helped uncover the importance of Tax and Hbz in the induction of lymphoma and other lymphocyte-mediated diseases. HTLV-1 inoculation of certain strains of rats results in histopathological features and clinical symptoms similar to that of humans with HAM/TSP. Transplantation of certain types of ATL cell lines in immunocompromised mice results in lymphoma. Recently, “humanized” mice have been used to model ATL development for the first time. Not all HTLV-1 animal models develop disease and those that do vary in consistency depending on the type of monkey, strain of rat, or even type of ATL cell line used. However, the progress made using animal models cannot be understated as it has led to insights into the mechanisms regulating viral replication, viral persistence, disease development, and, most importantly, model systems to test disease treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda R Panfil
- Center for Retrovirus Research, OH, USA. ; Department of Veterinary Biosciences, OH, USA
| | - Jacob J Al-Saleem
- Center for Retrovirus Research, OH, USA. ; Department of Veterinary Biosciences, OH, USA
| | - Patrick L Green
- Center for Retrovirus Research, OH, USA. ; Department of Veterinary Biosciences, OH, USA. ; Comprenhensive Cancer Center and Solove Research Institute, OH, USA. ; Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology, and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University Columbus, OH, USA
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Commensal microbiota contributes to chronic endocarditis in TAX1BP1 deficient mice. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73205. [PMID: 24086273 PMCID: PMC3785488 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tax1-binding protein 1 (Tax1bp1) negatively regulates NF-κB by editing the ubiquitylation of target molecules by its catalytic partner A20. Genetically engineered TAX1BP1-deficient (KO) mice develop age-dependent inflammatory constitutions in multiple organs manifested as valvulitis or dermatitis and succumb to premature death. Laser capture dissection and gene expression microarray analysis on the mitral valves of TAX1BP1-KO mice (8 and 16 week old) revealed 588 gene transcription alterations from the wild type. SAA3 (serum amyloid A3), CHI3L1, HP, IL1B and SPP1/OPN were induced 1,180-, 361-, 187-, 122- and 101-fold respectively. WIF1 (Wnt inhibitory factor 1) exhibited 11-fold reduction. Intense Saa3 staining and significant I-κBα reduction were reconfirmed and massive infiltration of inflammatory lymphocytes and edema formation were seen in the area. Antibiotics-induced ‘germ free’ status or the additional MyD88 deficiency significantly ameliorated TAX1BP1-KO mice's inflammatory lesions. These pathological conditions, as we named ‘pseudo-infective endocarditis’ were boosted by the commensal microbiota who are usually harmless by their nature. This experimental outcome raises a novel mechanistic linkage between endothelial inflammation caused by the ubiquitin remodeling immune regulators and fatal cardiac dysfunction.
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Ma Y, Zheng S, Wang Y, Zang W, Li M, Wang N, Li P, Jin J, Dong Z, Zhao G. The HTLV-1 HBZ protein inhibits cyclin D1 expression through interacting with the cellular transcription factor CREB. Mol Biol Rep 2013; 40:5967-75. [PMID: 24065533 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-013-2706-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is an oncogenic retrovirus that can cause adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) and other diseases. The HTLV-1 bZIP factor (HBZ), which is encoded by an mRNA of the opposite polarity of the viral genomic RNA, interacts with several transcription factors and is involved in T cell proliferation, viral gene transcription and cellular transformation. Cyclin D1 is a pivotal regulatory protein involved in cell cycle progression, and its depressed expression correlates with cell cycle prolongation or arrested at the G1/S transition. In our present study, we observed that HBZ expression suppressed cyclin D1 level. To investigate the role of HBZ on cyclin D1 depression, we transduced HBZ with lentivirus vector into 293T cells, CEM cells and Jurkat cells. The results of Western blot, RT-PCR and luciferase assays showed that transcriptional activity of the cyclin D1 promoter was suppressed by the bZIP domain of HBZ (HBZ-bZIP) through cyclic AMP response element (CRE) site. Immunoprecipitation and GST pull-down assays showed the binding of HBZ-bZIP to CRE-binding protein (CREB), which confirmed that the cyclin D1 promoter activity inhibition via the CRE-site was mediated by HBZ-bZIP. The results suggested that HBZ suppressed cyclin D1 transcription through interactions with CREB and along with other viral protein, HBZ may play a causal role for leukemogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyun Ma
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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28
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV) is the first discovered retrovirus causing malignancy in human. HTLV infection affects host's ocular tolerance and causes various diseases in the eye. Here we discuss the manifestations, mechanisms, treatments, and future directions of HTLV-related ocular diseases. RECENT FININGS: Recent serological researches showed that the number of HTLV-1 carriers in metropolitan area was increasing, although seroprevalence of HTLV-1 in general population was decreased after screening serological tests in blood donors started. The most common clinical entity of uveitis was still HTLV-1 uveitis in HTLV-1 highly endemic area, but prevalence of HTLV-1 uveitis varies in different parts of the world. As for treatment of inflammation, tacrolimus and 5-azacytidine were reported to be effective for autoimmune manifestations in HTLV-1-related overlap syndrome (deratomyositis/Sjogren's syndrome) and HTLV-1-related myelodysplastic syndrome. Interleukin-2 receptor targeted therapies improved scleritis in patients with adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma caused by HTLV-1. Basic researches identified that HTLV-1 tax and HTLV-1 basic leucine zipper factor play critical roles in the HTLV-1-related disease and are now being investigated as targeted therapies. SUMMARY Development of modern molecular biology makes it possible to reveal deep insights of HTLV-1-related ocular diseases. Although effective therapies based on basic researches have been reported, further endeavor is necessary to establish much more specific treatments of the ocular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koju Kamoi
- Department of Ophthalmology & Visual Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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Ohsugi T. A transgenic mouse model of human T cell leukemia virus type 1-associated diseases. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:49. [PMID: 23483782 PMCID: PMC3592262 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the etiological agent of adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) and several inflammatory diseases. Tax, the protein encoded by HTLV-1, may be responsible for the development of the diseases caused by this virus. To investigate the pathogenic role of Tax, several transgenic mouse strains expressing Tax have been developed in recent years. These mice develop various tumors including large granular lymphocytic leukemia, as well as inflammatory diseases such as arthritis. These results suggest that Tax expression alone is sufficient to cause both malignant neoplastic diseases and inflammatory diseases. However, until recently, there were no tax transgenic mice that develop T cell leukemia and lymphoma resembling ATLL. The first successful induction of leukemia in T cells was pre-T cell leukemia generated in transgenic mice in which a mouse lymphocyte-specific protein tyrosine kinase p56lck (lck)-proximal promoter was used to express the tax gene in immature T cells. Subsequently, transgenic mice were established in which the lck-distal promoter was used to express Tax in mature T cells; these mice developed mature T cell leukemia and lymphoma that more closely resembled ATLL than did earlier mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeo Ohsugi
- Division of Microbiology and Genetics, Institute of Resource Development and Analysis, Kumamoto University Kumamoto, Japan
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30
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Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a complex autoimmune disease affecting 1–2% of general worldwide population. The etiopathogenesis of RA involves the interplay of multiple genetic risk factors and environmental triggers. Microbial infections are believed to play an important role in the initiation and perpetuation of RA. Recent clinical studies have shown the association of microbial infections with RA. Accumulated studies using animal models have also found that microbial infections can induce and/or exaggerate the symptoms of experimental arthritis. In this review, we have identified the most common microbial infections associated with RA in the literature and summarized the current evidence supporting their pathogenic role in RA. We also discussed the potential mechanisms whereby infection may promote the development of RA, such as generation of neo-autoantigens, induction of loss of tolerance by molecular mimicry, and bystander activation of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Li
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Yangsheng Yu
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Yinshi Yue
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Zhixin Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA ; The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Kaihong Su
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA ; The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA ; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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31
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Kannagi M, Hasegawa A, Takamori A, Kinpara S, Utsunomiya A. The roles of acquired and innate immunity in human T-cell leukemia virus type 1-mediated diseases. Front Microbiol 2012; 3:323. [PMID: 22969761 PMCID: PMC3432515 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) causes adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis in small subsets of HTLV-1 carriers. HTLV-1-specific T-cell responses play critical roles in anti-viral and anti-tumor host defense during HTLV-1 infections. Some HTLV-1 carriers exhibit selective loss or anergy of HTLV-1-specific T-cells at an asymptomatic stage. This is also observed in ATL patients and may therefore be an underlying risk factor of ATL in combination with elevated proviral loads. HTLV-1-specific T-cells often recognize the viral oncoprotein Tax, indicating expression of Tax protein in vivo, although levels of HTLV-1 gene expression are known to be very low. A type-I interferon (IFN) response can be induced by HTLV-1-infected cells and suppresses HTLV-1 expression in vitro, suggesting a role of type-I IFN response in viral suppression and pathogenesis in vivo. Both acquired and innate immune responses control the status of HTLV-1-infected cells and could be the important determinants in the development of HTLV-1-mediated malignant and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Kannagi
- Department of Immunotherapeutics, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Tokyo, Japan
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IL-17 producing T cells in mouse models of multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. J Mol Med (Berl) 2012; 90:613-24. [PMID: 22231742 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-011-0841-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Revised: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) are amongst the most common autoimmune diseases in the northern hemisphere. There is mounting evidence that in both afflictions, not only environmental and genetic factors influence disease, but cellular components such as autoreactive T cells also contribute to pathology. Animal models are key in the study and subsequent therapeutic development for human autoimmune diseases. As patient material is often difficult to obtain and in some cases--as in MS, where the central nervous system (CNS) is concerned--even not accessible, animal models provide a multifaceted tool to explore disease-underlying mechanisms. The pro-inflammatory T cell cytokine IL-17 has recently moved to center stage due to its crucial role in autoimmune diseases including MS and RA. A plethora of studies in animal models has sustained the relevance of this cytokine pathway for the development of autoimmunity and shed light on its cellular sources and patho-mechanisms. This review addresses the role of IL-17 producing T lymphocytes, in particular CD4(+) and γδ T cells, in three commonly used mouse models for MS and RA, namely experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), collagen-induced arthritis (CIA), and antigen-induced arthritis (AIA). Comparing and combining knowledge gained from different animal models will broaden our understanding of the IL-17 biology and facilitate the translation to the human diseases.
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Molecular and Cellular Mechanism of Leukemogenesis of ATL: Emergent Evidence of a Significant Role for HBZ in HTLV-1-Induced Pathogenesis. LEUKEMIA RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2011. [PMID: 23198153 PMCID: PMC3504235 DOI: 10.1155/2012/213653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) is a leukemia derived from mature CD4+ T cells and induced by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection. Previous studies have revealed many possible molecular and cellular mechanisms of HTLV-1-induced leukemogenesis, but it still remains unknown how HTLV-1 transforms peripheral CD4 T cells in infected individuals. Given the fact that only 2–5% of infected individuals develop ATL, HTLV-1 infection alone is not sufficient for the transformation of infected cells. Host genetic and epigenetic abnormalities and host immunological status should be considered in attempting to understand the mechanism of the oncogenesis of ATL. Nonetheless, it is obvious that HTLV-1 infection dramatically increases the risk of leukemia generation from peripheral CD4 T-cells, in which the incidence of leukemia is quite low. Furthermore, the evidence that all ATL cases retain the HTLV-1 provirus, especially the 3′ region, indicates that HTLV-1-encoded genes play a critical role in leukemogenesis. Since increasing evidence indicates that the HTLV-1 bZIP factor (HBZ) gene plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of HTLV-1, we will discuss the cellular and molecular mechanism of ATL generation from the virological point of view, particularly focusing on HBZ.
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Yasunaga J, Matsuoka M. Molecular mechanisms of HTLV-1 infection and pathogenesis. Int J Hematol 2011; 94:435-42. [PMID: 21953273 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-011-0937-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Revised: 08/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is an etiological pathogen of several human diseases, including adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (HAM)/tropical spastic paraparesis (TSP), and inflammatory disorders such as uveitis and dermatitis. HTLV-1 spreads mainly through cell-to-cell transmission, induces clonal proliferation of infected T cells in vivo, and after a long latent period, a subset of HTLV-1 carriers develop ATL. Understanding the molecular mechanisms of infection and oncogenesis is important for the development of new strategies of prophylaxis and molecular-targeted therapies, since ATL has a poor prognosis, despite intensive chemotherapy. In this review, we will summarize recent progress in HTLV-1 research, and especially novel findings on viral transmission and leukemogenic mechanisms by two viral oncogenes, HBZ and tax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichiro Yasunaga
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, 53 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan.
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Araya N, Sato T, Yagishita N, Ando H, Utsunomiya A, Jacobson S, Yamano Y. Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and regulatory T cells in HTLV-1-associated neuroinflammatory disease. Viruses 2011; 3:1532-48. [PMID: 21994794 PMCID: PMC3187691 DOI: 10.3390/v3091532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2011] [Revised: 08/13/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a retrovirus that is the causative agent of adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) and associated with multiorgan inflammatory disorders, including HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) and uveitis. HTLV-1-infected T cells have been hypothesized to contribute to the development of these disorders, although the precise mechanisms are not well understood. HTLV-1 primarily infects CD4(+) T helper (Th) cells that play a central role in adaptive immune responses. Based on their functions, patterns of cytokine secretion, and expression of specific transcription factors and chemokine receptors, Th cells that are differentiated from naïve CD4(+) T cells are classified into four major lineages: Th1, Th2, Th17, and T regulatory (Treg) cells. The CD4(+)CD25(+)CCR4(+) T cell population, which consists primarily of suppressive T cell subsets, such as the Treg and Th2 subsets in healthy individuals, is the predominant viral reservoir of HTLV-1 in both ATL and HAM/TSP patients. Interestingly, CD4(+)CD25(+)CCR4(+) T cells become Th1-like cells in HAM/TSP patients, as evidenced by their overproduction of IFN-γ, suggesting that HTLV-1 may intracellularly induce T cell plasticity from Treg to IFN-γ(+) T cells. This review examines the recent research into the association between HTLV-1 and Treg cells that has greatly enhanced understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms underlying immune dysregulation in HTLV-1-associated neuroinflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsumi Araya
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, School of Medicine, St. Marianna University, Kawasaki 216-8511, Japan; E-Mails: (N.A.); (T.S.); (N.Y.); (H.A.)
| | - Tomoo Sato
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, School of Medicine, St. Marianna University, Kawasaki 216-8511, Japan; E-Mails: (N.A.); (T.S.); (N.Y.); (H.A.)
| | - Naoko Yagishita
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, School of Medicine, St. Marianna University, Kawasaki 216-8511, Japan; E-Mails: (N.A.); (T.S.); (N.Y.); (H.A.)
| | - Hitoshi Ando
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, School of Medicine, St. Marianna University, Kawasaki 216-8511, Japan; E-Mails: (N.A.); (T.S.); (N.Y.); (H.A.)
| | - Atae Utsunomiya
- Department of Hematology, Imamura Bun-in Hospital, Kagoshima 890-0064, Japan; E-Mail:
| | - Steven Jacobson
- Viral Immunology Section, Neuroimmunology Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Yoshihisa Yamano
- Department of Rare Diseases Research, Institute of Medical Science, School of Medicine, St. Marianna University, Kawasaki 216-8511, Japan; E-Mails: (N.A.); (T.S.); (N.Y.); (H.A.)
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Nakayama Y, Ishikawa C, Tamaki K, Senba M, Fujita J, Mori N. Interleukin-1 alpha produced by human T-cell leukaemia virus type I-infected T cells induces intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression on lung epithelial cells. J Med Microbiol 2011; 60:1750-1761. [PMID: 21816944 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.033456-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenic mechanism of human T-cell leukaemia virus type I (HTLV-I)-related pulmonary disease, which involves overexpression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) in lung epithelial cells, was investigated. The supernatant of HTLV-I-infected Tax(+) MT-2 and C5/MJ cells induced ICAM-1 expression on A549 cells, a human tumour cell line with the properties of alveolar epithelial cells. Neutralization of ICAM-1 partially inhibited HTLV-I-infected T-cell adhesion to A549 cells. Analysis of the ICAM-1 promoter showed that the nuclear factor-kappa B-binding site was important for supernatant-induced ICAM-1 expression. Induction of interleukin (IL)-1 alpha (IL-1α) expression in MT-2 and C5/MJ cells was observed compared with uninfected controls and HTLV-I-infected Tax-negative cell lines. The significance of IL-1α as a soluble messenger was supported by blocking the biological activities of MT-2 supernatant with an IL-1α-neutralizing mAb. Moreover, Tax and IL-1α expression was demonstrated in the bronchoalveolar lavage cells of patients with HTLV-I-related pulmonary disease. Immunohistochemistry confirmed ICAM-1 and IL-1α expression in lung epithelial cells and lymphocytes of patients with HTLV-I-related pulmonary diseases, and in a transgenic mouse model of Tax expression. These results suggest that IL-1α produced by HTLV-I-infected Tax(+) T cells is crucial for ICAM-1 expression in lung epithelial cells and subsequent adhesion of lymphocytes in HTLV-I-related pulmonary diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Nakayama
- Department of Infectious, Respiratory and Digestive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan.,Department of Microbiology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Chie Ishikawa
- Transdisciplinary Research Organization for Subtropics and Island Studies, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan.,Department of Microbiology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Kazumi Tamaki
- Department of Microbiology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Masachika Senba
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Jiro Fujita
- Department of Infectious, Respiratory and Digestive Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Naoki Mori
- Department of Microbiology and Oncology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
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Programmed death-1 (PD-1)/PD-1 ligand pathway-mediated immune responses against human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) in HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis and carriers with autoimmune disorders. Hum Immunol 2011; 72:1001-6. [PMID: 21851845 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2011.07.308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2010] [Revised: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus-1 (HTLV-1) causes HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) and adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma in individuals with dysfunctional immune responses. In this study, to characterize the HTLV-1-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) populations in asymptomatic HTLV-1 carriers (ACs), HAM/TSP patients, and carriers with autoimmune disorders (CAIDs), we examined the role of programmed death-1 and its ligand (PD-1/PD-L1) in HTLV-1-specific CTL functions using an HTLV-1 Tax/HLA-A*0201 tetramer and an HTLV-1 Tax/HLA-A*2402 tetramer. Interestingly, the percentage of HTLV-1 Tax301-309/HLA-A*2402 tetramer(+)CD8(+) cells expressing PD-1 in ACs was significantly higher than the percentage of HTLV-1 Tax11-19/HLA-A*0201 tetramer(+)CD8(+) cells expressing PD-1. PD-1 expression was significantly downregulated on HTLV-1-specific CTLs in HAM/TSP compared with ACs. PD-L1 expression was observed in a small proportion of unstimulated lymphocytes from ACs and was greater in ACs than in HAM/TSP and CAIDs after short-term culture. Furthermore, CTL degranulation was impaired in HAM/TSP, whereas anti-PD-L1 blockade significantly increased CTL function in ACs. Downregulation of PD-1 on HTLV-1-specific CTLs and loss of PD-L1 expression in HAM/TSP and CAIDs, along with impaired function of HTLV-1-specific CTLs in HAM/TSP, may underlie the apparently dysfunctional immune response against HTLV-1.
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Targeting HTLV-1 activation of NFκB in mouse models and ATLL patients. Viruses 2011; 3:886-900. [PMID: 21994759 PMCID: PMC3185776 DOI: 10.3390/v3060886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Revised: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Of the millions of HTLV-1 infected carriers worldwide, 3-5% will develop an aggressive T-cell neoplasm that is highly refractory to conventional therapy. The virus carries the Tax oncogene which constitutively activates the NFκB pathway. This co-option of signaling through NFκB provides for the HTLV-1 infected cell an escape from cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, a steady source of growth factors, and a mechanism by which the virus can activate its own target cell. Therapies that target the NFκB pathway sensitize adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) cells to apoptosis. A focus on translational interrogation of NFκB inhibitors in animal models and ATLL patients is needed to advance NFκB-targeted ATLL therapies to the bedside.
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Murakami M, Hirano T. A four-step model for the IL-6 amplifier, a regulator of chronic inflammations in tissue-specific MHC class II-associated autoimmune diseases. Front Immunol 2011; 2:22. [PMID: 22566812 PMCID: PMC3341963 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2011.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is commonly thought that autoimmune diseases are caused by the breakdown of self-tolerance, which suggests the recognition of specific antigens by autoreactive CD4+ T cells contribute to the specificity of autoimmune diseases (Marrack et al., 2001; Mathis and Benoist, 2004). In several cases, however, even for diseases associated with class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) alleles, the causative tissue-specific antigens recognized by memory/activated CD4+ T cells have not been established (Mocci et al., 2000; Skapenko et al., 2005). Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and arthritis in F759 knock-in mice (F759 mice) are such examples (Atsumi et al., 2002; Brennan et al., 2002; Falgarone et al., 2009). These include associations with class II MHC and CD4 molecules; increased numbers of memory/activated CD4+ T cells; and improved outcomes in response to suppressions and/or deficiencies in class II MHC molecules, CD4+ T cells, and the T cell survival cytokine IL-7. Regarding the development of arthritis in F759 mice, it is not only the immune system, but also non-immune tissue that are involved, indicating that the importance of their interactions (Sawa et al., 2006, 2009; Ogura et al., 2008; Hirano, 2010; Murakami et al., 2011). Furthermore, we have shown that local events such as microbleeding together with an accumulation of activated CD4+ T cells in a manner independent of tissue antigen-recognitions induces arthritis in the joints of F759 mice (Murakami et al., 2011). For example, local microbleeding-mediated CCL20 expression induce such an accumulation, causing arthritis development via chronic activation of an IL-17A-dependent IL-6 signaling amplification loop in type 1 collagen+ cells that is triggered by CD4+ T cell-derived cytokine(s) such as IL-17A, which leads to the synergistic activation of STAT3 and NFκB in non-hematopoietic cells in the joint (Murakami et al., 2011). We named this loop the IL-6-mediated inflammation amplifier, or IL-6 amplifier for short (Ogura et al., 2008; Hirano, 2010; Murakami et al., 2011). Thus, certain class II MHC-associated, tissue-specific autoimmune diseases, including some RA subtypes, may be induced by local events that cause an antigen-independent accumulation of effector CD4+ T cells followed by the induction of the IL-6 amplifier in the affected tissue. In other words, in certain cases, the target tissue itself may determine the specificity of the autoimmune disease via activation of the IL-6 amplifier. To explain this hypothesis, we have proposed a four-step model for MHC class II-associated autoimmune diseases (Murakami et al., 2011): (1) T cell activation regardless of antigen specificity; (2) local events inducing a tissue-specific accumulation of activated T cells; (3) transient activation of the IL-6 amplifier; and (4) enhanced sensitivity to cytokines in the target tissue. The interaction of these events results in chronic activation of the IL-6 amplifier and subsequent manifestation of autoimmune diseases. Thus, the IL-6 amplifier, which is chronically activated by these four events, is a critical regulator of chronic inflammations in tissue-specific MHC class II-associated autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Murakami
- Laboratory of Developmental Immunology, JST-CREST, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University Osaka, Japan
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Low CD4/CD8 T-cell ratio associated with inflammatory arthropathy in human T-cell leukemia virus type I Tax transgenic mice. PLoS One 2011; 6:e18518. [PMID: 21483764 PMCID: PMC3069963 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0018518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 03/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-1) can cause an aggressive malignancy known as adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) as well as inflammatory diseases such as HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). A transgenic mouse that expresses HTLV-1 Tax also develops T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and an inflammatory arthropathy that resembles rheumatoid arthritis. The aim of this study was to identify the primary T-cell subsets involved in the development of arthropathy in Tax transgenic mice. Principal Findings By 24 months of age, Tax transgenic mice developed severe arthropathy with a cumulative incidence of 22.8%. The pathological findings of arthropathy in Tax transgenic mice were similar to those seen in human rheumatoid arthritis or mouse models of rheumatoid arthritis, with synovial proliferation and a positive rheumatoid factor. Before the onset of spontaneous arthropathy, young and old Tax transgenic mice were not sensitive to collagen and did not develop arthritis after immunization with type II collagen. The arthropathic Tax transgenic mice showed a significantly decreased proportion of splenic CD4+ T cells, whereas the proportion of splenic CD8+ T cells was increased. Regulatory T cells (CD4+CD25+Foxp3+) were significantly decreased and CD8+ T cells that expressed the chemokine receptor CCR4 (CD8+CCR4+) were significantly increased in arthropathic Tax transgenic mice. The expression of tax mRNA was strong in the spleen and joints of arthropathic mice, with a 40-fold increase compared with healthy transgenic mice. Conclusions Our findings reveal that Tax transgenic mice develop rheumatoid-like arthritis with proliferating synovial cells in the joints; however, the proportion of different splenic T-cell subsets in these mice was completely different from other commonly used animal models of rheumatoid arthritis. The crucial T-cell subsets in arthropathic Tax transgenic mice appear to resemble those in HAM/TSP patients rather than those in rheumatoid arthritis patients.
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Okamoto A, Fujio K, Yamamoto K. The future of lupus therapy modulating autoantigen recognition. Lupus 2011; 19:1474-81. [PMID: 20947560 DOI: 10.1177/0961203310374306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The mainstay of the current treatment for systemic lupus erythematosus consists of steroids and immunosuppressants. However, these non-specific immunosuppressive therapies can cause infection and other serious adverse events. The regulation of the autoantigen-specific immune response is a promising therapeutic approach with maximal efficacy and minimal adverse effects. T cells are essential components of antigen-specificity in the immune system. At present, we do not have a sufficient strategy for manipulating the responses of antigen-specific T cells. In this review, we describe the efficacy of two therapeutic approaches involving the modulation of autoantigen recognition by T cells in lupus model mice: (1) therapy involving engineered autoantigen-specific regulatory T cells generated by the gene transfer of autoantigen-specific TCR genes and appropriate regulatory genes into self lymphocytes; (2) therapy involving selective depletion of autoantigen presenting phagocytes. These selective immunosuppressive approaches could be useful strategies for the treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Okamoto
- Department of Allergy and Rheumatology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Kannagi M, Hasegawa A, Kinpara S, Shimizu Y, Takamori A, Utsunomiya A. Double control systems for human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 by innate and acquired immunity. Cancer Sci 2011; 102:670-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2011.01862.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
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Mori K, Yoshida K, Ishii K, Morohoshi K, Nakagawa Y, Hoshikawa S, Ozaki H, Takahashi Y, Ito S. Experimental autoimmune thyroiditis in human parvovirus B19 transgenic mice. Autoimmunity 2011; 44:483-9. [DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2010.547891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Murakami M, Okuyama Y, Ogura H, Asano S, Arima Y, Tsuruoka M, Harada M, Kanamoto M, Sawa Y, Iwakura Y, Takatsu K, Kamimura D, Hirano T. Local microbleeding facilitates IL-6- and IL-17-dependent arthritis in the absence of tissue antigen recognition by activated T cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 208:103-14. [PMID: 21220456 PMCID: PMC3023133 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20100900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Local microbleeding induces the accumulation of Th17 cells and the development of IL-17– and IL-6–dependent arthritis in the absence of cognate antigen recognition by CD4+ T cells. Cognate antigen recognition by CD4+ T cells is thought to contribute to the tissue specificity of various autoimmune diseases, particularly those associated with class II MHC alleles. However, we show that localized class II MHC–dependent arthritis in F759 mice depends on local events that result in the accumulation of activated CD4+ T cells in the absence of cognate antigen recognition. In this model, transfer of in vitro polarized Th17 cells combined with the induction of experimental microbleeding resulted in CCL20 production, the accumulation of T cells in the joints, and local production of IL-6. Disease induction required IL-17A production by transferred T cells, IL-6 and CCL20 expression, and STAT3 signaling in type I collagen–expressing cells. Our data suggest a model in which the development of autoimmune disease in F759 mice depends on four events: CD4+ T cell activation regardless of antigen specificity, local events that induce T cell accumulation, enhanced sensitivity to T cell–derived cytokines in the tissue, and activation of IL-6 signaling in the tissue. This model provides a possible explanation for why tissue-specific antigens recognized by activated CD4+ T cells have not been identified in many autoimmune diseases, especially those associated with class II MHC molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Murakami
- Laboratory of Developmental Immunology, JST-CREST, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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van den Berg WB. Animal models of arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-06551-1.00087-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
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Lee YM, Fujikado N, Manaka H, Yasuda H, Iwakura Y. IL-1 plays an important role in the bone metabolism under physiological conditions. Int Immunol 2010; 22:805-16. [PMID: 20679512 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxq431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that IL-1 is involved in bone resorption under pathological conditions. The role of this cytokine in bone remodeling under physiological conditions, however, remains obscure. In this study, we addressed the role of IL-1 in physiological bone metabolism through analyses of IL-1α-deficient (KO), IL-1β KO and IL-1α/β double KO mice that were housed under specific pathogen free conditions. The femur mineral density, trabecular bone mass and cortical thickness significantly increased in all KO mice compared with wild-type (WT) mice. The number of osteoclasts in trabecular bones decreased, suggesting that IL-1 regulates bone metabolism through regulation of osteoclast formation. When differentiation of bone marrow (BM) cells into osteoclasts was induced by parathyroid hormone in co-cultures of osteoblasts and BM cells from WT and IL-1α/β KO mice, IL-1α/β KO BM cell co-cultures failed to undergo efficient osteoclast-like multinucleated cell (OCL) differentiation, although high levels of receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) ligand (RANKL) was induced. In contrast, efficient OCL differentiation was observed in IL-1α/β KO osteoblast/WT BM cell co-cultures, in which high levels of IL-1α/β and low levels of RANKL were produced. Addition of IL-1α to IL-1α/β KO BM-derived macrophage cultures markedly enhanced OCL differentiation induced by soluble RANKL, and the downstream molecules of receptor activator of NF-κB (RANK) including c-Jun N-terminal factor, extracellular signal-regulated kinase and c-Fos were less activated in the absence of IL-1 upon treatment with RANKL. Taken together, these results indicate that IL-1 directly activates RANK signaling other than inducing RANKL to promote osteoclastogenesis and plays an important role in physiological bone metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Mi Lee
- Center for Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
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Abstract
Infection with the human T-cell leukemia virus-1 (HTLV-1) results in a variety of diseases including adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL). Although the pathogenesis of these disorders is poorly understood, it involves complex interactions with the host immune system. Activation of infected T cells may play an important role in disease pathogenesis through induction of the oncogenic HTLV-1 Tax transactivator protein. To test this hypothesis, we employed transgenic mice in which Tax is regulated by the HTLV-1 LTR. T-cell receptor stimulation of LTR-Tax CD4(+) T cells induced Tax expression, hyper-proliferation, and immortalization in culture. The transition to cellular immortalization was accompanied by markedly increased expression of the antiapoptotic gene, mcl-1, previously implicated as important in T-cell survival. Immortalized cells exhibited a CD4(+)CD25(+)CD3(-) phenotype commonly observed in ATL. Engraftment of activated LTR-Tax CD4(+) T cells into NOD/Shi-scid/IL-2Rγ null mice resulted in a leukemia-like phenotype with expansion and tissue infiltration of Tax(+), CD4(+) lymphocytes. We suggest that immune activation of infected CD4(+) T cells plays an important role in the induction of Tax expression, T-cell proliferation, and pathogenesis of ATL in HTLV-1-infected individuals.
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48
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Chlichlia K, Khazaie K. HTLV-1 Tax: Linking transformation, DNA damage and apoptotic T-cell death. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 188:359-65. [PMID: 20558150 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2010.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Revised: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 06/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The human T-cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV-1) is the causative agent of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL), an aggressive CD4-positive T-cell neoplasia. The HTLV-1 proto-oncogene Tax, a potent transcriptional activator of cellular and viral genes, is thought to play a pivotal role in the transforming properties of the virus by deregulating intracellular signaling pathways. During the course of HTLV-1 infection, the dysregulation of cell-cycle checkpoints and the suppression of DNA damage repair is tightly linked to the activity of the viral oncoprotein Tax. Tax activity is associated with production of reactive oxygen intermediates (ROS), chromosomal instability and DNA damage, apoptotic cell death and cellular transformation. Changes in the intracellular redox status induced by Tax promote DNA damage. Tax-mediated DNA damage is believed to be essential in initiating the transformation process by subjecting infected T cells to genetic changes that eventually promote the neoplastic state. Apoptosis and immune surveillance would then exert the necessary selection pressure for eliminating the majority of virally infected cells, while escape variants acquiring a mutator phenotype would constitute a subpopulation of genetically altered cells prone to neoplasia. While the potency of Tax-activity seems to be a determining factor for the observed effects, the cooperation of Tax with other viral proteins determines the fate and progression of HTLV-1-infected cells through DNA damage, apoptosis, survival and transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Chlichlia
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece.
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Zimmerman B, Niewiesk S, Lairmore MD. Mouse models of human T lymphotropic virus type-1-associated adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma. Vet Pathol 2010; 47:677-89. [PMID: 20442421 DOI: 10.1177/0300985810370009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus type-1 (HTLV-1), the first human retrovirus discovered, is the causative agent of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) and a number of lymphocyte-mediated inflammatory conditions including HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. Development of animal models to study the pathogenesis of HTLV-1-associated diseases has been problematic. Mechanisms of early infection and cell-to-cell transmission can be studied in rabbits and nonhuman primates, but lesion development and reagents are limited in these species. The mouse provides a cost-effective, highly reproducible model in which to study factors related to lymphoma development and the preclinical efficacy of potential therapies against ATL. The ability to manipulate transgenic mice has provided important insight into viral genes responsible for lymphocyte transformation. Expansion of various strains of immunodeficient mice has accelerated the testing of drugs and targeted therapy against ATL. This review compares various mouse models to illustrate recent advances in the understanding of HTLV-1-associated ATL development and how improvements in these models are critical to the future development of targeted therapies against this aggressive T-cell lymphoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Zimmerman
- The Ohio State University, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Goss Laboratory, 1925 Coffey Road, Columbus, Ohio 43210-1093, USA
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50
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Yamano Y, Nishioka K. The contribution of Asian researchers to the field of rheumatology. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2010; 6:106-11. [PMID: 20125178 DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2009.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Asia is home to more than half of the world's population and is a region of diverse ethnicity, culture, microbial endemicity, and economic backgrounds. This diversity is also reflected in the heterogeneity among Asian patients with rheumatic diseases in terms of clinical manifestations, disease courses, treatment responses and outcomes, which provides opportunities for researchers to conduct some unique studies. Several disease entities, such as Behçet syndrome, Takayasu arteritis, Kawasaki disease, and immunological disorders associated with human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1), were first observed and defined in Asia. In addition, the region's researchers have been at the forefront of research in some interesting scientific topics, which has opened up new research avenues in rheumatology, such as the direct targeting of synovial cells in patients with rheumatoid arthritis via activation of the agonistic Fas pathway, establishment of the field of osteoimmunology, the discovery of regulatory T cells and synoviolin, and the development of tocilizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody against interleukin-6 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihisa Yamano
- Institute of Medical Science, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
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