1
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Qian L, Zhang X, Zhang J, Yang Z, Qiu Y, Wang K. Miniaturized quasi-BICs based on a two-dimensional heterostructure to realize a low-threshold nanolaser. OPTICS LETTERS 2024; 49:5091-5094. [PMID: 39270237 DOI: 10.1364/ol.537421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024]
Abstract
Bound states in the continuum (BICs) have been demonstrated as an effective mechanism to achieve high quality (Q)-factor cavities for nanolasers. However, the development of a compact BIC laser with a low threshold has remained elusive. Here, we numerically report lasing action from symmetry-protected BICs in a two-dimensional heterostructure, which consists of compound gratings with finite cells surrounded by orthogonal distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs). The compound grating is used to excite quasi-BIC resonance with a high Q-factor, and DBRs enable light confinement and localized electric fields to enhance light-matter interaction. The nanolaser with a threshold of 16.8 µJ/cm2 is achieved within a footprint as small as 3.35 × 3.35 µm2. By changing the phase adjusting gap or asymmetry degree, it is possible to control the lasing emission. This work reveals a new, to our knowledge, path toward compact BIC lasers with a simple scheme for applications that require a small footprint and low threshold.
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2
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Chai R, Liu W, Li Z, Zhang Y, Wang H, Cheng H, Tian J, Chen S. Spatial Information Lasing Enabled by Full-k-Space Bound States in the Continuum. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:183801. [PMID: 38759196 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.183801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Optical amplification and massive information transfer in modern physics depend on stimulated radiation. However, regardless of traditional macroscopic lasers or emerging micro- and nanolasers, the information modulations are generally outside the lasing cavities. On the other hand, bound states in the continuum (BICs) with inherently enormous Q factors are limited to zero-dimensional singularities in momentum space. Here, we propose the concept of spatial information lasing, whose lasing information entropy can be correspondingly controlled by near-field Bragg coupling of guided modes. This concept is verified in gain-loss metamaterials supporting full-k-space BICs with both flexible manipulations and strong confinement of light fields. The counterintuitive high-dimensional BICs exist in a continuous energy band, which provide a versatile platform to precisely control each lasing Fourier component and, thus, can directly convey rich spatial information on the compact size. Single-mode operation achieved in our scheme ensures consistent and stable lasing information. Our findings can be expanded to different wave systems and open new scenarios in informational coherent amplification and high-Q physical frameworks for both classical and quantum applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoheng Chai
- The Key Laboratory of Weak Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Wenwei Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Weak Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhancheng Li
- The Key Laboratory of Weak Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yuebian Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Weak Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Haonan Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Weak Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hua Cheng
- The Key Laboratory of Weak Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jianguo Tian
- The Key Laboratory of Weak Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Shuqi Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Weak Light Nonlinear Photonics, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and TEDA Institute of Applied Physics, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Smart Sensing Interdisciplinary Science Center, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- The Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
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3
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An S, Liu T, Cao L, Gu Z, Fan H, Zeng Y, Cheng L, Zhu J, Assouar B. Multibranch Elastic Bound States in the Continuum. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:187202. [PMID: 38759185 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.187202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Constructing a highly localized wave field by means of bound states in the continuum (BICs) promotes enhanced wave-matter interaction and offers approaches to high-sensitivity devices. Elastic waves can carry complex polarizations and thus differ from electromagnetic waves and other scalar mechanical waves in the formation of BICs, which is yet to be fully explored and exploited. Here, we report the investigation of local resonance modes supported by a Lamb waveguide side-branched with two pairs of resonant pillars and show the emergence of two groups of elastic BICs with different polarizations or symmetries. Particularly, the two groups of BICs exhibit distinct responses to external perturbations, based on which a label-free sensing scheme with enhanced-sensitivity is proposed. Our study reveals the rich properties of BICs arising from the complex wave dynamics in elastic media and demonstrates their unique functionality for sensing and detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuowei An
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tuo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Noise and Vibration Research, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- State Key Laboratory of Acoustics, Institute of Acoustics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Liyun Cao
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, Institut Jean Lamour, Nancy 54000, France
| | - Zhongming Gu
- Institute of Acoustics, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Haiyan Fan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yi Zeng
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, Institut Jean Lamour, Nancy 54000, France
| | - Li Cheng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Institute of Acoustics, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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4
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Kawata R, Fujita A, Pholsen N, Iwamoto S, Ota Y. High-Q two-dimensional photonic crystal nanocavity on glass with an upper glass thin film. OPTICS LETTERS 2024; 49:2345-2348. [PMID: 38691715 DOI: 10.1364/ol.522068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
We numerically analyze two-dimensional photonic crystal (PhC) nanocavities on glass with a thin glass film on top of the structure. We investigated a multistep heterostructure GaAs PhC nanocavity located on glass. We found that covering the structure even with a very thin glass film efficiently suppresses unwanted polarization mode conversion occurring due to the asymmetric refractive index environment around the PhC. We also uncovered that the glass-covered structure can exhibit a higher Q factor than that observed in the structure symmetrically cladded with thick glass. We point out that the mode mismatch between the PhC nanocavity and modes in the upper glass film largely contributed to the observed Q-factor enhancement. These observations were further analyzed through the comparison among different types of on-glass PhC nanocavities covered with thin glass films. We also discuss that the in-plane structure of the upper glass film is important for additionally enhancing the Q factor of the nanocavity.
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5
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Zhao K, Zhou X, Li X, Moon J, Cassidy J, Harankahage D, Hu Z, Savoy SM, Gu Q, Zamkov M, Malko AV. Green Light from Red-Emitting Nanocrystals: Broadband, Low-Threshold Lasing from Colloidal Quantum Shells in Optical Nanocavities. ACS NANO 2024; 18:10946-10953. [PMID: 38613507 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c02346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Spherical semiconductor nanoplatelets, known as quantum shells (QSs), have captured significant interest for their strong suppression of Auger recombination, which leads to long multiexciton lifetimes and wide optical gain bandwidth. Yet, the realization of benefits associated with the multiexciton lasing regime using a suitably designed photonic cavity remains elusive. Here, we demonstrate broadly tunable lasing from close-packed films of CdS/CdSe/CdS QSs deposited over nanopillar arrays on Si substrates. Wide spectral tuning of the stimulated emission in QSs with a fixed bandgap value was achieved by engaging single exciton (λX ∼ 634 nm), biexciton (λBX ∼ 627 nm), and multiple exciton (λMX ∼ 615-565 nm) transitions. The ensemble-averaged gain threshold of ∼ 2.6 electron-hole pairs per QS particle and the low photonic cavity fluence threshold of ∼4 μJ/cm2 were attributed to Auger suppression. The tuning of the lasing emission closely aligns with our model predictions achieved by varying the array period while preserving mode confinement and quality (Q) factors. These results mark a notable step toward the development of colloidal nanocrystal lasers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehui Zhao
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Xiaohe Zhou
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Xi Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Jiyoung Moon
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - James Cassidy
- The Center for Photochemical Sciences and Department of Physics, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
| | - Dulanjan Harankahage
- The Center for Photochemical Sciences and Department of Physics, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
| | - Zhongjian Hu
- Nanohmics Inc., 6201 E. Oltorf, Suite 400, Austin, Texas 78741, United States
| | - Steve M Savoy
- Nanohmics Inc., 6201 E. Oltorf, Suite 400, Austin, Texas 78741, United States
| | - Qing Gu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
- Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Mikhail Zamkov
- The Center for Photochemical Sciences and Department of Physics, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
| | - Anton V Malko
- Department of Physics, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
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6
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Liang SL, Mørk J, Yu Y. Optical bistability and flip-flop function in feedback Fano laser. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:8230-8248. [PMID: 38439485 DOI: 10.1364/oe.510599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Optical bistability has the potential to emulate the capabilities of electrical flip-flops, offering plenty of applications in optical signal processing. Conventional optical bistable devices operate by altering the susceptibility of a nonlinear medium. This method, however, often results in drawbacks such as large device size, high energy consumption, or long switching times. This work proposes an optical bistable device incorporating strong optical feedback into a Fano laser. This leads to multiple stable states and introduces a region of bistability between the inherent Fano mode and a feedback-induced Fabry-Perot mode. Unlike conventional bistable devices, the Fano system exploits strong field localization in a nanocavity to control the properties of one of the laser mirrors. This configuration means that switching states can be achieved by modulating the mirror's loss rather than changing the susceptibility of the active medium. Importantly, modulation can be implemented locally on a nanocavity, bypassing the need to adjust the entire laser system. This leads to fast flip-flop actions with low energy consumption. The feedback Fano laser can be embodied in a compact microscopic structure, thus providing a promising approach towards integrated all-optical computation and on-chip signal processing.
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7
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Dong G, Xiong M, Dimopoulos E, Sakanas A, Semenova E, Yvind K, Yu Y, Mørk J. Experimental demonstration of a nanobeam Fano laser. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:5242-5251. [PMID: 38439256 DOI: 10.1364/oe.511425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Microscopic single-mode lasers with low power consumption, large modulation bandwidth, and ultra-narrow linewidth are essential for numerous applications, such as on-chip photonic networks. A recently demonstrated microlaser using an optical Fano resonance between a discrete mode and a continuum of modes to form one of the mirrors, i.e., the so-called Fano laser, holds great promise for meeting these requirements. Here, we suggest and experimentally demonstrate what we believe is a new configuration of the Fano laser based on a nanobeam geometry. Compared to the conventional two-dimensional photonic crystal geometry, the nanobeam structure makes it easier to engineer the phase-matching condition that facilitates the realization of a bound-state-in-the-continuum (BIC). We investigate the laser threshold in two scenarios based on the new nanobeam geometry. In the first, classical case, the gain is spatially located in the part of the cavity that supports a continuum of modes. In the second case, instead, the gain is located in the region that supports a discrete mode. We find that the laser threshold for the second case can be significantly reduced compared to the conventional Fano laser. These results pave the way for the practical realization of high-performance microlasers.
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8
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Shmagin VB, Yablonskiy AN, Stepikhova MV, Yurasov DV, Mikhaylov AN, Tetelbaum DI, Rodyakina EE, Morozova EE, Shengurov DV, Kraev SA, Yunin PA, Belov AI, Novikov AV. Light-emitting diodes with Ge(Si) nanoislands embedded in photonic crystals. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 35:165203. [PMID: 38232400 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad1f8a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Room temperature lateral p+-i-n+light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with photonic crystals embedded in the i-region were fabricated on structures with Ge(Si) self-assembled islands and their optical properties were investigated. The use of preliminary amorphization and solid phase epitaxy of the implanted p+and n+contact regions made it possible to reduce the impurity activation temperature from 800 °С-1100 °С to 600 °С, which corresponds to the growth temperature of Ge(Si) islands. This resulted in a significant reduction of the detrimental effect of the high-temperature annealing used for diode formation on the intensity and spectral position of the luminescence signal from the islands. It was shown that significant enhancement (more than an order of magnitude) of room temperature electroluminescence of Ge(Si) islands in the spectral range of 1.3-1.55μm can be achieved due to their interaction with different modes of the photonic crystals. The measured radiation power of the obtained diodes in the spectral range of 1.3-1.55μm exceeds 50 pW at a pump current of 8 mA, which is an order of magnitude higher than the previously achieved values for micro-LEDs with Ge(Si) nanoislands. The obtained results open up new possibilities for the realization of silicon-based light emitting devices operating at telecommunication wavelengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- V B Shmagin
- Institute for Physics of Microstructures of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - A N Yablonskiy
- Institute for Physics of Microstructures of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - M V Stepikhova
- Institute for Physics of Microstructures of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - D V Yurasov
- Institute for Physics of Microstructures of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - A N Mikhaylov
- Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - D I Tetelbaum
- Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - E E Rodyakina
- Rzhanov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Physical Department, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - E E Morozova
- Institute for Physics of Microstructures of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - D V Shengurov
- Institute for Physics of Microstructures of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - S A Kraev
- Institute for Physics of Microstructures of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - P A Yunin
- Institute for Physics of Microstructures of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - A I Belov
- Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - A V Novikov
- Institute for Physics of Microstructures of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
- Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603022 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
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9
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Hirai K, Andell Hutchison J, Uji-I H. Optical Cavity Design and Functionality for Molecular Strong Coupling. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303110. [PMID: 37941155 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Optical cavity/molecule strong coupling offers attractive opportunities to modulate photochemical or photophysical processes. When atoms or molecules are placed in an optical cavity, they can coherently exchange photonic energy with optical cavity vacuum fields, entering the strong coupling interaction regime. Recent work suggests that the thermodynamic and kinetic properties of molecules can be significantly changed by strong coupling, resulting in the emergence of intriguing photochemical and photophysical phenomena. As more and more physico-chemical systems are studied under strong coupling conditions, optical cavities have also advanced in their sophistication, responsiveness, and (multi)functionality. In this review, we highlight some of these recent developments, particularly focusing on Fabry-Perot microcavities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Hirai
- Research Institute for Electronic Science (RIES), Hokkaido University, N20 W10, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0020, Japan
| | - James Andell Hutchison
- School of Chemistry and, Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, The University of Melbourne, Masson Rd, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
| | - Hiroshi Uji-I
- Research Institute for Electronic Science (RIES), Hokkaido University, N20 W10, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 001-0020, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
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10
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Asano T. Self-assembling structures close the gap to trap light. Nature 2023; 624:49-50. [PMID: 38057567 DOI: 10.1038/d41586-023-03685-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
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11
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Tian Y, Liu Q, Ma Y, Wang N, Gu Y. Dielectric resonances of the cylindrical micro/nano cavity within epsilon-near-zero materials. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:37789-37801. [PMID: 38017901 DOI: 10.1364/oe.504233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
The dielectric resonances of spherically symmetric micro/nano cavity in zero-index materials have been systematically studied. However, the resonance properties of other shaped dielectric cavities in zero-index materials remain unclear. Here, we theoretically investigate the electromagnetic resonances of the dielectric cavity with cylindrical symmetry in the epsilon-near-zero materials. This kind of cavity supports a set of resonances with strong light confinement, including dipole, quadrupole and higher-order modes with multiple nodes. Furthermore, there is a redshift of the resonance wavelength with an increment of its size, obeying a law as the function of diameter and height. Also, we find that the redshift will be slower for higher-order modes. Through the infinite refractive index contrast and extra degree of freedom, they should have potential application in the enhancement of light-matter interaction and multiple-functional light manipulation in the integrated optical systems.
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12
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Pariente JA, Bayat F, Blanco A, García-Martín A, Pecharromán C, Marqués MI, López C. Fano-Like Resonance from Disorder Correlation in Vacancy-Doped Photonic Crystals. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2302355. [PMID: 37282744 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202302355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
By preparing colloidal crystals with random missing scatterers, crystals are created where disorder is embodied as vacancies in an otherwise perfect lattice. In this special system, there is a critical defect concentration where light propagation undergoes a transition from an all but perfect reflector (for the spectral range defined by the Bragg condition), to a metamaterial exhibiting an enhanced transmission phenomenon. It is shown that this behavior can be phenomenologically described in terms of Fano-like resonances. The results show that the Fano's parameter q experiences a sign change signaling the transition from a perfect crystal exhibiting a reflectance Bragg peak, through a state where background scattering is maximum and Bragg reflectance reaches a minimum to a point where the system reenters a low scattering state recovering ordinary Bragg diffraction. A simple dipolar model considering the correlation between scatterers and vacancies is proposed and the reported evolution of the Fano-like scattering is explained in terms of the emerging covariance between the optical paths and polarizabilities and the effect of field enhancement in photonic crystal (PhC) defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Angel Pariente
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Calle Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, Madrid, E-28049, Spain
| | - Farzaneh Bayat
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Calle Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, Madrid, E-28049, Spain
- Department of Physics, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University (ASMU), Tabriz, 53751-71379, Iran
| | - Alvaro Blanco
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Calle Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, Madrid, E-28049, Spain
| | - Antonio García-Martín
- Instituto de Micro y Nanotecnología (IMN-CNM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Isaac Newton 8 (PTM), Tres Cantos, Madrid, E-28760, Spain
| | - Carlos Pecharromán
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Calle Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, Madrid, E-28049, Spain
| | - Manuel I Marqués
- Departamento de Física de Materiales & Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC) & Nicolás Cabrera Institute, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Av. F. Tomás y Valiente, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Cefe López
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Calle Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, Madrid, E-28049, Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center, P° Manuel Lardizábal 4, San Sebastián, Guipuzcoa, 20018, Spain
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13
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Taniguchi T, Timmerman D, Ichikawa S, Tatebayashi J, Fujiwara Y. Electrically driven europium-doped GaN microdisk. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:4590-4592. [PMID: 37656562 DOI: 10.1364/ol.494616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
For the practical implementation of microdisk resonators as active nanophotonic devices, it is essential that they can be electrically driven. However, it is difficult to inject current in such small-scale devices without severely degrading their optical properties. We demonstrate the successful fabrication of an electrically injected microdisk based on Eu-doped GaN, in which an SiO2 spacer is used to prevent the interaction of the metal contact with the optical resonances. The microdisk shows Eu-related emission upon electrical injection and from the observed resonance peak, a cavity quality (Q)-factor of 3400 is concluded.
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14
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Granchi N, Intonti F, Florescu M, García PD, Gurioli M, Arregui G. Q-Factor Optimization of Modes in Ordered and Disordered Photonic Systems Using Non-Hermitian Perturbation Theory. ACS PHOTONICS 2023; 10:2808-2815. [PMID: 37602292 PMCID: PMC10436348 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.3c00510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
The quality factor, Q, of photonic resonators permeates most figures of merit in applications that rely on cavity-enhanced light-matter interaction such as all-optical information processing, high-resolution sensing, or ultralow-threshold lasing. As a consequence, large-scale efforts have been devoted to understanding and efficiently computing and optimizing the Q of optical resonators in the design stage. This has generated large know-how on the relation between physical quantities of the cavity, e.g., Q, and controllable parameters, e.g., hole positions, for engineered cavities in gaped photonic crystals. However, such a correspondence is much less intuitive in the case of modes in disordered photonic media, e.g., Anderson-localized modes. Here, we demonstrate that the theoretical framework of quasinormal modes (QNMs), a non-Hermitian perturbation theory for shifting material boundaries, and a finite-element complex eigensolver provide an ideal toolbox for the automated shape optimization of Q of a single photonic mode in both ordered and disordered environments. We benchmark the non-Hermitian perturbation formula and employ it to optimize the Q-factor of a photonic mode relative to the position of vertically etched holes in a dielectric slab for two different settings: first, for the fundamental mode of L3 cavities with various footprints, demonstrating that the approach simultaneously takes in-plane and out-of-plane losses into account and leads to minor modal structure modifications; and second, for an Anderson-localized mode with an initial Q of 200, which evolves into a completely different mode, displaying a threefold reduction in the mode volume, a different overall spatial location, and, notably, a 3 order of magnitude increase in Q.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Granchi
- Department
of Physics, University of Florence, via Sansone 1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
- European
Laboratory for Nonlinear Spectroscopy, via Nello Carrara 1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Francesca Intonti
- Department
of Physics, University of Florence, via Sansone 1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
- European
Laboratory for Nonlinear Spectroscopy, via Nello Carrara 1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Marian Florescu
- Advanced
Technology Institute and Department of Physics, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, U.K.
| | - Pedro David García
- Instituto
de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Calle Sor Juana Inés de la
Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Massimo Gurioli
- Department
of Physics, University of Florence, via Sansone 1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
- European
Laboratory for Nonlinear Spectroscopy, via Nello Carrara 1, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, FI, Italy
| | - Guillermo Arregui
- Department
of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, DTU Electro, Technical University of Denmark, Building 343, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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15
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Wang Y, Yang S, Crozier PA. Spectroscopic Observation and Modeling of Photonic Modes in CeO2 Nanostructures. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2023; 29:1307-1314. [PMID: 37488821 DOI: 10.1093/micmic/ozad059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Photonic modes in dielectric nanostructures, e.g., wide gap semiconductor like CeO2 (ceria), have the potential for various applications such as information transmission and sensing technology. To fully understand the properties of such phenomenon at the nanoscale, electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) in a scanning transmission electron microscope was employed to detect and explore photonic modes in well-defined ceria nanocubes. To facilitate the interpretation of the observations, EELS simulations were performed with finite-element methods. The simulations allow the electric and magnetic field distributions associated with different modes to be determined. A simple analytical eigenfunction model was also used to estimate the energy of the photonic modes. In addition, by comparing various spectra taken at different location relative to the cube, the effect of the surrounding environment on the modes could be sensed. This work gives a high-resolution description of the photonic modes' properties in nanostructures, while demonstrating the advantage of EELS in characterizing optical phenomena locally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Wang
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport & Energy, Arizona State University, 501 E. Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Shize Yang
- Eyring Materials Center, Arizona State University, 1001 S McAllister Ave, Tempe, AZ 85287-8301, USA
| | - Peter A Crozier
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport & Energy, Arizona State University, 501 E. Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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16
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Nguyen HA, Dixon G, Dou FY, Gallagher S, Gibbs S, Ladd DM, Marino E, Ondry JC, Shanahan JP, Vasileiadou ES, Barlow S, Gamelin DR, Ginger DS, Jonas DM, Kanatzidis MG, Marder SR, Morton D, Murray CB, Owen JS, Talapin DV, Toney MF, Cossairt BM. Design Rules for Obtaining Narrow Luminescence from Semiconductors Made in Solution. Chem Rev 2023. [PMID: 37311205 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Solution-processed semiconductors are in demand for present and next-generation optoelectronic technologies ranging from displays to quantum light sources because of their scalability and ease of integration into devices with diverse form factors. One of the central requirements for semiconductors used in these applications is a narrow photoluminescence (PL) line width. Narrow emission line widths are needed to ensure both color and single-photon purity, raising the question of what design rules are needed to obtain narrow emission from semiconductors made in solution. In this review, we first examine the requirements for colloidal emitters for a variety of applications including light-emitting diodes, photodetectors, lasers, and quantum information science. Next, we will delve into the sources of spectral broadening, including "homogeneous" broadening from dynamical broadening mechanisms in single-particle spectra, heterogeneous broadening from static structural differences in ensemble spectra, and spectral diffusion. Then, we compare the current state of the art in terms of emission line width for a variety of colloidal materials including II-VI quantum dots (QDs) and nanoplatelets, III-V QDs, alloyed QDs, metal-halide perovskites including nanocrystals and 2D structures, doped nanocrystals, and, finally, as a point of comparison, organic molecules. We end with some conclusions and connections, including an outline of promising paths forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao A Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Grant Dixon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Florence Y Dou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Shaun Gallagher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Stephen Gibbs
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Dylan M Ladd
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Emanuele Marino
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Chimica, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Via Archirafi 36, 90123 Palermo, Italy
| | - Justin C Ondry
- Department of Chemistry, James Franck Institute, and Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - James P Shanahan
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Eugenia S Vasileiadou
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Stephen Barlow
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Daniel R Gamelin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - David S Ginger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - David M Jonas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Mercouri G Kanatzidis
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Seth R Marder
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Daniel Morton
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Christopher B Murray
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Jonathan S Owen
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Dmitri V Talapin
- Department of Chemistry, James Franck Institute, and Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Michael F Toney
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Brandi M Cossairt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
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17
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Zhong H, Yu Y, Zheng Z, Ding Z, Zhao X, Yang J, Wei Y, Chen Y, Yu S. Ultra-low threshold continuous-wave quantum dot mini-BIC lasers. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2023; 12:100. [PMID: 37185331 PMCID: PMC10130040 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-023-01130-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Highly compact lasers with ultra-low threshold and single-mode continuous wave (CW) operation have been a long sought-after component for photonic integrated circuits (PICs). Photonic bound states in the continuum (BICs), due to their excellent ability of trapping light and enhancing light-matter interaction, have been investigated in lasing configurations combining various BIC cavities and optical gain materials. However, the realization of BIC laser with a highly compact size and an ultra-low CW threshold has remained elusive. We demonstrate room temperature CW BIC lasers in the 1310 nm O-band wavelength range, by fabricating a miniaturized BIC cavity in an InAs/GaAs epitaxial quantum dot (QD) gain membrane. By enabling effective trapping of both light and carriers in all three dimensions, ultra-low threshold of 12 μW (0.052 kW cm-2) is achieved at room temperature. Single-mode lasing is also realized in cavities as small as only 5 × 5 unit cells (~2.5 × 2.5 μm2 cavity size) with a mode volume of 1.16(λ/n)3. The maximum operation temperature reaches 70 °C with a characteristic temperature of T0 ~93.9 K. With its advantages in terms of a small footprint, ultra-low power consumption, and adaptability for integration, the mini-BIC lasers offer a perspective light source for future PICs aimed at high-capacity optical communications, sensing and quantum information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hancheng Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Ying Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Ziyang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Zhengqing Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xuebo Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jiawei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yuming Wei
- School of Physics, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Yingxin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Siyuan Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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18
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Li W, Wang M, Wang J, Zhang L, Zhang L, Deng L, Xie J, Zhou P. Visible and infrared dual-band anti-counterfeiting with self-assembled photonic heterostructures. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:13875-13887. [PMID: 37157263 DOI: 10.1364/oe.483491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembled photonic structures have greatly expanded the paradigm of optical materials due to their ease of access, the richness of results offered and the strong interaction with light. Among them, photonic heterostructure shows unprecedent advances in exploring novel optical responses that only can be realized by interfaces or multiple components. In this work, we realize visible and infrared dual-band anti-counterfeiting using metamaterial (MM) - photonic crystal (PhC) heterostructures for the first time. Sedimentation of TiO2 nanoparticles in horizontal mode and polystyrene (PS) microspheres in vertical mode self-assembles a van der Waals interface, connecting TiO2 MM to PS PhC. Difference of characteristic length scales between two components support photonic bandgap engineering in the visible band, and creates a concrete interface at mid-infrared to prevent interference. Consequently, the encoded TiO2 MM is hidden by structurally colored PS PhC and visualized either by adding refractive index matching liquid or by thermal imaging. The well-defined compatibility of optical modes and facility in interface treatments further paves the way for multifunctional photonic heterostructures.
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19
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Li H, Tang M, Zhou T, Xie W, Li R, Gong Y, Martin M, Baron T, Chen S, Liu H, Zhang Z. Monolithically integrated photonic crystal surface emitters on silicon with a vortex beam by using bound states in the continuum. OPTICS LETTERS 2023; 48:1702-1705. [PMID: 37221745 DOI: 10.1364/ol.484472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Optical resonant cavities with high quality factor (Q-factor) are widely used in science and technology for their capabilities of strong confinement of light and enhanced light-matter interaction. The 2D photonic crystal structure with bound states in the continuum (BICs) is a novel concept for resonators with ultra-compact device size, which can be used to generate surface emitting vortex beams based on symmetry-protected BICs at the Γ point. Here, to the best of our knowledge, we demonstrate the first photonic crystal surface emitter with a vortex beam by using BICs monolithically grown on CMOS-compatible silicon substrate. The fabricated quantum-dot BICs-based surface emitter operates at 1.3 µm under room temperature (RT) with a low continuous wave (CW) optically pumped condition. We also reveal the BIC's amplified spontaneous emission with the property of a polarization vortex beam, which is promising to provide a novel degree of freedom in classical and quantum realms.
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20
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Takata K, Kuramochi E, Shinya A, Notomi M. Improved design and experimental demonstration of ultrahigh-Q C 6-symmetric H1 hexapole photonic crystal nanocavities. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:11864-11884. [PMID: 37155812 DOI: 10.1364/oe.485093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
An H1 photonic crystal nanocavity (PCN) is based on a single point defect and has eigenmodes with a variety of symmetric features. Thus, it is a promising building block for photonic tight-binding lattice systems that can be used in studies on condensed matter, non-Hermitian and topological physics. However, improving its radiative quality (Q) factor has been considered challenging. Here, we report the design of a hexapole mode of an H1 PCN with a Q factor exceeding 108. We achieved such extremely high-Q conditions by varying only four structural modulation parameters thanks to the C6 symmetry of the mode, despite the need of more complicated optimizations for many other PCNs. Our fabricated silicon H1 PCNs exhibited a systematic change in their resonant wavelengths depending on the spatial shift of the air holes in units of 1 nm. Out of 26 such samples, we found eight PCNs with loaded Q factors over one million. The best sample was of a measured Q factor of 1.2 × 106, and its intrinsic Q factor was estimated to be 1.5 × 106. We examined the difference between the theoretical and experimental performances by conducting a simulation of systems with input and output waveguides and with randomly distributed radii of air holes. Automated optimization using the same design parameters further increased the theoretical Q factor by up to 4.5 × 108, which is two orders of magnitude higher than in the previous studies. We clarify that this striking improvement of the Q factor was enabled by the gradual variation in effective optical confinement potential, which was missing in our former design. Our work elevates the performance of the H1 PCN to the ultrahigh-Q level and paves the way for its large-scale arrays with unconventional functionalities.
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21
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Xiong Y, Shepherd S, Tibbs J, Bacon A, Liu W, Akin LD, Ayupova T, Bhaskar S, Cunningham BT. Photonic Crystal Enhanced Fluorescence: A Review on Design Strategies and Applications. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:668. [PMID: 36985075 PMCID: PMC10059769 DOI: 10.3390/mi14030668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale fluorescence emitters are efficient for measuring biomolecular interactions, but their utility for applications requiring single-unit observations is constrained by the need for large numerical aperture objectives, fluorescence intermittency, and poor photon collection efficiency resulting from omnidirectional emission. Photonic crystal (PC) structures hold promise to address the aforementioned challenges in fluorescence enhancement. In this review, we provide a broad overview of PCs by explaining their structures, design strategies, fabrication techniques, and sensing principles. Furthermore, we discuss recent applications of PC-enhanced fluorescence-based biosensors incorporated with emerging technologies, including nucleic acids sensing, protein detection, and steroid monitoring. Finally, we discuss current challenges associated with PC-enhanced fluorescence and provide an outlook for fluorescence enhancement with photonic-plasmonics coupling and their promise for point-of-care biosensing as well monitoring analytes of biological and environmental relevance. The review presents the transdisciplinary applications of PCs in the broad arena of fluorescence spectroscopy with broad applications in photo-plasmonics, life science research, materials chemistry, cancer diagnostics, and internet of things.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyu Xiong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Nick Holonyak Jr. Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Skye Shepherd
- Nick Holonyak Jr. Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Joseph Tibbs
- Nick Holonyak Jr. Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Amanda Bacon
- Nick Holonyak Jr. Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Weinan Liu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Nick Holonyak Jr. Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Lucas D. Akin
- Nick Holonyak Jr. Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Takhmina Ayupova
- Nick Holonyak Jr. Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Seemesh Bhaskar
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Nick Holonyak Jr. Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Brian T. Cunningham
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Nick Holonyak Jr. Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Cancer Center at Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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22
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Utilizing photonic band gap in triangular silicon carbide structures for efficient quantum nanophotonic hardware. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4112. [PMID: 36914853 PMCID: PMC10011533 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31362-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Silicon carbide is among the leading quantum information material platforms due to the long spin coherence and single-photon emitting properties of its color center defects. Applications of silicon carbide in quantum networking, computing, and sensing rely on the efficient collection of color center emission into a single optical mode. Recent hardware development in this platform has focused on angle-etching processes that preserve emitter properties and produce triangularly shaped devices. However, little is known about the light propagation in this geometry. We explore the formation of photonic band gap in structures with a triangular cross-section, which can be used as a guiding principle in developing efficient quantum nanophotonic hardware in silicon carbide. Furthermore, we propose applications in three areas: the TE-pass filter, the TM-pass filter, and the highly reflective photonic crystal mirror, which can be utilized for efficient collection and propagating mode selection of light emission.
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23
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Wei Q, Wu J, Guo Z, Sun Y, Li Y, Jiang H, Yang Y, Chen H. Omnidirectional defect mode in one-dimensional photonic crystal with a (chiral) hyperbolic metamaterial defect. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:1432-1441. [PMID: 36785178 DOI: 10.1364/oe.478562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The wavelength of defect mode in all-dielectric photonic crystals (PCs) with a dielectric defect are blue-shifted as incident angle increases for both transverse electric and transverse magnetic (TM) polarized waves. The blue-shifted property of defect mode limits the design of some optical devices including omnidirectional optical filters and wide-angle polarization selectors. Here we introduce a hyperbolic metamaterial (HMM) layer as a defect into dielectric one-dimensional photonic crystals (1DPCs) to obtain an omnidirectional defect mode for TM polarized waves at near-infrared regimes. Since only one HMM layer is introduced, omnidirectional defect mode with transmittance as high as 71% can be realized. Because of the unusual angle-dependence of propagating phase in the HMM defect, the total phase for satisfying the resonance condition of defect mode can be unchanged in a wide-angle range at a fixed wavelength, which leads to the omnidirectional defect mode. Moreover, the manipulation of propagating phase can be generalized to the case of circularly polarized waves, and we obtain an omnidirectional defect mode for left-handed circularly polarized waves in 1DPCs with a chiral hyperbolic metamaterial defect. Nevertheless, the defect mode for right-handed circularly polarized waves is still blue-shifted. Such spin-selective omnidirectional defect mode can be utilized to greatly enhance circular dichroism in a wide-angle range up to 64.1°. Our structure facilitates the design of omnidirectional optical filters with a high transmittance and circular polarization selectors working in a wide-angle range.
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24
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Ren Y, Li P, Liu Z, Chen Z, Chen YL, Peng C, Liu J. Low-threshold nanolasers based on miniaturized bound states in the continuum. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eade8817. [PMID: 36563161 PMCID: PMC9788758 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade8817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The pursuit of compact lasers with low thresholds has imposed strict requirements on tight light confinements with minimized radiation losses. Bound states in the continuum (BICs) have been recently demonstrated as an effective mechanism to trap light. However, most reported BIC lasers are still bulky due to the absence of in-plane light confinement. Here, we combine BICs and photonic bandgaps to realize three-dimensional light confinements, as referred to miniaturized BICs (mini-BICs). We demonstrate highly compact active mini-BIC resonators with a record high-quality (Q) factor of up to 32,500, which enables single-mode lasing with the lowest threshold of 80 W/cm2 among the reported BIC lasers. In addition, photon statistics measurements further confirm the occurrence of the stimulated emission in our devices. Our work reveals a path toward compact BIC lasers with ultralow power consumption and potentially boosts the applications in cavity quantum electrodynamics, nonlinear optics, and integrated photonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Peishen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication System and Networks, School of Electronics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhuojun Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zihao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication System and Networks, School of Electronics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - You-Ling Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Optoelectronics, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Chao Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication System and Networks, School of Electronics and Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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25
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Albrechtsen M, Vosoughi Lahijani B, Christiansen RE, Nguyen VTH, Casses LN, Hansen SE, Stenger N, Sigmund O, Jansen H, Mørk J, Stobbe S. Nanometer-scale photon confinement in topology-optimized dielectric cavities. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6281. [PMID: 36271087 PMCID: PMC9587274 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33874-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology enables in principle a precise mapping from design to device but relied so far on human intuition and simple optimizations. In nanophotonics, a central question is how to make devices in which the light-matter interaction strength is limited only by materials and nanofabrication. Here, we integrate measured fabrication constraints into topology optimization, aiming for the strongest possible light-matter interaction in a compact silicon membrane, demonstrating an unprecedented photonic nanocavity with a mode volume of V ~ 3 × 10-4 λ3, quality factor Q ~ 1100, and footprint 4 λ2 for telecom photons with a λ ~ 1550 nm wavelength. We fabricate the cavity, which confines photons inside 8 nm silicon bridges with ultra-high aspect ratios of 30 and use near-field optical measurements to perform the first experimental demonstration of photon confinement to a single hotspot well below the diffraction limit in dielectrics. Our framework intertwines topology optimization with fabrication and thereby initiates a new paradigm of high-performance additive and subtractive manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Albrechtsen
- DTU Electro, Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 343, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Babak Vosoughi Lahijani
- DTU Electro, Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 343, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- NanoPhoton-Center for Nanophotonics, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 345A, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Rasmus Ellebæk Christiansen
- NanoPhoton-Center for Nanophotonics, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 345A, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Nils Koppels Allé, Building 404, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Vy Thi Hoang Nguyen
- DTU Nanolab, Technical University of Denmark, Building 347, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Laura Nevenka Casses
- DTU Electro, Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 343, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- NanoPhoton-Center for Nanophotonics, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 345A, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- Center for Nanostructured Graphene, Technical University of Denmark, Building 345C, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Søren Engelberth Hansen
- DTU Electro, Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 343, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- NanoPhoton-Center for Nanophotonics, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 345A, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Nicolas Stenger
- DTU Electro, Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 343, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- NanoPhoton-Center for Nanophotonics, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 345A, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- Center for Nanostructured Graphene, Technical University of Denmark, Building 345C, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ole Sigmund
- NanoPhoton-Center for Nanophotonics, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 345A, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Nils Koppels Allé, Building 404, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Henri Jansen
- DTU Nanolab, Technical University of Denmark, Building 347, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jesper Mørk
- DTU Electro, Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 343, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- NanoPhoton-Center for Nanophotonics, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 345A, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Søren Stobbe
- DTU Electro, Department of Electrical and Photonics Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 343, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
- NanoPhoton-Center for Nanophotonics, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads 345A, DK-2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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26
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Kozoň M, Lagendijk A, Schlottbom M, van der Vegt JJW, Vos WL. Scaling Theory of Wave Confinement in Classical and Quantum Periodic Systems. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:176401. [PMID: 36332245 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.176401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Functional defects in periodic media confine waves-acoustic, electromagnetic, electronic, spin, etc.-in various dimensions, depending on the structure of the defect. While defects are usually modeled by a superlattice with a typical band-structure representation of energy levels, determining the confinement associated with a given band is highly nontrivial and no analytical method is known to date. Therefore, we propose a rigorous method to classify the dimensionality of wave confinement. Starting from the confinement energy and the mode volume, we use finite-size scaling to find that ratios of these quantities raised to certain powers yield the confinement dimensionality of each band. Our classification has negligible additional computational costs compared to a band structure calculation and is valid for any type of wave, both quantum and classical, and in any dimension. In the quantum regime, we illustrate our method on electronic confinement in 2D hexagonal boron nitride (BN) with a nitrogen vacancy, in agreement with previous results. In the classical case, we study a three-dimensional photonic band gap cavity superlattice, where we identify novel acceptorlike behavior. We briefly discuss the generalization to quasiperiodic lattices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Kozoň
- Complex Photonic Systems (COPS), MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands
- Mathematics of Computational Science (MACS), MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Ad Lagendijk
- Complex Photonic Systems (COPS), MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Matthias Schlottbom
- Mathematics of Computational Science (MACS), MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Jaap J W van der Vegt
- Mathematics of Computational Science (MACS), MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands
| | - Willem L Vos
- Complex Photonic Systems (COPS), MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, Netherlands
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27
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Wu F, Liu T, Chen M, Xiao S. Photonic bandgap engineering in hybrid one-dimensional photonic crystals containing all-dielectric elliptical metamaterials. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:33911-33925. [PMID: 36242416 DOI: 10.1364/oe.469368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Metamaterials with negative permittivities or/and permeabilities greatly enrich photonic bandgap (PBG) engineering in one-dimensional (1-D) photonic crystals (PhCs). Nevertheless, their inevitable optical losses strongly destroy the crucial prohibition characteristic of PBGs, which makes such engineered PBGs not utilizable in some relevant physical processes and optical/optoelectronic devices. Herein, we bridge a link between 1-D PhCs and all-dielectric loss-free metamaterials and propose a hybrid 1-D PhC containing all-dielectric elliptical metamaterials to engineer angle-dependence of PBGs. Associating the Bragg scattering theory with the iso-frequency curve analysis, an analytical model is established to precisely describe the angle-dependence of PBG. Based on the analytical model, two types of special PBGs, i.e., angle-insensitive and angle-sensitive PBGs, are designed. By further introducing defects into the designed 1-D PhCs, angle-dependence of defect modes can also be flexibly controlled. Our protocol opens a viable route to precisely engineering PBGs and promotes the development of PBG-based physics and applications.
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28
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Stepikhova MV, Dyakov SA, Peretokin AV, Shaleev MV, Rodyakina EE, Novikov AV. Interaction of Ge(Si) Self-Assembled Nanoislands with Different Modes of Two-Dimensional Photonic Crystal. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:2687. [PMID: 35957118 PMCID: PMC9370173 DOI: 10.3390/nano12152687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of Ge(Si)/SOI self-assembled nanoislands with modes of photonic crystal slabs (PCS) with a hexagonal lattice is studied in detail. Appropriate selection of the PCS parameters and conditions for collecting the photoluminescence (PL) signal allowed to distinguish the PCS modes of different physical nature, particularly the radiative modes and modes associated to the bound states in the continuum (BIC). It is shown that the radiative modes with relatively low Q-factors could provide a increase greater than an order of magnitude in the integrated PL intensity in the wavelength range of 1.3-1.55 µm compared to the area outside of PCS at room temperature. At the same time, the interaction of Ge(Si) islands emission with the BIC-related modes provides the peak PL intensity increase of more than two orders of magnitude. The experimentally measured Q-factor of the PL line associated with the symmetry-protected BIC mode reaches the value of 2600.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita V. Stepikhova
- Institute for Physics of Microstructures Russian Academy of Sciences, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Sergey A. Dyakov
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, 143026 Moscow, Russia
| | - Artem V. Peretokin
- Institute for Physics of Microstructures Russian Academy of Sciences, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
- Radiophysical Department, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Mikhail V. Shaleev
- Institute for Physics of Microstructures Russian Academy of Sciences, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Ekaterina E. Rodyakina
- Rzhanov Institute of Semiconductor Physics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
- Physical Department, Novosibirsk State University, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexey V. Novikov
- Institute for Physics of Microstructures Russian Academy of Sciences, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
- Radiophysical Department, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, 603950 Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
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29
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Wang W, Wang X, Ma G. Non-Hermitian morphing of topological modes. Nature 2022; 608:50-55. [PMID: 35922504 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04929-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Topological modes (TMs) are usually localized at defects or boundaries of a much larger topological lattice1,2. Recent studies of non-Hermitian band theories unveiled the non-Hermitian skin effect (NHSE), by which the bulk states collapse to the boundary as skin modes3-6. Here we explore the NHSE to reshape the wavefunctions of TMs by delocalizing them from the boundary. At a critical non-Hermitian parameter, the in-gap TMs even become completely extended in the entire bulk lattice, forming an 'extended mode outside of a continuum'. These extended modes are still protected by bulk-band topology, making them robust against local disorders. The morphing of TM wavefunction is experimentally realized in active mechanical lattices in both one-dimensional and two-dimensional topological lattices, as well as in a higher-order topological lattice. Furthermore, by the judicious engineering of the non-Hermiticity distribution, the TMs can deform into a diversity of shapes. Our findings not only broaden and deepen the current understanding of the TMs and the NHSE but also open new grounds for topological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Physics, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xulong Wang
- Department of Physics, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Guancong Ma
- Department of Physics, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China.
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30
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Inverse-cavity structure for low-threshold miniature lasers. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11333. [PMID: 35790768 PMCID: PMC9256698 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15319-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Creating micro and nano lasers, high threshold gain is an inherent problem that have critically restricted their great technological potentials. Here, we propose an inverse-cavity laser structure where its threshold gain in the shortest-cavity regime is order-of-magnitude lower than the conventional cavity configurations. In the proposed structure, a resonant feedback mechanism efficiently transfers external optical gain to the cavity mode at a higher rate for a shorter cavity, hence resulting in the threshold gain reducing with decreasing cavity length in stark contrast to the conventional cavity structures. We provide a fundamental theory and rigorous numerical analyses confirming the feasibility of the proposed structure. Remarkably, the threshold gain reduces down by a factor ~ 10−3 for a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser structure and ~ 0.17 for a lattice-plasmonic nanocavity structure. Therefore, the proposed approach may produce extremely efficient miniature lasers desirable for variety of applications potentially beyond the present limitations.
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31
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Sánchez-Barquilla M, Fernández-Domínguez AI, Feist J, García-Vidal FJ. A Theoretical Perspective on Molecular Polaritonics. ACS PHOTONICS 2022; 9:1830-1841. [PMID: 35726239 PMCID: PMC9204811 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.2c00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In the past decade, much theoretical research has focused on studying the strong coupling between organic molecules (or quantum emitters, in general) and light modes. The description and prediction of polaritonic phenomena emerging in this light-matter interaction regime have proven to be difficult tasks. The challenge originates from the enormous number of degrees of freedom that need to be taken into account, both in the organic molecules and in their photonic environment. On one hand, the accurate treatment of the vibrational spectrum of the former is key, and simplified quantum models are not valid in many cases. On the other hand, most photonic setups have complex geometric and material characteristics, with the result that photon fields corresponding to more than just a single electromagnetic mode contribute to the light-matter interaction in these platforms. Moreover, loss and dissipation, in the form of absorption or radiation, must also be included in the theoretical description of polaritons. Here, we review and offer our own perspective on some of the work recently done in the modeling of interacting molecular and optical states with increasing complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Sánchez-Barquilla
- Departamento
de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed
Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad
Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio I. Fernández-Domínguez
- Departamento
de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed
Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad
Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Johannes Feist
- Departamento
de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed
Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad
Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J. García-Vidal
- Departamento
de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed
Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad
Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute
of High Performance Computing, Agency for
Science, Technology, and Research (A*STAR), Connexis, Singapore, 138632 Singapore
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32
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Photonic Bandgaps of One-Dimensional Photonic Crystals Containing Anisotropic Chiral Metamaterials. PHOTONICS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/photonics9060411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Conventional photonic bandgaps (PBGs) for linear polarization waves strongly depend on the incident angle. Usually, PBGs will shift toward short wavelengths (i.e., blue-shifted gaps) as the incident angle increases, which limits their applications. In some practices, the manipulation of PBGs for circular polarization waves is also important. Here, the manipulation of PBGs for circular polarization waves is theoretically investigated. We propose one-dimensional photonic crystals (1DPCs) containing anisotropic chiral metamaterials which exhibit hyperbolic dispersion for left circular polarization (LCP) wave and elliptical dispersion for right circular polarization (RCP) wave. Based on the phase variation compensation effect between anisotropic chiral metamaterials and dielectrics, we can design arbitrary PBGs including zero-shifted and red-shifted PBGs for LCP wave. However, the PBGs remain blue-shifted for RCP wave. Therefore, we can design a high-efficiency wide-angle polarization selector based on the chiral PBGs. Our work extends the manipulation of PBGs for circular polarization waves, which has a broad range of potential applications, including omnidirectional reflection, splitting wave and enhancing photonic spin Hall effect.
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33
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Lyubarov M, Lumer Y, Dikopoltsev A, Lustig E, Sharabi Y, Segev M. Amplified emission and lasing in photonic time crystals. Science 2022; 377:425-428. [PMID: 35679355 DOI: 10.1126/science.abo3324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Photonic time crystals - materials whose dielectric permittivity is modulated periodically in time - offer new concepts in light manipulation. We study theoretically the emission of light from a radiation source placed inside a photonic time crystal, and find that radiation corresponding to the momentum band gap is exponentially amplified, whether initiated by a macroscopic source, an atom, or by vacuum fluctuations, drawing the amplification energy from the modulation. The radiation linewidth becomes narrower with time, eventually shrinking to the middle of the bandgap, which enables to propose the concept of non-resonant tunable photonic time-crystal laser. Finally, we find that the spontaneous decay rate of an atom embedded in a photonic time-crystal vanishes at the band edge due to low density of photonic states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Lyubarov
- Physics Department, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.,Solid State Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.,Physics and Engineering Department, ITMO University, St. Petersburg 197101, Russia
| | - Yaakov Lumer
- Physics Department, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.,Solid State Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Alex Dikopoltsev
- Physics Department, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.,Solid State Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Eran Lustig
- Physics Department, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.,Solid State Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Yonatan Sharabi
- Physics Department, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.,Solid State Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Mordechai Segev
- Physics Department, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.,Solid State Institute, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
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34
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Theoretical Study on Polycarbonate-Based One-Dimensional Ternary Photonic Structures from Far-Ultraviolet to Near-Infrared Regions of Electromagnetic Spectrum. CRYSTALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst12050642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the present research work, we have theoretically analyzed the photonic band-gap properties of one-dimensional photonic structures composed of polycarbonate and non-glass materials. These photonic structures, PC1, PC2, PC3 and PC4, are composed of alternating layers of polycarbonate/Al2O3, polycarbonate/MgF2, polycarbonate/BaF2 and polycarbonate/TiO2 materials, respectively. The period of each photonic structure is made up of a thin non-glass material layer sandwiched between two identical polycarbonate layers. The transfer matrix method has been used to investigate the transmission properties of PC1 to PC4. The comparison between the transmission spectra of PC1 to PC4 shows that the polycarbonate and TiO2-based photonic structure (PC4) possess three PBGs of zero transmission located at far-ultraviolet, visible and near-infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum at normal and oblique incidence (θ0 = 55°), both corresponding to TE wave only. The index of refraction of all five materials used in this study was obtained by applying the Sellmeier-type dispersion relationship to ensure accuracy in the results. The purpose of selecting polycarbonate along with Al2O3, TiO2, MgF2 or BaF2 as constituent materials of these photonic structures is due to the heat resistance properties of polycarbonate and the unique optical properties of oxide and fluoride materials with wide transparency from the ultraviolet to the near-infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. The proposed work can be used to design some influential wavelength-selective reflectors composed of 1D PCs behind the active region of the solar cells for improving the photovoltaic performance of solar panels. This study can further be utilized for the fabrication of advanced solar cell designs consisting of 1D photonic mirror-based luminescence and reflection concentrators. The low temperature problem which arises in satellites may also be overcome with the help of smart windows based on the proposed multilayer structures.
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35
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Albrechtsen M, Vosoughi Lahijani B, Stobbe S. Two regimes of confinement in photonic nanocavities: bulk confinement versus lightning rods. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:15458-15469. [PMID: 35473265 DOI: 10.1364/oe.448929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We present a theoretical study of dielectric bowtie cavities and show that they are governed by two essentially different confinement regimes. The first is confinement inside the bulk dielectric and the second is a local lightning-rod regime where the field is locally enhanced at sharp corners and may yield a vanishing mode volume without necessarily enhancing the mode inside the bulk dielectric. We show that while the bulk regime is reminiscent of the confinement in conventional nanocavities, the most commonly used definition of the mode volume gauges in fact the lightning-rod effect when applied to ultra-compact cavities, such as bowties. Distinguishing between these two regimes will be crucial for future research on nanocavities, and our insights show how to obtain strongly enhanced light-matter interaction over large bandwidths.
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36
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Octagonal Quasicrystal Defect Mode Laser-Based PVK: Ir(ppy) 3 Polymer Driven by Optical Pumping. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12091386. [PMID: 35564095 PMCID: PMC9104203 DOI: 10.3390/nano12091386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Based on the conjugated complex PVK: Ir(ppy)3, a green-emitting organic quasicrystal microcavity laser is demonstrated driven by optical pumping. The organic laser adopts a sandwich structure of DBR/organic gain membrane/output Ag-layer for the vertical oscillation and an octagonal quasi-crystal for in-plane light localization. The experimental results show that the single-mode lasing action is observed at 521 nm with an FWHM of 0.8 nm. The threshold of lasing is lowered to 0.181 μJ/cm2.
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37
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Ali A, Mitra A, Aïssa B. Metamaterials and Metasurfaces: A Review from the Perspectives of Materials, Mechanisms and Advanced Metadevices. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:1027. [PMID: 35335837 PMCID: PMC8953484 DOI: 10.3390/nano12061027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Throughout human history, the control of light, electricity and heat has evolved to become the cornerstone of various innovations and developments in electrical and electromagnetic technologies. Wireless communications, laser and computer technologies have all been achieved by altering the way light and other energy forms act naturally and how to manage them in a controlled manner. At the nanoscale, to control light and heat, matured nanostructure fabrication techniques have been developed in the last two decades, and a wide range of groundbreaking processes have been achieved. Photonic crystals, nanolithography, plasmonics phenomena and nanoparticle manipulation are the main areas where these techniques have been applied successfully and led to an emergent material sciences branch known as metamaterials. Metamaterials and functional material development strategies are focused on the structures of the matter itself, which has led to unconventional and unique electromagnetic properties through the manipulation of light-and in a more general picture the electromagnetic waves-in widespread manner. Metamaterial's nanostructures have precise shape, geometry, size, direction and arrangement. Such configurations are impacting the electromagnetic light waves to generate novel properties that are difficult or even impossible to obtain with natural materials. This review discusses these metamaterials and metasurfaces from the perspectives of materials, mechanisms and advanced metadevices in depth, with the aim to serve as a solid reference for future works in this exciting and rapidly emerging topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Ali
- Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute (QEERI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation, Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar;
| | - Anirban Mitra
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India;
| | - Brahim Aïssa
- Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute (QEERI), Hamad Bin Khalifa University (HBKU), Qatar Foundation, Doha P.O. Box 34110, Qatar;
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38
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Investigation of Spectral Properties of DBR-Based Photonic Crystal Structure for Optical Filter Application. CRYSTALS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst12030409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this work, the spectral properties of distributed Bragg reflector-based photonic crystal (DBR-PhC) structures were studied for the near-infrared (NIR) range. Different structural properties were varied to study their effect on the quality of the stopband and the appearance of the resonant dips in the reflection spectra of the DBR-PhC structure. The investigated structural features included the depth of PhC holes, hole radius, and number of PhC elements in the DBR structure. The 11-layered DBR structure was designed with a 2.4/1.4 refractive index contrast of alternating layers. The study aimed to achieve optical filtering properties in the DBR-PhC structure, to simplify the structural complexity of Fabry-Pérot filters by eliminating the FP cavity and upper-DBR mirror. The proposed DBR-PhC device can be used in different optical filtering and sensing applications.
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39
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Xia C, Gutierrez JJ, Kuebler SM, Rumpf RC, Touma J. Cylindrical-lens-embedded photonic crystal based on self-collimation. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:9165-9180. [PMID: 35299352 DOI: 10.1364/oe.452467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Photonic crystals can be engineered so that the flow of optical power and the phase of the field are independently controlled. The concept is demonstrated by creating a self-collimating lattice with an embedded cylindrical lens. The device is fabricated in a photopolymer by multi-photon lithography with the lattice spacing chosen for operation around the telecom wavelength of 1550 nm. The lattice is based on a low-symmetry rod-in-wall unit cell that strongly self-collimates light. The walls are varied in thickness to modulate the effective refractive index so light acquires a spatially quadratic phase profile as it propagates through the device. Although the phase of the field is altered, the light does not focus within the device because self-collimation forces power to flow parallel to the principal axes of the lattice. Upon exiting the device, ordinary propagation resumes in free space and the curved phase profile causes the light to focus. An analysis of the experimentally observed optical behavior shows that the device behaves like a thin lens, even though the device is considerably thick.
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40
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Bin J, Feng K, Shen W, Meng M, Liu Q. Investigation on GaN-Based Membrane Photonic Crystal Surface Emitting Lasers. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:1479. [PMID: 35208023 PMCID: PMC8875148 DOI: 10.3390/ma15041479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A GaN-based blue photonic crystal surface emitting laser (PCSEL) featured with membrane configuration was proposed and theoretically investigated. The membrane dimension, photonic crystal (PhC) material, lattice constant and thickness were studied by RCWA (Rigorous Coupled Wave Analysis), FDTD (Finite Difference Time Domain) simulations with the confinement factor and gain threshold as indicators. The membrane PCSEL's confinement factor of active media is of 13~14% which is attributed to multi-pairs of quantum wells and efficient confinement of the mode in the membrane cavity with air claddings. The excellent confinement factor and larger Q factor of resonance mutually contribute to the lower gain threshold of the design (below 400 cm-1 for GaN-PhC with 100 nm thick top and bottom GaN layer, 40 nm hole radius and 40 nm depth). The PhC confinement factor exceeds 13% and 6% for TiO2-PhC with 80 nm and 60 nm PhC thickness and 20 nm and 40 nm distance between PhC and active media, respectively. It is around two times larger than that of GaN-PhC, which is attributed to the higher refractive index of TiO2 that pulls field distribution to the PhC layer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Qifa Liu
- College of Telecommunication and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, China; (J.B.); (K.F.); (W.S.); (M.M.)
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41
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Timmerman D, Iwaya T, Fujiwara Y. Nanorod photonic crystal ring resonators. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:3488-3496. [PMID: 35209605 DOI: 10.1364/oe.443080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we shed light on the properties of a photonic ring resonator made up of a closed array of circular dielectric nanorods arranged periodically in a background material. This type of resonator can reach high-quality factors (Q-factor) for specific transverse-magnetic (TM)-like modes, while maintaining a small footprint. We validate this by full 3D finite difference time domain simulations. The properties of the mode most interesting for applications are determined for various parameters of the resonator for the material parameters of GaN. This study provides design guidelines for the realization of this type of photonic nano-resonator and proposes and analyses two practical implementations.
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42
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Ultra-low threshold lasing through phase front engineering via a metallic circular aperture. Nat Commun 2022; 13:230. [PMID: 35017524 PMCID: PMC8752788 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27927-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Semiconductor lasers with extremely low threshold power require a combination of small volume active region with high-quality-factor cavities. For ridge lasers with highly reflective coatings, an ultra-low threshold demands significantly suppressing the diffraction loss at the facets of the laser. Here, we demonstrate that introducing a subwavelength aperture in the metallic highly reflective coating of a laser can correct the phase front, thereby counter-intuitively enhancing both its modal reflectivity and transmissivity at the same time. Theoretical and experimental results manifest a decreasing in the mirror loss by over 40% and an increasing in the transmissivity by 104. Implementing this method on a small-cavity quantum cascade laser, room-temperature continuous-wave lasing operation at 4.5 μm wavelength with an electrical consumption power of only 143 mW is achieved. Our work suggests possibilities for future portable applications and can be implemented in a broad range of optoelectronic systems. Low threshold lasing is widely required, especially for portable systems. Here the authors design a circular subwavelength metallic aperture in a QCL to shape its phase front and control diffraction losses, which in turn allows a lower threshold dissipation power, enabling the fabrication of shorter cavities.
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Nanolasers with Feedback as Low-Coherence Illumination Sources for Speckle-Free Imaging: A Numerical Analysis of the Superthermal Emission Regime. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11123325. [PMID: 34947672 PMCID: PMC8708746 DOI: 10.3390/nano11123325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Lasers distinguish themselves for the high coherence and high brightness of their radiation, features which have been exploited both in fundamental research and a broad range of technologies. However, emerging applications in the field of imaging, which can benefit from brightness, directionality and efficiency, are impaired by the speckle noise superimposed onto the picture by the interference of coherent scattered fields. We contribute a novel approach to the longstanding efforts in speckle noise reduction by exploiting a new emission regime typical of nanolasers, where low-coherence laser pulses are spontaneously emitted below the laser threshold. Exploring the dynamic properties of this kind of emission in the presence of optical reinjection we show, through the numerical analysis of a fully stochastic approach, that it is possible to tailor some of the properties of the emitted radiation, in addition to exploiting this naturally existing regime. This investigation, therefore, proposes semiconductor nanolasers as potential attractive, miniaturized and versatile future sources of low-coherence radiation for imaging.
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Saldutti M, Xiong M, Dimopoulos E, Yu Y, Gioannini M, Mørk J. Modal Properties of Photonic Crystal Cavities and Applications to Lasers. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:3030. [PMID: 34835794 PMCID: PMC8621387 DOI: 10.3390/nano11113030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Photonic crystal cavities enable strong light-matter interactions, with numerous applications, such as ultra-small and energy-efficient semiconductor lasers, enhanced nonlinearities and single-photon sources. This paper reviews the properties of the modes of photonic crystal cavities, with a special focus on line-defect cavities. In particular, it is shown how the fundamental resonant mode in line-defect cavities gradually turns from Fabry-Perot-like to distributed-feedback-like with increasing cavity size. This peculiar behavior is directly traced back to the properties of the guided Bloch modes. Photonic crystal cavities based on Fano interference are also covered. This type of cavity is realized through coupling of a line-defect waveguide with an adjacent nanocavity, with applications to Fano lasers and optical switches. Finally, emerging cavities for extreme dielectric confinement are covered. These cavities promise extremely strong light-matter interactions by realizing deep sub-wavelength mode size while keeping a high quality factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Saldutti
- DTU Fotonik, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; (M.X.); (E.D.); (Y.Y.); (J.M.)
- NanoPhoton—Center for Nanophotonics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Meng Xiong
- DTU Fotonik, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; (M.X.); (E.D.); (Y.Y.); (J.M.)
- NanoPhoton—Center for Nanophotonics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Evangelos Dimopoulos
- DTU Fotonik, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; (M.X.); (E.D.); (Y.Y.); (J.M.)
- NanoPhoton—Center for Nanophotonics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Yi Yu
- DTU Fotonik, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; (M.X.); (E.D.); (Y.Y.); (J.M.)
- NanoPhoton—Center for Nanophotonics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mariangela Gioannini
- Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, IT-10129 Turin, Italy;
| | - Jesper Mørk
- DTU Fotonik, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark; (M.X.); (E.D.); (Y.Y.); (J.M.)
- NanoPhoton—Center for Nanophotonics, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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Mao XR, Shao ZK, Luan HY, Wang SL, Ma RM. Magic-angle lasers in nanostructured moiré superlattice. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 16:1099-1105. [PMID: 34400821 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-021-00956-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Conventional laser cavities require discontinuity of material property or disorder to localize a light field for feedback. Recently, an emerging class of materials, twisted van der Waals materials, have been explored for applications in electronics and photonics. Here we propose and develop magic-angle lasers, where the localization is realized in periodic twisted photonic graphene superlattices. We reveal that the confinement mechanism of magic-angle lasers does not rely on a full bandgap but on the mode coupling between two twisted layers of photonic graphene lattice. Without any fine-tuning in structure parameters, a simple twist can result in nanocavities with strong field confinement and a high quality factor. Furthermore, the emissions of magic-angle lasers allow direct imaging of the wavefunctions of magic-angle states. Our work provides a robust platform to construct high-quality nanocavities for nanolasers, nano light-emitting diodes, nonlinear optics and cavity quantum electrodynamics at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Rui Mao
- State Key Lab for Mesoscopic Physics and School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics and Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zeng-Kai Shao
- State Key Lab for Mesoscopic Physics and School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics and Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hong-Yi Luan
- State Key Lab for Mesoscopic Physics and School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics and Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shao-Lei Wang
- State Key Lab for Mesoscopic Physics and School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics and Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ren-Min Ma
- State Key Lab for Mesoscopic Physics and School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China.
- Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics and Collaborative Innovation Center of Quantum Matter, Peking University, Beijing, China.
- Peking University Yangtze Delta Institute of Optoelectronics, Nantong, China.
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Timmerman D, Iwaya T, Fujiwara Y. High-Q 1D rod-based nanocavities. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:4260-4263. [PMID: 34469989 DOI: 10.1364/ol.434904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We report an analysis of one-dimensional rod-based photonic crystal nanocavities. These cavities offer opportunities for dielectric materials which lack a matching low-refractive index substrate or are limited in under-etching possibilities to create slab-based PhC cavities. They offer high theoretical Q-values exceeding 106 for transverse magnetic polarized modes with modal volumes below 2.5(λ/n)3. For practical implementations, we propose embedding these structures in a low-refractive index polymer. An analysis of intentionally introduced variations in a rod diameter reveals which design directions should be followed in order to create cavities that are most robust for fabrication-induced variations.
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Anantharaman SB, Jo K, Jariwala D. Exciton-Photonics: From Fundamental Science to Applications. ACS NANO 2021; 15:12628-12654. [PMID: 34310122 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c02204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductors in all dimensionalities ranging from 0D quantum dots and molecules to 3D bulk crystals support bound electron-hole pair quasiparticles termed excitons. Over the past two decades, the emergence of a variety of low-dimensional semiconductors that support excitons combined with advances in nano-optics and photonics has burgeoned an advanced area of research that focuses on engineering, imaging, and modulating the coupling between excitons and photons, resulting in the formation of hybrid quasiparticles termed exciton-polaritons. This advanced area has the potential to bring about a paradigm shift in quantum optics, as well as classical optoelectronic devices. Here, we present a review on the coupling of light in excitonic semiconductors and previous investigations of the optical properties of these hybrid quasiparticles via both far-field and near-field imaging and spectroscopy techniques. Special emphasis is given to recent advances with critical evaluation of the bottlenecks that plague various materials toward practical device implementations including quantum light sources. Our review highlights a growing need for excitonic material development together with optical engineering and imaging techniques to harness the utility of excitons and their host materials for a variety of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surendra B Anantharaman
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Kiyoung Jo
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Deep Jariwala
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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Yoon S, Park H, Lee W. Fabrication of inverse opal photonic gel sensors on flexible substrates by transfer process. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:2997-3003. [PMID: 34156050 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00199j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a platform technology for transferring opal films and photonic gel films to flexible substrates. The conventional fabrication procedure for inverse opal photonic gel (IOPG) sensors comprises three major steps: 1) the self-assembly of polystyrene μ-spheres to an opal template film within a channel between the top and bottom substrates, 2) infiltration and photo-polymerisation of the monomer mixture, and 3) etching of the opal template. Owing to the low processing yield of the first step, it is difficult to fabricate multiple sensor arrays on a single substrate. In this study, an opal film is formed between two substrates with different surface polarities, and the film is separated by disassembling the two substrates. The opal film on a medium polar substrate is covered using a flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) film, and opal-templated photo-polymerisation is performed. Finally, the photonic gel with the opal template is transferred to the PET film, and the opal template is etched out. Using the platform technique, the fabrications of pH-responsive IOPG and temperature-responsive IOPG sensors on PET films are respectively demonstrated. In addition, the IOPG containing the copolymer of acrylamide and 3-acrylamidophenylboronic acid was found to be responsive to glucose at physiological pH. All three sensors were fabricated using the same transfer method, differing only in the composition of monomer mixtures, and they all showed excellent sensitivity and repeatability on PET substrates. Due to the advantageous feature of the transfer method, dual sensors of pH-responsive IOPG and temperature-responsive IOPG were sequentially fabricated on a single PET film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohee Yoon
- Department of Chemistry, Sejong University, 209, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea.
| | - Habeen Park
- Department of Chemistry, Sejong University, 209, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea. and ENGAIN Co. Ltd., 700, Daewangpangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonmok Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Sejong University, 209, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea. and ENGAIN Co. Ltd., 700, Daewangpangyo-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13488, Republic of Korea
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Zhang Y, Zhao M, Wang J, Liu W, Wang B, Hu S, Lu G, Chen A, Cui J, Zhang W, Hsu CW, Liu X, Shi L, Yin H, Zi J. Momentum-space imaging spectroscopy for the study of nanophotonic materials. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2021; 66:824-838. [PMID: 36654139 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2020.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The novel phenomena in nanophotonic materials, such as the angle-dependent reflection and negative refraction effect, are closely related to the photonic dispersions E(p). E(p) describes the relation between energy E and momentum p of photonic eigenmodes, and essentially determines the optical properties of materials. As E(p) is defined in momentum space (k-space), the experimental method to detect the energy distribution, that is the spectrum, in a momentum-resolved manner is highly required. In this review, the momentum-space imaging spectroscopy (MSIS) system is presented, which can directly study the spectral information in momentum space. Using the MSIS system, the photonic dispersion can be captured in one shot with high energy and momentum resolution. From the experimental momentum-resolved spectrum data, other key features of photonic eigenmodes, such as quality factors and polarization states, can also be extracted through the post-processing algorithm based on the coupled mode theory. In addition, the interference configurations of the MSIS system enable the measurement of coherence properties and phase information of nanophotonic materials, which is important for the study of light-matter interaction and beam shaping with nanostructures. The MSIS system can give the comprehensive information of nanophotonic materials, and is greatly useful for the study of novel photonic phenomena and the development of nanophotonic technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Zhang
- Department of Physics, Key Laboratory of Micro- and Nano-Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), and State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Maoxiong Zhao
- Department of Physics, Key Laboratory of Micro- and Nano-Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), and State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jiajun Wang
- Department of Physics, Key Laboratory of Micro- and Nano-Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), and State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wenzhe Liu
- Department of Physics, Key Laboratory of Micro- and Nano-Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), and State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Physics, Key Laboratory of Micro- and Nano-Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), and State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Songting Hu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Optical Metrology for Nano-fabrication (SERCOM), Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Guopeng Lu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Optical Metrology for Nano-fabrication (SERCOM), Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Ang Chen
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Optical Metrology for Nano-fabrication (SERCOM), Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jing Cui
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Optical Metrology for Nano-fabrication (SERCOM), Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Weiyi Zhang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Optical Metrology for Nano-fabrication (SERCOM), Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chia Wei Hsu
- Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Xiaohan Liu
- Department of Physics, Key Laboratory of Micro- and Nano-Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), and State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Physics, Key Laboratory of Micro- and Nano-Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), and State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Optical Metrology for Nano-fabrication (SERCOM), Shanghai 200433, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Haiwei Yin
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Optical Metrology for Nano-fabrication (SERCOM), Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Jian Zi
- Department of Physics, Key Laboratory of Micro- and Nano-Photonic Structures (Ministry of Education), and State Key Laboratory of Surface Physics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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Chen X, Guo Q, Chen W, Xie W, Wang Y, Wang M, You T, Pan G. Biomimetic design of photonic materials for biomedical applications. Acta Biomater 2021; 121:143-179. [PMID: 33301982 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Photonic crystal (PC) materials with bio-inspired structure colors have drawn increasing attention as their potentials have been rapidly progressed in the field of biomedicine. After elaborate integration with smart materials or preparations through advanced techniques, PC materials have shown significant advantages in biosensing, bio-probing, bio-screening, tissue engineering, and so forth. In this review, we first introduced the fundamentals of PC materials as well as their fabrication strategies with different dimensional outputs. Based on these diversified PC materials, their biomedical potentials as biosensing elements, cell carriers, drug delivery systems, screening methods, cell scaffolds for tissue engineering, cell imaging probes, as well as the monitoring means for biological processes were then highlighted. In addition to these, we finally listed and discussed some emerging applications of PCs integrated with functional materials and newly developed material engineering technologies. In short, this review will provide a panoramic view of PCs-based biomedicines, and moreover, the progressive discussions from fundamentals to advanced applications in this review may also encourage researchers to innovate PC materials or devices for broader biomedical applications.
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