|
1
|
Huang C, Zhi X, Ye T, Wang X, Li K, Li Y, Zhang Q, Jiang L, Ding X. Boosting humoral and cellular immunity with enhanced STING activation by hierarchical mesoporous metal-organic framework adjuvants. J Control Release 2024; 370:691-706. [PMID: 38723671 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2024.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 05/05/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Vaccination is essential for preventing and controlling infectious diseases, along with reducing mortality. Developing safe and versatile adjuvants to enhance humoral and cellular immune responses to vaccines remains a key challenge in vaccine development. Here, we designed hierarchical mesoporous MOF-801 (HM801) using a Cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB) and a Pluronics F127 in an aqueous phase system. Meanwhile, we synthesized a novel SARS-CoV-2 nanovaccine (R@M@HM801) with a high loading capacity for both the STING agonist (MSA-2) and the Delta receptor binding domain (Delta-RBD) antigen. R@M@HM801 enhanced MSA-2 and RBD utilization and effectively co-delivered MSA-2 and RBD antigens to antigen-presenting cells in the draining lymph nodes, thereby promoting the activation of both T and B cells. Lymphocyte single-cell analysis showed that R@M@HM801 stimulated robust CD11b+CD4+ T cells, CXCR5+CD4+ T follicular helper (Tfh), and durable CD4+CD44+CD62L-, CD8+CD44+CD62L- effector memory T cell (TEM) immune responses, and promoted the proliferative activation of CD26+ B cells in vivo. Meanwhile, R@M@HM801 induced stronger specific antibodies and neutralization of pseudovirus against Delta compared to the RBD + MAS-2 and RBD + MAS-2 + Alum vaccines. Our study demonstrated the efficacy of a hierarchical mesoporous HM801 and its potential immune activation mechanism in enhancing adaptive immune responses against viruses and other diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chengjie Huang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Institute for Personalized Medicine and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Zhi
- Shanghai Institute of Virology Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine 227 South Chongqing Road, Shanghai 200225, PR China.
| | - Tianbao Ye
- Department of Cardiology, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Xiuyuan Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ke Li
- School of Petrochemical Technology, Jilin Institute of Chemical Technology, Jilin 132022, China
| | - Yiyang Li
- Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Institute for Personalized Medicine and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Institute for Personalized Medicine and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lai Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Institute for Personalized Medicine and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xianting Ding
- Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Intensive Care Unit, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Systems Medicine for Cancer, Institute for Personalized Medicine and Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
|
2
|
Zhang Y, Tan W, Lou Z, Huang B, Zhou W, Zhao Y, Zhang J, Liang H, Li N, Zhu X, Ding L, Guo Y, He Z, He Y, Wang Z, Ma B, Ma M, Zhao S, Chang Z, Zhao X, Zheng X, Wu G, Wang H, Yang X. Immunogenicity Evaluating of the Multivalent COVID-19 Inactivated Vaccine against the SARS-CoV-2 Variants. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10060956. [PMID: 35746564 PMCID: PMC9228943 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10060956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) has caused more than 286 million cases and 5.4 million deaths to date. Several strategies have been implemented globally, such as social distancing and the development of the vaccines. Several severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants have appeared, such as Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Omicron. With the rapid spread of the novel coronavirus and the rapidly changing mutants, the development of a broad-spectrum multivalent vaccine is considered to be the most effective way to defend against the constantly mutating virus. Here, we evaluated the immunogenicity of the multivalent COVID-19 inactivated vaccine. Mice were immunized by multivalent COVID-19 inactivated vaccine, and the neutralizing antibodies in serum were analyzed. The results show that HB02 + Delta + Omicron trivalent vaccine could provide broad spectrum protection against HB02, Beta, Delta, and Omicron virus. Additionally, the different multivalent COVID-19 inactivated vaccines could enhance cellular immunity. Together, our findings suggest that the multivalent COVID-19 inactivated vaccine can provide broad spectrum protection against HB02 and other virus variants in humoral and cellular immunity, providing new ideas for the development of a broad-spectrum COVID-19 vaccine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuntao Zhang
- China National Biotec Group Company Limited, Beijing 100024, China;
| | - Wenjie Tan
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China; (W.T.); (B.H.); (W.Z.)
| | - Zhiyong Lou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Protein Science & Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China;
| | - Baoying Huang
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China; (W.T.); (B.H.); (W.Z.)
| | - Weimin Zhou
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China; (W.T.); (B.H.); (W.Z.)
| | - Yuxiu Zhao
- Beijing Institute of Biological Products Company Limited, Beijing 100176, China; (Y.Z.); (J.Z.); (H.L.); (N.L.); (X.Z.); (L.D.); (Y.G.); (Z.H.); (Y.H.); (Z.W.); (B.M.); (M.M.); (S.Z.); (Z.C.); (X.Z.); (X.Z.)
| | - Jin Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Biological Products Company Limited, Beijing 100176, China; (Y.Z.); (J.Z.); (H.L.); (N.L.); (X.Z.); (L.D.); (Y.G.); (Z.H.); (Y.H.); (Z.W.); (B.M.); (M.M.); (S.Z.); (Z.C.); (X.Z.); (X.Z.)
| | - Hongyang Liang
- Beijing Institute of Biological Products Company Limited, Beijing 100176, China; (Y.Z.); (J.Z.); (H.L.); (N.L.); (X.Z.); (L.D.); (Y.G.); (Z.H.); (Y.H.); (Z.W.); (B.M.); (M.M.); (S.Z.); (Z.C.); (X.Z.); (X.Z.)
| | - Na Li
- Beijing Institute of Biological Products Company Limited, Beijing 100176, China; (Y.Z.); (J.Z.); (H.L.); (N.L.); (X.Z.); (L.D.); (Y.G.); (Z.H.); (Y.H.); (Z.W.); (B.M.); (M.M.); (S.Z.); (Z.C.); (X.Z.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xiujuan Zhu
- Beijing Institute of Biological Products Company Limited, Beijing 100176, China; (Y.Z.); (J.Z.); (H.L.); (N.L.); (X.Z.); (L.D.); (Y.G.); (Z.H.); (Y.H.); (Z.W.); (B.M.); (M.M.); (S.Z.); (Z.C.); (X.Z.); (X.Z.)
| | - Ling Ding
- Beijing Institute of Biological Products Company Limited, Beijing 100176, China; (Y.Z.); (J.Z.); (H.L.); (N.L.); (X.Z.); (L.D.); (Y.G.); (Z.H.); (Y.H.); (Z.W.); (B.M.); (M.M.); (S.Z.); (Z.C.); (X.Z.); (X.Z.)
| | - Yancen Guo
- Beijing Institute of Biological Products Company Limited, Beijing 100176, China; (Y.Z.); (J.Z.); (H.L.); (N.L.); (X.Z.); (L.D.); (Y.G.); (Z.H.); (Y.H.); (Z.W.); (B.M.); (M.M.); (S.Z.); (Z.C.); (X.Z.); (X.Z.)
| | - Zhenyu He
- Beijing Institute of Biological Products Company Limited, Beijing 100176, China; (Y.Z.); (J.Z.); (H.L.); (N.L.); (X.Z.); (L.D.); (Y.G.); (Z.H.); (Y.H.); (Z.W.); (B.M.); (M.M.); (S.Z.); (Z.C.); (X.Z.); (X.Z.)
| | - Yao He
- Beijing Institute of Biological Products Company Limited, Beijing 100176, China; (Y.Z.); (J.Z.); (H.L.); (N.L.); (X.Z.); (L.D.); (Y.G.); (Z.H.); (Y.H.); (Z.W.); (B.M.); (M.M.); (S.Z.); (Z.C.); (X.Z.); (X.Z.)
| | - Zhanhui Wang
- Beijing Institute of Biological Products Company Limited, Beijing 100176, China; (Y.Z.); (J.Z.); (H.L.); (N.L.); (X.Z.); (L.D.); (Y.G.); (Z.H.); (Y.H.); (Z.W.); (B.M.); (M.M.); (S.Z.); (Z.C.); (X.Z.); (X.Z.)
| | - Bo Ma
- Beijing Institute of Biological Products Company Limited, Beijing 100176, China; (Y.Z.); (J.Z.); (H.L.); (N.L.); (X.Z.); (L.D.); (Y.G.); (Z.H.); (Y.H.); (Z.W.); (B.M.); (M.M.); (S.Z.); (Z.C.); (X.Z.); (X.Z.)
| | - Meng Ma
- Beijing Institute of Biological Products Company Limited, Beijing 100176, China; (Y.Z.); (J.Z.); (H.L.); (N.L.); (X.Z.); (L.D.); (Y.G.); (Z.H.); (Y.H.); (Z.W.); (B.M.); (M.M.); (S.Z.); (Z.C.); (X.Z.); (X.Z.)
| | - Suhua Zhao
- Beijing Institute of Biological Products Company Limited, Beijing 100176, China; (Y.Z.); (J.Z.); (H.L.); (N.L.); (X.Z.); (L.D.); (Y.G.); (Z.H.); (Y.H.); (Z.W.); (B.M.); (M.M.); (S.Z.); (Z.C.); (X.Z.); (X.Z.)
| | - Zhen Chang
- Beijing Institute of Biological Products Company Limited, Beijing 100176, China; (Y.Z.); (J.Z.); (H.L.); (N.L.); (X.Z.); (L.D.); (Y.G.); (Z.H.); (Y.H.); (Z.W.); (B.M.); (M.M.); (S.Z.); (Z.C.); (X.Z.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xue Zhao
- Beijing Institute of Biological Products Company Limited, Beijing 100176, China; (Y.Z.); (J.Z.); (H.L.); (N.L.); (X.Z.); (L.D.); (Y.G.); (Z.H.); (Y.H.); (Z.W.); (B.M.); (M.M.); (S.Z.); (Z.C.); (X.Z.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xiaotong Zheng
- Beijing Institute of Biological Products Company Limited, Beijing 100176, China; (Y.Z.); (J.Z.); (H.L.); (N.L.); (X.Z.); (L.D.); (Y.G.); (Z.H.); (Y.H.); (Z.W.); (B.M.); (M.M.); (S.Z.); (Z.C.); (X.Z.); (X.Z.)
| | - Guizhen Wu
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (China CDC), Beijing 102206, China; (W.T.); (B.H.); (W.Z.)
- Correspondence: (G.W.); (H.W.); (X.Y.)
| | - Hui Wang
- Beijing Institute of Biological Products Company Limited, Beijing 100176, China; (Y.Z.); (J.Z.); (H.L.); (N.L.); (X.Z.); (L.D.); (Y.G.); (Z.H.); (Y.H.); (Z.W.); (B.M.); (M.M.); (S.Z.); (Z.C.); (X.Z.); (X.Z.)
- Correspondence: (G.W.); (H.W.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xiaoming Yang
- China National Biotec Group Company Limited, Beijing 100024, China;
- Correspondence: (G.W.); (H.W.); (X.Y.)
| |
Collapse
|
|
3
|
Zhang L, Li R, Song G, Scholes GD, She ZS. Impairment of T cells' antiviral and anti-inflammation immunities may be critical to death from COVID-19. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2021; 8:211606. [PMID: 34950497 PMCID: PMC8692966 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.211606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Clarifying dominant factors determining the immune heterogeneity from non-survivors to survivors is crucial for developing therapeutics and vaccines against COVID-19. The main difficulty is quantitatively analysing the multi-level clinical data, including viral dynamics, immune response and tissue damages. Here, we adopt a top-down modelling approach to quantify key functional aspects and their dynamical interplay in the battle between the virus and the immune system, yielding an accurate description of real-time clinical data involving hundreds of patients for the first time. The quantification of antiviral responses gives that, compared to antibodies, T cells play a more dominant role in virus clearance, especially for mild patients (96.5%). Moreover, the anti-inflammatory responses, namely the cytokine inhibition and tissue repair rates, also positively correlate with T cell number and are significantly suppressed in non-survivors. Simulations show that the lack of T cells can lead to more significant inflammation, proposing an explanation for the monotonic increase of COVID-19 mortality with age and higher mortality for males. We propose that T cells play a crucial role in the immunity against COVID-19, which provides a new direction-improvement of T cell number for advancing current prevention and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luhao Zhang
- Institute of Health System Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Rong Li
- Institute of Health System Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Turbulence and Complex Systems, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Song
- Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Zhen-Su She
- Institute of Health System Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Turbulence and Complex Systems, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
|
4
|
Chen J, Vitetta L, Henson JD, Hall S. The intestinal microbiota and improving the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccinations. J Funct Foods 2021; 87:104850. [PMID: 34777578 PMCID: PMC8578005 DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Most COVID-19 cases are mild or asymptomatic and recover well, suggesting that effective immune responses ensue, which successfully eliminate SARS-CoV-2 viruses. However, a small proportion of patients develop severe COVID-19 with pathological immune responses. This indicates that a strong immune system balanced with anti-inflammatory mechanisms is critical for the recovery from SARS-CoV-2 infections. Many vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 have now been developed for eliciting effective immune responses to protect from SARS-CoV-2 infections or reduce the severity of the disease if infected. Although uncommon, serious morbidity and mortality have resulted from both COVID-19 vaccine adverse reactions and lack of efficacy, and further improvement of efficacy and prevention of adverse effects are urgently warranted. Many factors could affect efficacy of these vaccines to achieve optimal immune responses. Dysregulation of the gut microbiota (gut dysbiosis) could be an important risk factor as the gut microbiota is associated with the development and maintenance of an effective immune system response. In this narrative review, we discuss the immune responses to SARS-CoV-2, how COVID-19 vaccines elicit protective immune responses, gut dysbiosis involvement in inefficacy and adverse effects of COVID-19 vaccines and the modulation of the gut microbiota by functional foods to improve COVID-19 vaccine immunisations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiezhong Chen
- Medlab Clinical, Department of Research, Sydney 2015, Australia
| | - Luis Vitetta
- Medlab Clinical, Department of Research, Sydney 2015, Australia.,The University of Sydney, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney 2006, Australia
| | - Jeremy D Henson
- Medlab Clinical, Department of Research, Sydney 2015, Australia.,The University of New South Wales, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Wales Clinical School, Sydney, Australia
| | - Sean Hall
- Medlab Clinical, Department of Research, Sydney 2015, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
|
5
|
Stamatakis G, Samiotaki M, Temponeras I, Panayotou G, Stratikos E. Allotypic variation in antigen processing controls antigenic peptide generation from SARS-CoV-2 S1 spike glycoprotein. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101329. [PMID: 34688668 PMCID: PMC8530767 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Population genetic variability in immune system genes can often underlie variability in immune responses to pathogens. Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are emerging as critical determinants of both severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection severity and long-term immunity, after either recovery or vaccination. A hallmark of coronavirus disease 2019 is its highly variable severity and breadth of immune responses between individuals. To address the underlying mechanisms behind this phenomenon, we analyzed the proteolytic processing of S1 spike glycoprotein precursor antigenic peptides across ten common allotypes of endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 1 (ERAP1), a polymorphic intracellular enzyme that can regulate cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses by generating or destroying antigenic peptides. We utilized a systematic proteomic approach that allows the concurrent analysis of hundreds of trimming reactions in parallel, thus better emulating antigen processing in the cell. While all ERAP1 allotypes were capable of producing optimal ligands for major histocompatibility complex class I molecules, including known severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 epitopes, they presented significant differences in peptide sequences produced, suggesting allotype-dependent sequence biases. Allotype 10, previously suggested to be enzymatically deficient, was rather found to be functionally distinct from other allotypes. Our findings suggest that common ERAP1 allotypes can be a major source of heterogeneity in antigen processing and through this mechanism contribute to variable immune responses in coronavirus disease 2019.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George Stamatakis
- Institute for Bioinnovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Vari, Attica, Greece
| | - Martina Samiotaki
- Institute for Bioinnovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Vari, Attica, Greece
| | - Ioannis Temponeras
- National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Agia Paraskevi, Attica, Greece
| | - George Panayotou
- Institute for Bioinnovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Vari, Attica, Greece
| | - Efstratios Stratikos
- National Centre for Scientific Research "Demokritos", Agia Paraskevi, Attica, Greece; Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zographou, Athens, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
|
6
|
Zhao B, Zhong M, Yang Q, Hong K, Xia J, Li X, Liu Y, Chen YQ, Yang J, Huang C, Yan H. Alterations in Phenotypes and Responses of T Cells Within 6 Months of Recovery from COVID-19: A Cohort Study. Virol Sin 2021; 36:859-868. [PMID: 33560482 PMCID: PMC7871951 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-021-00348-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the SARS-CoV-2 infection, is a global health crisis. While many patients have clinically recovered, little is known about long-term alterations in T cell responses of COVID-19 convalescents. In this study, T cell responses in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of a long-time COVID-19 clinically recovered (20-26 weeks) cohort (LCR) were measured via flow cytometry and ELISpot. The T cell responses of LCR were comparatively analyzed against an age and sex matched short-time clinically recovered (4-9 weeks) cohort (SCR) and a healthy donor cohort (HD). All volunteers were recruited from Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, China. Phenotypic analysis showed that activation marker PD-1 expressing on CD4+ T cells of LCR was still significantly lower than that of HD. Functional analysis indicated that frequencies of Tc2, Th2 and Th17 in LCR were comparable to those of HD, but Tc17 was higher than that of HD. In LCR, compared to the HD, there were fewer IFN-γ producing T cells but more IL-2 secreting T cells. In addition, the circulating Tfh cells in LCR were still slightly lower compared to HD, though the subsets composition had recovered. Remarkably, SARS-CoV-2 specific T cell responses in LCR were comparable to that of SCR. Collectively, T cell responses experienced long-term alterations in phenotype and functional potential of LCR cohort. However, after clinical recovery, SARS-CoV-2 specific T cell responses could be sustained at least for six months, which may be helpful in resisting re-infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bali Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, CAS, Wuhan, 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Maohua Zhong
- Institute of Infection, Immunology and Tumor Microenvironment, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Qingyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, CAS, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Joint Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Health, Wuhan Institute of Virology & Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Wuhan, 430023, China
- Center for Translational Medicine, Jinyintan Hospital, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Ke Hong
- Joint Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Health, Wuhan Institute of Virology & Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Wuhan, 430023, China
- Center for Translational Medicine, Jinyintan Hospital, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Jianbo Xia
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xia Li
- Joint Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Health, Wuhan Institute of Virology & Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Wuhan, 430023, China
- Center for Translational Medicine, Jinyintan Hospital, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Center for Translational Medicine, Jinyintan Hospital, Wuhan, 430023, China
- The Office of Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Jinyintan Hospital, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Yao-Qing Chen
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, China.
| | - Jingyi Yang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China.
| | - Chaolin Huang
- Joint Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Health, Wuhan Institute of Virology & Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Wuhan, 430023, China.
- Center for Translational Medicine, Jinyintan Hospital, Wuhan, 430023, China.
| | - Huimin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, CAS, Wuhan, 430071, China.
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 201508, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
|
7
|
Yang J, Zhong M, Zhang E, Hong K, Yang Q, Zhou D, Xia J, Chen YQ, Sun M, Zhao B, Xiang J, Liu Y, Han Y, Xu M, Zhou X, Huang C, Shang Y, Yan H. Broad phenotypic alterations and potential dysfunction of lymphocytes in individuals clinically recovered from COVID-19. J Mol Cell Biol 2021; 13:197-209. [PMID: 33751111 PMCID: PMC7989217 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjab014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Although millions of patients have clinically recovered from COVID-19, little is known about the immune status of lymphocytes in these individuals. In this study, the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of a clinically recovered (CR) cohort were comparatively analyzed with those of an age- and sex-matched healthy donor cohort. We found that CD8+ T cells in the CR cohort had higher numbers of effector T cells and effector memory T cells but lower Tc1 (IFN-γ+), Tc2 (IL-4+), and Tc17 (IL-17A+) cell frequencies. The CD4+ T cells of the CR cohort were decreased in frequency, especially the central memory T cell subset. Moreover, CD4+ T cells in the CR cohort showed lower programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) expression and had lower frequencies of Th1 (IFN-γ+), Th2 (IL-4+), Th17 (IL-17A+), and circulating follicular helper T (CXCR5+PD-1+) cells. Accordingly, the proportion of isotype-switched memory B cells (IgM−CD20hi) among B cells in the CR cohort showed a significantly lower proportion, although the level of the activation marker CD71 was elevated. For CD3−HLA-DR− lymphocytes in the CR cohort, in addition to lower levels of IFN-γ, granzyme B and T-bet, the correlation between T-bet and IFN-γ was not observed. Additionally, by taking into account the number of days after discharge, all the phenotypes associated with reduced function did not show a tendency toward recovery within 4‒11 weeks. The remarkable phenotypic alterations in lymphocytes in the CR cohort suggest that severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection profoundly affects lymphocytes and potentially results in dysfunction even after clinical recovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Yang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China.,Joint Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Health, Wuhan Institute of Virology & Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430023, China.,State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Maohua Zhong
- Institute of Infection, Immunology and Tumor Microenvironment, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China.,Joint Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Health, Wuhan Institute of Virology & Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430023, China.,State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Ejuan Zhang
- Joint Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Health, Wuhan Institute of Virology & Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430023, China.,State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Ke Hong
- Center for Translational Medicine, Jinyintan Hospital, Wuhan 430023, China.,Joint Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Health, Wuhan Institute of Virology & Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Qingyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.,Center for Translational Medicine, Jinyintan Hospital, Wuhan 430023, China.,Joint Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Health, Wuhan Institute of Virology & Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Dihan Zhou
- Joint Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Health, Wuhan Institute of Virology & Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430023, China.,State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Jianbo Xia
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Hubei Province, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yao-Qing Chen
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Mingbo Sun
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650018, China
| | - Bali Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jie Xiang
- Center for Translational Medicine, Jinyintan Hospital, Wuhan 430023, China.,Joint Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Health, Wuhan Institute of Virology & Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Joint Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Health, Wuhan Institute of Virology & Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Wuhan 430023, China.,The Office of Drug Clinical Trial Institution, Jinyintan Hospital, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Yang Han
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.,Center for Translational Medicine, Jinyintan Hospital, Wuhan 430023, China.,Joint Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Health, Wuhan Institute of Virology & Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - Mengxin Xu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Xi Zhou
- Joint Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Health, Wuhan Institute of Virology & Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430023, China.,State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.,Center for Translational Medicine, Jinyintan Hospital, Wuhan 430023, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chaolin Huang
- Center for Translational Medicine, Jinyintan Hospital, Wuhan 430023, China.,Joint Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Health, Wuhan Institute of Virology & Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Wuhan 430023, China
| | - You Shang
- Center for Translational Medicine, Jinyintan Hospital, Wuhan 430023, China.,Joint Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Health, Wuhan Institute of Virology & Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Wuhan 430023, China.,Department of Critical Care Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Huimin Yan
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, China.,Joint Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Health, Wuhan Institute of Virology & Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430023, China.,State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China.,Center for Translational Medicine, Jinyintan Hospital, Wuhan 430023, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
|
8
|
Vashishtha VM, Kumar P. Development of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines: challenges, risks, and the way forward. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2021; 17:1635-1649. [PMID: 33270478 PMCID: PMC7754925 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2020.1845524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic mandates the development of a safe and effective Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine. This review analyzes the complexities, challenges, and other vital issues associated with the development of the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. A brief review of the immune responses (innate, antibody, and T-cell) to SARS-CoV-2, including immune targets, correlates of protection, and duration of immunity is presented. Approaches to vaccine development including different vaccine platforms, critical attributes of novel vaccine candidates, the status of the ongoing clinical trials, and the ways to speed up vaccine development are also reviewed. Despite a historical average success rate of only 6%, and a usual gestation period of 10-12 years for the development of a new vaccine, the world is on the verge of developing COVID-19 vaccines in an extraordinary short time span.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vipin M. Vashishtha
- Department of Pediatrics, Mangla Hospital & Research Center, Shakti Chowk, Bijnor, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
|
9
|
Dijkstra JM, Frenette AP, Dixon B. Most Japanese individuals are genetically predisposed to recognize an immunogenic protein fragment shared between COVID-19 and common cold coronaviruses. F1000Res 2021; 10:196. [PMID: 34026045 PMCID: PMC8108557 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.51479.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the spring of 2020, we and others hypothesized that T cells in COVID-19 patients may recognize identical protein fragments shared between the coronaviruses of the common cold and COVID-19 and thereby confer cross-virus immune memory. Here, we look at this issue by screening studies that, since that time, have experimentally addressed COVID-19 associated T cell specificities. Currently, the identical T cell epitope shared between COVID-19 and common cold coronaviruses most convincingly identified as immunogenic is the CD8 + T cell epitope VYIGDPAQL if presented by the MHC class I allele HLA-A*24:02. The HLA-A*24:02 allele is found in the majority of Japanese individuals and several indigenous populations in Asia, Oceania, and the Americas. In combination with histories of common cold infections, HLA-A*24:02 may affect their protection from COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes M. Dijkstra
- Institute for Comprehensive Medical Science, Fujita Health Universit, Toyoake-shi, 470-1192, Japan
| | - Aaron P. Frenette
- Department of Biology, University of Waterlo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Brian Dixon
- Department of Biology, University of Waterlo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
|
10
|
Bassey BE, Atsu JU. Global stability analysis of the role of multi-therapies and non-pharmaceutical treatment protocols for COVID-19 pandemic. CHAOS, SOLITONS, AND FRACTALS 2021; 143:110574. [PMID: 33519116 PMCID: PMC7837293 DOI: 10.1016/j.chaos.2020.110574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we sought and presented an 8-Dimensional deterministic mathematical COVID-19 dynamic model that accounted for the global stability analysis of the role of dual-bilinear treatment protocols of COVID-19 infection. The model, which is characterized by human-to-human transmission mode was investigated using dual non-pharmaceutical (face-masking and social distancing) and dual pharmaceutical (hydroxylchloroquine and azithromycin) as control functions following the interplay of susceptible population and varying infectious population. First, we investigated the model state-space and then established and computed the system reproduction number for both off-treatment ℜ 0 ( 1 ) = 10.94 and for onset-treatment ℜ 0 ( 2 ) = 3.224 . We considered the model for off-treatment and thereafter by incorporating the theory of LaSalle's invariant principle into the classical method of Lyapunov functions, we presented an approach for global stability analysis of COVID-19 dynamics. Numerical verification of system theoretical predictions was computed using in-built Runge-Kutta of order of precision 4 in a Mathcad surface. The set approach produces highly significant results in the main text. For example, while rapid population extinction was observed by the susceptible under off-treatment scenario in the first t f ≤ 18 days, the application of non-pharmaceuticals at early stage of infection proved very effective strategy in curtailing the spread of the virus. Moreso, the implementation of dual pharmacotherapies in conjunction with non-pharmaceuticals yields tremendous rejuvenation of susceptible population ( 0.5 ≤ S p ( t ) ≤ 3.143 c e l l s / m l 3 ) with maximal reduction in the rates of isolation, super spreaders and hospitalization of the infectives. Thus, experimental results of investigation affirm the suitability of proposed model for the control and treatment of the deadly disease provided individuals adheres to treatment protocols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bassey Echeng Bassey
- Department of Mathematics, Cross River University of Technology, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Jeremiah U Atsu
- Department of Mathematics, Cross River University of Technology, Calabar, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
|
11
|
Zhou Y, Zhang J, Wang D, Wang D, Guan W, Qin J, Xu X, Fang J, Fu B, Zheng X, Wang D, Zhao H, Chen X, Tian Z, Xu X, Wang G, Wei H. Profiling of the immune repertoire in COVID-19 patients with mild, severe, convalescent, or retesting-positive status. J Autoimmun 2021; 118:102596. [PMID: 33540371 PMCID: PMC7837046 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2021.102596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Forty-seven samples of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from four groups of coronavirus disease (COVID)-19 patients (mild, severe, convalescent, retesting-positive) and healthy controls were applied to profile the immune repertoire of COVID-19 patients in acute infection or convalescence by transcriptome sequencing and immune-receptor repertoire (IRR) sequencing. Transcriptome analyses showed that genes within principal component group 1 (PC1) were associated with infection and disease severity whereas genes within PC2 were associated with recovery from COVID-19. A "dual-injury mechanism" of COVID-19 severity was related to an increased number of proinflammatory pathways and activated hypercoagulable pathways. A machine-learning model based on the genes associated with inflammatory and hypercoagulable pathways had the potential to be employed to monitor COVID-19 severity. Signature analyses of B-cell receptors (BCRs) and T-cell receptors (TCRs) revealed the dominant selection of longer V-J pairs (e.g., IGHV3-9-IGHJ6 and IGHV3-23-IGHJ6) and continuous tyrosine motifs in BCRs and lower diversity of TCRs. These findings provide potential predictors for COVID-19 outcomes, and new potential targets for COVID-19 treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang Zhou
- Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China; Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China; Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Jinhe Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China; Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Dongyao Wang
- Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China; Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China; Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China; Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Wuxiang Guan
- Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, 430071, China
| | - Jingkun Qin
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China; Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Xiuxiu Xu
- Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China; Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China; Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Jingwen Fang
- HanGene Biotech, Xiaoshan Innovation Polis, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311200, China
| | - Binqing Fu
- Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China; Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China; Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Xiaohu Zheng
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China; Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Dongsheng Wang
- Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Hong Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, China
| | - Xianxiang Chen
- Department of Tuberculosis, Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Zhigang Tian
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China; Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Xiaoling Xu
- Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Guiqiang Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, China.
| | - Haiming Wei
- Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China; Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China; Institute of Immunology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China.
| |
Collapse
|
|
12
|
SeyedAlinaghi S, Oliaei S, Kianzad S, Afsahi AM, MohsseniPour M, Barzegary A, Mirzapour P, Behnezhad F, Noori T, Mehraeen E, Dadras O, Voltarelli F, Sabatier JM. Reinfection risk of novel coronavirus (COVID-19): A systematic review of current evidence. World J Virol 2020; 9:79-90. [PMID: 33363000 PMCID: PMC7747024 DOI: 10.5501/wjv.v9.i5.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is recently a concern regarding the reinfection and reactivation of previously reCoVered coronavirus disease 2019 (CoVID-19) patients. AIM To summarize the recent findings and reports of CoVID-19 reinfection in patients previously reCoVered from the disease. METHODS This study was a systematic review of current evidence conducted in August 2020. The authors studied the probable reinfection risk of novel coronavirus (CoVID-19). We performed a systematic search using the keywords in online databases. The investigation adheres to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) checklist to ensure the reliability and validity of this study and results. RESULTS We reviewed 31 studies. Eight studies described reCoVered patients with reinfection. Only one study reported reinfected patients who died. In 26 studies, there was no information about the status of the patients. Several studies indicated that reinfection is not probable and that post-infection immunity is at least temporary and short. CONCLUSION Based on our review, we concluded that a positive polymerase chain reaction retest could be due to several reasons and should not always be considered as reinfection or reactivation of the disease. Most relevant studies in positive retest patients have shown relative and probably temporary immunity after the reCoVery of the disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- SeyedAhmad SeyedAlinaghi
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1586489615, Iran
| | - Shahram Oliaei
- HBOT Research Center, Golestan Hospital, Islamic Republic of Iran, Navy and AJA Medical University, Tehran 7134845794, Iran
| | - Shaghayegh Kianzad
- School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 7134845794, Iran
| | - Amir Masoud Afsahi
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), California, CA 587652458, United States
| | - Mehrzad MohsseniPour
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1586489615, Iran
| | - Alireza Barzegary
- School of Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Tehran 7134845794, Iran
| | - Pegah Mirzapour
- Iranian Research Center for HIV/AIDS, Iranian Institute for Reduction of High Risk Behaviors, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1586489615, Iran
| | - Farzane Behnezhad
- Department of Virology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 7134845794, Iran
| | - Tayebeh Noori
- Department of Health Information Technology, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol 5486952364, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Mehraeen
- Department of Health Information Technology, Khalkhal University of Medical Sciences, Khalkhal 1419733141, Iran
| | - Omid Dadras
- Department of Global Health and Socioepidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 215789652, Japan
| | - Fabricio Voltarelli
- Graduation Program of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá 458796523, Brazil
| | - Jean-Marc Sabatier
- Université Aix-Marseille, Institutde Neuro-physiopathologie (INP), UMR 7051, Faculté de Pharmacie, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, Marseille 546789235, France
| |
Collapse
|
|
13
|
Wu T. Persistence of humoral and cellular immune response after SARS-CoV-2 infection: opportunities and challenges. Front Med 2020; 14:816-819. [PMID: 33098549 PMCID: PMC7585350 DOI: 10.1007/s11684-020-0823-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tangchun Wu
- School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
| |
Collapse
|
|
14
|
Stamatakis G, Samiotaki M, Mpakali A, Panayotou G, Stratikos E. Generation of SARS-CoV-2 S1 Spike Glycoprotein Putative Antigenic Epitopes in Vitro by Intracellular Aminopeptidases. J Proteome Res 2020; 19:4398-4406. [PMID: 32931291 PMCID: PMC7640968 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Presentation of antigenic peptides by MHCI is central to cellular immune responses against viral pathogens. While adaptive immune responses versus SARS-CoV-2 can be of critical importance to both recovery and vaccine efficacy, how protein antigens from this pathogen are processed to generate antigenic peptides is largely unknown. Here, we analyzed the proteolytic processing of overlapping precursor peptides spanning the entire sequence of the S1 spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2, by three key enzymes that generate antigenic peptides, aminopeptidases ERAP1, ERAP2, and IRAP. All enzymes generated shorter peptides with sequences suitable for binding onto HLA alleles, but with distinct specificity fingerprints. ERAP1 was the most efficient in generating peptides 8-11 residues long, the optimal length for HLA binding, while IRAP was the least efficient. The combination of ERAP1 with ERAP2 greatly limited the variability of peptide sequences produced. Less than 7% of computationally predicted epitopes were found to be produced experimentally, suggesting that aminopeptidase processing may constitute a significant filter to epitope presentation. These experimentally generated putative epitopes could be prioritized for SARS-CoV-2 immunogenicity studies and vaccine design. We furthermore propose that this in vitro trimming approach could constitute a general filtering method to enhance the prediction robustness for viral antigenic epitopes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George Stamatakis
- Biomedical
Sciences Research Center “Alexander Fleming”, 16672 Vari, Attica, Greece
| | - Martina Samiotaki
- Biomedical
Sciences Research Center “Alexander Fleming”, 16672 Vari, Attica, Greece
| | - Anastasia Mpakali
- National
Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, 15310 Agia Paraskevi,
Attica, Greece
| | - George Panayotou
- Biomedical
Sciences Research Center “Alexander Fleming”, 16672 Vari, Attica, Greece
| | - Efstratios Stratikos
- National
Centre for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, 15310 Agia Paraskevi,
Attica, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
|
15
|
Lim HX, Lim J, Jazayeri SD, Poppema S, Poh CL. Development of multi-epitope peptide-based vaccines against SARS-CoV-2. Biomed J 2020; 44:18-30. [PMID: 33727051 PMCID: PMC7527307 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2020.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a pandemic involving so far more than 22 million infections and 776,157 deaths. Effective vaccines are urgently needed to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infections. No vaccines have yet been approved for licensure by regulatory agencies. Even though host immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 infections are beginning to be unravelled, effective clearance of virus will depend on both humoral and cellular immunity. Additionally, the presence of Spike (S)-glycoprotein reactive CD4+ T-cells in the majority of convalescent patients is consistent with its significant role in stimulating B and CD8+ T-cells. The search for immunodominant epitopes relies on experimental evaluation of peptides representing the epitopes from overlapping peptide libraries which can be costly and labor-intensive. Recent advancements in B- and T-cell epitope predictions by bioinformatic analysis have led to epitope identifications. Assessing which peptide epitope can induce potent neutralizing antibodies and robust T-cell responses is a prerequisite for the selection of effective epitopes to be incorporated in peptide-based vaccines. This review discusses the roles of B- and T-cells in SARS-CoV-2 infections and experimental validations for the selection of B-, CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell epitopes which could lead to the construction of a multi-epitope peptide vaccine. Peptide-based vaccines are known for their low immunogenicity which could be overcome by incorporating immunostimulatory adjuvants and nanoparticles such as Poly Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid (PLGA) or chitosan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xuan Lim
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jianhua Lim
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Seyed Davoud Jazayeri
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | - Chit Laa Poh
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research, School of Science and Technology, Sunway University, Selangor, Malaysia.
| |
Collapse
|
|
16
|
Gandhi M, Beyrer C, Goosby E. Masks Do More Than Protect Others During COVID-19: Reducing the Inoculum of SARS-CoV-2 to Protect the Wearer. J Gen Intern Med 2020; 35:3063-3066. [PMID: 32737790 PMCID: PMC7393808 DOI: 10.1007/s11606-020-06067-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Although the benefit of population-level public facial masking to protect others during the COVID-19 pandemic has received a great deal of attention, we discuss for one of the first times the hypothesis that universal masking reduces the "inoculum" or dose of the virus for the mask-wearer, leading to more mild and asymptomatic infection manifestations. Masks, depending on type, filter out the majority of viral particles, but not all. We first discuss the near-century-old literature around the viral inoculum and severity of disease (conceptualized as the LD50 or lethal dose of the virus). We include examples of rising rates of asymptomatic infection with population-level masking, including in closed settings (e.g., cruise ships) with and without universal masking. Asymptomatic infections may be harmful for spread but could actually be beneficial if they lead to higher rates of exposure. Exposing society to SARS-CoV-2 without the unacceptable consequences of severe illness with public masking could lead to greater community-level immunity and slower spread as we await a vaccine. This theory of viral inoculum and mild or asymptomatic disease with SARS-CoV-2 in light of population-level masking has received little attention so this is one of the first perspectives to discuss the evidence supporting this theory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Monica Gandhi
- Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) , San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Chris Beyrer
- Desmond M. Tutu Professor of Public Health and Human Rights, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health , Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Eric Goosby
- Department of Medicine, Division of HIV, Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) , San Francisco, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
|
17
|
Peng S, Cao F, Xia Y, Gao XD, Dai L, Yan J, Ma G. Particulate Alum via Pickering Emulsion for an Enhanced COVID-19 Vaccine Adjuvant. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2004210. [PMID: 32864794 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202004210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
For rapid response against the prevailing COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 19), it is a global imperative to exploit the immunogenicity of existing formulations for safe and efficient vaccines. As the most accessible adjuvant, aluminum hydroxide (alum) is still the sole employed adjuvant in most countries. However, alum tends to attach on the membrane rather than entering the dendritic cells (DCs), leading to the absence of intracellular transfer and process of the antigens, and thus limits T-cell-mediated immunity. To address this, alum is packed on the squalene/water interphase is packed, forming an alum-stabilized Pickering emulsion (PAPE). "Inheriting" from alum and squalene, PAPE demonstrates a good biosafety profile. Intriguingly, with the dense array of alum on the oil/water interphase, PAPE not only adsorbs large quantities of SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) antigens, but also harbors a higher affinity for DC uptake, which provokes the uptake and cross-presentation of the delivered antigens. Compared with alum-treated groups, more than six times higher antigen-specific antibody titer and three-fold more IFN-γ-secreting T cells are induced, indicating the potent humoral and cellular immune activations. Collectively, the data suggest that PAPE may provide potential insights toward a safe and efficient adjuvant platform for the enhanced COVID-19 vaccinations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sha Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Fengqiang Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Graduate School of Bio-Applications and Systems Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 2-24-16 Nakacho, Koganei, Tokyo, 184-8588, Japan
| | - Yufei Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- Innovation Academy for Green Manufacture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Dong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Lianpan Dai
- Beijing Institute of Life Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, P. R. China
| | - Jinghua Yan
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, P. R. China
| | - Guanghui Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- Innovation Academy for Green Manufacture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
|
18
|
Continuous tracking of COVID-19 patients' immune status. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 89:107034. [PMID: 33039966 PMCID: PMC7518179 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The immune status of COVID-19 patients is different in each stage. DN and DP cells are negatively correlated with IL-10 and IL-6, respectively. Immune indexes help to distinguish COVID-19 and its severity early. Dynamic immune monitoring can provide a reference for clinical drug selection.
Background COVID-19 is threating human health worldwide. We aim to investigate the dynamic changes of immune status in COVID-19 patients with clinical evolution. Methods Sixty-one COVID-19 patients (42 mild cases and 19 severe cases, 51 cases without secondary infection as non-infection group and 10 cases with secondary bacterial/fungal infection as infection group) and 52 healthy controls (HCs) were enrolled from our hospital. Leucocyte classification, lymphocyte subsets and cytokines were detected by full-automatic blood cell analyzer and flow cytometer, respectively. Results Upon admission, eosinophils and lymphocyte subsets decreased significantly, while neutrophils, monocytes, basophils, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10 and IFN-γ increased significantly in COVID-19 patients compared to HCs. CD3+ T and DN (CD3+CD4−CD8−) cells appeared sustained decline, leucocytes, neutrophils and IL-10 showed sustained increase in severe group compared to mild group. Compared with the non-infection group, we observed a depletion of eosinophils, CD3+ T and CD4+ T cells, but leucocytes, neutrophils, IL-6 and IL-10 on the contrary in the infection group. Besides, in severe group of COVID-19 patients, DN cells were negatively correlated with IL-10, and DP (CD3+CD4+CD8+) cells were negatively correlated with IL-6. Lymphocytes, eosinophils, CD3+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, IL-6 and IL-10 all had great diagnostic efficacy (AUC, 0.905-0.975) for COVID-19. The laboratory indicators of COVID-19 patients with improved condition also showed a recovery trend with time. Conclusions The immune status of COVID-19 patients is different in each stage, and dynamic monitoring of related indicators can help predict the disease and may avoid cytokine storms.
Collapse
|
|
19
|
Komabayashi K, Seto J, Matoba Y, Aoki Y, Tanaka S, Ikeda T, Matsuzaki Y, Itagaki T, Mizuta K. Seasonality of Human Coronavirus OC43, NL63, HKU1, and 229E Infection in Yamagata, Japan, 2010-2019. Jpn J Infect Dis 2020; 73:394-397. [PMID: 32741934 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2020.525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenichi Komabayashi
- Department of Microbiology, Yamagata Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Japan
| | - Junji Seto
- Department of Microbiology, Yamagata Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Japan
| | - Yohei Matoba
- Department of Microbiology, Yamagata Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Japan
| | - Yoko Aoki
- Department of Microbiology, Yamagata Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Japan
| | - Shizuka Tanaka
- Department of Microbiology, Yamagata Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Ikeda
- Department of Microbiology, Yamagata Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Japan
| | - Yoko Matsuzaki
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Yamagata University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| | | | - Katsumi Mizuta
- Department of Microbiology, Yamagata Prefectural Institute of Public Health, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
|
20
|
Song SK, Lee DH, Nam JH, Kim KT, Do JS, Kang DW, Kim SG, Cho MR. IgG Seroprevalence of COVID-19 among Individuals without a History of the Coronavirus Disease Infection in Daegu, Korea. J Korean Med Sci 2020; 35:e269. [PMID: 32715672 PMCID: PMC7384903 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2020.35.e269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seroprevalence studies of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) from many countries have shown that the number of undiagnosed missing cases is much larger than that of confirmed cases, irrespective of seroprevalence levels. Considering the strategy of Korea entailing massive testing and contact tracing from the beginning of epidemic, the number of undiagnosed missing cases in Korea may be negligible. This study was conducted to estimate the seroprevalence of COVID-19 among individuals who were never diagnosed with COVID-19 in Daegu, the epicenter of COVID-19 epidemic in Korea. METHODS Serologic testing for immunoglobulin G antibody based on immunochromatographic assay was conducted in 103 patients and 95 guardians aged 18 to 82 years without any history of COVID-19 diagnosis, who visited outpatient clinics of a single university-affiliated hospital from May 25 to June 5, 2020. RESULTS The estimated seroprevalence was 7.6% (95% confidence interval, 4.3%-12.2%) with 15 positive cases. Among them, only one had a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-confirmed case among their close contacts and 13 did not experience COVID-19-related symptoms. Seroprevalence was similar between patients and guardians. Based on this figure, the number of undiagnosed missing cases in Daegu was estimated to be a dozen times more than the number of confirmed cases based on PCR testing. CONCLUSION Despite the limitation of a small and unrepresentative sample, this is the first study on seroprevalence of COVID-19 in Korea. Our study suggested that the number of undiagnosed missing cases was substantial even with the stringent strategy adopted in Korea, similar to that of other countries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suk Kyoon Song
- Department of Orthopedics, Daegu Catholic University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Duk Hee Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jun Ho Nam
- Department of Orthopedics, Daegu Catholic University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Kyung Tae Kim
- Department of Orthopedics, Daegu Catholic University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jung Suk Do
- Department of Orthopedics, Daegu Catholic University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Dae Won Kang
- Department of Orthopedics, Daegu Catholic University Hospital, Daegu, Korea
| | - Sang Gyung Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Daegu Catholic University Hospital, Daegu, Korea.
| | - Myung Rae Cho
- Department of Orthopedics, Daegu Catholic University Hospital, Daegu, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|