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Álvarez ÁL, Arboleya A, Abade dos Santos FA, García-Manso A, Nicieza I, Dalton KP, Parra F, Martín-Alonso JM. Highs and Lows in Calicivirus Reverse Genetics. Viruses 2024; 16:866. [PMID: 38932159 PMCID: PMC11209508 DOI: 10.3390/v16060866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 05/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In virology, the term reverse genetics refers to a set of methodologies in which changes are introduced into the viral genome and their effects on the generation of infectious viral progeny and their phenotypic features are assessed. Reverse genetics emerged thanks to advances in recombinant DNA technology, which made the isolation, cloning, and modification of genes through mutagenesis possible. Most virus reverse genetics studies depend on our capacity to rescue an infectious wild-type virus progeny from cell cultures transfected with an "infectious clone". This infectious clone generally consists of a circular DNA plasmid containing a functional copy of the full-length viral genome, under the control of an appropriate polymerase promoter. For most DNA viruses, reverse genetics systems are very straightforward since DNA virus genomes are relatively easy to handle and modify and are also (with few notable exceptions) infectious per se. This is not true for RNA viruses, whose genomes need to be reverse-transcribed into cDNA before any modification can be performed. Establishing reverse genetics systems for members of the Caliciviridae has proven exceptionally challenging due to the low number of members of this family that propagate in cell culture. Despite the early successful rescue of calicivirus from a genome-length cDNA more than two decades ago, reverse genetics methods are not routine procedures that can be easily extrapolated to other members of the family. Reports of calicivirus reverse genetics systems have been few and far between. In this review, we discuss the main pitfalls, failures, and delays behind the generation of several successful calicivirus infectious clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel L. Álvarez
- Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias (IUBA), Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Aroa Arboleya
- Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias (IUBA), Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Fábio A. Abade dos Santos
- Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias (IUBA), Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Alberto García-Manso
- Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias (IUBA), Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Inés Nicieza
- Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias (IUBA), Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Kevin P. Dalton
- Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias (IUBA), Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Francisco Parra
- Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias (IUBA), Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - José M. Martín-Alonso
- Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias (IUBA), Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
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2
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Bryant JD, Lee JS, De Almeida A, Jacques J, Chang CH, Fassler W, Quéva C, Lerner L, Kennedy EM. Seneca Valley virus replicons are packaged in trans and have the capacity to overcome the limitations of viral transgene expression. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2023; 28:321-333. [PMID: 36938543 PMCID: PMC10018389 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2023.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) promote the anti-tumor immune response as their replication, and the subsequent lysis of tumor cells, triggers the activation of immune-sensing pathways. Arming OVs by expressing transgenes with the potential to promote immune cell recruitment and activation is an attractive strategy to enhance OVs' therapeutic benefit. For picornaviruses, a family of OVs with clinical experience, the expression of a transgene is limited by multiple factors: genome physical packaging limits, high rates of recombination, and viral-mediated inhibition of transgene secretion. Here, we evaluated strategies for arming Seneca Valley virus (SVV) with relevant immunomodulatory transgenes. Specificially in the contex of arming SVV, we evaluated transgene maximum size and stabiltity, transgene secretion, and the impact of transgene inclusion on viral fitness. We find that SVV is not capable of expressing secreted payloads and has a transgene packaging capacity of ∼10% of viral genome size. To enable transgene expression, we developed SVV replicons with greater transgene size capacity and secretion capabilities. SVV replicons can be packaged in trans by virus in co-infected cells to express immunomodulatory transgenes in surrounding cells, thus providing a means to enhance the potential of this therapeutic to augment the anti-tumor immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Edward M. Kennedy
- Oncorus, Inc., Andover, MA 01810, USA
- Corresponding author: Edward M. Kennedy, Oncorus, Inc., 4 Corporate Dr., Andover, MA 01810, USA.
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3
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Boersma S, Rabouw HH, Bruurs LJM, Pavlovič T, van Vliet ALW, Beumer J, Clevers H, van Kuppeveld FJM, Tanenbaum ME. Translation and Replication Dynamics of Single RNA Viruses. Cell 2020; 183:1930-1945.e23. [PMID: 33188777 PMCID: PMC7664544 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
RNA viruses are among the most prevalent pathogens and are a major burden on society. Although RNA viruses have been studied extensively, little is known about the processes that occur during the first several hours of infection because of a lack of sensitive assays. Here we develop a single-molecule imaging assay, virus infection real-time imaging (VIRIM), to study translation and replication of individual RNA viruses in live cells. VIRIM uncovered a striking heterogeneity in replication dynamics between cells and revealed extensive coordination between translation and replication of single viral RNAs. Furthermore, using VIRIM, we identify the replication step of the incoming viral RNA as a major bottleneck of successful infection and identify host genes that are responsible for inhibition of early virus replication. Single-molecule imaging of virus infection is a powerful tool to study virus replication and virus-host interactions that may be broadly applicable to RNA viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne Boersma
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Huib H Rabouw
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands; Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Lucas J M Bruurs
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Tonja Pavlovič
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Arno L W van Vliet
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Joep Beumer
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hans Clevers
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Frank J M van Kuppeveld
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CL Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Marvin E Tanenbaum
- Oncode Institute, Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CT Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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4
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Afrough B, Dowall S, Hewson R. Emerging viruses and current strategies for vaccine intervention. Clin Exp Immunol 2020; 196:157-166. [PMID: 30993690 PMCID: PMC6468171 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During the past decade several notable viruses have suddenly emerged from obscurity or anonymity to become serious global health threats, provoking concern regarding their sustained epidemic transmission in immunologically naive human populations. With each new threat comes the call for rapid vaccine development. Indeed, vaccines are considered a critical component of disease prevention for emerging viral infections because, in many cases, other medical options are limited or non‐existent, or that infections result in such a rapid clinical deterioration that the effectiveness of therapeutics is limited. While classic approaches to vaccine development are still amenable to emerging viruses, the application of molecular techniques in virology has profoundly influenced our understanding of virus biology, and vaccination methods based on replicating, attenuated and non‐replicating virus vector approaches have become useful vaccine platforms. Together with a growing understanding of viral disease emergence, a range of vaccine strategies and international commitment to underpin development, vaccine intervention for new and emerging viruses may become a possibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Afrough
- Virology and Pathogenesis Laboratory, National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
| | - S Dowall
- Virology and Pathogenesis Laboratory, National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
| | - R Hewson
- Virology and Pathogenesis Laboratory, National Infection Service, Public Health England, Salisbury, UK
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Mosaheb MM, Dobrikova EY, Brown MC, Yang Y, Cable J, Okada H, Nair SK, Bigner DD, Ashley DM, Gromeier M. Genetically stable poliovirus vectors activate dendritic cells and prime antitumor CD8 T cell immunity. Nat Commun 2020; 11:524. [PMID: 31988324 PMCID: PMC6985231 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13939-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses naturally engage innate immunity, induce antigen presentation, and mediate CD8 T cell priming against foreign antigens. Polioviruses can provide a context optimal for generating antigen-specific CD8 T cells, as they have natural tropism for dendritic cells, preeminent inducers of CD8 T cell immunity; elicit Th1-promoting inflammation; and lack interference with innate or adaptive immunity. However, notorious genetic instability and underlying neuropathogenicity has hampered poliovirus-based vector applications. Here we devised a strategy based on the polio:rhinovirus chimera PVSRIPO, devoid of viral neuropathogenicity after intracerebral inoculation in human subjects, for stable expression of exogenous antigens. PVSRIPO vectors infect, activate, and induce epitope presentation in DCs in vitro; they recruit and activate DCs with Th1-dominant cytokine profiles at the injection site in vivo. They efficiently prime tumor antigen-specific CD8 T cells in vivo, induce CD8 T cell migration to the tumor site, delay tumor growth and enhance survival in murine tumor models. Experimental PVSRIPO oncolytic virus therapy of glioblastoma has shown long-term efficacy in a subset of patients. Here the authors engineer the virus to enable incorporation of tumor-specific antigens, and show proof-of-principle evidence that this modification increases anti-tumor immunity and extends survival in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mubeen M Mosaheb
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC, 27701, USA
| | - Elena Y Dobrikova
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC, 27701, USA
| | - Michael C Brown
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC, 27701, USA
| | - Yuanfan Yang
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC, 27701, USA
| | - Jana Cable
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC, 27701, USA
| | - Hideho Okada
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94129, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94129, USA
| | - Smita K Nair
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC, 27701, USA
| | - Darell D Bigner
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC, 27701, USA
| | - David M Ashley
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC, 27701, USA
| | - Matthias Gromeier
- Department of Molecular Genetics & Microbiology, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC, 27701, USA. .,Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University Medical School, Durham, NC, 27701, USA.
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Abstract
Reproduction of RNA viruses is typically error-prone due to the infidelity of their replicative machinery and the usual lack of proofreading mechanisms. The error rates may be close to those that kill the virus. Consequently, populations of RNA viruses are represented by heterogeneous sets of genomes with various levels of fitness. This is especially consequential when viruses encounter various bottlenecks and new infections are initiated by a single or few deviating genomes. Nevertheless, RNA viruses are able to maintain their identity by conservation of major functional elements. This conservatism stems from genetic robustness or mutational tolerance, which is largely due to the functional degeneracy of many protein and RNA elements as well as to negative selection. Another relevant mechanism is the capacity to restore fitness after genetic damages, also based on replicative infidelity. Conversely, error-prone replication is a major tool that ensures viral evolvability. The potential for changes in debilitated genomes is much higher in small populations, because in the absence of stronger competitors low-fit genomes have a choice of various trajectories to wander along fitness landscapes. Thus, low-fit populations are inherently unstable, and it may be said that to run ahead it is useful to stumble. In this report, focusing on picornaviruses and also considering data from other RNA viruses, we review the biological relevance and mechanisms of various alterations of viral RNA genomes as well as pathways and mechanisms of rehabilitation after loss of fitness. The relationships among mutational robustness, resilience, and evolvability of viral RNA genomes are discussed.
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Tomusange K, Wijesundara D, Gummow J, Wesselingh S, Suhrbier A, Gowans EJ, Grubor-Bauk B. Mucosal vaccination with a live recombinant rhinovirus followed by intradermal DNA administration elicits potent and protective HIV-specific immune responses. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36658. [PMID: 27853256 PMCID: PMC5113119 DOI: 10.1038/srep36658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal immunity is deemed crucial to control sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Herein we report the efficacy of a mucosal HIV vaccine strategy comprising intranasal (IN) vaccination with a cocktail of live recombinant human rhinoviruses (HRVs) encoding overlapping fragments of HIV Gag and full length Tat (rHRV-Gag/Tat) followed by intradermal (ID) vaccination with DNA vaccines encoding HIV Gag and Tat (pVAX-Gag-Tat). This heterologous prime-boost strategy will be referred to hereafter as rHRV-DNA. As a control, IN vaccination with wild type (wt)-HRV-A1 followed by a single ID dose of pVAX (wt-HRV-A1/pVAX vaccination) was included. rHRV-DNA vaccination elicited superior multi-functional CD8+T cell responses in lymphocytes harvested from mesenteric lymph nodes and spleens, and higher titres of Tat-specific antibodies in blood and vaginal lavages, and reduced the viral load more effectively after challenge with EcoHIV, a murine HIV challenge model, in peritoneal macrophages, splenocytes and blood compared compared with wt-HRV-A1/pVAX vaccination or administration of 3 ID doses of pVAX-Gag-Tat (3X pVAX-Gag-Tat vaccination). These data provide the first evidence that a rHRV-DNA vaccination regimen can induce HIV-specific immune responses in the gut, vaginal mucosa and systemically, and supports further testing of this regimen in the development of an effective mucosally-targeted HIV-1 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khamis Tomusange
- Virology Laboratory, Basil Hetzel Institute, Discipline of Surgery, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Danushka Wijesundara
- Virology Laboratory, Basil Hetzel Institute, Discipline of Surgery, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jason Gummow
- Virology Laboratory, Basil Hetzel Institute, Discipline of Surgery, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Steve Wesselingh
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Andreas Suhrbier
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Eric J Gowans
- Virology Laboratory, Basil Hetzel Institute, Discipline of Surgery, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Branka Grubor-Bauk
- Virology Laboratory, Basil Hetzel Institute, Discipline of Surgery, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Yu H, Huang L, Zhang Y, Hu L, Wang S, Li J, Cai X, Cui S, Weng C. An attenuated EMCV-HB10 strain acts as a live viral vector delivering a foreign gene. J Gen Virol 2016; 97:2280-2290. [PMID: 27392429 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.000541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We successfully constructed a full-length cDNA infectious clone of the encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) HB10 strain and obtained a partially attenuated rEMCV-C9 virus with a shorter poly(C) tract. Our results showed that the length of the EMCV-HB10 poly(C) tract was related to the pathogenicity of the EMCV-HB10 strain in vivo. Using pEMCV-C9 as the backbone, we constructed the novel viral vector pC9-MCS-∆2A by inserting a cDNA fragment containing a 127 amino acid deletion in the 2A protein, a primary cleavage cassette, a FLAG tag and a multiple cloning site (MCS) at the junction of VP1 and ∆2A. Additionally, the enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp) gene was cloned into the MCS of pC9-MCS-∆2A to test its capacity to express foreign proteins. Insertion of the egfp gene did not affect viral replication, and a decrease in EGFP expression was observed within five serial passages. Furthermore, we found that rC9-EGFP-∆2A was avirulent in vivo, induced neutralizing antibody production and conferred protective immune responses against lethal challenge with EMCV in mice. Taken together, our results demonstrated that we had constructed an attenuated live vector based on an EMCV-HB10 strain with two modified critical virulence factors (the poly(C) tract and 2A protein) that could be used as a candidate live vaccine and a potential live viral vector for foreign antigen delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huibin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, PR China
| | - Li Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, PR China
| | - Yuanfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, PR China
| | - Liang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, PR China
| | - Shengnan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, PR China
| | - Jiangnan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, PR China
| | - Xuehui Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, PR China
| | - Shangjin Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, PR China
| | - Changjiang Weng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, PR China
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Han SS, Lee J, Jung Y, Kang MH, Hong JH, Cha MS, Park YJ, Lee E, Yoon CH, Bae YS. Development of oral CTL vaccine using a CTP-integrated Sabin 1 poliovirus-based vector system. Vaccine 2015; 33:4827-36. [PMID: 26241946 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.07.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We developed a CTL vaccine vector by modification of the RPS-Vax system, a mucosal vaccine vector derived from a poliovirus Sabin 1 strain, and generated an oral CTL vaccine against HIV-1. A DNA fragment encoding a cytoplasmic transduction peptide (CTP) was integrated into the RPS-Vax system to generate RPS-CTP, a CTL vaccine vector. An HIV-1 p24 cDNA fragment was introduced into the RPS-CTP vector system and a recombinant poliovirus (rec-PV) named vRPS-CTP/p24 was produced. vRPS-CTP/p24 was genetically stable and efficiently induced Th1 immunity and p24-specific CTLs in immunized poliovirus receptor-transgenic (PVR-Tg) mice. In challenge experiments, PVR-Tg mice that were pre-immunized orally with vRPS-CTP/p24 were resistant to challenge with a lethal dose of p24-expressing recombinant vaccinia virus (rMVA-p24). These results suggested that the RPS-CTP vector system had potential for developing oral CTL vaccines against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Soo Han
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinjoo Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yideul Jung
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong-Ho Kang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hyub Hong
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Suk Cha
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ezra Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Hee Yoon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Soo Bae
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Zhu S, Guo X, Keyes LR, Yang H, Ge X. Recombinant Encephalomyocarditis Viruses Elicit Neutralizing Antibodies against PRRSV and CSFV in Mice. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129729. [PMID: 26076449 PMCID: PMC4468123 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) is capable of infecting a wide range of species and the infection can cause myocarditis and reproductive failure in pigs as well as febrile illness in human beings. In this study, we introduced the entire ORF5 of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) or the neutralization epitope regions in the E2 gene of the classical swine fever virus (CSFV), into the genome of a stably attenuated EMCV strain, T1100I. The resultant viable recombinant viruses, CvBJC3m/I-ΔGP5 and CvBJC3m/I-E2, respectively expressed partial PRRSV envelope protein GP5 or CSFV neutralization epitope A1A2 along with EMCV proteins. These heterologous proteins fused to the N-terminal of the nonstructural leader protein could be recognized by anti-GP5 or anti-E2 antibody. We also tested the immunogenicity of these fusion proteins by immunizing BALB/c mice with the recombinant viruses. The immunized animals elicited neutralizing antibodies against PRRSV and CSFV. Our results suggest that EMCV can be engineered as an expression vector and serve as a tool in the development of novel live vaccines in various animal species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Lisa R. Keyes
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States of America
| | - Hanchun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (XG), (HY)
| | - Xinna Ge
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (XG), (HY)
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11
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Tomusange K, Yu W, Suhrbier A, Wijesundara D, Grubor-Bauk B, Gowans EJ. Engineering human rhinovirus serotype-A1 as a vaccine vector. Virus Res 2015; 203:72-6. [PMID: 25869880 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 03/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Herein we describe the construction of recombinant human rhinoviruses (rHRVs) encoding HIV Gag or Tat by inserting the full length tat gene or regions of the gag gene flanked by sequences encoding the HRV 2A protease cleavage site into the junction between HRV genes encoding structural (P1) and non-structural (P2) proteins. Most recombinants were unstable, but this was corrected by mutation of the flanking cleavage sites. Thereafter, all rHRV constructs retained the inserts throughout six passages. Such constructs may find utility as vaccine vectors to generate mucosal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khamis Tomusange
- Virology Laboratory, Basil Hetzel Institute, Discipline of Surgery, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Wenbo Yu
- Virology Laboratory, Basil Hetzel Institute, Discipline of Surgery, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Andreas Suhrbier
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Danushka Wijesundara
- Virology Laboratory, Basil Hetzel Institute, Discipline of Surgery, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Branka Grubor-Bauk
- Virology Laboratory, Basil Hetzel Institute, Discipline of Surgery, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Eric J Gowans
- Virology Laboratory, Basil Hetzel Institute, Discipline of Surgery, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
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12
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Nonhomologous recombination between defective poliovirus and coxsackievirus genomes suggests a new model of genetic plasticity for picornaviruses. mBio 2014; 5:e01119-14. [PMID: 25096874 PMCID: PMC4128350 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01119-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Most of the circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPVs) implicated in poliomyelitis outbreaks in Madagascar have been shown to be recombinants between the type 2 poliovirus (PV) strain of the oral polio vaccine (Sabin 2) and another species C human enterovirus (HEV-C), such as type 17 coxsackie A virus (CA17) in particular. We studied intertypic genetic exchanges between PV and non-PV HEV-C by developing a recombination model, making it possible to rescue defective type 2 PV RNA genomes with a short deletion at the 3' end by the cotransfection of cells with defective or infectious CA17 RNAs. We isolated over 200 different PV/CA17 recombinants, using murine cells expressing the human PV receptor (PVR) and selecting viruses with PV capsids. We found some homologous (H) recombinants and, mostly, nonhomologous (NH) recombinants presenting duplications of parental sequences preferentially located in the regions encoding proteins 2A, 2B, and 3A. Short duplications appeared to be stable, whereas longer duplications were excised during passaging in cultured cells or after multiplication in PVR-transgenic mice, generating H recombinants with diverse sites of recombination. This suggests that NH recombination events may be a transient, intermediate step in the generation and selection of the fittest H recombinants. In addition to the classical copy-choice mechanism of recombination thought to generate mostly H recombinants, there may also be a modular mechanism of recombination, involving NH recombinant precursors, shaping the genomes of recombinant enteroviruses and other picornaviruses. Importance: The multiplication of circulating vaccine-derived polioviruses (cVDPVs) in poorly immunized human populations can render these viruses pathogenic, causing poliomyelitis outbreaks. Most cVDPVs are intertypic recombinants between a poliovirus (PV) strain and another human enterovirus, such as type 17 coxsackie A viruses (CA17). For further studies of the genetic exchanges between PV and CA17, we have developed a model of recombination, making it possible to rescue defective PV RNA genomes with a short deletion by cotransfecting cells with the defective PV genome and CA17 genomic RNA. Numerous recombinants were found, including homologous PV/CA17 recombinants, but mostly nonhomologous recombinants presenting duplications of parental sequences preferentially located in particular regions. Long duplications were excised by passages in cultured cells or in mice, generating diverse homologous recombinants. Recombination leading to nonhomologous recombinants, which evolve into homologous recombinants, may therefore be seen as a model of genetic plasticity in enteroviruses and, possibly, in other RNA viruses.
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Henke A, Jarasch N, Wutzler P. Coxsackievirus B3 vaccines: use as an expression vector for prevention of myocarditis. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 7:1557-67. [DOI: 10.1586/14760584.7.10.1557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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14
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The epitope integration site for vaccine antigens determines virus control while maintaining efficacy in an engineered cancer vaccine. Mol Ther 2013; 21:1087-95. [PMID: 23568262 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2013.52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Picornaviruses have been developed as potential therapies for gene delivery and vaccination. One drawback to their use is the potential for recombination and viral persistence. Therefore, the engineering strategies used must take into account the possibility for virus escape. We have developed Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) as a potential vaccine vector for use in immunotherapy. This study shows that insertion of a vaccine epitope at a unique site within the TMEV leader protein can dramatically increase the type I interferon (IFN) response to infection and promote rapid viral clearance. This live virus vaccine maintains its ability to drive antigen-specific CD8(+) T-cell responses to a model antigen as well as to the weakly immunogenic tumor antigen Her2/neu. Furthermore, the epitope integration site does not affect the efficacy of this vaccine as cancer immunotherapy for treating models of melanoma and breast cancer as demonstrated by delayed tumor outgrowth and increased survival in animals implanted with these tumors. These findings show that an attenuated virus retaining limited ability to replicate nonetheless can effectively mobilize CD8(+) cellular immunity and will be important for the design of picornavirus vectors used as immunotherapy in clinical settings.
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15
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Seago J, Juleff N, Moffat K, Berryman S, Christie JM, Charleston B, Jackson T. An infectious recombinant foot-and-mouth disease virus expressing a fluorescent marker protein. J Gen Virol 2013; 94:1517-1527. [PMID: 23559477 PMCID: PMC3709630 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.052308-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is one of the most extensively studied animal pathogens because it remains a major threat to livestock economies worldwide. However, the dynamics of FMDV infection are still poorly understood. The application of reverse genetics provides the opportunity to generate molecular tools to further dissect the FMDV life cycle. Here, we have used reverse genetics to determine the capsid packaging limitations for a selected insertion site in the FMDV genome. We show that exogenous RNA up to a defined length can be stably introduced into the FMDV genome, whereas larger insertions are excised by recombination events. This led us to construct a recombinant FMDV expressing the fluorescent marker protein, termed iLOV. Characterization of infectious iLOV-FMDV showed the virus has a plaque morphology and rate of growth similar to the parental virus. In addition, we show that cells infected with iLOV-FMDV are easily differentiated by flow cytometry using the inherent fluorescence of iLOV and that cells infected with iLOV-FMDV can be monitored in real-time with fluorescence microscopy. iLOV-FMDV therefore offers a unique tool to characterize FMDV infection in vitro, and its applications for in vivo studies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Seago
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | | | - Katy Moffat
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
| | | | - John M Christie
- Institute of Molecular Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | | | - Terry Jackson
- The Pirbright Institute, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
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Freistadt M, Eberle KE, Huang W, Schwarzenberger P. CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells support entry and replication of poliovirus: a potential new gene introduction route. Cancer Gene Ther 2013; 20:201-7. [PMID: 23392202 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2013.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) are critical in sustaining and constantly renewing the blood and immune system. The ability to alter biological characteristics of HSC by introducing and expressing genes would have enormous therapeutic possibilities. Previous unpublished work suggested that human HSC co-express CD34 (cluster of differentiation 34; an HSC marker) and CD155 (poliovirus receptor; also called Necl-5/Tage4/PVR/CD155). In the present study, we demonstrate the co-expression of CD34 and CD155 in primary human HSC. In addition, we demonstrate that poliovirus infects and replicates in human hematopoietic progenitor cell lines. Finally, we show that poliovirus replicates in CD34+ enriched primary HSC. CD34+ enriched HSC co-express CD155 and support poliovirus replication. These data may help further understanding of poliovirus spread in vivo and also demonstrate that human HSC may be amenable for gene therapy via poliovirus-capsid-based vectors. They may also help elucidate the normal function of Necl-5/Tage4/PVR/CD155.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Freistadt
- Science and Math, Delgado Community College, New Orleans, LA 70119, USA.
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17
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Li P, Bai X, Cao Y, Han C, Lu Z, Sun P, Yin H, Liu Z. Expression and stability of foreign epitopes introduced into 3A nonstructural protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41486. [PMID: 22848509 PMCID: PMC3407237 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is an aphthovirus that belongs to the Picornaviridae family and causes one of the most important animal diseases worldwide. The capacity of other picornaviruses to express foreign antigens has been extensively reported, however, little is known about FMDV. To explore the potential of FMDV as a viral vector, an 11-amino-acid (aa) HSV epitope and an 8 aa FLAG epitope were introduced into the C-terminal different regions of 3A protein of FMDV full-length infectious cDNA clone. Recombinant viruses expressing the HSV or FLAG epitope were successfully rescued after transfection of both modified constructs. Immunofluorescence assay, Western blot and sequence analysis showed that the recombinant viruses stably maintained the foreign epitopes even after 11 serial passages in BHK-21 cells. The 3A-tagged viruses shared similar plaque phenotypes and replication kinetics to those of the parental virus. In addition, mice experimentally infected with the epitope-tagged viruses could induce tag-specific antibodies. Our results demonstrate that FMDV can be used effectively as a viral vector for the delivery of foreign tags.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pinghua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Xingwen Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yimei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Chenghao Han
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Zengjun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Pu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Hong Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- * E-mail: (HY); (ZXL)
| | - Zaixin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Disease Reference Laboratory, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
- * E-mail: (HY); (ZXL)
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Role of the myristoylation site in expressing exogenous functional proteins in coxsackieviral vector. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2012; 76:1173-6. [PMID: 22790942 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.120045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We generated a cardiotropic replication-competent chimeric coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) to express alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH). Although exogenously expressed ADH was found by Western blot analysis, its enzyme function was repressed. To define the factor that inhibits the enzymatic function of ADH, we introduced a site-directed mutation at the second amino acid (MGAQEF···) of the CVB3 VP0 capsid protein, effectively changing glycine to alanine. This glycine is known to be a myristoylation site during viral capsid protein maturation in infected cells. In contrast to the unmodified virus, ADH expression and enzymatic function were readily detectable in the mutated rCVB3-ADH (G2A) virus. While expression of ADH required mutation of the CVB3 VP0 myristoylation site for proper function, another chimeric virus that expresses green fluorescent protein (rCVB3-GFP (G or A)) worked independently of the myristoylation site. Indeed, infected HeLa cells displayed GFP under a fluorescent microscope. These results indicate that the myristoylation site in the VP0 capsid protein inhibited the expression of enzymatically active ADH but not GFP. VP0 myristoylation is dispensable for chimeric CVB3 virus replication.
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Lim BK, Yun SH, Gil CO, Ju ES, Choi JO, Kim DK, Jeon ES. Foreign gene transfer to cardiomyocyte using a replication-defective recombinant coxsackievirus B3 without cytotoxicity. Intervirology 2011; 55:201-9. [PMID: 21821992 DOI: 10.1159/000324541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 01/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Replication-competent coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) has been used as a gene transfer vector for cultured cardiomyocytes and hearts in vivo. However, CVB3 induces cell lysis when it replicates in infected cells. In this study, we investigated whether a replication-defective rCVB3 vector could be generated and used as a noncytotoxic gene transfer vector for cardiomyocytes. METHODS We generated a replication-defective luciferase-expressing CVB3 plasmid. This recombinant cDNA and pCMV-P1 plasmids were amplified and cotransfected into Hek293 cells using transfection reagents. Replication-defective rLuCVB3 virus was recovered from the cells and cell culture supernatants for 3 days after transfection. The generated rLuCVB3 viruses were concentrated on a 30% sucrose cushion and semiquantified using a luciferase assay. In addition, foreign gene delivery by the rLuCVB3 was tested in cultured cardiomyocytes and intact mouse hearts after rLuCVB3 infection. RESULTS Luciferase was expressed in Hek293, HeLa cells and cardiomyocytes after rLuCVB3 infection. In addition, these cells did not show a significant cytopathic effect after 72 h. Luciferase protein expression or activity were detected for 3 days in the myocardium of rLuCVB3-infected mouse hearts without producing cytotoxicity or inflammation. CONCLUSION As a proof-of-concept, these data indicate that a replication-defective rCVB3 vector can be generated and used as a novel gene transfer system to transfect exogenous genes into cardiomyocytes without generating cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Kwan Lim
- Division of Cardiology, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Mueller S, Wimmer E. Introducing recombinant picornaviral genomes into cells. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2011; 2011:657-63. [PMID: 21632780 DOI: 10.1101/pdb.prot5626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
IntroductionPicornarviruses comprise a large group of small, nonenveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses. The picornavirus life cycle is usually rapid and exclusively cytoplasmic, without integration into the host cell’s genome or a nuclear phase. Due to their biology and genetic constraints, the utility of picornaviruses for general gene delivery purposes is limited. However, they may prove useful as vaccine vectors. Furthermore, picornavirus-driven expression of various reporter genes or foreign RNA elements is of interest to the picornavirus molecular virologist. Introduction of recombinant picornaviral genomes into the cell relies on the historic observation that the isolated virion RNA is infectious. This property extends to in-vitro-transcribed RNA as long as the authentic viral 5' end is preserved. That said, up to two additional 5'-terminal guanine residues (remnants from the T7 RNA polymerase-based in vitro transcription), although reducing infectivity, can be tolerated. Additional nucleotides at the 3' end are of far less consequence. Thus, any unique restriction site downstream from the poly(A) sequence (preferably as close as possible downstream) can be used to linearize the plasmid containing the viral genome before in vitro transcription.
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Cross ML, Zheng T, Duckworth JA, Cowan PE. Could recombinant technology facilitate the realisation of a fertility-control vaccine for possums? NEW ZEALAND JOURNAL OF ZOOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/03014223.2010.541468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- ML Cross
- a Landcare Research – Manaaki Whenua , Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - T Zheng
- b AgResearch , Hopkirk Research Institute , Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - JA Duckworth
- a Landcare Research – Manaaki Whenua , Lincoln, New Zealand
| | - PE Cowan
- c Landcare Research , Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Abstract
Viruses are fast evolving pathogens that continuously adapt to the highly variable environments they live and reproduce in. Strategies devoted to inhibit virus replication and to control their spread among hosts need to cope with these extremely heterogeneous populations and with their potential to avoid medical interventions. Computational techniques such as phylogenetic methods have broadened our picture of viral evolution both in time and space, and mathematical modeling has contributed substantially to our progress in unraveling the dynamics of virus replication, fitness, and virulence. Integration of multiple computational and mathematical approaches with experimental data can help to predict the behavior of viral pathogens and to anticipate their escape dynamics. This piece of information plays a critical role in some aspects of vaccine development, such as viral strain selection for vaccinations or rational attenuation of viruses. Here we review several aspects of viral evolution that can be addressed quantitatively, and we discuss computational methods that have the potential to improve vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Ojosnegros
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland.
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23
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Gu R, Shampang A, Nashar T, Patil M, Fuller DH, Ramsingh AI. Oral immunization with a live coxsackievirus/HIV recombinant induces gag p24-specific T cell responses. PLoS One 2010; 5. [PMID: 20824074 PMCID: PMC2932689 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2010] [Accepted: 08/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The development of an HIV/AIDS vaccine has proven to be elusive. Because human vaccine trials have not yet demonstrated efficacy, new vaccine strategies are needed for the HIV vaccine pipeline. We have been developing a new HIV vaccine platform using a live enterovirus, coxsackievirus B4 (CVB4) vector. Enteroviruses are ideal candidates for development as a vaccine vector for oral delivery, because these viruses normally enter the body via the oral route and survive the acidic environment of the stomach. Methodology/Principal Findings We constructed a live coxsackievirus B4 recombinant, CVB4/p24(733), that expresses seventy-three amino acids of the gag p24 sequence (HXB2) and assessed T cell responses after immunization of mice. The CVB4 recombinant was physically stable, replication-competent, and genetically stable. Oral or intraperitoneal immunization with the recombinant resulted in strong systemic gag p24-specific T cell responses as determined by the IFN-γ ELISPOT assay and by multiparameter flow cytometry. Oral immunization with CVB4/p24(733) resulted in a short-lived, localized infection of the gut without systemic spread. Because coxsackieviruses are ubiquitous in the human population, we also evaluated whether the recombinant was able to induce gag p24-specific T cell responses in mice pre-immunized with the CVB4 vector. We showed that oral immunization with CVB4/p24(733) induced gag p24-specific immune responses in vector-immune mice. Conclusions/Significance The CVB4/p24(733) recombinant retained the physical and biological characteristics of the parental CVB4 vector. Oral immunization with the CVB4 recombinant was safe and resulted in the induction of systemic HIV-specific T cell responses. Furthermore, pre-existing vector immunity did not preclude the development of gag p24-specific T cell responses. As the search continues for new vaccine strategies, the present study suggests that live CVB4/HIV recombinants are potential new vaccine candidates for HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Gu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, United States of America
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Graham BS, Kines R, Corbett KS, Nicewonger J, Johnson TR, Chen M, LaVigne D, Roberts JN, Cuburu N, Schiller JT, Buck CB. Mucosal delivery of human papillomavirus pseudovirus-encapsidated plasmids improves the potency of DNA vaccination. Mucosal Immunol 2010; 3:475-86. [PMID: 20555315 PMCID: PMC2924464 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2010.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal immunization may be important for protection against pathogens whose transmission and pathogenesis target the mucosal tissue. The capsid proteins of human papillomavirus (HPV) confer tropism for the basal epithelium and can encapsidate DNA during self-assembly to form pseudovirions (PsVs). Therefore, we produced mucosal vaccine vectors by HPV PsV encapsidation of DNA plasmids expressing an experimental antigen derived from the M and M2 proteins of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Intravaginal (IVag) delivery elicited local and systemic M-M2-specific CD8+ T-cell and antibody responses in mice that were comparable to an approximately 10,000-fold higher dose of naked DNA. A single HPV PsV IVag immunization primed for M-M2-specific-IgA in nasal and vaginal secretions. Based on light emission and immunofluorescent microscopy, immunization with HPV PsV-encapsidated luciferase- and red fluorescent protein (RFP)-expressing plasmids resulted in transient antigen expression (<5 days), which was restricted to the vaginal epithelium. HPV PsV encapsidation of plasmid DNA is a novel strategy for mucosal immunization that could provide new vaccine options for selected mucosal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barney S. Graham
- Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Rhonda Kines
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Kizzmekia S. Corbett
- Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - John Nicewonger
- Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Teresa R. Johnson
- Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Man Chen
- Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Daaimah LaVigne
- Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | | | - Nicolas Cuburu
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - John T. Schiller
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Christopher B. Buck
- Laboratory of Cellular Oncology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Abente EJ, Sosnovtsev SV, Bok K, Green KY. Visualization of feline calicivirus replication in real-time with recombinant viruses engineered to express fluorescent reporter proteins. Virology 2010; 400:18-31. [PMID: 20137802 PMCID: PMC2855553 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2009.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Revised: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 12/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Caliciviruses are non-enveloped, icosahedral viruses with a single-stranded, positive sense RNA genome. Transposon-mediated insertional mutagenesis was used to insert a transprimer sequence into random sites of an infectious full-length cDNA clone of the feline calicivirus (FCV) genome. A site in the LC gene (encoding the capsid leader protein) of the FCV genome was identified that could tolerate foreign insertions, and two viable recombinant FCV variants expressing LC fused either to AcGFP, or DsRedFP were recovered. The effects of the insertions on LC processing, RNA replication, and stability of the viral genome were analyzed, and the progression of a calicivirus single infection and co-infection were captured by real-time imaging fluorescent microscopy. The ability to engineer viable recombinant caliciviruses expressing foreign markers enables new approaches to investigate virus and host cell interactions, as well as studies of viral recombination, one of the driving forces of calicivirus evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenio J. Abente
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | | | - Karin Bok
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Kim Y. Green
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, NIAID, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
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Teterina NL, Levenson EA, Ehrenfeld E. Viable polioviruses that encode 2A proteins with fluorescent protein tags. J Virol 2010; 84:1477-88. [PMID: 19939919 PMCID: PMC2812313 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01578-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2009] [Accepted: 11/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2A proteins of the Picornaviridae enterovirus genus are small cysteine proteinases that catalyze essential cleavages in the viral polyprotein in cis and in several cellular proteins in trans. In addition, 2A has been implicated in the process of viral RNA replication, independent of its protease functions. We have generated viable polioviruses that encode 2A proteins containing fluorescent protein tag insertions at either of two sites in the 2A protein structure. Viruses containing an insertion of Discosoma sp. red fluorescent protein (DsRed) after residue 144 of 2A, near the C terminus, produced plaques only slightly smaller than wild-type (wt) virus. The polyprotein harboring the 2A-DsRed fusion protein was efficiently and accurately cleaved; fluorescent 2A proteinase retained protease activity in trans and supported translation and replication of viral RNA, both in vitro and in infected cells. Intracellular membrane reorganization to support viral RNA synthesis was indistinguishable from that induced by wt virus. Infected cells exhibited strong red fluorescence from expression of the 2A-DsRed fusion protein, and the progeny virus was stable for three to four passages, after which deletions within the DsRed coding sequence began to accumulate. Confocal microscopic imaging and analysis revealed a portion of 2A-DsRed in punctate foci concentrated in the perinuclear region that colocalized with replication protein 2C. The majority of 2A, however, was associated with an extensive structural matrix throughout the cytoplasm and was not released from infected cells permeabilized with digitonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalya L. Teterina
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Eric A. Levenson
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Ellie Ehrenfeld
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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Systematic analysis of attenuated Coxsackievirus expressing a foreign gene as a viral vaccine vector. Vaccine 2010; 28:1234-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Revised: 10/17/2009] [Accepted: 11/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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28
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Zheng T, Hamel KL, Buddle BM. A serological survey of the prevalence of antibodies against enteroviruses in brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) in New Zealand: Enteroviruses have a limited distribution in brushtail possums. N Z Vet J 2010; 58:23-8. [DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2010.65057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Billeter MA, Naim HY, Udem SA. Reverse genetics of measles virus and resulting multivalent recombinant vaccines: applications of recombinant measles viruses. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2009; 329:129-62. [PMID: 19198565 PMCID: PMC7120638 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-70523-9_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
An overview is given on the development of technologies to allow reverse genetics of RNA viruses, i.e., the rescue of viruses from cDNA, with emphasis on nonsegmented negative-strand RNA viruses ( Mononegavirales ), as exemplified for measles virus (MV). Primarily, these technologies allowed site-directed mutagenesis, enabling important insights into a variety of aspects of the biology of these viruses. Concomitantly, foreign coding sequences were inserted to (a) allow localization of virus replication in vivo through marker gene expression, (b) develop candidate multivalent vaccines against measles and other pathogens, and (c) create candidate oncolytic viruses. The vector use of these viruses was experimentally encouraged by the pronounced genetic stability of the recombinants unexpected for RNA viruses, and by the high load of insertable genetic material, in excess of 6 kb. The known assets, such as the small genome size of the vector in comparison to DNA viruses proposed as vectors, the extensive clinical experience of attenuated MV as vaccine with a proven record of high safety and efficacy, and the low production cost per vaccination dose are thus favorably complemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Billeter
- University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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30
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A Sabin 1 poliovirus-based vaccine vector transfects Vero cells with high efficiency. Cytotechnology 2008; 54:169-79. [PMID: 19003009 PMCID: PMC2267503 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-007-9085-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2007] [Accepted: 06/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past 40 years, live oral poliovirus (PV) vaccines have contributed to the eradication of wild PV in most countries. These live vaccine strains have a high safety record and can stimulate both cellular and humoral immune responses. As both of these factors are critical characteristics of a good vaccine, we aimed to modify the oral PV vaccines to create a powerful vaccine vector for extraneous antigen expression. In this study, we amplified three separate fragments from the Sabin 1 virus genome by RT-PCR and cloned them into the pGEM-TEasy vector. A cassette containing engineered protease cleavage sites and a polylinker was introduced into one of these fragments (f1) in front of the translation start site. This construction facilitated the insertion of foreign genes into the vector and the subsequent release of their co-translated antigens after digestion by endogenous protease. We also placed a ribozyme (Rz) sequence between the T7 promoter and viral genomic DNA so that in vitro transcription and Rz cleavage recreated the authentic 5′ end of the PV genome RNA. Poly(A)40 tails were added to the 3′ end of the genome to stabilize the transcribed RNA. The three PV genome fragments and their derivatives were cloned into various types of vectors that were transfected into Vero cells. Virus rescue experiments demonstrated that both the Rz and poly(A)40 elements were required for high transfection efficiency of the vector-derived RNAs.
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31
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M'hadheb-Gharbi MB, El Hiar R, Paulous S, Jaïdane H, Aouni M, Kean KM, Gharbi J. Role of GNRA Motif Mutations within Stem-Loop V of Internal Ribosome Entry Segment in Coxsackievirus B3 Molecular Attenuation. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 14:147-56. [PMID: 17693702 DOI: 10.1159/000107369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The lengthy 5' nontranslated region of coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) forms a highly ordered secondary structure containing an internal ribosome entry segment (IRES), which plays an important role in controlling viral translation and pathogenesis. The stem-loop V (SL-V) of this IRES contains a large lateral bulge loop which encompasses two conserved GNRA motifs. In this study, we analyzed the effects of point mutations within the GNRA motifs of the CVB3 IRES. We characterized in vitro virus production and translation efficiency and we tested in vivo virulence of two CVB3 mutants produced by site-directed mutagenesis. The GNAA1 and GNAA2 RNAs displayed decreased translation initiation efficiency when translated in rabbit reticulocyte lysates. This translation defect was correlated with reduced yields of infectious virus particles in HeLa cells in comparison with the wild type. When inoculated orally into Swiss mice, both mutant viruses were avirulent and caused neither inflammation nor necrosis in hearts. These results highlight the important role of the GNRA motifs within the SL-V of the IRES of CVB3, in directing translation initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manel Ben M'hadheb-Gharbi
- Unité de Pathogenèse et Virulence Virales, Laboratoire des Maladies Dominantes Transmissibles (MDT-01), Faculté de Pharmacie de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
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32
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Henke A, Jarasch N, Martin U, Wegert J, Wildner A, Zell R, Wutzler P. Recombinant coxsackievirus vectors for prevention and therapy of virus-induced heart disease. Int J Med Microbiol 2008; 298:127-34. [PMID: 17897883 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2007.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the major cause of human death and have been linked to many different risk factors. Among them, coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3), as a member of the enterovirus group, is one of the most important infectious agents of virus-induced myocarditis. Despite the fact that the molecular structure of this pathogen has been characterized very precisely, there is no virus-specific preventive or therapeutic procedure against CVB3-induced heart disease in clinical use today. A promising approach to prevent CVB3-caused myocarditis represents the mutation of the viral genome in a way that coding sequences of cytokines are integrated into the viral RNA. Recombinant cytokine-expressing CVB3 variants were established to increase the local cytokine concentration and to modulate TH1-/TH2-specific immune responses. Especially protective against CVB3-induced murine myocarditis is the application of an interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)-expressing recombinant coxsackievirus variant. The local and simultaneous expression of an immuno-relevant cytokine by the virus itself induces a strong and long-lasting immune response which protects laboratory animals against lethal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Henke
- Institute of Virology and Antiviral Therapy, Medical Center, Friedrich Schiller University, Hans-Knöll-Strasse 2, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
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33
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Zheng T, Chiang HCM. Oral challenge of brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) with possum enteroviruses: clinical observation, antibody response and virus excretion in faeces. N Z Vet J 2007; 55:217-21. [PMID: 17928897 DOI: 10.1080/00480169.2007.36771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the pathogenesis of two cytopathic enteroviruses, W1 and W6, isolated from possums, to evaluate their potential as vectors for biological management of possums. METHODS Possums (n=10) were fed 1 x 107 median tissue culture infectious doses (TCID50) of either the W1 strain (Possums 1-5) or W6 strain (Possums 6-10), while controls (n=2, Possums 11 and 12) were fed uninfected cell culture medium. Blood samples were collected from all possums on Days -1, 2, 7, 14, 21 and 34 or 35 post-inoculation (p.i.), and bodyweight and rectal temperatures were measured on the same days. Virus specific antibodies were determined using virus neutralisation tests (VNTs). Faeces were collected on Days -1, 2, 7, 9, 14, 16, 21, 28 and 34 or 35 p.i., and the presence of W1 and W6 virus in faeces was determined using cell culture and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Possums were euthanised on Day 34 or 35, and ileal Peyer's patches were collected for detection of virus using RT-PCR. RESULTS No diarrhoea or significant changes in rectal temperature or loss of bodyweight were observed in virus-inoculated possums during the study period. Virus-neutralising antibodies were detected using VNTs in 2/5 and 3/5 possums exposed to the W1 and W6 strain, respectively. Excretion of virus in faeces was detected in 6/10 virus-inoculated possums, from as early as Day 4 p.i.; virus excretion in faeces was transient in some and persistent in other possums up to the time of euthanasia. The viruses were detected in 3/10 virus-inoculated possums following necropsy, but were not detected using RT-PCR in sera collected on Days 2 and 7, nor in Peyer's patches of virus-inoculated possums collected on Day 34 or 35. CONCLUSIONS Possum enteroviruses W1 and W6 established an asymptomatic infection in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) in a proportion of challenged possums. A virus-specific antibody response was elicited in infected possums, which excreted the virus in faeces for up to 35 days p.i. The absence of noticeable adverse effects in enterovirus-infected possums is an advantageous characteristic for candidate vectors on animal welfare grounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Zheng
- AgResearch, Wallaceville Animal Research Centre, PO Box 40-063, Upper Hutt, New Zealand.
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34
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Zhang YD, Lu XL, Li NF. The prospective preventative HIV vaccine based on modified poliovirus. Med Hypotheses 2007; 68:1258-61. [PMID: 17196342 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2006.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2006] [Accepted: 07/18/2006] [Indexed: 09/30/2022]
Abstract
In order to control HIV pandemic, many vaccines are invented. Although none first verified its efficacy in clinic, we hypothesize that HIV vaccine based on poliovirus is potential to develop the promising one, because it can elicit the broad immune response including the main mucosal, humoral and cellular reaction. However, the viral neural virulence is one major concern. The attenuated Sabin strain is a better candidate. While partial poliovirus genes are replaced by HIV antigen genes, the defective interfering particle will fail to produce progeny virions, which may further ensure its security. Although the vaccinal immune efficacy was verified in some similar animal experiments based on poliovirus to express the exogenous genes, more animal and clinical immune trials about HIV-poliovirus chimeric minireplicons are to be carried out and the hypotheses are to be validated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-de Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Central South University, Xiangya Road, Kai-Fu District, Changsha, Hunan 410008, PR China.
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35
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Redwood AJ, Harvey NL, Lloyd M, Lawson MA, Hardy CM, Shellam GR. Viral vectored immunocontraception: screening of multiple fertility antigens using murine cytomegalovirus as a vaccine vector. Vaccine 2006; 25:698-708. [PMID: 17070624 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2005] [Revised: 08/08/2006] [Accepted: 08/13/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) has previously been used as a vaccine vector for viral vectored immunocontraception (VVIC). MCMV expressing murine zona pellucida 3 (mZP3) induces long term infertility in up to 100% of female BALB/c mice following a single inoculation. Whilst a large number of antigens have been investigated as potential immunocontraceptive vaccines, it has been difficult to compare these antigens as few studies have used identical approaches or even animal species. Here a range of protein and polyepitope antigens, all expressed by MCMV, were tested for the ability to sterilise female mice. The antigens tested were bone morphogenic protein 15 (BMP15), oviduct glycoprotein (OGP) and ubiquitin-tagged mZP3. In addition, four polyepitope constructs that contain rodent or mouse specific epitopes were tested. This study found that when expressed by an MCMV vector, only full-length mZP3 or ubiquitin-tagged mZP3 induced infertility in female mice. BMP15 and OGP had no effect. Of the four polyepitopes tested, one had a partial effect on fertility. These data indicate that while MCMV is an effective vector for VVIC, the antigen used needs to be tested empirically. The partial infertility seen in mice infected with one of the polyepitope vaccines is a promising finding suggesting that it may be possible to combine a species specific virus with a species specific antigen for use as a disseminating mouse control agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec J Redwood
- Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical, Biomolecular and Chemical Sciences, M502, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia.
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36
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Martin F, Roth DM, Jans DA, Pouton CW, Partridge LJ, Monk PN, Moseley GW. Tetraspanins in viral infections: a fundamental role in viral biology? J Virol 2005; 79:10839-51. [PMID: 16103137 PMCID: PMC1193642 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.17.10839-10851.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- F Martin
- Academic Neurology Unit, Division of Genomic Medicine, University of Sheffield, UK
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37
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Redwood AJ, Messerle M, Harvey NL, Hardy CM, Koszinowski UH, Lawson MA, Shellam GR. Use of a murine cytomegalovirus K181-derived bacterial artificial chromosome as a vaccine vector for immunocontraception. J Virol 2005; 79:2998-3008. [PMID: 15709020 PMCID: PMC548423 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.79.5.2998-3008.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) are members of the Betaherpesvirinae subfamily of the Herpesviridae, and their properties of latency, large DNA size, gene redundancy, and ability to be cloned as bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) suggest their utility as vaccine vectors. While the K181 strain of murine CMV (MCMV) is widely used to study MCMV biology, a BAC clone of this virus had not previously been produced. We report here the construction of a BAC clone of the K181(Perth) strain of MCMV. The in vivo and in vitro growth characteristics of virus derived from the K181 BAC were similar to those of wild-type K181. The utility of the K181 BAC as a method for the rapid production of vaccine vectors was assessed. A vaccine strain of BAC virus, expressing the self-fertility antigen, murine zona pellucida 3, was produced rapidly using standard bacterial genetics techniques and rendered female BALB/c mice infertile with a single intraperitoneal inoculation. In addition, attenuated vaccine strains lacking the open reading frames m07 to m12 exhibited no reduction in efficacy compared to the full-length vaccine strain. In conclusion, we describe the production of a K181-based BAC virus which behaved essentially as wild-type K181 and allowed the rapid production of effective viral vaccine vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec J Redwood
- Microbiology and Immunology, School of Biomedical and Chemical Sciences, M502, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, Western Australia 6009, Australia.
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Hunziker IP, Harkins S, Feuer R, Cornell CT, Whitton JL. Generation and analysis of an RNA vaccine that protects against coxsackievirus B3 challenge. Virology 2005; 330:196-208. [PMID: 15527846 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2004.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2004] [Accepted: 09/26/2004] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is an important human pathogen that causes substantial morbidity and mortality but, to date, no vaccine is available. We have generated an RNA-based vaccine against CVB3 and have evaluated it in the murine model of infection. The vaccine was designed to allow production of the viral polyprotein, which should be cleaved to generate most of the viral proteins in their mature form; but infectious virus should not be produced. In vitro translation studies indicated that the mutant polyprotein was efficiently translated and was processed as expected. The mutant RNA was not amplified in transfected cells, and infectious particles were not produced. Furthermore, the candidate RNA vaccine appeared safe in vivo, causing no detectable pathology following injection. Finally, despite failing to induce detectable neutralizing antibodies, the candidate RNA vaccine conferred substantial protection against virus challenge, either with an attenuated recombinant CVB3, or with the highly pathogenic wt virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle P Hunziker
- Department of Neuropharmacology, CVN-9, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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39
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Tosteson MT, Wang H, Naumov A, Chow M. Poliovirus binding to its receptor in lipid bilayers results in particle-specific, temperature-sensitive channels. J Gen Virol 2004; 85:1581-1589. [PMID: 15166442 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.19745-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Poliovirus (PV) infection starts with binding to its receptor (PVR), followed by a receptor-aided, temperature-sensitive conformational change of the infectious particle (sedimenting at 160S) to a particle which sediments at 135S. Reported in this communication is the successful incorporation into lipid bilayers of two forms of the receptor: the full-length human receptor and a modified clone in which the extracellular domains of the receptor were fused to a glycosylphosphatidylinositol tail. Addition of virus (160S) to receptor-containing bilayers leads to channel formation, whereas no channels were observed when the receptor-modified viral particle (135S) was added. Increasing the temperature from 21 to 31 degrees C led to a 10-fold increase in the magnitude of the single channel conductance, which can be interpreted as a conformational change in the channel structure. A mutant PV with an amino acid change in VP4 (one of the coat proteins) which is defective in genome uncoating failed to produce channels, suggesting that VP4 might be involved in the channel architecture. These studies provide the first electrophysiological characterization of the interactions between poliovirus and its receptor incorporated into a lipid bilayer membrane. Furthermore, they form the foundation for future studies aiming at defining the molecular architecture of the virus-receptor complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena T Tosteson
- Department of Cell Biology, Laboratory for Membrane Transport, Harvard Medical School, One Kendall Square, Building 600, Third Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas, Medical School, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Anatoli Naumov
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas, Medical School, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Marie Chow
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas, Medical School, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
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40
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Giri M, Ugen KE, Weiner DB. DNA vaccines against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in the past decade. Clin Microbiol Rev 2004; 17:370-89. [PMID: 15084506 PMCID: PMC387404 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.17.2.370-389.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This article reviews advances in the field of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and AIDS vaccine development over the last decade, with an emphasis on the DNA vaccination approach. Despite the discovery of HIV-1 and AIDS in humans nearly 20 years ago, there is no vaccine yet that can prevent HIV-1 infection. The focus has shifted toward developing vaccines that can control virus replication and disease progression by eliciting broadly cross-reactive T-cell responses. Among several approaches evaluated, the DNA-based modality has shown considerable promise in terms of its ability to elicit cellular immune responses in primate studies. Of great importance are efforts aimed at improvement of the potency of this modality in the clinic. The review discusses principles of DNA vaccine design and the various mechanisms of plasmid-encoded antigen presentation. The review also outlines current DNA-based vaccine strategies and vectors that have successfully been shown to control virus replication and slow disease progression in animal models. Finally, it lists recent strategies that have been developed as well as novel approaches under consideration to enhance the immunogenicity of plasmid-encoded HIV-1 antigen in various animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malavika Giri
- Immunology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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41
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Sahni
- Associate Professor, Department of Microbiology, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune - 411 040
| | - A Nagendra
- Professor and Head, Department of Microbiology, Armed Forces Medical College, Pune - 411 040
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Jepson MA, Clark MA, Hirst BH. M cell targeting by lectins: a strategy for mucosal vaccination and drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2004; 56:511-25. [PMID: 14969756 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2003.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2003] [Accepted: 10/14/2003] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bioadhesins are a recognised method of enhancing the absorption of drugs and vaccines at mucosal surfaces. Additionally, bioadhesins allow for cell specific targeting. Lectin-mediated targeting and delivery exploits unique surface carbohydrates on mucosal epithelial cells. The antigen-sampling M cells offer a portal for absorption of colloidal and particulate delivery vehicles, including bacteria, viruses and inert microparticles. We review work supporting the use of lectins to aid targeting to intestinal M cells. Consideration is also given to lectin-mediated targeting in non-intestinal sites and to the potential application of other bioadhesins to enhance M cell transport. While substantial hurdles must be overcome before mucosal bioadhesins can guarantee consistent, safe, effective mucosal delivery, this strategy offers novel opportunities for drug and vaccine formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Jepson
- Cell Imaging Facility and Department of Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, UK.
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Lorin C, Mollet L, Delebecque F, Combredet C, Hurtrel B, Charneau P, Brahic M, Tangy F. A single injection of recombinant measles virus vaccines expressing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1 clade B envelope glycoproteins induces neutralizing antibodies and cellular immune responses to HIV. J Virol 2004; 78:146-57. [PMID: 14671096 PMCID: PMC303376 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.78.1.146-157.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The anchored and secreted forms of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) 89.6 envelope glycoprotein, either complete or after deletion of the V3 loop, were expressed in a cloned attenuated measles virus (MV) vector. The recombinant viruses grew as efficiently as the parental virus and expressed high levels of the HIV protein. Expression was stable during serial passages. The immunogenicity of these recombinant vectors was tested in mice susceptible to MV and in macaques. High titers of antibodies to both MV and HIV-Env were obtained after a single injection in susceptible mice. These antibodies neutralized homologous SHIV89.6p virus, as well as several heterologous HIV-1 primary isolates. A gp160 mutant in which the V3 loop was deleted induced antibodies that neutralized heterologous viruses more efficiently than antibodies induced by the native envelope protein. A high level of CD8+ and CD4+ cells specific for HIV gp120 was also detected in MV-susceptible mice. Furthermore, recombinant MV was able to raise immune responses against HIV in mice and macaques with a preexisting anti-MV immunity. Therefore, recombinant MV vaccines inducing anti-HIV neutralizing antibodies and specific T lymphocytes responses deserve to be tested as a candidate AIDS vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarisse Lorin
- Unité des Virus Lents, CNRS URA 1930, Unité de Physiopathologie des Infections Lentivirales, Groupe de Virologie Moléculaire et de Vectorologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Lucile Mollet
- Unité des Virus Lents, CNRS URA 1930, Unité de Physiopathologie des Infections Lentivirales, Groupe de Virologie Moléculaire et de Vectorologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Delebecque
- Unité des Virus Lents, CNRS URA 1930, Unité de Physiopathologie des Infections Lentivirales, Groupe de Virologie Moléculaire et de Vectorologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Chantal Combredet
- Unité des Virus Lents, CNRS URA 1930, Unité de Physiopathologie des Infections Lentivirales, Groupe de Virologie Moléculaire et de Vectorologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Bruno Hurtrel
- Unité des Virus Lents, CNRS URA 1930, Unité de Physiopathologie des Infections Lentivirales, Groupe de Virologie Moléculaire et de Vectorologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Charneau
- Unité des Virus Lents, CNRS URA 1930, Unité de Physiopathologie des Infections Lentivirales, Groupe de Virologie Moléculaire et de Vectorologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Michel Brahic
- Unité des Virus Lents, CNRS URA 1930, Unité de Physiopathologie des Infections Lentivirales, Groupe de Virologie Moléculaire et de Vectorologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Tangy
- Unité des Virus Lents, CNRS URA 1930, Unité de Physiopathologie des Infections Lentivirales, Groupe de Virologie Moléculaire et de Vectorologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Corresponding author. Mailing address: Unité des Virus Lents, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France. Phone: (33) 1-45-68-87-73. Fax: (33) 1-40-61-31-67. E-mail:
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Abstract
Upon binding to the poliovirus receptor (PVR), the poliovirus 160S particles undergo a conformational transition to generate 135S particles, which are believed to be intermediates in the virus entry process. The 135S particles interact with host cell membranes through exposure of the N termini of VP1 and the myristylated VP4 protein, and successful cytoplasmic delivery of the genomic RNA requires the interaction of these domains with cellular membranes whose identity is unknown. Because detergent-insoluble microdomains (DIMs) in the plasma membrane have been shown to be important in the entry of other picornaviruses, it was of interest to determine if poliovirus similarly required DIMs during virus entry. We show here that methyl-beta-cyclodextrin (MbetaCD), which disrupts DIMs by depleting cells of cholesterol, inhibits virus infection and that this inhibition was partially reversed by partially restoring cholesterol levels in cells, suggesting that MbetaCD inhibition of virus infection was mediated by removal of cellular cholesterol. However, fractionation of cellular membranes into DIMs and detergent-soluble membrane fractions showed that both PVR and poliovirus capsid proteins localize not to DIMs but to detergent-soluble membrane fractions during entry into the cells, and their localization was unaffected by treatment with MbetaCD. We further demonstrate that treatment with MbetaCD inhibits RNA delivery after formation of the 135S particles. These data indicate that the cholesterol status of the cell is important during the process of genome delivery and that these entry pathways are distinct from those requiring DIM integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranav Danthi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205
| | - Marie Chow
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205
- Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham, Slot 511, Little Rock, AR 72205. Phone: (501) 686-5155. Fax: (501) 686-5362. E-mail:
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Henke A, Zell R, Martin U, Stelzner A. Direct interferon-gamma-mediated protection caused by a recombinant coxsackievirus B3. Virology 2003; 315:335-44. [PMID: 14585336 DOI: 10.1016/s0042-6822(03)00538-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is one of the most important causes of viral myocarditis. Cytokines are involved in the control of CVB3 replication and pathogenesis. Local expression of specific cytokines by recombinant CVB3 confers prevention of virus-caused myocarditis. Expression of IFN-gamma by CVB3(IFN-gamma) protected BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice when the lethal infection with the highly pathogenic CVB3H3 variant was given directly after or prior to CVB3(IFN-gamma) inoculation by decreasing the viral load and spread as well as tissue destruction. This direct effect was not restricted to the homologous virus. In vitro, cocultivation of CVB3(IFN-gamma)-infected cells induced a reduction of CVB3H3 replication and virus-induced cytopathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Henke
- Institute of Virology and Antiviral Therapy, Medical Center, Friedrich Schiller University, Winzerlaer Strasse 10, D-07745 Jena, Germany.
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46
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Combredet C, Labrousse V, Mollet L, Lorin C, Delebecque F, Hurtrel B, McClure H, Feinberg MB, Brahic M, Tangy F. A molecularly cloned Schwarz strain of measles virus vaccine induces strong immune responses in macaques and transgenic mice. J Virol 2003; 77:11546-54. [PMID: 14557640 PMCID: PMC229349 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.77.21.11546-11554.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Live attenuated RNA viruses make highly efficient vaccines. Among them, measles virus (MV) vaccine has been given to a very large number of children and has been shown to be highly efficacious and safe. Therefore, this vaccine might be a very promising vector to immunize children against both measles and other infectious agents, such as human immunodeficiency virus. A vector was previously derived from the Edmonston B strain of MV, a vaccine strain abandoned 25 years ago. Sequence analysis revealed that the genome of this vector diverges from Edmonston B by 10 amino acid substitutions not related to any Edmonston subgroup. Here we describe an infectious cDNA for the Schwarz/Moraten strain, a widely used MV vaccine. This cDNA was constructed from a batch of commercial vaccine. The extremities of the cDNA were engineered in order to maximize virus yield during rescue. A previously described helper cell-based rescue system was adapted by cocultivating transfected cells on primary chicken embryo fibroblasts, the cells used to produce the Schwarz/Moraten vaccine. After two passages the sequence of the rescued virus was identical to that of the cDNA and of the published Schwarz/Moraten sequence. Two additional transcription units were introduced in the cDNA for cloning foreign genetic material. The immunogenicity of rescued virus was studied in macaques and in mice transgenic for the CD46 MV receptor. Antibody titers and T-cell responses (ELISpot) in animals inoculated with low doses of rescued virus were identical to those obtained with commercial Schwarz MV vaccine. In contrast, the immunogenicity of the previously described Edmonston B strain-derived MV clone was much lower. This new molecular clone will allow for the production of MV vaccine without having to rely on seed stocks. The additional transcription units allow expressing heterologous antigens, thereby providing polyvalent vaccines based on an approved, safe, and efficient MV vaccine strain that is used worldwide.
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47
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Lohray BB. Medical biotechnology in India. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2003; 85:215-81. [PMID: 12930097 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-36466-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
The potential of biotechnology has just began to emerge in the 20th century. After the full knowledge of human genomes is available, biotechnology is going to play a major role in shaping the concept of future drug discovery, drug delivery, diagnostic methodology, clinical trials, and to a great extent the major lifestyle of the human society. This article is a comprehensive review of the major impact of biotechnology in diagnostics, antibiotics, r-proteins, vaccines, and antibodies production. It also highlights the future aspects of gene therapy in the management of healthcare. A comprehensive list of biotech products in healthcare management has been given. Also, the growth of biotechnology throughout the world at large and in the Indian industries in particular has been highlighted. Constraints, concerns and difficulties in biotechnology in India have been addressed mainly related to human resources, training institutions in India, funding in biotechnology, patent-related issues and regulatory hurdles. Like in information technology, India has great potential in bioinformatics as well. Some of the recent information on bioinformatics centers in India has been summarized. Indian biotechnology industries have the potential to use the modern discoveries in life sciences to reach an enviable position in the world of biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braj B Lohray
- Zydus Research Center, Cadila Healthcare Ltd., Sarkhej-Bavla Highway, Moraiya, Ahmedabad-382 213, India.
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48
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Novak MJ, Moldoveanu Z, Huang WQ, Jackson CA, Palmer MT, McPherson SA, Morrow CD. Intramuscular immunization with poliovirus replicons primes for a humoral and cellular immune response to soluble antigen. Viral Immunol 2003; 16:169-82. [PMID: 12828868 DOI: 10.1089/088282403322017901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines that stimulate both cellular and humoral immunity will probably be needed to control many infectious diseases. Previously, our laboratory generated a vaccine vector that uses poliovirus genomes (replicons) in which the capsid genes have been replaced by foreign proteins. In the current study, we have evaluated the immune responses induced by immunization using poliovirus replicons encoding green fluorescent protein (GFP). Although intramuscular administration of replicons resulted in GFP expression in the muscle, the levels of anti-GFP antibodies in serum were low compared to those of mice immunized with soluble, recombinant GFP (rGFP). Intramuscular booster immunization with rGFP in animals primed with replicons encoding GFP resulted in production of both serum IgG1 and IgG2a GFP-specific antibodies. The cells isolated from spleens of animals primed with replicons and boosted with rGFP secreted IFN-gamma after in vitro stimulation with rGFP. Intramuscular immunization of animals with a single dose of replicons encoding GFP followed by two intranasal applications of rGFP resulted in serum GFP-specific IgG1 and IgG2a isotypes, consistent with induction of both humoral and cellular responses. The results of this study establish that immunization with replicons followed by boost with soluble antigen, even at a different site, can generate a more diverse immune response compared with immunization regimen using soluble antigen alone. This strategy could be exploited for the development of new vaccine approaches against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav J Novak
- The Department of Microbiology, Research University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-0024, USA
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49
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Binder JJ, Hoffman MA, Palmenberg AC. Genetic stability of attenuated mengovirus vectors with duplicate primary cleavage sequences. Virology 2003; 312:481-94. [PMID: 12919752 DOI: 10.1016/s0042-6822(03)00245-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Short poly(C)-tract Mengoviruses have proven vaccine efficacy in many species of animals. A novel vector for the delivery of foreign proteins was created by insertion of a second autoproteolytic primary cleavage cassette linked to a multiple cloning site (MCS) into an attenuated variant of Mengo. Nineteen cDNAs from foreign sequences that ranged from 39 to 1653 bases were cloned into the MCS. The viral reading frame was maintained and translation resulted in dual, autocatalytic excision of the foreign peptides without disruption of any Mengo proteins. All cDNAs except those with the largest insertions produced viable virus. Active proteins such as GFP, CAT, and SIV p27 were expressed within infected cells. Relative to parental Mengo, the growth kinetics and genetic stability of each vector was inversely proportional to the size of the inserted sequence. While segments up to 1000 bases could be carried, inserts greater than 500-600 bases were usually reduced in size during serial passage. The limit on carrying capacity was probably due to difficulties in virion assembly or particle stability. Yet for inserts less than 500-600 bases, the Mengo vectors provided an effective system for the delivery of foreign epitopes into cells and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Binder
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53706, USA
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50
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Fouts TR, DeVico AL, Onyabe DY, Shata MT, Bagley KC, Lewis GK, Hone DM. Progress toward the development of a bacterial vaccine vector that induces high-titer long-lived broadly neutralizing antibodies against HIV-1. FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2003; 37:129-34. [PMID: 12832116 DOI: 10.1016/s0928-8244(03)00067-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Conformationally constrained HIV-1 Env and gp120 immunogens induce broadly cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies. Thus, it is now feasible to rationally design an HIV-1 vaccine that affords protection through humoral mechanisms. This paper reviews our progress toward the development of an oral bacterial vaccine vector that is capable of delivering an HIV-1 DNA vaccine to host lymphoid tissues and inducing broadly neutralizing antibodies to HIV-1 in the mucosal and systemic immune compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Fouts
- Division of Vaccine Research, Institute of Human Virology, 725 W. Lombard Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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