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Sommer C, Jacob S, Bargmann T, Shoaib M, Alshaikhdeeb B, Satagopam VP, Dehmel S, Neuhaus V, Braun A, Sewald K. Bridging therapy-induced phenotypes and genetic immune dysregulation to study interleukin-2-induced immunotoxicology. Clin Immunol 2024; 266:110288. [PMID: 38950723 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2024.110288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) holds promise for the treatment of cancer and autoimmune diseases, but its high-dose usage is associated with systemic immunotoxicity. Differential IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) regulation might impact function of cells upon IL-2 stimulation, possibly inducing cellular changes similar to patients with hypomorphic IL2RB mutations, presenting with multiorgan autoimmunity. Here, we show that sustained high-dose IL-2 stimulation of human lymphocytes drastically reduces IL-2Rβ surface expression especially on T cells, resulting in impaired IL-2R signaling which correlates with high IL-2Rα baseline expression. IL-2R signaling in NK cells is maintained. CD4+ T cells, especially regulatory T cells are more broadly affected than CD8+ T cells, consistent with lineage-specific differences in IL-2 responsiveness. Given the resemblance of cellular characteristics of high-dose IL-2-stimulated cells and cells from patients with IL-2Rβ defects, impact of continuous IL-2 stimulation on IL-2R signaling should be considered in the onset of clinical adverse events during IL-2 therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charline Sommer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of the Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases CIMD, Hannover, Germany
| | - Sophie Jacob
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of the Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases CIMD, Hannover, Germany
| | - Tonia Bargmann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of the Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases CIMD, Hannover, Germany
| | - Muhammad Shoaib
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Basel Alshaikhdeeb
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Venkata P Satagopam
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Susann Dehmel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of the Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases CIMD, Hannover, Germany
| | - Vanessa Neuhaus
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of the Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases CIMD, Hannover, Germany
| | - Armin Braun
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of the Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases CIMD, Hannover, Germany; Institute of Immunology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Katherina Sewald
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease Hannover (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of the Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases CIMD, Hannover, Germany.
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2
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Baumgärtner LAF, Ettich J, Balles H, Lapp DJ, Mossner S, Bassenge C, Ouzin M, Hanenberg H, Scheller J, Floss DM. Unpaired cysteine insertions favor transmembrane dimerization and induce ligand-independent constitutive cytokine receptor signaling. Biol Chem 2024; 405:531-544. [PMID: 38695485 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2023-0344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Naturally occurring gain-of-function (GOF) mutants have been identified in patients for a variety of cytokine receptors. Although this constitutive activation of cytokine receptors is strongly associated with malignant disorders, ligand-independent receptor activation is also a useful tool in synthetic biology e.g. to improve adoptive cellular therapies with genetically modified T-cells. Balanced Interleukin (IL-)7 signaling via a heterodimer of IL-7 receptor (IL-7Rα) and the common γ-chain (γc) controls T- and B-cell development and expansion, whereas uncontrolled IL-7 signaling can drive acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL) development. The ALL-driver mutation PPCL in the transmembrane domain of IL-7Rα is a mutational insertion of the four amino acids proline-proline-cysteine-leucine and leads to ligand-independent receptor dimerization and constitutive activation. We showed here in the cytokine-dependent pre-B-cell line Ba/F3 that the PPCL-insertion in a synthetic version of the IL-7Rα induced γc-independent STAT5 and ERK phosphorylation and also proliferation of the cells and that booster-stimulation by arteficial ligands additionally generated non-canonical STAT3 phosphorylation via the synthetic IL-7Rα-PPCL-receptors. Transfer of the IL-7Rα transmembrane domain with the PPCL insertion into natural and synthetic cytokine receptor chains of the IL-6, IL-12 and Interferon families also resulted in constitutive receptor signaling. In conclusion, our data suggested that the insertion of the mutated PPCL IL-7Rα transmembrane domain is an universal approach to generate ligand-independent, constitutively active cytokine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Affrica Felicitas Baumgärtner
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Julia Ettich
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Helene Balles
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dorothee Johanna Lapp
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sofie Mossner
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Christin Bassenge
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Meryem Ouzin
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Helmut Hanenberg
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head/Neck Surgery, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Pediatrics III, University Children's Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, D-45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Scheller
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Doreen Manuela Floss
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty and University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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3
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Lykhopiy V, Malviya V, Humblet-Baron S, Schlenner SM. "IL-2 immunotherapy for targeting regulatory T cells in autoimmunity". Genes Immun 2023; 24:248-262. [PMID: 37741949 PMCID: PMC10575774 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-023-00221-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Treg) are indispensable for immune homoeostasis and for the prevention of autoimmune diseases. Interleukin-2 (IL-2) signalling is critical in all aspects of Treg biology. Consequences of defective IL-2 signalling are insufficient numbers or dysfunction of Treg and hence autoimmune disorders in human and mouse. The restoration and maintenance of immune homoeostasis remain central therapeutic aims in the field of autoimmunity. Historically, broadly immunosuppressive drugs with serious side-effects have been used for the treatment of autoimmune diseases or prevention of organ-transplant rejection. More recently, ex vivo expanded or in vivo stimulated Treg have been shown to induce effective tolerance in clinical trials supporting the clinical benefit of targeting natural immunosuppressive mechanisms. Given the central role of exogenous IL-2 in Treg homoeostasis, a new and promising focus in drug development are IL-2-based approaches for in vivo targeted expansion of Treg or for enhancement of their suppressive activity. In this review, we summarise the role of IL-2 in Treg biology and consequences of dysfunctional IL-2 signalling pathways. We then examine evidence of efficacy of IL-2-based biological drugs targeting Treg with specific focus on therapeutic candidates in clinical trials and discuss their limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Lykhopiy
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- argenx BV, Industriepark Zwijnaarde 7, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Vanshika Malviya
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stephanie Humblet-Baron
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Susan M Schlenner
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, KU Leuven-University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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4
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Li GQ, Xia J, Zeng W, Luo W, Liu L, Zeng X, Cao D. The intestinal γδ T cells: functions in the gut and in the distant organs. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1206299. [PMID: 37398661 PMCID: PMC10311558 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1206299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Located in the frontline against the largest population of microbiota, the intestinal mucosa of mammals has evolved to become an effective immune system. γδ T cells, a unique T cell subpopulation, are rare in circulation blood and lymphoid tissues, but rich in the intestinal mucosa, particularly in the epithelium. Via rapid production of cytokines and growth factors, intestinal γδ T cells are key contributors to epithelial homeostasis and immune surveillance of infection. Intriguingly, recent studies have revealed that the intestinal γδ T cells may play novel exciting functions ranging from epithelial plasticity and remodeling in response to carbohydrate diets to the recovery of ischemic stroke. In this review article, we update regulatory molecules newly defined in lymphopoiesis of the intestinal γδ T cells and their novel functions locally in the intestinal mucosa, such as epithelial remodeling, and distantly in pathological setting, e.g., ischemic brain injury repair, psychosocial stress responses, and fracture repair. The challenges and potential revenues in intestinal γδ T cell studies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Qing Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Clinical Research Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Basic and Clinical Pharmacological Research on Gastrointestinal Tumors, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Jiliang Xia
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Cancer Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Weihong Zeng
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Cancer Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Weijia Luo
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Cancer Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Logen Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Basic and Clinical Pharmacological Research on Gastrointestinal Tumors, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Xi Zeng
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Cancer Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Deliang Cao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Clinical Research Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Cancer Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
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5
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IL-7: Comprehensive review. Cytokine 2022; 160:156049. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.156049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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6
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Hasegawa K, Nakano K, Nagaya M, Watanabe M, Uchikura A, Matsunari H, Umeyama K, Kobayashi E, Nagashima H. Transplantation of human cells into Interleukin-2 receptor gamma gene knockout pigs under several conditions. Regen Ther 2022; 21:62-72. [PMID: 35765545 PMCID: PMC9198816 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2022.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Previously, we performed gene knockout (KO) of interleukin-2 receptor gamma (IL2RG) in porcine fetal fibroblasts using zinc finger nuclease-encoding mRNAs, subsequently generating IL2RG KO pigs using these cells through somatic cell nuclear transfer. The IL2RG KO pigs lacked a thymus and were deficient in T lymphocytes and natural killer cells, similar to human X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) patients. The present study aimed to evaluate whether pigs can support the growth of xenografted human cells and have the potential to be an effective animal model. Methods The IL2RG XKOY pigs used in this study were obtained by mating IL2RG XKOX females with wild-type boars. This permitted the routine production of IL2RG KO pigs via natural breeding without complicated somatic cell cloning procedures; therefore, a sufficient number of pigs could be prepared. We transplanted human HeLa S3 cells expressing the tandem dimer tomato into the ears and pancreas of IL2RG KO pigs. Additionally, a newly developed method for the aseptic rearing of SCID pigs was used in case of necessity. Results Tumors from the transplanted cells quickly developed in all pigs and were verified by histology and immunohistochemistry. We also transplanted these cells into the pancreas of designated pathogen-free pigs housed in novel biocontainment facilities, and large tumors were confirmed. Conclusions IL2RG KO pigs have the potential to become useful animal models in a variety of translational biology fields. The present study aimed to evaluate whether IL2RG KO SCID-like pigs can host and support the growth of xenografted human cells under several conditions. Tumors from transplanted cells quickly developed in all pigs, as verified by histology and immunohistochemistry. IL2RG KO pigs have the potential to become extremely useful animal models in a variety of translational biology fields.
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Key Words
- DPF, designated pathogen-free
- IL, Interleukin
- IL2RG, interleukin-2 receptor gamma
- Interleukin-2 receptor gamma
- KO, knock out pigs
- NK cells, natural killer cells
- OIDP, operational immunodeficient pig
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- Pig
- SCID
- SCID, Severe combined immunodeficiency
- SCNT, somatic cell nuclear transfer
- SD, standard deviation
- U-iR, uterectomy-isolated rearing
- WT, wild-type pigs
- XLGD, X-linked genetic diseases
- Xenotransplantation
- ZFN, Zinc finger nuclease
- tdTomato, tandem dimer Tomato
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Affiliation(s)
- Koki Hasegawa
- Laboratory of Developmental Engineering, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki 214-8571, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Nakano
- PorMedTec Co. Ltd., 2-3227 MIta, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-0034, Japan.,Meiji University International Institute for Bio-Resource Research, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki 214-8571, Japan
| | - Masaki Nagaya
- Meiji University International Institute for Bio-Resource Research, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki 214-8571, Japan
| | - Masahito Watanabe
- PorMedTec Co. Ltd., 2-3227 MIta, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-0034, Japan.,Meiji University International Institute for Bio-Resource Research, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki 214-8571, Japan
| | - Ayuko Uchikura
- Laboratory of Developmental Engineering, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki 214-8571, Japan.,Meiji University International Institute for Bio-Resource Research, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki 214-8571, Japan
| | - Hitomi Matsunari
- Laboratory of Developmental Engineering, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki 214-8571, Japan.,Meiji University International Institute for Bio-Resource Research, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki 214-8571, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Umeyama
- PorMedTec Co. Ltd., 2-3227 MIta, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-0034, Japan.,Meiji University International Institute for Bio-Resource Research, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki 214-8571, Japan
| | - Eiji Kobayashi
- Department of Kidney Regenerative Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine - Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nagashima
- Laboratory of Developmental Engineering, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki 214-8571, Japan.,Meiji University International Institute for Bio-Resource Research, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki 214-8571, Japan
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7
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Wong GL, Manore SG, Doheny DL, Lo HW. STAT family of transcription factors in breast cancer: Pathogenesis and therapeutic opportunities and challenges. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:84-106. [PMID: 35995341 PMCID: PMC9714692 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and second-leading cause of cancer deaths in women. Breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) promote metastasis and therapeutic resistance contributing to tumor relapse. Through activating genes important for BCSCs, transcription factors contribute to breast cancer metastasis and therapeutic resistance, including the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) family of transcription factors. The STAT family consists of six major isoforms, STAT1, STAT2, STAT3, STAT4, STAT5, and STAT6. Canonical STAT signaling is activated by the binding of an extracellular ligand to a cell-surface receptor followed by STAT phosphorylation, leading to STAT nuclear translocation and transactivation of target genes. It is important to note that STAT transcription factors exhibit diverse effects in breast cancer; some are either pro- or anti-tumorigenic while others maintain dual, context-dependent roles. Among the STAT transcription factors, STAT3 is the most widely studied STAT protein in breast cancer for its critical roles in promoting BCSCs, breast cancer cell proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, metastasis, and immune evasion. Consequently, there have been substantial efforts in developing cancer therapeutics to target breast cancer with dysregulated STAT3 signaling. In this comprehensive review, we will summarize the diverse roles that each STAT family member plays in breast cancer pathobiology, as well as, the opportunities and challenges in pharmacologically targeting STAT proteins and their upstream activators in the context of breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace L Wong
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Sara G Manore
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Daniel L Doheny
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Hui-Wen Lo
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA; Breast Cancer Center of Excellence, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA; Wake Forest Baptist Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.
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8
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Abstract
Interleukin-4 (IL-4) is a four-α-helical bundle type I cytokine with broad pleiotropic actions on multiple lineages. Major actions of IL-4 were initially discovered for B and T cells, but this cytokine acts on more than a dozen different target cells spanning the innate and adaptive immune systems and is produced by multiple different cellular sources. While IL-4 was discovered just under 40 years ago in 1982, the interest in and discoveries related to this cytokine continue to markedly expand. There are important new advances related to its biological actions and to its mechanisms of signaling, including critical genes and downstream targets in a range of cell types. IL-4 is critical not only for careful control of immunoglobulin production but also related to inflammation, fibrosis, allergic reactions, and antitumor activity, with actions of IL-4 occurring through two different types of receptors, one of which is also used by IL-13, a closely related cytokine with partially overlapping actions. In this review, we cover critical older information but also highlight newer advances. An area of evolving interest relates to the therapeutic blockade of IL-4 signaling pathway to treat atopic dermatitis and asthma. Thus, this cytokine is historically important, and research in this area has both elucidated major biological pathways and led to therapeutic advances for diseases that affect millions of individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achsah D Keegan
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, and Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Baltimore, USA
| | - Warren J Leonard
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Jinfang Zhu
- Molecular and Cellular Immunoregulation Section, Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
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9
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Exploring the Pathogenic Role and Therapeutic Implications of Interleukin 2 in Autoimmune Hepatitis. Dig Dis Sci 2021; 66:2493-2512. [PMID: 32833154 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-020-06562-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin 2 is essential for the expansion of regulatory T cells, and low-dose recombinant interleukin 2 has improved the clinical manifestations of diverse autoimmune diseases in preliminary studies. The goals of this review are to describe the actions of interleukin 2 and its receptor, present preliminary experiences with low-dose interleukin 2 in the treatment of diverse autoimmune diseases, and evaluate its potential as a therapeutic intervention in autoimmune hepatitis. English abstracts were identified in PubMed by multiple search terms. Full-length articles were selected for review, and secondary and tertiary bibliographies were developed. Interleukin 2 is critical for the thymic selection, peripheral expansion, induction, and survival of regulatory T cells, and it is also a growth factor for activated T cells and natural killer cells. Interleukin 2 activates the signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 after binding with its trimeric receptor on regulatory T cells. Immune suppressor activity is increased; anti-inflammatory interleukin 10 is released; pro-inflammatory interferon-gamma is inhibited; and activation-induced apoptosis of CD8+ T cells is upregulated. Preliminary experiences with cyclic injections of low-dose recombinant interleukin 2 in diverse autoimmune diseases have demonstrated increased numbers of circulating regulatory T cells, preserved regulatory function, improved clinical manifestations, and excellent tolerance. Similar improvements have been recognized in one of two patients with refractory autoimmune hepatitis. In conclusion, interferon 2 has biological actions that favor the immune suppressor functions of regulatory T cells, and low-dose regimens in preliminary studies encourage its rigorous investigation in autoimmune hepatitis.
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10
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Abeynaike S, Paust S. Humanized Mice for the Evaluation of Novel HIV-1 Therapies. Front Immunol 2021; 12:636775. [PMID: 33868262 PMCID: PMC8047330 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.636775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
With the discovery of antiretroviral therapy, HIV-1 infection has transitioned into a manageable but chronic illness, which requires lifelong treatment. Nevertheless, complete eradication of the virus has still eluded us. This is partly due to the virus’s ability to remain in a dormant state in tissue reservoirs, ‘hidden’ from the host’s immune system. Also, the high mutation rate of HIV-1 results in escape mutations in response to many therapeutics. Regardless, the development of novel cures for HIV-1 continues to move forward with a range of approaches from immunotherapy to gene editing. However, to evaluate in vivo pathogenesis and the efficacy and safety of therapeutic approaches, a suitable animal model is necessary. To this end, the humanized mouse was developed by McCune in 1988 and has continued to be improved on over the past 30 years. Here, we review the variety of humanized mouse models that have been utilized through the years and describe their specific contribution in translating HIV-1 cure strategies to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn Abeynaike
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States.,The Skaggs Graduate Program in Chemical and Biological Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Silke Paust
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States.,The Skaggs Graduate Program in Chemical and Biological Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
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11
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Della Mina E, Guérin A, Tangye SG. Molecular requirements for human lymphopoiesis as defined by inborn errors of immunity. Stem Cells 2021; 39:389-402. [PMID: 33400834 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are the progenitor cells that give rise to the diverse repertoire of all immune cells. As they differentiate, HSCs yield a series of cell states that undergo gradual commitment to become mature blood cells. Studies of hematopoiesis in murine models have provided critical insights about the lineage relationships among stem cells, progenitors, and mature cells, and these have guided investigations of the molecular basis for these distinct developmental stages. Primary immune deficiencies are caused by inborn errors of immunity that result in immune dysfunction and subsequent susceptibility to severe and recurrent infection(s). Over the last decade there has been a dramatic increase in the number and depth of the molecular, cellular, and clinical characterization of such genetically defined causes of immune dysfunction. Patients harboring inborn errors of immunity thus represent a unique resource to improve our understanding of the multilayered and complex mechanisms underlying lymphocyte development in humans. These breakthrough discoveries not only enable significant advances in the diagnosis of such rare and complex conditions but also provide substantial improvement in the development of personalized treatments. Here, we will discuss the clinical, cellular, and molecular phenotypes, and treatments of selected inborn errors of immunity that impede, either intrinsically or extrinsically, the development of B- or T-cells at different stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Della Mina
- Immunology and Immunodeficiency Laboratory, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Antoine Guérin
- Immunology and Immunodeficiency Laboratory, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stuart G Tangye
- Immunology and Immunodeficiency Laboratory, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
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12
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Munoz LD, Sweeney MJ, Jameson JM. Skin Resident γδ T Cell Function and Regulation in Wound Repair. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E9286. [PMID: 33291435 PMCID: PMC7729629 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin is a critical barrier that protects against damage and infection. Within the epidermis and dermis reside γδ T cells that play a variety of key roles in wound healing and tissue homeostasis. Skin-resident γδ T cells require T cell receptor (TCR) ligation, costimulation, and cytokine reception to mediate keratinocyte activity and inflammatory responses at the wound site for proper wound repair. While both epidermal and dermal γδ T cells regulate inflammatory responses in wound healing, the timing and factors produced are distinct. In the absence of growth factors, cytokines, and chemokines produced by γδ T cells, wound repair is negatively impacted. This disruption in γδ T cell function is apparent in metabolic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes. This review provides the current state of knowledge on skin γδ T cell activation, regulation, and function in skin homeostasis and repair in mice and humans. As we uncover more about the complex roles played by γδ T cells in wound healing, novel targets can be discovered for future clinical therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Julie M. Jameson
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University San Marcos, San Marcos, CA 92096, USA; (L.D.M.); (M.J.S.)
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13
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Iqbal MA, Hong K, Kim JH, Choi Y. Severe combined immunodeficiency pig as an emerging animal model for human diseases and regenerative medicines. BMB Rep 2020. [PMID: 31722780 PMCID: PMC6889892 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2019.52.11.267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is a group of inherited disorders characterized by compromised T lymphocyte differentiation related to abnormal development of other lymphocytes [i.e., B and/or natural killer (NK) cells], leading to death early in life unless treated immediately with hematopoietic stem cell transplant. Functional NK cells may impact engraftment success of life-saving procedures such as bone marrow transplantation in human SCID patients. Therefore, in animal models, a T cell−/B cell−/NK cell+ environment provides a valuable tool for understanding the function of the innate immune system and for developing targeted NK therapies against human immune diseases. In this review, we focus on underlying mechanisms of human SCID, recent progress in the development of SCID animal models, and utilization of SCID pig model in biomedical sciences. Numerous physiologies in pig are comparable to those in human such as immune system, X-linked heritability, typical T−B+NK− cellular phenotype, and anatomy. Due to analogous features of pig to those of human, studies have found that immunodeficient pig is the most appropriate model for human SCID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Arsalan Iqbal
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Humanized Pig Research Center (SRC), Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Kwonho Hong
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Humanized Pig Research Center (SRC), Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Jin Hoi Kim
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Humanized Pig Research Center (SRC), Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Youngsok Choi
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Humanized Pig Research Center (SRC), Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
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14
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IL-2 receptors preassemble and signal in the ER/Golgi causing resistance to antiproliferative anti-IL-2Rα therapies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:21120-21130. [PMID: 31570576 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1901382116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) and IL-15 play pivotal roles in T cell activation, apoptosis, and survival, and are implicated in leukemias and autoimmune diseases. Their heterotrimeric receptors share their β- and γc-chains, but have distinct α-chains. Anti-IL-2Rα (daclizumab) therapy targeting cell surface-expressed receptor subunits to inhibit T cell proliferation has only brought limited success in adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) and in multiple sclerosis. We asked whether IL-2R subunits could already preassemble and signal efficiently in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and the Golgi. A combination of daclizumab and anti-IL-2 efficiently blocked IL-2-induced proliferation of IL-2-dependent wild-type (WT) ATL cells but not cells transfected with IL-2, suggesting that in IL-2-producing cells signaling may already take place before receptors reach the cell surface. In the Golgi fraction isolated from IL-2-producing ATL cells, we detected by Western blot phosphorylated Jak1, Jak3, and a phosphotyrosine signal attributed to the γc-chain, which occurred at much lower levels in the Golgi of WT ATL cells. We expressed EGFP- and mCherry-tagged receptor chains in HeLa cells to study their assembly along the secretory pathway. Confocal microscopy, Förster resonance energy transfer, and imaging fluorescence cross-correlation spectroscopy analysis revealed partial colocalization and molecular association of IL-2 (and IL-15) receptor chains in the ER/Golgi, which became more complete in the plasma membrane, further confirming our hypothesis. Our results define a paradigm of intracellular autocrine signaling and may explain resistance to antagonistic antibody therapies targeting receptors at the cell surface.
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15
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Leonard WJ, Lin JX, O'Shea JJ. The γ c Family of Cytokines: Basic Biology to Therapeutic Ramifications. Immunity 2019; 50:832-850. [PMID: 30995502 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The common cytokine receptor γ chain, γc, is a component of the receptors for interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15, and IL-21. Mutation of the gene encoding γc results in X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency in humans, and γc family cytokines collectively regulate development, proliferation, survival, and differentiation of immune cells. Here, we review the basic biology of these cytokines, highlighting mechanisms of signaling and gene regulation that have provided insights for immunodeficiency, autoimmunity, allergic diseases, and cancer. Moreover, we discuss how studies of this family stimulated the development of JAK3 inhibitors and present an overview of current strategies targeting these pathways in the clinic, including novel antibodies, antagonists, and partial agonists. The diverse roles of these cytokines on a range of immune cells have important therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren J Leonard
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1674, USA.
| | - Jian-Xin Lin
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1674, USA.
| | - John J O'Shea
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, Metabolic, and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1674, USA.
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16
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Spolski R, Li P, Leonard WJ. Biology and regulation of IL-2: from molecular mechanisms to human therapy. Nat Rev Immunol 2019; 18:648-659. [PMID: 30089912 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-018-0046-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
IL-2 was first identified as a growth factor capable of driving the expansion of activated human T cell populations. In the more than 40 years since its discovery, a tremendous amount has been learned regarding the mechanisms that regulate the expression of both IL-2 and its cell surface receptor, its mechanisms of signalling and its range of biological actions. More recently, the mechanisms by which IL-2 regulates CD4+ T cell differentiation and function have been elucidated. IL-2 also regulates the effector and memory responses of CD8+ T cells, and the loss of IL-2 or responsiveness to IL-2 at least in part explains the exhausted phenotype that occurs during chronic viral infections and in tumour responses. These basic mechanistic studies have led to the therapeutic ability to manipulate the action of IL-2 on regulatory T (Treg) cells for the treatment of autoimmune disease and on CD8+ T cells for immunotherapy of cancer. IL-2 can have either positive or deleterious effects, and we discuss here recent ideas and approaches for manipulating the actions and overall net effects of IL-2 in disease settings, including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanne Spolski
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and The Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Peng Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and The Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Warren J Leonard
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and The Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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17
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Shadpour P, Zamani M, Aghaalikhani N, Rashtchizadeh N. Inflammatory cytokines in bladder cancer. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:14489-14499. [PMID: 30779110 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The presence of inflammatory cells and their products in the tumor microenvironment plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of a tumor. Releasing the cytokines from a host in response to infection and inflammation can inhibit tumor growth and progression. However, tumor cells can also respond to the host cytokines with increasing the growth/invasion/metastasis. Bladder cancer (BC) is one of the most common cancers in the world. The microenvironment of a bladder tumor has been indicated to be rich in growth factors/inflammatory cytokines that can induce the tumor growth/progression and also suppress the immune system. On the contrary, modulate of the cancer progression has been shown following upregulation of the cytokines-related pathways that suggested the cytokines as potential therapeutic targets. In this study, we provide a summary of cytokines that are involved in BC formation/regression with both inflammatory and anti-inflammatory properties. A more accurate understanding of tumor microenvironment creates favorable conditions for cytokines targeting to treat BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pejman Shadpour
- Hasheminejad Kidney Center (HKC), Hospital Management Research Center (HMRC), Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Zamani
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, School of Agriculture, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Nazi Aghaalikhani
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nadereh Rashtchizadeh
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Biochemistry and Clinical Laboratories, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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18
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Interleukin-Mediated Pendrin Transcriptional Regulation in Airway and Esophageal Epithelia. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030731. [PMID: 30744098 PMCID: PMC6386862 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Pendrin (SLC26A4), a Cl−/anion exchanger, is expressed at high levels in kidney, thyroid, and inner ear epithelia, where it has an essential role in bicarbonate secretion/chloride reabsorption, iodide accumulation, and endolymph ion balance, respectively. Pendrin is expressed at lower levels in other tissues, such as airways and esophageal epithelia, where it is transcriptionally regulated by the inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 through a signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6)-mediated pathway. In the airway epithelium, increased pendrin expression during inflammatory diseases leads to imbalances in airway surface liquid thickness and mucin release, while, in the esophageal epithelium, dysregulated pendrin expression is supposed to impact the intracellular pH regulation system. In this review, we discuss some of the recent findings on interleukin-mediated transcriptional regulation of pendrin and how this dysregulation impacts airway and esophagus epithelial homeostasis during inflammatory diseases.
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19
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Lin JX, Leonard WJ. The Common Cytokine Receptor γ Chain Family of Cytokines. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:cshperspect.a028449. [PMID: 29038115 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a028449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15, and IL-21 form a family of cytokines based on their sharing the common cytokine receptor γ chain (γc), which was originally discovered as the third receptor component of the IL-2 receptor, IL-2Rγ. The IL2RG gene is located on the X chromosome and is mutated in humans with X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (XSCID). The breadth of the defects in XSCID could not be explained solely by defects in IL-2 signaling, and it is now clear that γc is a shared receptor component of the six cytokines noted above, making XSCID a disease of defective cytokine signaling. Janus kinase (JAK)3 associates with γc, and JAK3-deficient SCID phenocopies XSCID, findings that served to stimulate the development of JAK3 inhibitors as immunosuppressants. γc family cytokines collectively control broad aspects of lymphocyte development, growth, differentiation, and survival, and these cytokines are clinically important, related to allergic and autoimmune diseases and cancer as well as immunodeficiency. In this review, we discuss the actions of these cytokines, their critical biological roles and signaling pathways, focusing mainly on JAK/STAT (signal transducers and activators of transcription) signaling, and how this information is now being used in clinical therapeutic efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Xin Lin
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1674
| | - Warren J Leonard
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1674
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20
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Gonnord P, Angermann BR, Sadtler K, Gombos E, Chappert P, Meier-Schellersheim M, Varma R. A hierarchy of affinities between cytokine receptors and the common gamma chain leads to pathway cross-talk. Sci Signal 2018; 11:11/524/eaal1253. [PMID: 29615515 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aal1253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines belonging to the common gamma chain (γc) family depend on the shared γc receptor subunit for signaling. We report the existence of a fast, cytokine-induced pathway cross-talk acting at the receptor level, resulting from a limiting amount of γc on the surface of T cells. We found that this limited abundance of γc reduced interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-21 responses after IL-7 preexposure but not vice versa. Computational modeling combined with quantitative experimental assays indicated that the asymmetric cross-talk resulted from the ability of the "private" IL-7 receptor subunits (IL-7Rα) to bind to many of the γc molecules even before stimulation with cytokine. Upon exposure of T cells to IL-7, the high affinity of the IL-7Rα:IL-7 complex for γc further reduced the amount of free γc in a manner dependent on the concentration of IL-7. Measurements of bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) between IL-4Rα and γc were reduced when IL-7Rα was overexpressed. Furthermore, in a system expressing IL-7Rα, IL-4Rα, and γc, BRET between IL-4Rα and γc increased after IL-4 binding and decreased when cells were preexposed to IL-7, supporting the assumption that IL-7Rα and the IL-7Rα:IL-7 complex limit the accessibility of γc for other cytokine receptor complexes. We propose that in complex inflammatory environments, such asymmetric cross-talk establishes a hierarchy of cytokine responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Gonnord
- Computational Biology Unit, Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Bastian R Angermann
- Computational Biology Unit, Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kaitlyn Sadtler
- Computational Biology Unit, Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Erin Gombos
- Computational Biology Unit, Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Pascal Chappert
- Computational Biology Unit, Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Martin Meier-Schellersheim
- Computational Biology Unit, Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Rajat Varma
- Computational Biology Unit, Laboratory of Systems Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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21
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Shinohara Y, Tsukimoto M. Guanine and inosine nucleotides/nucleosides suppress murine T cell activation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018. [PMID: 29524424 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Damaged tissues and cells release intracellular purine nucleotides, which serve as intercellular signaling factors. We previously showed that exogenously added adenine nucleotide (250 μM ATP) suppressed the activation of murine splenic T lymphocytes. Here, we examined the effects of other purine nucleotides/nucleosides on mouse T cell activation. First, we found that pretreatment of mouse spleen T cells with 250 μM GTP, GDP, GMP, guanosine, ITP, IDP, IMP or inosine significantly reduced the release of stimulus-inducible cytokine IL-2. This suppression of IL-2 release was not caused by induction of cell death. Further studies with GTP, ITP, guanosine and inosine showed that pretreatment with these nucleotides/nucleosides also suppressed release of IL-6. However, these nucleotides/nucleosides did not suppress stimulus-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2, suggesting that the suppression of the release of inflammatory cytokines does not involve inhibition of ERK1/2 signaling. In contrast to ATP pretreatment at the same concentration, guanine or inosine nucleotides/nucleosides did not attenuate the expression of CD25. Our findings indicate that exogenous guanine or inosine nucleotides/nucleosides can suppress inflammatory cytokine release from T cells, and may be promising candidates for use as supplementary agents in the treatment of T cell-mediated immune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuria Shinohara
- Department of Radiation Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda-shi, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Tsukimoto
- Department of Radiation Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda-shi, Chiba, Japan.
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22
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Abstract
Cytokines signal through specific cell surface receptors to broadly regulate immune development, differentiation, proliferation, and survival, thereby influencing cellular fate and function. Accordingly, cytokines are potential therapeutic targets for modulation of immune responses. Indeed, over the last several decades, an increasing number of cytokine-based clinical trials have been performed, collectively using either recombinant forms of cytokines or blocking agents that modulate the actions of cytokines. The pleiotropic actions of cytokines, including their abilities to mediate both inflammatory and protective immune responses, indicate that using or targeting cytokines can have desired but also potentially undesirable effects. Here, we focus on the immunomodulatory cytokine, IL-2. We review the underlying basic science related to IL-2 and its biologic actions, discuss the current state of IL-2-based immunotherapy, and focus on emerging concepts of modulating the activities of this cytokine, including the generation of novel partial cytokine agonists as new potential therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Mitra
- Respiratory, Inflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Warren J Leonard
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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23
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Shinohara Y, Tsukimoto M. Adenine Nucleotides Attenuate Murine T Cell Activation Induced by Concanavalin A or T Cell Receptor Stimulation. Front Pharmacol 2018; 8:986. [PMID: 29375385 PMCID: PMC5767601 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular ATP and its metabolites affect various cellular immune responses, including T cell function, but there are apparently conflicting reports concerning the effects of adenine nucleotides on T cells. For example, it has been reported that ATP-mediated activation of P2 receptor is involved in T cell activation; activation of adenosine receptors suppresses T cell function; and 1 mM ATP induces T cell death via activation of P2X7 receptor. Therefore, in this work we investigated in detail the effects of 100–250 μM ATP, ADP, or AMP on murine T cell activation. First, an in vitro study showed that pretreatment of murine splenic T cells with 100–250 μM ATP, ADP, or AMP significantly suppressed the concanavalin A (ConA)-induced release of cytokines, including IL-2. This suppression was not due to induction of cell death via the P2X7 receptor or to an immunosuppressive effect of adenosine. ATP attenuated the expression of CD25, and decreased the cell proliferation ability of activated T cells. The release of IL-2 by ConA-stimulated lymphocytes was suppressed by post-treatment with ATP, as well as by pretreatment. These results suggest that exogenous ATP suppresses the activation of T cells. Secondly, we evaluated the effect of ATP in a ConA-treated mice. Treatment with ATP attenuated the increase of IL-2 concentration in the blood. Overall, these results suggest that adenine nucleotides might have potential as supplemental therapeutic agents for T cell-mediated immune diseases, by suppressing T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuria Shinohara
- Department of Radiation Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Tsukimoto
- Department of Radiation Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan
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24
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Yu M, Chen Y, Zeng H, Zheng Y, Fu G, Zhu W, Broeckel U, Aggarwal P, Turner A, Neale G, Guy C, Zhu N, Chi H, Wen R, Wang D. PLCγ-dependent mTOR signalling controls IL-7-mediated early B cell development. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1457. [PMID: 29133930 PMCID: PMC5684131 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01388-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The precise molecular mechanism underlying the regulation of early B cell lymphopoiesis is unclear. The PLCγ signaling pathway is critical for antigen receptor-mediated lymphocyte activation, but its function in cytokine signaling is unknown. Here we show that PLCγ1/PLCγ2 double deficiency in mice blocks early B cell development at the pre-pro-B cell stage and renders B cell progenitors unresponsive to IL-7. PLCγ pathway inhibition blocks IL-7-induced activation of mTOR, but not Stat5. The PLCγ pathway activates mTOR through the DAG/PKC signaling branch, independent of the conventional Akt/TSC/Rheb signaling axis. Inhibition of PLCγ/PKC-induced mTOR activation impairs IL-7-mediated B cell development. PLCγ1/PLCγ2 double-deficient B cell progenitors have reduced expression of genes related to B cell lineage, IL-7 signaling, and cell cycle. Thus, IL-7 receptor controls early B lymphopoiesis through activation of mTOR via PLCγ/DAG/PKC signaling, not via Akt/Rheb signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Yu
- Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Yuhong Chen
- Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Hu Zeng
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Yongwei Zheng
- Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Guoping Fu
- Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Wen Zhu
- Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
- Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Ulrich Broeckel
- Section of Genomic Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Praful Aggarwal
- Section of Genomic Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Amy Turner
- Section of Genomic Pediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Geoffrey Neale
- Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Cliff Guy
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Nan Zhu
- Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Hongbo Chi
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Renren Wen
- Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Demin Wang
- Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
- Biomedical Research Center of South China, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350117, China.
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.
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25
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Spolski R, Gromer D, Leonard WJ. The γ c family of cytokines: fine-tuning signals from IL-2 and IL-21 in the regulation of the immune response. F1000Res 2017; 6:1872. [PMID: 29123649 PMCID: PMC5657018 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.12202.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15, and IL-21 form a family of cytokines based on the sharing of a receptor component, the common cytokine receptor γ chain, γ
c, which is encoded by the gene mutated in humans with X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (XSCID). Together, these cytokines play critical roles in lymphoid development, differentiation, growth, and survival as well as mediating effector function. Here, we provide an overview of the main actions of members of this cytokine family but then primarily focus on IL-2 and IL-21, discussing their dynamic interplay and contributions to a fine-tuned immune response. Moreover, we discuss the therapeutic utility of modulating their actions, particularly for autoimmunity and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosanne Spolski
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Daniel Gromer
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Warren J Leonard
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and the Immunology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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26
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Tangye SG, Pelham SJ, Deenick EK, Ma CS. Cytokine-Mediated Regulation of Human Lymphocyte Development and Function: Insights from Primary Immunodeficiencies. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:1949-1958. [PMID: 28874415 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cytokine-mediated intracellular signaling pathways are fundamental for the development, activation, and differentiation of lymphocytes. These distinct processes underlie protection against infectious diseases after natural infection with pathogens or immunization, thereby providing the host with long-lived immunological memory. In contrast, aberrant cytokine signaling can also result in conditions of immune dysregulation, such as early-onset autoimmunity. Thus, balanced signals provided by distinct cytokines, and delivered to specific cell subsets, are critical for immune homeostasis. The essential roles of cytokines in human immunity have been elegantly and repeatedly revealed by the discovery of individuals with mutations in cytokine ligands, receptors, and downstream transcription factors that cause primary immunodeficiency or autoimmune conditions. In this article, we review how the discovery and characterization of such individuals has identified nonredundant, and often highly specialized, functions of specific cytokines and immune cell subsets in human lymphocyte biology, host defense against infections, and immune regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart G Tangye
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia; and .,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Simon J Pelham
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia; and.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Elissa K Deenick
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia; and.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Cindy S Ma
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia; and.,St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
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27
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Tang Q, Iyer S, Lobbardi R, Moore JC, Chen H, Lareau C, Hebert C, Shaw ML, Neftel C, Suva ML, Ceol CJ, Bernards A, Aryee M, Pinello L, Drummond IA, Langenau DM. Dissecting hematopoietic and renal cell heterogeneity in adult zebrafish at single-cell resolution using RNA sequencing. J Exp Med 2017; 214:2875-2887. [PMID: 28878000 PMCID: PMC5626406 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20170976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The work by Tang et al. provides a comprehensive, single-cell, transcriptomic analysis of kidney and blood cells from the adult zebrafish, identifying novel cell types, including two classes of NK immune cells, classically defined and erythroid-primed hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, mucin-secreting kidney cells, and kidney stem/progenitor cells. Recent advances in single-cell, transcriptomic profiling have provided unprecedented access to investigate cell heterogeneity during tissue and organ development. In this study, we used massively parallel, single-cell RNA sequencing to define cell heterogeneity within the zebrafish kidney marrow, constructing a comprehensive molecular atlas of definitive hematopoiesis and functionally distinct renal cells found in adult zebrafish. Because our method analyzed blood and kidney cells in an unbiased manner, our approach was useful in characterizing immune-cell deficiencies within DNA–protein kinase catalytic subunit (prkdc), interleukin-2 receptor γ a (il2rga), and double-homozygous–mutant fish, identifying blood cell losses in T, B, and natural killer cells within specific genetic mutants. Our analysis also uncovered novel cell types, including two classes of natural killer immune cells, classically defined and erythroid-primed hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, mucin-secreting kidney cells, and kidney stem/progenitor cells. In total, our work provides the first, comprehensive, single-cell, transcriptomic analysis of kidney and marrow cells in the adult zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Tang
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA.,Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA.,Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| | - Sowmya Iyer
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA
| | - Riadh Lobbardi
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA.,Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA.,Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| | - John C Moore
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA.,Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA.,Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
| | - Huidong Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA.,Department of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA.,Department of Computer Science and Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Caleb Lareau
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA.,Department of Biostatistics, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA
| | - Christine Hebert
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA.,Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - McKenzie L Shaw
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA.,Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Cyril Neftel
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA.,Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Mario L Suva
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA.,Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA
| | - Craig J Ceol
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Andre Bernards
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA
| | - Martin Aryee
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA.,Department of Biostatistics, T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA
| | - Luca Pinello
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA.,Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA
| | - Iain A Drummond
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
| | - David M Langenau
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA .,Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA.,Center for Regenerative Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
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28
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Ptaschinski C, Hrycaj SM, Schaller MA, Wellik DM, Lukacs NW. Hox5 Paralogous Genes Modulate Th2 Cell Function during Chronic Allergic Inflammation via Regulation of Gata3. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:501-509. [PMID: 28576978 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Allergic asthma is a significant health burden in western countries, and continues to increase in prevalence. Th2 cells contribute to the development of disease through release of the cytokines IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, resulting in increased airway eosinophils and mucus hypersecretion. The molecular mechanisms behind the disease pathology remain largely unknown. In this study we investigated a potential regulatory role for the Hox5 gene family, Hoxa5, Hoxb5, and Hoxc5, genes known to be important in lung development within mesenchymal cell populations. We found that Hox5-mutant mice show exacerbated pathology compared with wild-type controls in a chronic allergen model, with an increased Th2 response and exacerbated lung tissue pathology. Bone marrow chimera experiments indicated that the observed enhanced pathology was mediated by immune cell function independent of mesenchymal cell Hox5 family function. Examination of T cells grown in Th2 polarizing conditions showed increased proliferation, enhanced Gata3 expression, and elevated production of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 in Hox5-deficient T cells compared with wild-type controls. Overexpression of FLAG-tagged HOX5 proteins in Jurkat cells demonstrated HOX5 binding to the Gata3 locus and decreased Gata3 and IL-4 expression, supporting a role for HOX5 proteins in direct transcriptional control of Th2 development. These results reveal a novel role for Hox5 genes as developmental regulators of Th2 immune cell function that demonstrates a redeployment of mesenchyme-associated developmental genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steven M Hrycaj
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Matthew A Schaller
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and
| | - Deneen M Wellik
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Nicholas W Lukacs
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109; and
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29
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Kuwabara T, Kasai H, Kondo M. Acetylation Modulates IL-2 Receptor Signaling in T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:4334-4343. [PMID: 27799311 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Ligand binding to the cognate cytokine receptors activates intracellular signaling by recruiting protein tyrosine kinases and other protein modification enzymes. However, the roles of protein modifications other than phosphorylation remain unclear. In this study, we examine a novel regulatory mechanism of Stat5, based on its acetylation. As for phosphorylation, IL-2 induces the acetylation of signaling molecules, including Stat5, in the murine T cell line CTLL-2. Stat5 is acetylated in the cytoplasm by CREB-binding protein (CBP). Acetylated Lys696 and Lys700 on Stat5 are critical indicators for limited proteolysis, which leads to the generation of a truncated form of Stat5. In turn, the truncated form of Stat5 prevents transcription of the full-length form of Stat5. We also demonstrate that CBP physically associates with the IL-2 receptor β-chain. CBP, found in the nucleus in resting CTLL-2 cells, relocates to the cytoplasm after IL-2 stimulation in an MEK/ERK pathway-dependent manner. Thus, IL-2-mediated acetylation plays an important role in the modulation of cytokine signaling and T cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Kuwabara
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan; and
| | - Hirotake Kasai
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710
| | - Motonari Kondo
- Department of Molecular Immunology, Toho University School of Medicine, Tokyo 143-8540, Japan; and
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30
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Deckman JM, Kurkjian CJ, McGillis JP, Cory TJ, Birket SE, Schutzman LM, Murphy BS, Garvy BA, Feola DJ. Pneumocystis infection alters the activation state of pulmonary macrophages. Immunobiology 2016; 222:188-197. [PMID: 27720434 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies show a substantial incidence of Pneumocystis jirovecii colonization and infection in patients with chronic inflammatory lung conditions. However, little is known about the impact of Pneumocystis upon the regulation of pulmonary immunity. We demonstrate here that Pneumocystis polarizes macrophages towards an alternatively activated macrophage-like phenotype. Genetically engineered mice that lack the ability to signal through IL-4 and IL-13 were used to show that Pneumocystis alternative macrophage activation is dependent upon signaling through these cytokines. To determine whether Pneumocystis-induced macrophage polarization would impact subsequent immune responses, we infected mice with Pneumocystis and then challenged them with Pseudomonas aeruginosa 14 days later. In co-infected animals, a higher proportion of macrophages in the alveolar and interstitial spaces expressed both classical and alternatively activated markers and produced the regulatory cytokines TGFβ and IL-10, as well as higher arginase levels than in mice infected with P. aeruginosa alone. Our results suggest that Pneumocystis reprograms the overall macrophage repertoire in the lung to that of a more alternatively-activated setpoint, thereby altering subsequent immune responses. These data may help to explain the association between Pneumocystis infection and decline in pulmonary function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Deckman
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 800 Rose Street Rm MS409, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Cathryn J Kurkjian
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 800 Rose Street Rm MS409, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Joseph P McGillis
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 800 Rose Street Rm MS409, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Theodore J Cory
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy, 789 S. Limestone Street Suite 292, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Susan E Birket
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy, 789 S. Limestone Street Suite 292, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Linda M Schutzman
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 900 S. Limestone Street Suite 303, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Brian S Murphy
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 900 S. Limestone Street Suite 303, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Beth A Garvy
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, 800 Rose Street Rm MS409, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - David J Feola
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy, 789 S. Limestone Street Suite 292, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
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31
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Maspi N, Abdoli A, Ghaffarifar F. Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in cutaneous leishmaniasis: a review. Pathog Glob Health 2016; 110:247-260. [PMID: 27660895 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2016.1232042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is caused by different species of the genus Leishmania. Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines play different roles in resistance/susceptibility and the immunopathogenesis of Leishmania infection. The balance and dynamic changes in cytokines may control or predict clinical outcome. T helper 1 (Th1) inflammatory cytokines (especially interferon-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-12) are the crucial factors in the initiation of protective immunity against L. major infection, whereas T helper 2 cytokines including IL-5, IL-4, and IL-13 facilitate the persistence of parasites by downregulating the Th1 immune response. On the other hand, aggravation of inflammatory reactions leads to collateral tissue damage and formation of ulcer. For this reason, immunity system such as T regulatory cells produce regulatory cytokines such as transforming growth factor-β and IL-10 to inhibit possible injures caused by increased inflammatory responses in infection site. In this article, we review the role of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the immunoprotection and immunopathology of CL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Maspi
- a Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Parasitology , Tarbiat Modares University , Tehran , Iran
| | - Amir Abdoli
- a Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Parasitology , Tarbiat Modares University , Tehran , Iran
| | - Fathemeh Ghaffarifar
- a Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Parasitology , Tarbiat Modares University , Tehran , Iran
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32
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DeGottardi MQ, Okoye AA, Vaidya M, Talla A, Konfe AL, Reyes MD, Clock JA, Duell DM, Legasse AW, Sabnis A, Park BS, Axthelm MK, Estes JD, Reiman KA, Sekaly RP, Picker LJ. Effect of Anti-IL-15 Administration on T Cell and NK Cell Homeostasis in Rhesus Macaques. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2016; 197:1183-98. [PMID: 27430715 PMCID: PMC4976006 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
IL-15 has been implicated as a key regulator of T and NK cell homeostasis in multiple systems; however, its specific role in maintaining peripheral T and NK cell populations relative to other γ-chain (γc) cytokines has not been fully defined in primates. In this article, we address this question by determining the effect of IL-15 inhibition with a rhesusized anti-IL-15 mAb on T and NK cell dynamics in rhesus macaques. Strikingly, anti-IL-15 treatment resulted in rapid depletion of NK cells and both CD4(+) and CD8(+) effector memory T cells (TEM) in blood and tissues, with little to no effect on naive or central memory T cells. Importantly, whereas depletion of NK cells was nearly complete and maintained as long as anti-IL-15 treatment was given, TEM depletion was countered by the onset of massive TEM proliferation, which almost completely restored circulating TEM numbers. Tissue TEM, however, remained significantly reduced, and most TEM maintained very high turnover throughout anti-IL-15 treatment. In the presence of IL-15 inhibition, TEM became increasingly more sensitive to IL-7 stimulation in vivo, and transcriptional analysis of TEM in IL-15-inhibited monkeys revealed engagement of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway, suggesting alternative γc cytokine signaling may support TEM homeostasis in the absence of IL-15. Thus, IL-15 plays a major role in peripheral maintenance of NK cells and TEM However, whereas most NK cell populations collapse in the absence of IL-15, TEM can be maintained in the face of IL-15 inhibition by the activity of other homeostatic regulators, most likely IL-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maren Q DeGottardi
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Afam A Okoye
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Mukta Vaidya
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Aarthi Talla
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Audrie L Konfe
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Matthew D Reyes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Joseph A Clock
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Derick M Duell
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Alfred W Legasse
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Amit Sabnis
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Byung S Park
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health and Preventative Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Michael K Axthelm
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006
| | - Jacob D Estes
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory, Frederick, MD 21702; and
| | - Keith A Reiman
- MassBiologics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Boston, MA 02126
| | | | - Louis J Picker
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006; Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006;
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33
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Sato K, Oiwa R, Kumita W, Henry R, Sakuma T, Ito R, Nozu R, Inoue T, Katano I, Sato K, Okahara N, Okahara J, Shimizu Y, Yamamoto M, Hanazawa K, Kawakami T, Kametani Y, Suzuki R, Takahashi T, Weinstein E, Yamamoto T, Sakakibara Y, Habu S, Hata JI, Okano H, Sasaki E. Generation of a Nonhuman Primate Model of Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Using Highly Efficient Genome Editing. Cell Stem Cell 2016; 19:127-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2014] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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34
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Interleukin-4 receptor signaling and its binding mechanism: A therapeutic insight from inhibitors tool box. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2016; 32:3-15. [PMID: 27165851 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Studies on Interlukin-4 (IL-4) disclosed great deal of information about its various physiological and pathological roles. All these roles depend upon its interaction and signaling through either type-I (IL-4Rα/common γ-chain) or type-II (IL-4Rα/IL-13Rα) receptors. Another cytokine, IL-13, shares some of the functions of IL-4, because both cytokines use a common receptor subunit, IL-4Rα. Here in this review, we discuss the structural details of IL-4 and IL-4Rα subunit and the structural similarities between IL-4 and IL-13. We also describe detailed chemistry of type-I and type-II receptor complexes and their signaling pathways. Furthermore, we elaborate the strength of type-II hetero dimer signals in response to IL-4 and IL-13. These cytokines are prime players in pathogenesis of allergic asthma, allergic hypersensitivity, different cancers, and HIV infection. Recent advances in the structural and binding chemistry of these cytokines various types of inhibitors were designed to block the interaction of IL-4 and IL-13 with their receptor, including several IL-4 mutant analogs and IL-4 antagonistic antibodies. Moreover, different targeted immunotoxins, which is a fusion of cytokine protein with a toxin or suicidal gene, are the new class of inhibitors to prevent cancer progression. In addition few small molecular inhibitors such as flavonoids have also been developed which are capable of binding with high affinity to IL-4Rα and, therefore, can be very effective in blocking IL-4-mediated responses.
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35
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Waickman AT, Park JY, Park JH. The common γ-chain cytokine receptor: tricks-and-treats for T cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:253-69. [PMID: 26468051 PMCID: PMC6315299 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2062-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Originally identified as the third subunit of the high-affinity IL-2 receptor complex, the common γ-chain (γc) also acts as a non-redundant receptor subunit for a series of other cytokines, collectively known as γc family cytokines. γc plays essential roles in T cell development and differentiation, so that understanding the molecular basis of its signaling and regulation is a critical issue in T cell immunology. Unlike most other cytokine receptors, γc is thought to be constitutively expressed and limited in its function to the assembly of high-affinity cytokine receptors. Surprisingly, recent studies reported a series of findings that unseat γc as a simple housekeeping gene, and unveiled γc as a new regulatory molecule in T cell activation and differentiation. Cytokine-independent binding of γc to other cytokine receptor subunits suggested a pre-association model of γc with proprietary cytokine receptors. Also, identification of a γc splice isoform revealed expression of soluble γc proteins (sγc). sγc directly interacted with surface IL-2Rβ to suppress IL-2 signaling and to promote pro-inflammatory Th17 cell differentiation. As a result, endogenously produced sγc exacerbated autoimmune inflammatory disease, while the removal of endogenous sγc significantly ameliorated disease outcome. These data provide new insights into the role of both membrane and soluble γc in cytokine signaling, and open new venues to interfere and modulate γc signaling during immune activation. These unexpected discoveries further underscore the perspective that γc biology remains largely uncharted territory that invites further exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam T Waickman
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bldg. 10, Room 5B17, 10 Center Dr, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Joo-Young Park
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bldg. 10, Room 5B17, 10 Center Dr, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Jung-Hyun Park
- Experimental Immunology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bldg. 10, Room 5B17, 10 Center Dr, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
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36
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Tavakolpour S, Tavakolpour V. Interleukin 4 inhibition as a potential therapeutic in pemphigus. Cytokine 2016; 77:189-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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37
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Abstract
T cell progenitors are known to arise from the foetal liver in embryos and the bone marrow in adults; however different studies have shown that a pool of T cell progenitors may also exist in the periphery. Here, we identified a lymphoid population resembling peripheral T cell progenitors which transiently seed the epidermis during late embryogenesis in both wild-type and T cell-deficient mice. We named these cells ELCs (Epidermal Lymphoid Cells). ELCs expressed Thy1 and CD2, but lacked CD3 and TCRαβ/γδ at their surface, reminiscent of the phenotype of extra- or intra- thymic T cell progenitors. Similarly to Dendritic Epidermal T Cells (DETCs), ELCs were radioresistant and capable of self-renewal. However, despite their progenitor-like phenotype and expression of T cell lineage markers within the population, ELCs did not differentiate into conventional T cells or DETCs in in vitro, ex vivo or in vivo differentiation assays. Finally, we show that ELC expressed NK markers and secreted IFN-γ upon stimulation. Therefore we report the discovery of a unique population of lymphoid cells within the murine epidermis that appears related to NK cells with as-yet-unidentified functions.
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38
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Interleukin 11 protects bone marrow mitochondria from radiation damage. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014. [PMID: 23852503 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-7411-1_35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin 11 (IL-11) is a multifunctional cytokine isolated from bone marrow (BM)-derived stromal cells that promotes hematopoiesis and prolongs the life span of lethally irradiated animals. However, the underlying mechanism for the protective effect of IL-11 on BM is unclear. In this study, we explored the effect of IL-11 on irradiated BM cells. Freshly harvested BM cells were pretreated with 20 ng/ml of recombinant IL-11 for 30 min, irradiated with a dose of 0.5 Gy, cultured for 24 h, and then subjected to several assays. In vitro data showed that, as compared to the vehicle controls, IL-11: (1) reduced the production of reactive oxygen species; (2) reduced the alteration of mitochondrial membrane potential; (3) increased MitoTracker staining, suggesting that the number of mitochondria and their functions were better maintained; and (4) reduced apoptosis of BM cells and enhanced BM cell proliferation. In vivo studies of mice pretreated with saline or 100 μg/kg of IL-11 at 12 and 2 h before 10-Gy total body irradiation (TBI) demonstrated that G-CSF and IL-6 were significantly upregulated, whereas IL-2 and IL-4 were reduced. We found that IL-11 protects mitochondrial functions, acts with G-CSF and IL-6 to stimulate the growth of radiation-damaged BM, and reduces the immune response to radiation injury.
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Kohn LA, Seet CS, Scholes J, Codrea F, Chan R, Zaidi-Merchant S, Zhu Y, De Oliveira S, Kapoor N, Shah A, Abdel-Azim H, Kohn DB, Crooks GM. Human lymphoid development in the absence of common γ-chain receptor signaling. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:5050-8. [PMID: 24771849 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1303496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite the power of model systems to reveal basic immunologic mechanisms, critical differences exist between species that necessitate the direct study of human cells. Illustrating this point is the difference in phenotype between patients with SCID caused by mutations affecting the common γ-chain (γc) cytokine signaling pathway and mice with similar mutations. Although in both species, null mutations in either IL-2RG (which encodes γc), or its direct downstream signaling partner JAK3, result in T and NK cell deficiency, an associated B cell deficiency is seen in mice but not in humans with these genetic defects. In this study, we applied recent data that have revised our understanding of the earliest stages of lymphoid commitment in human bone marrow (BM) to determine the requirement for signaling through IL-2RG and JAK3 in normal development of human lymphoid progenitors. BM samples from SCID patients with IL-2RG (n = 3) or JAK3 deficiency (n = 2), which produce similar "T-NK-B+" clinical phenotypes, were compared with normal BM and umbilical cord blood as well as BM from children on enzyme treatment for adenosine deaminase-deficient SCID (n = 2). In both IL-2RG- and JAK3-SCID patients, the early stages of lymphoid commitment from hematopoietic stem cells were present with development of lymphoid-primed multipotent progenitors, common lymphoid progenitors and B cell progenitors, normal expression patterns of IL-7RA and TLSPR, and the DNA recombination genes DNTT and RAG1. Thus, in humans, signaling through the γc pathway is not required for prethymic lymphoid commitment or for DNA rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Kohn
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Christopher S Seet
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095; Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Jessica Scholes
- Broad Stem Cell Research Center Flow Cytometry Core, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Felicia Codrea
- Broad Stem Cell Research Center Flow Cytometry Core, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Rebecca Chan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Sania Zaidi-Merchant
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Yuhua Zhu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Satiro De Oliveira
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA 90095
| | - Neena Kapoor
- Division of Research Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplant, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA 90027; and
| | - Ami Shah
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA 90095; Division of Research Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplant, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA 90027; and
| | - Hisham Abdel-Azim
- Division of Research Immunology and Bone Marrow Transplant, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA 90027; and
| | - Donald B Kohn
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA 90095; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Gay M Crooks
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095; Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles CA 90095;
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40
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Xiang L, Elci OU, Rehm KE, Marshall GD. Associations between cytokine receptor polymorphisms and variability in laboratory immune parameters in normal humans. Hum Immunol 2014; 75:91-7. [PMID: 24060357 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2013.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
In every study involving human immune parameters, large inter-subject variability occurs which can make interpretation of results difficult. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether genetic variants in cytokine receptors could associate with variability in laboratory immune measures. A total of 207 normal volunteers were recruited in this study. Immunoregulatory profiles were measured by flow cytometry and genotyping assays were performed by allelic discrimination real-time PCR. Immunoregulatory profiles were categorized according to various single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of cytokine receptors including T-56C and G-611A of IFN-γ receptor 1 (IFNGR1); Q64R of IFNGR2; and Ile50Val, Q576R and S503P of IL4R. Results reveal that Th1 levels were significantly higher in the heterozygous of the IFNGR1 T-56C polymorphism (minor allele) compared to wild-type (WT, major allele) (p = 0.006). For the Q576R of IL4R, Th1/Th2 ratio was significantly lower for the homozygous SNP (Arg/Arg) compared to the WT (Gln/Gln) (p = 0.035). In addition, the significant interaction effects of demographic characteristics on SNP-immune parameter associations were reported as well. We conclude that cytokine receptor polymorphisms might associate with variability in laboratory immune measures. Approach of SNP analysis of cytokine receptors can be useful in categorizing baseline immune responses to more accurately evaluate clinical immune data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianbin Xiang
- Laboratory of Behavioral Immunology Research, Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Jackson, MS, USA; Department of Medicine, Jackson, MS, USA.
| | - Okan U Elci
- Laboratory of Behavioral Immunology Research, Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Jackson, MS, USA; Center of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Kristina E Rehm
- Laboratory of Behavioral Immunology Research, Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Jackson, MS, USA; Department of Medicine, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Gailen D Marshall
- Laboratory of Behavioral Immunology Research, Division of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Jackson, MS, USA; Department of Medicine, Jackson, MS, USA
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41
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Meyer A, Gruber A, Klopfleisch R. All Subunits of the Interleukin-2 Receptor are Expressed by Canine Cutaneous Mast Cell Tumours. J Comp Pathol 2013; 149:19-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2012.11.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Revised: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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42
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Suzuki S, Iwamoto M, Saito Y, Fuchimoto D, Sembon S, Suzuki M, Mikawa S, Hashimoto M, Aoki Y, Najima Y, Takagi S, Suzuki N, Suzuki E, Kubo M, Mimuro J, Kashiwakura Y, Madoiwa S, Sakata Y, Perry ACF, Ishikawa F, Onishi A. Il2rg gene-targeted severe combined immunodeficiency pigs. Cell Stem Cell 2012; 10:753-758. [PMID: 22704516 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2012.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A porcine model of severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) promises to facilitate human cancer studies, the humanization of tissue for xenotransplantation, and the evaluation of stem cells for clinical therapy, but SCID pigs have not been described. We report here the generation and preliminary evaluation of a porcine SCID model. Fibroblasts containing a targeted disruption of the X-linked interleukin-2 receptor gamma chain gene, Il2rg, were used as donors to generate cloned pigs by serial nuclear transfer. Germline transmission of the Il2rg deletion produced healthy Il2rg(+/-) females, while Il2rg(-/Y) males were athymic and exhibited markedly impaired immunoglobulin and T and NK cell production, robustly recapitulating human SCID. Following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, donor cells stably integrated in Il2rg(-/Y) heterozygotes and reconstituted the Il2rg(-/Y) lymphoid lineage. The SCID pigs described here represent a step toward the comprehensive evaluation of preclinical cellular regenerative strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunichi Suzuki
- Transgenic Animal Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0901, Japan
| | | | - Yoriko Saito
- Research Unit for Human Disease Model, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Daiichiro Fuchimoto
- Transgenic Animal Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0901, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Sembon
- Transgenic Animal Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0901, Japan
| | - Misae Suzuki
- Transgenic Animal Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0901, Japan
| | - Satoshi Mikawa
- Animal Genome Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0901, Japan
| | | | - Yuki Aoki
- Research Unit for Human Disease Model, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yuho Najima
- Research Unit for Human Disease Model, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Takagi
- Research Unit for Human Disease Model, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Nahoko Suzuki
- Research Unit for Human Disease Model, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Emi Suzuki
- Laboratory of Mammalian Molecular Embryology, RIKEN Research Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Masanori Kubo
- Center for Animal Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Jun Mimuro
- Division of Cell and Molecular Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi-ken 329-0498, Japan
| | - Yuji Kashiwakura
- Division of Cell and Molecular Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi-ken 329-0498, Japan
| | - Seiji Madoiwa
- Division of Cell and Molecular Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi-ken 329-0498, Japan
| | - Yoichi Sakata
- Division of Cell and Molecular Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi-ken 329-0498, Japan
| | - Anthony C F Perry
- Laboratory of Mammalian Molecular Embryology, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Fumihiko Ishikawa
- Research Unit for Human Disease Model, RIKEN Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan.
| | - Akira Onishi
- Transgenic Animal Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0901, Japan.
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43
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Abstract
Human monocytes, preincubated with IFN-γ respond to IL-4 by a cGMP increase through activation of an inducible NO synthase. Here, IL-4 was found to induce an accumulation of cGMP (1 – 3 min) and cAMP (20 – 25 min) in unstimulated monocytes. This was impaired with NOS inhibitors, but also with EGTA and calcium/calmodulin inhibitors. These results suggest that: (1) IL-4 may stimulate different NOS isoforms in resting and IFN-γ activated monocytes, and (2) cAMP accumulation may be partially dependent on the NO pathway. By RT-PCR, a type III constitutive NOS mRNA was detected in U937 monocytic cells. IL-4 also increased the [Ca2+]i in these cells. Different NOS may thus be expressed in monocytic cells depending on their differentiation and the signals they receive.
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Luzina IG, Keegan AD, Heller NM, Rook GAW, Shea-Donohue T, Atamas SP. Regulation of inflammation by interleukin-4: a review of "alternatives". J Leukoc Biol 2012; 92:753-64. [PMID: 22782966 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0412214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of IL-4 have revealed a wealth of information on the diverse roles of this cytokine in homeostatic regulation and disease pathogenesis. Recent data suggest that instead of simple linear regulatory pathways, IL-4 drives regulation that is full of alternatives. In addition to the well-known dichotomous regulation of Th cell differentiation by IL-4, this cytokine is engaged in several other alternative pathways. Its own production involves alternative mRNA splicing, yielding at least two functional isoforms: full-length IL-4, encoded by the IL-4 gene exons 1-4, and IL-4δ2, encoded by exons 1, 3, and 4. The functional effects of these two isoforms are in some ways similar but in other ways quite distinct. When binding to the surface of target cells, IL-4 may differentially engage two different types of receptors. By acting on macrophages, a cell type critically involved in inflammation, IL-4 induces the so-called alternative macrophage activation. In this review, recent advances in understanding these three IL-4-related branch points--alternative splicing of IL-4, differential receptor engagement by IL-4, and differential regulation of macrophage activation by IL-4--are summarized in light of their contributions to inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina G Luzina
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Abstract
Inborn errors of the genes encoding two of the four human JAKs (JAK3 and TYK2) and three of the six human STATs (STAT1, STAT3, and STAT5B) have been described. We review the disorders arising from mutations in these five genes, highlighting the way in which the molecular and cellular pathogenesis of these conditions has been clarified by the discovery of inborn errors of cytokines, hormones, and their receptors, including those interacting with JAKs and STATs. The phenotypic similarities between mice and humans lacking individual JAK-STAT components suggest that the functions of JAKs and STATs are largely conserved in mammals. However, a wide array of phenotypic differences has emerged between mice and humans carrying biallelic null alleles of JAK3, TYK2, STAT1, or STAT5B. Moreover, the high degree of allelic heterogeneity at the human JAK3, TYK2, STAT1, and STAT3 loci has revealed highly diverse immunological and clinical phenotypes, which had not been anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, Rockefeller University Hospital, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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46
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Abstract
Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activators of transcription (STAT) signaling pathways play crucial roles in lymphopoiesis. In particular, JAK3 has unique functions in the lymphoid system such that JAK3 ablation results in phenotypes resembling severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome. This review focuses on the biochemistry, immunological functions, and clinical significance of JAK3. Compared with other members of the JAK family, the biochemical properties of JAK3 are relatively less well characterized and thus largely inferred from studies of JAK2. Furthermore, new findings concerning the cross-talks between Notch and JAK signaling pathways through ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation are discussed in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wu
- Immunobiology and Cancer Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, 73104, USA
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47
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Toxin-based targeted therapy for malignant brain tumors. Clin Dev Immunol 2012; 2012:480429. [PMID: 22400035 PMCID: PMC3287048 DOI: 10.1155/2012/480429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Accepted: 11/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite advances in conventional treatment modalities for malignant brain tumors-surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy-the prognosis for patients with high-grade astrocytic tumor remains dismal. The highly heterogeneous and diffuse nature of astrocytic tumors calls for the development of novel therapies. Advances in genomic and proteomic research indicate that treatment of brain tumor patients can be increasingly personalized according to the characteristics of the targeted tumor and its environment. Consequently, during the last two decades, a novel class of investigative drug candidates for the treatment of central nervous system neoplasia has emerged: recombinant fusion protein conjugates armed with cytotoxic agents targeting tumor-specific antigens. The clinical applicability of the tumor-antigen-directed cytotoxic proteins as a safe and viable therapy for brain tumors is being investigated. Thus far, results from ongoing clinical trials are encouraging, as disease stabilization and patient survival prolongation have been observed in at least 109 cases. This paper summarizes the major findings pertaining to treatment with the different antiglioma cytotoxins at the preclinical and clinical stages.
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48
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Yang L, Horibe T, Kohno M, Haramoto M, Ohara K, Puri RK, Kawakami K. Targeting interleukin-4 receptor α with hybrid peptide for effective cancer therapy. Mol Cancer Ther 2011; 11:235-43. [PMID: 22084165 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-11-0363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-4 receptor α (IL-4Rα) chain is highly expressed on the surface of various human solid tumors. We designed a novel hybrid peptide termed IL-4Rα-lytic peptide that targets the IL-4Rα chain. The IL-4Rα-lytic peptide contains a target moiety to bind to IL-4Rα and a cellular toxic lytic peptide that selectively kills cancer cells. The anticancer activity of the IL-4Rα-lytic peptide was evaluated in vitro and in vivo. It was found that the IL-4Rα-lytic peptide has cytotoxic activity in cancer cell lines expressing IL-4Rα, determined by quantitative real-time PCR. The IC(50) ratios of the lytic peptide to the IL-4Rα-lytic peptide correlated well with the expression levels of IL-4Rα on cancer cells (r = 0.80). In addition, IL-4Rα-lytic peptide administered either intratumoraly or intravenously significantly inhibited tumor growth in xenograft model of human pancreatic cancer (BXPC-3) in mice. These results indicate that the IL-4Rα-lytic peptide generated in this study has a potent and selective anticancer potential against IL-4Rα-positive solid cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liying Yang
- Department of Pharmacoepidemiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Public Health, Kyoto University, Yoshidakonoe-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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49
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Role of common-gamma chain cytokines in NK cell development and function: perspectives for immunotherapy. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2011:861920. [PMID: 21716670 PMCID: PMC3118299 DOI: 10.1155/2011/861920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
NK cells are components of the innate immunity system and play an important role as a first-line defense mechanism against viral infections and in tumor immune surveillance. Their development and their functional activities are controlled by several factors among which cytokines sharing the usage of the common cytokine-receptor gamma chain play a pivotal role. In particular, IL-2, IL-7, IL-15, and IL-21 are the members of this family predominantly involved in NK cell biology. In this paper, we will address their role in NK cell ontogeny, regulation of functional activities, development of specialized cell subsets, and acquisition of memory-like functions. Finally, the potential application of these cytokines as recombinant molecules to NK cell-based immunotherapy approaches will be discussed.
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50
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Abstract
The germ cell lineage is our lifelong reservoir of reproductive stem cells and our mechanism for transmitting genes to future generations. These highly specialised cells are specified early during development and then migrate to the embryonic gonads where sex differentiation occurs. Germ cell sex differentiation is directed by the somatic gonadal environment and is characterised by two distinct cell cycle states that are maintained until after birth. In the mouse, XY germ cells in a testis cease mitotic proliferation and enter G(1)/G(0) arrest from 12.5 dpc, while XX germ cells in an ovary enter prophase I of meiosis from 13.5 dpc. This chapter discusses the factors known to control proliferation and survival of germ cells during their journey of specification to sex differentiation during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassy M Spiller
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Development, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane QLD 4072, Australia
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