1
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Li G, Shi X, Lin T, Yang G, Rossi M, Badawy G, Zhang Z, Shi J, Qian D, Lu F, Gu L, Wang A, Tong B, Li P, Lyu Z, Liu G, Qu F, Dou Z, Pan D, Zhao J, Zhang Q, Bakkers EPAM, Nowak MP, Wójcik P, Lu L, Shen J. Versatile Method of Engineering the Band Alignment and the Electron Wavefunction Hybridization of Hybrid Quantum Devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2403176. [PMID: 39082207 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202403176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024]
Abstract
Hybrid devices that combine superconductors (S) and semiconductors (Sm) have attracted great attention due to the integration of the properties of both materials, which relies on the interface details and the resulting coupling strength and wavefunction hybridization. However, until now, none of the experiments have reported good control of the band alignment of the interface, as well as its tunability to the coupling and hybridization. Here, the interface is modified by inducing specific argon milling while maintaining its high quality, e.g., atomic connection, which results in a large induced superconducting gap and ballistic transport. By comparing with Schrödinger-Poisson calculations, it is proven that this method can vary the band bending/coupling strength and the electronic spatial distribution. In the strong coupling regime, the coexistence and tunability of crossed Andreev reflection and elastic co-tunneling-key ingredients for the Kitaev chain-are confirmed. This method is also generic for other materials and achieves a hard and huge superconducting gap in lead and indium antimonide nanowire (Pb-InSb) devices. Such a versatile method, compatible with the standard fabrication process and accompanied by the well-controlled modification of the interface, will definitely boost the creation of more sophisticated hybrid devices for exploring physics in solid-state systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoan Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaofan Shi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ting Lin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Marco Rossi
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Ghada Badawy
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Zhiyuan Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jiayu Shi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Degui Qian
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Fang Lu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Lin Gu
- Beijing National Center for Electron Microscopy and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Anqi Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Bingbing Tong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Peiling Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Zhaozheng Lyu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Guangtong Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Fanming Qu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Ziwei Dou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Dong Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. O. Box 912, Beijing, 100083, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Jianhua Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Superlattices and Microstructures, Institute of Semiconductors, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P. O. Box 912, Beijing, 100083, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Erik P A M Bakkers
- Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Michał P Nowak
- AGH University of Krakow, Academic Centre for Materials and Nanotechnology, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, Krakow, 30-059, Poland
| | - Paweł Wójcik
- AGH University of Krakow, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, al. A. Mickiewicza 30, Krakow, 30-059, Poland
| | - Li Lu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, 523808, China
| | - Jie Shen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, 523808, China
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
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2
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Zhong R, Yang Z, Wang Q, Zheng F, Li W, Wu J, Wen C, Chen X, Qi Y, Yan S. Spatially Dependent in-Gap States Induced by Andreev Tunneling through a Single Electronic State. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:8580-8586. [PMID: 38967330 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c01581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
By using low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy (STM/STS), we observe in-gap states induced by Andreev tunneling through a single impurity state in a low carrier density superconductor (NaAlSi). The energy-symmetric in-gap states appear when the impurity state is located within the superconducting gap. In-gap states can cross the Fermi level, and they show X-shaped spatial variation. We interpret the in-gap states as a consequence of the Andreev tunneling through the impurity state, which involves the formation or breakup of a Cooper pair. Due to the low carrier density in NaAlSi, the in-gap state is tunable by controlling the STM tip-sample distance. Under strong external magnetic fields, the impurity state shows Zeeman splitting when it is located near the Fermi level. Our findings not only demonstrate the Andreev tunneling involving single electronic state but also provide new insights for understanding the spatially dependent in-gap states in low carrier density superconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixia Zhong
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Zhongzheng Yang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Qi Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Fanbang Zheng
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Wenhui Li
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Juefei Wu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Chenhaoping Wen
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Low-Dimensional Quantum Physics, Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 10084, China
| | - Yanpeng Qi
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- ShanghaiTech Laboratory for Topological Physics, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of High-resolution Electron Microscopy, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Shichao Yan
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
- ShanghaiTech Laboratory for Topological Physics, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
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3
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Yao Y, Xiang L. Superconducting Quantum Simulation for Many-Body Physics beyond Equilibrium. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 26:592. [PMID: 39056954 PMCID: PMC11275873 DOI: 10.3390/e26070592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Quantum computing is an exciting field that uses quantum principles, such as quantum superposition and entanglement, to tackle complex computational problems. Superconducting quantum circuits, based on Josephson junctions, is one of the most promising physical realizations to achieve the long-term goal of building fault-tolerant quantum computers. The past decade has witnessed the rapid development of this field, where many intermediate-scale multi-qubit experiments emerged to simulate nonequilibrium quantum many-body dynamics that are challenging for classical computers. Here, we review the basic concepts of superconducting quantum simulation and their recent experimental progress in exploring exotic nonequilibrium quantum phenomena emerging in strongly interacting many-body systems, e.g., many-body localization, quantum many-body scars, and discrete time crystals. We further discuss the prospects of quantum simulation experiments to truly solve open problems in nonequilibrium many-body systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyan Yao
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Department of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 311200, China
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4
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Zheng H, Cheung LY, Sangwan N, Kononov A, Haller R, Ridderbos J, Ciaccia C, Ungerer JH, Li A, Bakkers EP, Baumgartner A, Schönenberger C. Coherent Control of a Few-Channel Hole Type Gatemon Qubit. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:7173-7179. [PMID: 38848282 PMCID: PMC11194827 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c00770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Gatemon qubits are the electrically tunable cousins of superconducting transmon qubits. In this work, we demonstrate the full coherent control of a gatemon qubit based on hole carriers in a Ge/Si core/shell nanowire, with the longest coherence times in group IV material gatemons to date. The key to these results is a high-quality Josephson junction obtained using a straightforward and reproducible annealing technique. We demonstrate that the transport through the narrow junction is dominated by only two quantum channels, with transparencies up to unity. This novel qubit platform holds great promise for quantum information applications, not only because it incorporates technologically relevant materials, but also because it provides new opportunities, like an ultrastrong spin-orbit coupling in the few-channel regime of Josephson junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zheng
- Quantum-
and Nanoelectronics Lab, Department of Physics, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Luk Yi Cheung
- Quantum-
and Nanoelectronics Lab, Department of Physics, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Nikunj Sangwan
- Quantum-
and Nanoelectronics Lab, Department of Physics, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Artem Kononov
- Quantum-
and Nanoelectronics Lab, Department of Physics, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Roy Haller
- Quantum-
and Nanoelectronics Lab, Department of Physics, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Joost Ridderbos
- MESA+
Institute for Nanotechnology University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Carlo Ciaccia
- Quantum-
and Nanoelectronics Lab, Department of Physics, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jann Hinnerk Ungerer
- Quantum-
and Nanoelectronics Lab, Department of Physics, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ang Li
- Department
of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University
of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Erik P.A.M. Bakkers
- Department
of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University
of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Baumgartner
- Quantum-
and Nanoelectronics Lab, Department of Physics, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss
Nanoscience Institute, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Schönenberger
- Quantum-
and Nanoelectronics Lab, Department of Physics, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Swiss
Nanoscience Institute, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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5
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Levajac V, Barakov H, Mazur GP, van Loo N, Kouwenhoven LP, Nazarov YV, Wang JY. Supercurrent in the Presence of Direct Transmission and a Resonant Localized State. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:176304. [PMID: 38728734 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.176304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
We study the current-phase relation (CPR) of an InSb-Al nanowire Josephson junction in parallel magnetic fields up to 700 mT. At high magnetic fields and in narrow voltage intervals of a gate under the junction, the CPR exhibits π shifts. The supercurrent declines within these gate intervals and shows asymmetric gate voltage dependence above and below them. We detect these features sometimes also at zero magnetic field. The observed CPR properties are reproduced by a theoretical model of supercurrent transport via interference between direct transmission and a resonant localized state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vukan Levajac
- QuTech and Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Hristo Barakov
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Grzegorz P Mazur
- QuTech and Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Nick van Loo
- QuTech and Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Leo P Kouwenhoven
- QuTech and Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Yuli V Nazarov
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Ji-Yin Wang
- QuTech and Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
- Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, 100193 Beijing, China
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6
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Virtanen P, Heikkilä TT. Nonreciprocal Josephson Linear Response. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:046002. [PMID: 38335348 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.046002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
We consider the finite-frequency response of multiterminal Josephson junctions and show how nonreciprocity in them can show up at linear response, in contrast to the static Josephson diodes featuring nonlinear nonreciprocity. At finite frequencies, the response contains dynamic contributions to the Josephson admittance, featuring the effects of Andreev bound state transitions along with Berry phase effects, and reflecting the breaking of the same symmetries as in Josephson diodes. We show that outside exact Andreev resonances, the junctions feature nonreciprocal reactive response. As a result, the microwave transmission through those systems is nondissipative, and the electromagnetic scattering can approach complete nonreciprocity. Besides providing information about the nature of the weak link energy levels, the nonreciprocity can be utilized to create nondissipative and small-scale on-chip circulators whose operation requires only rather small magnetic fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauli Virtanen
- Department of Physics and Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35 (YFL), FI-40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Tero T Heikkilä
- Department of Physics and Nanoscience Center, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35 (YFL), FI-40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland
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7
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Xu HG, Jin J, Neto GDM, de Almeida NG. Universal quantum Otto heat machine based on the Dicke model. Phys Rev E 2024; 109:014122. [PMID: 38366433 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.109.014122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
In this paper we study a quantum Otto thermal machine where the working substance is composed of N identical qubits coupled to a single mode of a bosonic field, where the atoms and the field interact with a reservoir, as described by the so-called open Dicke model. By controlling the relevant and experimentally accessible parameters of the model we show that it is possible to build a universal quantum heat machine (UQHM) that can function as an engine, refrigerator, heater, or accelerator. The heat and work exchanges are computed taking into account the growth of the number N of atoms as well as the coupling regimes characteristic of the Dicke model for several ratios of temperatures of the two thermal reservoirs. The analysis of quantum features such as entanglement and second-order correlation shows that these quantum resources do not affect either the efficiency or the performance of the UQHM based on the open Dicke model. In addition, we show that the improvement in both efficiency and coefficient of performance of our UQHM occurs for regions around the critical value of the phase transition parameter of the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- He-Guang Xu
- School of Physics, Dalian University of Technology, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Jiasen Jin
- School of Physics, Dalian University of Technology, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - G D M Neto
- Department of Physics, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Norton G de Almeida
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Goiás, 74.001-970, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
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8
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Matsuo S, Imoto T, Yokoyama T, Sato Y, Lindemann T, Gronin S, Gardner GC, Nakosai S, Tanaka Y, Manfra MJ, Tarucha S. Phase-dependent Andreev molecules and superconducting gap closing in coherently-coupled Josephson junctions. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8271. [PMID: 38092786 PMCID: PMC10719386 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44111-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The Josephson junction (JJ) is an essential element of superconducting (SC) devices for both fundamental and applied physics. The short-range coherent coupling of two adjacent JJs forms Andreev molecule states (AMSs), which provide a new ingredient to engineer exotic SC phenomena such as topological SC states and Andreev qubits. Here we provide tunneling spectroscopy measurements on a device consisting of two electrically controllable planar JJs sharing a single SC electrode. We discover that Andreev spectra in the coupled JJ are highly modulated from those in the single JJs and possess phase-dependent AMS features reproduced in our numerical calculation. Notably, the SC gap closing due to the AMS formation is experimentally observed. Our results help in understanding SC transport derived from the AMS and promoting the use of AMS physics to engineer topological SC states and quantum information devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadashige Matsuo
- Center for Emergent Matter Science, RIKEN, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
| | - Takaya Imoto
- Center for Emergent Matter Science, RIKEN, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Applied Physics, Tokyo University of Science, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Yokoyama
- Department of Materials Engineering Science, Osaka University, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan.
| | - Yosuke Sato
- Center for Emergent Matter Science, RIKEN, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Tyler Lindemann
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, IN, 47907, USA
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Sergei Gronin
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Geoffrey C Gardner
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Sho Nakosai
- Department of Applied Physics, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Yukio Tanaka
- Department of Applied Physics, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Michael J Manfra
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, IN, 47907, USA
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, IN, 47907, USA
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, IN, 47907, USA
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Seigo Tarucha
- Center for Emergent Matter Science, RIKEN, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
- RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing, RIKEN, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan.
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9
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Haxell DZ, Coraiola M, Sabonis D, Hinderling M, Ten Kate SC, Cheah E, Krizek F, Schott R, Wegscheider W, Belzig W, Cuevas JC, Nichele F. Microwave-induced conductance replicas in hybrid Josephson junctions without Floquet-Andreev states. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6798. [PMID: 37884490 PMCID: PMC10603169 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42357-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Light-matter coupling allows control and engineering of complex quantum states. Here we investigate a hybrid superconducting-semiconducting Josephson junction subject to microwave irradiation by means of tunnelling spectroscopy of the Andreev bound state spectrum and measurements of the current-phase relation. For increasing microwave power, discrete levels in the tunnelling conductance develop into a series of equally spaced replicas, while the current-phase relation changes amplitude and skewness, and develops dips. Quantitative analysis of our results indicates that conductance replicas originate from photon assisted tunnelling of quasiparticles into Andreev bound states through the tunnelling barrier. Despite strong qualitative similarities with proposed signatures of Floquet-Andreev states, our study rules out this scenario. The distortion of the current-phase relation is explained by the interaction of Andreev bound states with microwave photons, including a non-equilibrium Andreev bound state occupation. The techniques outlined here establish a baseline to study light-matter coupling in hybrid nanostructures and distinguish photon assisted tunnelling from Floquet-Andreev states in mesoscopic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Coraiola
- IBM Research Europe-Zurich, 8803, Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Erik Cheah
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Filip Krizek
- IBM Research Europe-Zurich, 8803, Rüschlikon, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Rüdiger Schott
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Werner Wegscheider
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Wolfgang Belzig
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Konstanz, D-78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Juan Carlos Cuevas
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Konstanz, D-78457, Konstanz, Germany
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049, Madrid, Spain
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10
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Siebrecht J, Huang H, Kot P, Drost R, Padurariu C, Kubala B, Ankerhold J, Cuevas JC, Ast CR. Microwave excitation of atomic scale superconducting bound states. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6794. [PMID: 37880208 PMCID: PMC10600199 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42454-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetic impurities on superconductors lead to bound states within the superconducting gap, so called Yu-Shiba-Rusinov (YSR) states. They are parity protected, which enhances their lifetime, but makes it more difficult to excite them. Here, we realize the excitation of YSR states by microwaves facilitated by the tunnel coupling to another superconducting electrode in a scanning tunneling microscope (STM). We identify the excitation process through a family of anomalous microwave-assisted tunneling peaks originating from a second-order resonant Andreev process, in which the microwave excites the YSR state triggering a tunneling event transferring a total of two charges. We vary the amplitude and the frequency of the microwave to identify the energy threshold and the evolution of this excitation process. Our work sets an experimental basis and proof-of-principle for the manipulation of YSR states using microwaves with an outlook towards YSR qubits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janis Siebrecht
- Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Haonan Huang
- Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Piotr Kot
- Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Robert Drost
- Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ciprian Padurariu
- Institut für Komplexe Quantensysteme and IQST, Universität Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89069, Ulm, Germany
| | - Björn Kubala
- Institut für Komplexe Quantensysteme and IQST, Universität Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89069, Ulm, Germany
- Institute for Quantum Technologies, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Wilhelm-Runge Straße 10, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Joachim Ankerhold
- Institut für Komplexe Quantensysteme and IQST, Universität Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89069, Ulm, Germany
| | - Juan Carlos Cuevas
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Christian R Ast
- Max-Planck-Institut für Festkörperforschung, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany.
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11
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Coraiola M, Haxell DZ, Sabonis D, Weisbrich H, Svetogorov AE, Hinderling M, Ten Kate SC, Cheah E, Krizek F, Schott R, Wegscheider W, Cuevas JC, Belzig W, Nichele F. Phase-engineering the Andreev band structure of a three-terminal Josephson junction. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6784. [PMID: 37880228 PMCID: PMC10600130 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42356-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In hybrid Josephson junctions with three or more superconducting terminals coupled to a semiconducting region, Andreev bound states may form unconventional energy band structures, or Andreev matter, which are engineered by controlling superconducting phase differences. Here we report tunnelling spectroscopy measurements of three-terminal Josephson junctions realised in an InAs/Al heterostructure. The three terminals are connected to form two loops, enabling independent control over two phase differences and access to a synthetic Andreev band structure in the two-dimensional phase space. Our results demonstrate a phase-controlled Andreev molecule, originating from two discrete Andreev levels that spatially overlap and hybridise. Signatures of hybridisation are observed in the form of avoided crossings in the spectrum and band structure anisotropies in the phase space, all explained by a numerical model. Future extensions of this work could focus on addressing spin-resolved energy levels, ground state fermion parity transitions and Weyl bands in multiterminal geometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Coraiola
- IBM Research Europe-Zurich, 8803, Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Hannes Weisbrich
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Konstanz, D-78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Erik Cheah
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Filip Krizek
- IBM Research Europe-Zurich, 8803, Rüschlikon, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 162 00, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Rüdiger Schott
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Werner Wegscheider
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Juan Carlos Cuevas
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Wolfgang Belzig
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Konstanz, D-78457, Konstanz, Germany
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12
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Haxell D, Coraiola M, Sabonis D, Hinderling M, ten Kate SC, Cheah E, Krizek F, Schott R, Wegscheider W, Nichele F. Zeeman- and Orbital-Driven Phase Shifts in Planar Josephson Junctions. ACS NANO 2023; 17:18139-18147. [PMID: 37694539 PMCID: PMC10540266 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c04957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
We perform supercurrent and tunneling spectroscopy measurements on gate-tunable InAs/Al Josephson junctions (JJs) in an in-plane magnetic field and report on phase shifts in the current-phase relation measured with respect to an absolute phase reference. The impact of orbital effects is investigated by studying multiple devices with different superconducting lead sizes. At low fields, we observe gate-dependent phase shifts of up to φ0 = 0.5π, which are consistent with a Zeeman field coupling to highly transmissive Andreev bound states via Rashba spin-orbit interaction. A distinct phase shift emerges at larger fields, concomitant with a switching current minimum and the closing and reopening of the superconducting gap. These signatures of an induced phase transition, which might resemble a topological transition, scale with the superconducting lead size, demonstrating the crucial role of orbital effects. Our results elucidate the interplay of Zeeman, spin-orbit, and orbital effects in InAs/Al JJs, giving improved understanding of phase transitions in hybrid JJs and their applications in quantum computing and superconducting electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Coraiola
- IBM
Research Europe−Zurich, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Erik Cheah
- Laboratory
for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Filip Krizek
- IBM
Research Europe−Zurich, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
- Laboratory
for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
- Institute
of Physics, Czech Academy of Sciences, 162 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Rüdiger Schott
- Laboratory
for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Werner Wegscheider
- Laboratory
for Solid State Physics, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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13
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Lahiri A, Choi SJ, Trauzettel B. Nonequilibrium Fractional Josephson Effect. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:126301. [PMID: 37802950 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.126301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Josephson tunnel junctions exhibit a supercurrent typically proportional to the sine of the superconducting phase difference ϕ. In general, a term proportional to cos(ϕ) is also present, alongside microscopic electronic retardation effects. We show that voltage pulses sharply varying in time prompt a significant impact of the cos(ϕ) term. Its interplay with the sin(ϕ) term results in a nonequilibrium fractional Josephson effect (NFJE) ∼sin(ϕ/2) in the presence of bound states close to zero frequency. Our microscopic analysis reveals that the interference of nonequilibrium virtual quasiparticle excitations is responsible for this phenomenon. We also analyze this phenomenon for topological Josephson junctions with Majorana bound states. Remarkably, the NFJE is independent of the ground state fermion parity unlike its equilibrium counterpart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aritra Lahiri
- Institute for Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics, University of Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sang-Jun Choi
- Institute for Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics, University of Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Björn Trauzettel
- Institute for Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics, University of Würzburg, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Würzburg-Dresden Cluster of Excellence ct.qmat, Germany
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14
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Wesdorp JJ, Grünhaupt L, Vaartjes A, Pita-Vidal M, Bargerbos A, Splitthoff LJ, Krogstrup P, van Heck B, de Lange G. Dynamical Polarization of the Fermion Parity in a Nanowire Josephson Junction. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:117001. [PMID: 37774257 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.117001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Josephson junctions in InAs nanowires proximitized with an Al shell can host gate-tunable Andreev bound states. Depending on the bound state occupation, the fermion parity of the junction can be even or odd. Coherent control of Andreev bound states has recently been achieved within each parity sector, but it is impeded by incoherent parity switches due to excess quasiparticles in the superconducting environment. Here, we show that we can polarize the fermion parity dynamically using microwave pulses by embedding the junction in a superconducting LC resonator. We demonstrate polarization up to 94%±1% (89%±1%) for the even (odd) parity as verified by single shot parity readout. Finally, we apply this scheme to probe the flux-dependent transition spectrum of the even or odd parity sector selectively, without any postprocessing or heralding.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Wesdorp
- QuTech and Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CJ, Delft, Netherlands
| | - L Grünhaupt
- QuTech and Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CJ, Delft, Netherlands
| | - A Vaartjes
- QuTech and Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CJ, Delft, Netherlands
| | - M Pita-Vidal
- QuTech and Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CJ, Delft, Netherlands
| | - A Bargerbos
- QuTech and Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CJ, Delft, Netherlands
| | - L J Splitthoff
- QuTech and Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CJ, Delft, Netherlands
| | - P Krogstrup
- NNF Quantum Computing Programme, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - B van Heck
- Microsoft Quantum Lab Delft, 2628 CJ, Delft, Netherlands
- Leiden Institute of Physics, Universiteit Leiden, Niels Bohrweg 2, 2333 CA Leiden, Netherlands
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 2, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - G de Lange
- Microsoft Quantum Lab Delft, 2628 CJ, Delft, Netherlands
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15
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Trivini S, Ortuzar J, Vaxevani K, Li J, Bergeret FS, Cazalilla MA, Pascual JI. Cooper Pair Excitation Mediated by a Molecular Quantum Spin on a Superconducting Proximitized Gold Film. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:136004. [PMID: 37067302 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.136004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Breaking a correlated pair in a superconductor requires an even number of fermions providing at least twice the pairing energy Δ. Here, we show that a single tunneling electron can also excite a pair breaking excitation in a proximitized gold film in the presence of magnetic impurities. Combining scanning tunneling spectroscopy with theoretical modeling, we map the excitation spectrum of an Fe-porphyrin molecule on the Au/V(100) proximitized surface into a manifold of entangled Yu-Shiba-Rusinov and spin excitations. Pair excitations emerge in the tunneling spectra as peaks outside the spectral gap only in the strong coupling regime, where the presence of a bound quasiparticle in the ground state ensures the even fermion parity of the excitation. Our results unravel the quantum nature of magnetic impurities on superconductors and demonstrate that pair excitations unequivocally reveal the parity of the ground state.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jon Ortuzar
- CIC nanoGUNE-BRTA, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | | | - Jingchen Li
- CIC nanoGUNE-BRTA, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- School of Physics, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - F Sebastian Bergeret
- Centro de Física de Materiales (CFM-MPC) Centro Mixto CSIC-UPV/EHU, E-20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Miguel A Cazalilla
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Jose Ignacio Pascual
- CIC nanoGUNE-BRTA, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
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16
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Haxell DZ, Cheah E, Křížek F, Schott R, Ritter MF, Hinderling M, Belzig W, Bruder C, Wegscheider W, Riel H, Nichele F. Measurements of Phase Dynamics in Planar Josephson Junctions and SQUIDs. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:087002. [PMID: 36898094 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.087002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally investigate the stochastic phase dynamics of planar Josephson junctions (JJs) and superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs) defined in epitaxial InAs/Al heterostructures, and characterized by a large ratio of Josephson energy to charging energy. We observe a crossover from a regime of macroscopic quantum tunneling to one of phase diffusion as a function of temperature, where the transition temperature T^{*} is gate-tunable. The switching probability distributions are shown to be consistent with a small shunt capacitance and moderate damping, resulting in a switching current which is a small fraction of the critical current. Phase locking between two JJs leads to a difference in switching current between that of a JJ measured in isolation and that of the same JJ measured in an asymmetric SQUID loop. In the case of the loop, T^{*} is also tuned by a magnetic flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Z Haxell
- IBM Research Europe-Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - E Cheah
- Solid State Physics Laboratory, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - F Křížek
- IBM Research Europe-Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
- Solid State Physics Laboratory, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - R Schott
- Solid State Physics Laboratory, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M F Ritter
- IBM Research Europe-Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - M Hinderling
- IBM Research Europe-Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - W Belzig
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - C Bruder
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - W Wegscheider
- Solid State Physics Laboratory, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - H Riel
- IBM Research Europe-Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - F Nichele
- IBM Research Europe-Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
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17
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Rieger D, Günzler S, Spiecker M, Paluch P, Winkel P, Hahn L, Hohmann JK, Bacher A, Wernsdorfer W, Pop IM. Granular aluminium nanojunction fluxonium qubit. NATURE MATERIALS 2023; 22:194-199. [PMID: 36482206 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-022-01417-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Mesoscopic Josephson junctions, consisting of overlapping superconducting electrodes separated by a nanometre-thin oxide layer, provide a precious source of nonlinearity for superconducting quantum circuits. Here we show that in a fluxonium qubit, the role of the Josephson junction can also be played by a lithographically defined, self-structured granular aluminium nanojunction: a superconductor-insulator-superconductor Josephson junction obtained in a single-layer, zero-angle evaporation. The measured spectrum of the resulting qubit, which we nickname gralmonium, is indistinguishable from that of a standard fluxonium. Remarkably, the lack of a mesoscopic parallel plate capacitor gives rise to an intrinsically large granular aluminium nanojunction charging energy in the range of tens of gigahertz, comparable to its Josephson energy. We measure coherence times in the microsecond range and we observe spontaneous jumps of the value of the Josephson energy on timescales from milliseconds to days, which offers a powerful diagnostics tool for microscopic defects in superconducting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Rieger
- Physikalisches Institut, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - S Günzler
- Physikalisches Institut, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute for Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - M Spiecker
- Physikalisches Institut, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - P Paluch
- Physikalisches Institut, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute for Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - P Winkel
- Physikalisches Institut, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute for Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - L Hahn
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - J K Hohmann
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - A Bacher
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - W Wernsdorfer
- Physikalisches Institut, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute for Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - I M Pop
- Physikalisches Institut, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany.
- Institute for Quantum Materials and Technologies, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
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18
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Arrachea L. Energy dynamics, heat production and heat-work conversion with qubits: toward the development of quantum machines. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2023; 86:036501. [PMID: 36603220 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/acb06b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We present an overview of recent advances in the study of energy dynamics and mechanisms for energy conversion in qubit systems with special focus on realizations in superconducting quantum circuits. We briefly introduce the relevant theoretical framework to analyze heat generation, energy transport and energy conversion in these systems with and without time-dependent driving considering the effect of equilibrium and non-equilibrium environments. We analyze specific problems and mechanisms under current investigation in the context of qubit systems. These include the problem of energy dissipation and possible routes for its control, energy pumping between driving sources and heat pumping between reservoirs, implementation of thermal machines and mechanisms for energy storage. We highlight the underlying fundamental phenomena related to geometrical and topological properties, as well as many-body correlations. We also present an overview of recent experimental activity in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Arrachea
- Escuela de Ciencia y Tecnología and ICIFI, Universidad de San Martín, Av. 25 de Mayo y Francia, 1650 Buenos Aires, Argentina
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19
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Fatemi V, Kurilovich PD, Hays M, Bouman D, Connolly T, Diamond S, Frattini NE, Kurilovich VD, Krogstrup P, Nygård J, Geresdi A, Glazman LI, Devoret MH. Microwave Susceptibility Observation of Interacting Many-Body Andreev States. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:227701. [PMID: 36493424 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.227701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Electrostatic charging affects the many-body spectrum of Andreev states, yet its influence on their microwave properties has not been elucidated. We developed a circuit quantum electrodynamics probe that, in addition to transition spectroscopy, measures the microwave susceptibility of different states of a semiconductor nanowire weak link with a single dominant (spin-degenerate) Andreev level. We found that the microwave susceptibility does not exhibit a particle-hole symmetry, which we qualitatively explain as an influence of Coulomb interaction. Moreover, our state-selective measurement reveals a large, π-phase shifted contribution to the response common to all many-body states which can be interpreted as arising from a phase-dependent continuum in the superconducting density of states.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Fatemi
- Departments of Physics and Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - P D Kurilovich
- Departments of Physics and Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - M Hays
- Departments of Physics and Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - D Bouman
- QuTech and Delft University of Technology, 2600 GA Delft, Netherlands
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2600 GA Delft, Netherlands
| | - T Connolly
- Departments of Physics and Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - S Diamond
- Departments of Physics and Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - N E Frattini
- Departments of Physics and Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - V D Kurilovich
- Departments of Physics and Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - P Krogstrup
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J Nygård
- Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A Geresdi
- QuTech and Delft University of Technology, 2600 GA Delft, Netherlands
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2600 GA Delft, Netherlands
- Quantum Device Physics Laboratory, Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience, Chalmers University of Technology, SE 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - L I Glazman
- Departments of Physics and Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - M H Devoret
- Departments of Physics and Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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20
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Matute-Cañadas FJ, Metzger C, Park S, Tosi L, Krogstrup P, Nygård J, Goffman MF, Urbina C, Pothier H, Yeyati AL. Signatures of Interactions in the Andreev Spectrum of Nanowire Josephson Junctions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:197702. [PMID: 35622049 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.197702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We performed microwave spectroscopy of an InAs nanowire between superconducting contacts implementing a finite-length, multichannel Josephson weak link. Certain features in the spectra, such as the splitting by spin-orbit interactions of the transition lines among Andreev states, have been already understood in terms of noninteracting models. However, we identify here additional transitions, which evidence the presence of Coulomb interactions. By combining experimental measurements and model calculations, we reach a qualitative understanding of these very rich Andreev spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Matute-Cañadas
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada, Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC) and Instituto Nicolás Cabrera, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - C Metzger
- Quantronics group, Service de Physique de l'État Condensé (CNRS, UMR 3680), IRAMIS, CEA-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Sunghun Park
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada, Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC) and Instituto Nicolás Cabrera, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - L Tosi
- Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro, CNEA, CONICET, 8400 San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - P Krogstrup
- Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J Nygård
- Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M F Goffman
- Quantronics group, Service de Physique de l'État Condensé (CNRS, UMR 3680), IRAMIS, CEA-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - C Urbina
- Quantronics group, Service de Physique de l'État Condensé (CNRS, UMR 3680), IRAMIS, CEA-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - H Pothier
- Quantronics group, Service de Physique de l'État Condensé (CNRS, UMR 3680), IRAMIS, CEA-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - A Levy Yeyati
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada, Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC) and Instituto Nicolás Cabrera, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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21
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Ritter M, Schmid H, Sousa M, Staudinger P, Haxell DZ, Mueed MA, Madon B, Pushp A, Riel H, Nichele F. Semiconductor Epitaxy in Superconducting Templates. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:9922-9929. [PMID: 34788993 PMCID: PMC8662718 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c03133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Integration of high-quality semiconductor-superconductor devices into scalable and complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor compatible architectures remains an outstanding challenge, currently hindering their practical implementation. Here, we demonstrate growth of InAs nanowires monolithically integrated on Si inside lateral cavities containing superconducting TiN elements. This technique allows growth of hybrid devices characterized by sharp semiconductor-superconductor interfaces and with alignment along arbitrary crystallographic directions. Electrical characterization at low temperature reveals proximity induced superconductivity in InAs via a transparent interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus
F. Ritter
- IBM
Research Europe, Säumerstrasse
4, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - Heinz Schmid
- IBM
Research Europe, Säumerstrasse
4, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - Marilyne Sousa
- IBM
Research Europe, Säumerstrasse
4, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | | | - Daniel Z. Haxell
- IBM
Research Europe, Säumerstrasse
4, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - M. A. Mueed
- IBM
Almaden Research Center, San Jose, California 95120, United States
| | - Benjamin Madon
- IBM
Almaden Research Center, San Jose, California 95120, United States
| | - Aakash Pushp
- IBM
Almaden Research Center, San Jose, California 95120, United States
| | - Heike Riel
- IBM
Research Europe, Säumerstrasse
4, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - Fabrizio Nichele
- IBM
Research Europe, Säumerstrasse
4, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
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22
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Kürtössy O, Scherübl Z, Fülöp G, Lukács IE, Kanne T, Nygård J, Makk P, Csonka S. Andreev Molecule in Parallel InAs Nanowires. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:7929-7937. [PMID: 34538054 PMCID: PMC8517978 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c01956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Coupling individual atoms fundamentally changes the state of matter: electrons bound to atomic cores become delocalized turning an insulating state to a metallic one. A chain of atoms could lead to more exotic states if the tunneling takes place via the superconducting vacuum and can induce topologically protected excitations like Majorana or parafermions. Although coupling a single atom to a superconductor is well studied, the hybridization of two sites with individual tunability was not reported yet. The peculiar vacuum of the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) condensate opens the way to annihilate or generate two electrons from the bulk resulting in a so-called Andreev molecular state. By employing parallel nanowires with an Al shell, two artificial atoms were created at a minimal distance with an epitaxial superconducting link between. Hybridization via the BCS vacuum was observed and the spectrum of an Andreev molecule as a function of level positions was explored for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivér Kürtössy
- Department
of Physics and Nanoelectronics “Momentum” Research Group
of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest
University of Technology and Economics, Budafoki út 8, 1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Scherübl
- Department
of Physics and Nanoelectronics “Momentum” Research Group
of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest
University of Technology and Economics, Budafoki út 8, 1111 Budapest, Hungary
- University
of Grenoble Alpes, CEA, Grenoble INP, IRIG, PHELIQS, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Gergö Fülöp
- Department
of Physics and Nanoelectronics “Momentum” Research Group
of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest
University of Technology and Economics, Budafoki út 8, 1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - István Endre Lukács
- Center
for Energy Research, Institute of Technical
Physics and Material Science, Konkoly-Thege Miklós út 29-33, H-1121, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Thomas Kanne
- Center
for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper Nygård
- Center
for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Péter Makk
- Department
of Physics and Nanoelectronics “Momentum” Research Group
of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest
University of Technology and Economics, Budafoki út 8, 1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szabolcs Csonka
- Department
of Physics and Nanoelectronics “Momentum” Research Group
of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest
University of Technology and Economics, Budafoki út 8, 1111 Budapest, Hungary
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23
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Hays M, Fatemi V, Bouman D, Cerrillo J, Diamond S, Serniak K, Connolly T, Krogstrup P, Nygård J, Levy Yeyati A, Geresdi A, Devoret MH. Coherent manipulation of an Andreev spin qubit. Science 2021; 373:430-433. [PMID: 34437115 DOI: 10.1126/science.abf0345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Two promising architectures for solid-state quantum information processing are based on electron spins electrostatically confined in semiconductor quantum dots and the collective electrodynamic modes of superconducting circuits. Superconducting electrodynamic qubits involve macroscopic numbers of electrons and offer the advantage of larger coupling, whereas semiconductor spin qubits involve individual electrons trapped in microscopic volumes but are more difficult to link. We combined beneficial aspects of both platforms in the Andreev spin qubit: the spin degree of freedom of an electronic quasiparticle trapped in the supercurrent-carrying Andreev levels of a Josephson semiconductor nanowire. We performed coherent spin manipulation by combining single-shot circuit-quantum-electrodynamics readout and spin-flipping Raman transitions and found a spin-flip time T S = 17 microseconds and a spin coherence time T 2E = 52 nanoseconds. These results herald a regime of supercurrent-mediated coherent spin-photon coupling at the single-quantum level.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hays
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - V Fatemi
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - D Bouman
- QuTech and Delft University of Technology, 2600 GA Delft, Netherlands.,Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2600 GA Delft, Netherlands
| | - J Cerrillo
- Área de Física Aplicada, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, E-30202 Cartagena, Spain.,Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada C-V, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - S Diamond
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - K Serniak
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - T Connolly
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - P Krogstrup
- Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J Nygård
- Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A Levy Yeyati
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada C-V, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain.,Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC) and Instituto Nicolás Cabrera, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - A Geresdi
- QuTech and Delft University of Technology, 2600 GA Delft, Netherlands.,Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2600 GA Delft, Netherlands.,Quantum Device Physics Laboratory, Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience, Chalmers University of Technology, SE 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - M H Devoret
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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24
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Wendin G, Shumeiko V. Coherent manipulation of a spin qubit. Science 2021; 373:390-391. [PMID: 34437104 DOI: 10.1126/science.abk0929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Göran Wendin
- Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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25
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Valentini M, Peñaranda F, Hofmann A, Brauns M, Hauschild R, Krogstrup P, San-Jose P, Prada E, Aguado R, Katsaros G. Nontopological zero-bias peaks in full-shell nanowires induced by flux-tunable Andreev states. Science 2021; 373:82-88. [PMID: 34210881 DOI: 10.1126/science.abf1513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
A semiconducting nanowire fully wrapped by a superconducting shell has been proposed as a platform for obtaining Majorana modes at small magnetic fields. In this study, we demonstrate that the appearance of subgap states in such structures is actually governed by the junction region in tunneling spectroscopy measurements and not the full-shell nanowire itself. Short tunneling regions never show subgap states, whereas longer junctions always do. This can be understood in terms of quantum dots forming in the junction and hosting Andreev levels in the Yu-Shiba-Rusinov regime. The intricate magnetic field dependence of the Andreev levels, through both the Zeeman and Little-Parks effects, may result in robust zero-bias peaks-features that could be easily misinterpreted as originating from Majorana zero modes but are unrelated to topological superconductivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Valentini
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria.
| | - Fernando Peñaranda
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea Hofmann
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Matthias Brauns
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Robert Hauschild
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Peter Krogstrup
- Microsoft Quantum Materials Lab and Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Kanalvej 7, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Pablo San-Jose
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Elsa Prada
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC) and Instituto Nicolás Cabrera, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ramón Aguado
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid (ICMM), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Georgios Katsaros
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria.
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26
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Cardani L, Valenti F, Casali N, Catelani G, Charpentier T, Clemenza M, Colantoni I, Cruciani A, D'Imperio G, Gironi L, Grünhaupt L, Gusenkova D, Henriques F, Lagoin M, Martinez M, Pettinari G, Rusconi C, Sander O, Tomei C, Ustinov AV, Weber M, Wernsdorfer W, Vignati M, Pirro S, Pop IM. Reducing the impact of radioactivity on quantum circuits in a deep-underground facility. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2733. [PMID: 33980835 PMCID: PMC8115287 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23032-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
As quantum coherence times of superconducting circuits have increased from nanoseconds to hundreds of microseconds, they are currently one of the leading platforms for quantum information processing. However, coherence needs to further improve by orders of magnitude to reduce the prohibitive hardware overhead of current error correction schemes. Reaching this goal hinges on reducing the density of broken Cooper pairs, so-called quasiparticles. Here, we show that environmental radioactivity is a significant source of nonequilibrium quasiparticles. Moreover, ionizing radiation introduces time-correlated quasiparticle bursts in resonators on the same chip, further complicating quantum error correction. Operating in a deep-underground lead-shielded cryostat decreases the quasiparticle burst rate by a factor thirty and reduces dissipation up to a factor four, showcasing the importance of radiation abatement in future solid-state quantum hardware.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - F Valenti
- PHI, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
- IPE, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - N Casali
- INFN Sezione di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - G Catelani
- JARA Institute for Quantum Information, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - T Charpentier
- PHI, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M Clemenza
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Milano - Bicocca, Milano, Italy
- INFN Sezione di Milano - Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - I Colantoni
- INFN Sezione di Roma, Roma, Italy
- Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, c/o Dip. Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | | | | | - L Gironi
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Milano - Bicocca, Milano, Italy
- INFN Sezione di Milano - Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - L Grünhaupt
- PHI, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - D Gusenkova
- PHI, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - F Henriques
- PHI, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M Lagoin
- PHI, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M Martinez
- Fundación ARAID and Centro de Astropartículas y Física de Altas Energías, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - G Pettinari
- Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies, National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - C Rusconi
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi, Italy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of South Carolina, Columbia, USA
| | - O Sander
- IPE, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - C Tomei
- INFN Sezione di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - A V Ustinov
- PHI, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
- National University of Science and Technology MISIS, Moscow, Russia
- Russian Quantum Center, Skolkovo, Moscow, Russia
| | - M Weber
- IPE, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - W Wernsdorfer
- PHI, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
- IQMT, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institut Néel, CNRS and Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
| | - M Vignati
- INFN Sezione di Roma, Roma, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - S Pirro
- INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso, Assergi, Italy
| | - I M Pop
- PHI, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany.
- IQMT, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
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27
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Kringhøj A, Winkler GW, Larsen TW, Sabonis D, Erlandsson O, Krogstrup P, van Heck B, Petersson KD, Marcus CM. Andreev Modes from Phase Winding in a Full-Shell Nanowire-Based Transmon. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2021; 126:047701. [PMID: 33576664 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.126.047701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We investigate transmon qubits made from semiconductor nanowires with a fully surrounding superconducting shell. In the regime of reentrant superconductivity associated with the destructive Little-Parks effect, numerous coherent transitions are observed in the first reentrant lobe, where the shell carries 2π winding of superconducting phase, and are absent in the zeroth lobe. As junction density was increased by gate voltage, qubit coherence was suppressed then lost in the first lobe. These observations and numerical simulations highlight the role of winding-induced Andreev states in the junction.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kringhøj
- Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Microsoft Quantum Lab-Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - G W Winkler
- Microsoft Quantum, Station Q, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-6105, USA
| | - T W Larsen
- Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Microsoft Quantum Lab-Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - D Sabonis
- Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Microsoft Quantum Lab-Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - O Erlandsson
- Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Microsoft Quantum Lab-Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - P Krogstrup
- Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Microsoft Quantum Materials Lab-Copenhagen, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - B van Heck
- Microsoft Quantum Lab Delft, Delft University of Technology, 2600 GA Delft, Netherlands
| | - K D Petersson
- Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Microsoft Quantum Lab-Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - C M Marcus
- Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Microsoft Quantum Lab-Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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28
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Nyáry A, Gubicza A, Overbeck J, Pósa L, Makk P, Calame M, Halbritter A, Csontos M. A non-oxidizing fabrication method for lithographic break junctions of sensitive metals. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2020; 2:3829-3833. [PMID: 36132792 PMCID: PMC9419795 DOI: 10.1039/d0na00498g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemically active metals offer advanced functionalities with respect to the well-established gold electrode arrangements in various electronic transport experiments on atomic scale objects. Such functionalities can arise from stronger interactions with the leads which provide better coupling to specific molecules and may also facilitate metallic filament formation in atomic switches. However, the higher reactivity of the electrode metal also imposes challenges in the fabrication and reliability of nanometer scale platforms, limiting the number of reported applications. Here we present a high-yield lithographic fabrication procedure suitable to extend the experimental toolkit with mechanically controllable break junctions of oxygen sensitive metallic electrodes. We fabricate and characterize silver break junctions exhibiting single-atomic conductance and superior mechanical and electrical stability at room temperature. As a proof-of-principle application, we demonstrate resistive switching between metastable few-atom configurations at finite voltage bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Nyáry
- Department of Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics Budafoki út 8 1111 Budapest Hungary
- MTA-BME Condensed Matter Research Group Budafoki út 8 1111 Budapest Hungary
| | - Agnes Gubicza
- Department of Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics Budafoki út 8 1111 Budapest Hungary
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Transport at Nanoscale Interfaces Laboratory Überlandstrasse 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
| | - Jan Overbeck
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Transport at Nanoscale Interfaces Laboratory Überlandstrasse 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
- Swiss Nanoscience Institute, University of Basel Klingelbergstrasse 82 CH-4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - László Pósa
- Department of Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics Budafoki út 8 1111 Budapest Hungary
- Institute of Technical Physics and Materials Science, Centre for Energy Research Konkoly-Thege M. út 29-33 1121 Budapest Hungary
| | - Péter Makk
- Department of Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics Budafoki út 8 1111 Budapest Hungary
- Department of Physics, University of Basel Klingelbergstrasse 82 CH-4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Michel Calame
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Transport at Nanoscale Interfaces Laboratory Überlandstrasse 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
- Swiss Nanoscience Institute, University of Basel Klingelbergstrasse 82 CH-4056 Basel Switzerland
- Department of Physics, University of Basel Klingelbergstrasse 82 CH-4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - András Halbritter
- Department of Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics Budafoki út 8 1111 Budapest Hungary
- MTA-BME Condensed Matter Research Group Budafoki út 8 1111 Budapest Hungary
| | - Miklós Csontos
- Department of Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics Budafoki út 8 1111 Budapest Hungary
- Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Transport at Nanoscale Interfaces Laboratory Überlandstrasse 129 CH-8600 Dübendorf Switzerland
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29
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Park S, Metzger C, Tosi L, Goffman MF, Urbina C, Pothier H, Yeyati AL. From Adiabatic to Dispersive Readout of Quantum Circuits. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 125:077701. [PMID: 32857526 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.125.077701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Spectral properties of a quantum circuit are efficiently read out by monitoring the resonance frequency shift it induces in a microwave resonator coupled to it. When the two systems are strongly detuned, theory attributes the shift to an effective resonator capacitance or inductance that depends on the quantum circuit state. At small detuning, the shift arises from the exchange of virtual photons, as described by the Jaynes-Cummings model. Here we present a theory bridging these two limits and illustrate, with several examples, its necessity for a general description of quantum circuits readout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunghun Park
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada, Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - C Metzger
- Quantronics group, Service de Physique de l'État Condensé (CNRS, UMR 3680), IRAMIS, CEA-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - L Tosi
- Quantronics group, Service de Physique de l'État Condensé (CNRS, UMR 3680), IRAMIS, CEA-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Centro Atómico Bariloche and Instituto Balseiro, CNEA, CONICET, 8400 San Carlos de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - M F Goffman
- Quantronics group, Service de Physique de l'État Condensé (CNRS, UMR 3680), IRAMIS, CEA-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - C Urbina
- Quantronics group, Service de Physique de l'État Condensé (CNRS, UMR 3680), IRAMIS, CEA-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - H Pothier
- Quantronics group, Service de Physique de l'État Condensé (CNRS, UMR 3680), IRAMIS, CEA-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - A Levy Yeyati
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada, Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Nicolás Cabrera, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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30
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Kringhøj A, van Heck B, Larsen TW, Erlandsson O, Sabonis D, Krogstrup P, Casparis L, Petersson KD, Marcus CM. Suppressed Charge Dispersion via Resonant Tunneling in a Single-Channel Transmon. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:246803. [PMID: 32639819 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.246803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate strong suppression of charge dispersion in a semiconductor-based transmon qubit across Josephson resonances associated with a quantum dot in the junction. On resonance, dispersion is drastically reduced compared to conventional transmons with corresponding Josephson and charging energies. We develop a model of qubit dispersion for a single-channel resonance, which is in quantitative agreement with experimental data.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kringhøj
- Microsoft Quantum Lab Copenhagen and Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - B van Heck
- Microsoft Quantum, Station Q, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106-6105, USA
- Microsoft Quantum Lab Delft, Delft University of Technology, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - T W Larsen
- Microsoft Quantum Lab Copenhagen and Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - O Erlandsson
- Microsoft Quantum Lab Copenhagen and Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - D Sabonis
- Microsoft Quantum Lab Copenhagen and Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - P Krogstrup
- Microsoft Quantum Lab Copenhagen and Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Microsoft Quantum Materials Lab Copenhagen, Kanalvej 7, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - L Casparis
- Microsoft Quantum Lab Copenhagen and Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - K D Petersson
- Microsoft Quantum Lab Copenhagen and Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - C M Marcus
- Microsoft Quantum Lab Copenhagen and Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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31
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Nichele F, Portolés E, Fornieri A, Whiticar AM, Drachmann ACC, Gronin S, Wang T, Gardner GC, Thomas C, Hatke AT, Manfra MJ, Marcus CM. Relating Andreev Bound States and Supercurrents in Hybrid Josephson Junctions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:226801. [PMID: 32567899 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.226801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate concomitant measurement of phase-dependent critical current and Andreev bound state spectrum in a highly transmissive InAs Josephson junction embedded in a dc superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID). Tunneling spectroscopy reveals Andreev bound states with near unity transmission probability. A nonsinusoidal current-phase relation is derived from the Andreev spectrum, showing excellent agreement with the one extracted from the SQUID critical current. Both measurements are reconciled within a short junction model where multiple Andreev bound states, with various transmission probabilities, contribute to the entire supercurrent flowing in the junction.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Nichele
- Center for Quantum Devices and Microsoft Quantum Lab-Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- IBM Research-Zurich, Säumerstrasse 4, 8803 Rüschlikon, Switzerland
| | - E Portolés
- Center for Quantum Devices and Microsoft Quantum Lab-Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A Fornieri
- Center for Quantum Devices and Microsoft Quantum Lab-Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A M Whiticar
- Center for Quantum Devices and Microsoft Quantum Lab-Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A C C Drachmann
- Center for Quantum Devices and Microsoft Quantum Lab-Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S Gronin
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Microsoft Quantum Purdue, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - T Wang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - G C Gardner
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Microsoft Quantum Purdue, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - C Thomas
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - A T Hatke
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - M J Manfra
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Microsoft Quantum Purdue, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - C M Marcus
- Center for Quantum Devices and Microsoft Quantum Lab-Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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32
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Klees RL, Rastelli G, Cuevas JC, Belzig W. Microwave Spectroscopy Reveals the Quantum Geometric Tensor of Topological Josephson Matter. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2020; 124:197002. [PMID: 32469576 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.124.197002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Quantization effects due to topological invariants such as Chern numbers have become very relevant in many systems, yet key quantities such as the quantum geometric tensor providing local information about quantum states remain experimentally difficult to access. Recently, it has been shown that multiterminal Josephson junctions constitute an ideal platform to synthesize topological systems in a controlled manner. We theoretically study properties of Andreev states in topological Josephson matter and demonstrate that the quantum geometric tensor of Andreev states can be extracted by synthetically polarized microwaves. The oscillator strength of the absorption rates provides direct evidence of topological quantum properties of the Andreev states.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Klees
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - G Rastelli
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
- Zukunftskolleg, Universität Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - J C Cuevas
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada and Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - W Belzig
- Fachbereich Physik, Universität Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
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Large spatial extension of the zero-energy Yu-Shiba-Rusinov state in a magnetic field. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1834. [PMID: 32286260 PMCID: PMC7156378 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15322-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Various promising qubit concepts have been put forward recently based on engineered superconductor subgap states like Andreev bound states, Majorana zero modes or the Yu-Shiba-Rusinov (Shiba) states. The coupling of these subgap states via a superconductor strongly depends on their spatial extension and is an essential next step for future quantum technologies. Here we investigate the spatial extension of a Shiba state in a semiconductor quantum dot coupled to a superconductor. With detailed transport measurements and numerical renormalization group calculations we find a remarkable more than 50 nm extension of the zero energy Shiba state, much larger than the one observed in very recent scanning tunneling microscopy measurements. Moreover, we demonstrate that its spatial extension increases substantially in a magnetic field. Local magnetic moments coupled to superconductors can form subgap Yu-Shiba-Rusinov states. Here the authors show that Shiba states made with an InAs nanowire quantum dot have large spatial extent, which is beneficial for making Shiba chains that are predicted to host Majorana zero modes.
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34
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Pillet JD, Benzoni V, Griesmar J, Smirr JL, Girit ÇÖ. Nonlocal Josephson Effect in Andreev Molecules. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:7138-7143. [PMID: 31465232 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b02686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We propose the "Andreev molecule," an artificial quantum system composed of two closely spaced Josephson junctions. The coupling between Josephson junctions in an Andreev molecule occurs through the overlap and hybridization of the junction's "atomic" orbitals, Andreev Bound States. A striking consequence is that the supercurrent flowing through one junction depends on the superconducting phase difference across the other junction. Using the Bogolubiov-de-Gennes formalism, we derive the energy spectrum and nonlocal current-phase relation for arbitrary separation. We demonstrate the possibility of creating a φ-junction and propose experiments to verify our predictions. Andreev molecules may have potential applications in quantum information, metrology, sensing, and molecular simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-D Pillet
- Φ0, JEIP, USR 3573 CNRS , Collège de France, PSL University , 11, place Marcelin Berthelot, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
- LSI, CEA/DRF/IRAMIS , Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, Institut Polytechnique de Paris , F-91128 Palaiseau , France
| | - V Benzoni
- Φ0, JEIP, USR 3573 CNRS , Collège de France, PSL University , 11, place Marcelin Berthelot, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - J Griesmar
- Φ0, JEIP, USR 3573 CNRS , Collège de France, PSL University , 11, place Marcelin Berthelot, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - J-L Smirr
- Φ0, JEIP, USR 3573 CNRS , Collège de France, PSL University , 11, place Marcelin Berthelot, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Ç Ö Girit
- Φ0, JEIP, USR 3573 CNRS , Collège de France, PSL University , 11, place Marcelin Berthelot, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
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35
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Lee S, Stanev V, Zhang X, Stasak D, Flowers J, Higgins JS, Dai S, Blum T, Pan X, Yakovenko VM, Paglione J, Greene RL, Galitski V, Takeuchi I. Perfect Andreev reflection due to the Klein paradox in a topological superconducting state. Nature 2019; 570:344-348. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1305-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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36
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Murani A, Dassonneville B, Kasumov A, Basset J, Ferrier M, Deblock R, Guéron S, Bouchiat H. Microwave Signature of Topological Andreev level Crossings in a Bismuth-based Josephson Junction. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 122:076802. [PMID: 30848609 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.122.076802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Demonstrating the topological protection of Andreev states in Josephson junctions is an experimental challenge. In particular the telltale 4π periodicity expected for the current phase relation has remained elusive, because of fast parity breaking processes. It was predicted that low temperature ac susceptibility measurements could reveal the topological protection of quantum spin Hall edge states by probing their low energy Andreev spectrum at finite frequency. We have performed such a microwave probing of a phase-biased Josephson junction built around a bismuth nanowire, a predicted second order topological insulator, and which was previously shown to host one-dimensional ballistic edge states. We find absorption peaks at the Andreev level crossings, whose temperature and frequency dependencies point to protected topological crossings with an accuracy limited by the electronic temperature of our experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Murani
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
- Quantronics Group, Service de Physique de l'État Condensé (CNRS UMR 3680), IRAMIS, CEA-Saclay, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - B Dassonneville
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - A Kasumov
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - J Basset
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - M Ferrier
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - R Deblock
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - S Guéron
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
| | - H Bouchiat
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France
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37
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Scherübl Z, Pályi A, Csonka S. Transport signatures of an Andreev molecule in a quantum dot-superconductor-quantum dot setup. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 10:363-378. [PMID: 30800576 PMCID: PMC6369982 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.10.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Hybrid devices combining quantum dots with superconductors are important building blocks of conventional and topological quantum-information experiments. A requirement for the success of such experiments is to understand the various tunneling-induced non-local interaction mechanisms that are present in the devices, namely crossed Andreev reflection, elastic co-tunneling, and direct interdot tunneling. Here, we provide a theoretical study of a simple device that consists of two quantum dots and a superconductor tunnel-coupled to the dots, often called a Cooper-pair splitter. We study the three special cases where one of the three non-local mechanisms dominates, and calculate measurable ground-state properties, as well as the zero-bias and finite-bias differential conductance characterizing electron transport through this device. We describe how each non-local mechanism controls the measurable quantities, and thereby find experimental fingerprints that allow one to identify and quantify the dominant non-local mechanism using experimental data. Finally, we study the triplet blockade effect and the associated negative differential conductance in the Cooper-pair splitter, and show that they can arise regardless of the nature of the dominant non-local coupling mechanism. Our results should facilitate the characterization of hybrid devices, and their optimization for various quantum-information-related experiments and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Scherübl
- Department of Physics and MTA-BME Momentum Nanoelectronics Research Group, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budafoki út 8., 1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Pályi
- Department of Theoretical Physics and MTA-BME Exotic Quantum Phases ”Momentum” Research Group, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, 1111 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szabolcs Csonka
- Department of Physics and MTA-BME Momentum Nanoelectronics Research Group, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budafoki út 8., 1111 Budapest, Hungary
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38
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Serniak K, Hays M, de Lange G, Diamond S, Shankar S, Burkhart LD, Frunzio L, Houzet M, Devoret MH. Hot Nonequilibrium Quasiparticles in Transmon Qubits. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:157701. [PMID: 30362798 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.157701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nonequilibrium quasiparticle excitations degrade the performance of a variety of superconducting circuits. Understanding the energy distribution of these quasiparticles will yield insight into their generation mechanisms, the limitations they impose on superconducting devices, and how to efficiently mitigate quasiparticle-induced qubit decoherence. To probe this energy distribution, we systematically correlate qubit relaxation and excitation with charge-parity switches in an offset-charge-sensitive transmon qubit, and find that quasiparticle-induced excitation events are the dominant mechanism behind the residual excited-state population in our samples. By itself, the observed quasiparticle distribution would limit T_{1} to ≈200 μs, which indicates that quasiparticle loss in our devices is on equal footing with all other loss mechanisms. Furthermore, the measured rate of quasiparticle-induced excitation events is greater than that of relaxation events, which signifies that the quasiparticles are more energetic than would be predicted from a thermal distribution describing their apparent density.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Serniak
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - M Hays
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - G de Lange
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
- QuTech and Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2600 GA Delft, Netherlands
| | - S Diamond
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - S Shankar
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - L D Burkhart
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - L Frunzio
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - M Houzet
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, INAC-Pheliqs, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - M H Devoret
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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39
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Gill ST, Damasco J, Janicek BE, Durkin MS, Humbert V, Gazibegovic S, Car D, Bakkers EPAM, Huang PY, Mason N. Selective-Area Superconductor Epitaxy to Ballistic Semiconductor Nanowires. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:6121-6128. [PMID: 30200769 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b01534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductor nanowires such as InAs and InSb are promising materials for studying Majorana zero modes and demonstrating non-Abelian particle exchange relevant for topological quantum computing. While evidence for Majorana bound states in nanowires has been shown, the majority of these experiments are marked by significant disorder. In particular, the interfacial inhomogeneity between the superconductor and nanowire is strongly believed to be the main culprit for disorder and the resulting "soft superconducting gap" ubiquitous in tunneling studies of hybrid semiconductor-superconductor systems. Additionally, a lack of ballistic transport in nanowire systems can create bound states that mimic Majorana signatures. We resolve these problems through the development of selective-area epitaxy of Al to InSb nanowires, a technique applicable to other nanowires and superconductors. Epitaxial InSb-Al devices generically possess a hard superconducting gap and demonstrate ballistic 1D superconductivity and near-perfect transmission of supercurrents in the single mode regime, requisites for engineering and controlling 1D topological superconductivity. Additionally, we demonstrate that epitaxial InSb-Al superconducting island devices, the building blocks for Majorana-based quantum computing applications, prepared using selective-area epitaxy can achieve micron-scale ballistic 1D transport. Our results pave the way for the development of networks of ballistic superconducting electronics for quantum device applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Sasa Gazibegovic
- QuTech and Kavli Institute of NanoScience , Delft University of Technology , 2600 GA Delft , The Netherlands
- Department of Applied Physics , Eindhoven University of Technology , 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands
| | - Diana Car
- QuTech and Kavli Institute of NanoScience , Delft University of Technology , 2600 GA Delft , The Netherlands
- Department of Applied Physics , Eindhoven University of Technology , 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands
| | - Erik P A M Bakkers
- QuTech and Kavli Institute of NanoScience , Delft University of Technology , 2600 GA Delft , The Netherlands
- Department of Applied Physics , Eindhoven University of Technology , 5600 MB Eindhoven , The Netherlands
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40
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Grünhaupt L, Maleeva N, Skacel ST, Calvo M, Levy-Bertrand F, Ustinov AV, Rotzinger H, Monfardini A, Catelani G, Pop IM. Loss Mechanisms and Quasiparticle Dynamics in Superconducting Microwave Resonators Made of Thin-Film Granular Aluminum. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:117001. [PMID: 30265102 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.117001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Superconducting high kinetic inductance elements constitute a valuable resource for quantum circuit design and millimeter-wave detection. Granular aluminum (grAl) in the superconducting regime is a particularly interesting material since it has already shown a kinetic inductance in the range of nH/□ and its deposition is compatible with conventional Al/AlOx/Al Josephson junction fabrication. We characterize microwave resonators fabricated from grAl with a room temperature resistivity of 4×10^{3} μΩ cm, which is a factor of 3 below the superconductor to insulator transition, showing a kinetic inductance fraction close to unity. The measured internal quality factors are on the order of Q_{i}=10^{5} in the single photon regime, and we demonstrate that nonequilibrium quasiparticles (QPs) constitute the dominant loss mechanism. We extract QP relaxation times in the range of 1 s and we observe QP bursts every ∼20 s. The current level of coherence of grAl resonators makes them attractive for integration in quantum devices, while it also evidences the need to reduce the density of nonequilibrium QPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Grünhaupt
- Physikalisches Institut, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Nataliya Maleeva
- Physikalisches Institut, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sebastian T Skacel
- Physikalisches Institut, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Martino Calvo
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Insitut Néel, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Alexey V Ustinov
- Physikalisches Institut, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Russian Quantum Center, National University of Science and Technology MISIS, 119049 Moscow, Russia
| | - Hannes Rotzinger
- Physikalisches Institut, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Alessandro Monfardini
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, Insitut Néel, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Gianluigi Catelani
- JARA Institute for Quantum Information (PGI-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Ioan M Pop
- Physikalisches Institut, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76344 Eggenstein Leopoldshafen, Germany
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41
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Hays M, de Lange G, Serniak K, van Woerkom DJ, Bouman D, Krogstrup P, Nygård J, Geresdi A, Devoret MH. Direct Microwave Measurement of Andreev-Bound-State Dynamics in a Semiconductor-Nanowire Josephson Junction. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 121:047001. [PMID: 30095962 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.121.047001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The modern understanding of the Josephson effect in mesosopic devices derives from the physics of Andreev bound states, fermionic modes that are localized in a superconducting weak link. Recently, Josephson junctions constructed using semiconducting nanowires have led to the realization of superconducting qubits with gate-tunable Josephson energies. We have used a microwave circuit QED architecture to detect Andreev bound states in such a gate-tunable junction based on an aluminum-proximitized indium arsenide nanowire. We demonstrate coherent manipulation of these bound states, and track the bound-state fermion parity in real time. Individual parity-switching events due to nonequilibrium quasiparticles are observed with a characteristic timescale T_{parity}=160±10 μs. The T_{parity} of a topological nanowire junction sets a lower bound on the bandwidth required for control of Majorana bound states.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hays
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - G de Lange
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
- QuTech and Delft University of Technology, 2600 GA Delft, Netherlands
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2600 GA Delft, Netherlands
| | - K Serniak
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
| | - D J van Woerkom
- QuTech and Delft University of Technology, 2600 GA Delft, Netherlands
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2600 GA Delft, Netherlands
| | - D Bouman
- QuTech and Delft University of Technology, 2600 GA Delft, Netherlands
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2600 GA Delft, Netherlands
| | - P Krogstrup
- Center for Quantum Devices and Station Q Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J Nygård
- Center for Quantum Devices and Station Q Copenhagen, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - A Geresdi
- QuTech and Delft University of Technology, 2600 GA Delft, Netherlands
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, 2600 GA Delft, Netherlands
| | - M H Devoret
- Department of Applied Physics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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Zazunov A, Iks A, Alvarado M, Levy Yeyati A, Egger R. Josephson effect in junctions of conventional and topological superconductors. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 9:1659-1676. [PMID: 29977700 PMCID: PMC6009709 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.9.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We present a theoretical analysis of the equilibrium Josephson current-phase relation in hybrid devices made of conventional s-wave spin-singlet superconductors (S) and topological superconductor (TS) wires featuring Majorana end states. Using Green's function techniques, the topological superconductor is alternatively described by the low-energy continuum limit of a Kitaev chain or by a more microscopic spinful nanowire model. We show that for the simplest S-TS tunnel junction, only the s-wave pairing correlations in a spinful TS nanowire model can generate a Josephson effect. The critical current is much smaller in the topological regime and exhibits a kink-like dependence on the Zeeman field along the wire. When a correlated quantum dot (QD) in the magnetic regime is present in the junction region, however, the Josephson current becomes finite also in the deep topological phase as shown for the cotunneling regime and by a mean-field analysis. Remarkably, we find that the S-QD-TS setup can support φ0-junction behavior, where a finite supercurrent flows at vanishing phase difference. Finally, we also address a multi-terminal S-TS-S geometry, where the TS wire acts as tunable parity switch on the Andreev bound states in a superconducting atomic contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Zazunov
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Albert Iks
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Miguel Alvarado
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada C-V, Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC) and Instituto Nicolás Cabrera, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfredo Levy Yeyati
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada C-V, Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC) and Instituto Nicolás Cabrera, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Reinhold Egger
- Institut für Theoretische Physik, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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43
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Luthi F, Stavenga T, Enzing OW, Bruno A, Dickel C, Langford NK, Rol MA, Jespersen TS, Nygård J, Krogstrup P, DiCarlo L. Evolution of Nanowire Transmon Qubits and Their Coherence in a Magnetic Field. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2018; 120:100502. [PMID: 29570312 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.120.100502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We present an experimental study of flux- and gate-tunable nanowire transmons with state-of-the-art relaxation time allowing quantitative extraction of flux and charge noise coupling to the Josephson energy. We evidence coherence sweet spots for charge, tuned by voltage on a proximal side gate, where first order sensitivity to switching two-level systems and background 1/f noise is minimized. Next, we investigate the evolution of a nanowire transmon in a parallel magnetic field up to 70 mT, the upper bound set by the closing of the induced gap. Several features observed in the field dependence of qubit energy relaxation and dephasing times are not fully understood. Using nanowires with a thinner, partially covering Al shell will enable operation of these circuits up to 0.5 T, a regime relevant for topological quantum computation and other applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Luthi
- QuTech, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, Netherlands
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, Netherlands
| | - T Stavenga
- QuTech, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, Netherlands
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, Netherlands
| | - O W Enzing
- QuTech, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, Netherlands
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, Netherlands
| | - A Bruno
- QuTech, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, Netherlands
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, Netherlands
| | - C Dickel
- QuTech, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, Netherlands
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, Netherlands
| | - N K Langford
- QuTech, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, Netherlands
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, Netherlands
| | - M A Rol
- QuTech, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, Netherlands
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, Netherlands
| | - T S Jespersen
- Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J Nygård
- Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Nano-Science Center, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - P Krogstrup
- Center for Quantum Devices, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - L DiCarlo
- QuTech, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, Netherlands
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, Netherlands
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Cottet A, Dartiailh MC, Desjardins MM, Cubaynes T, Contamin LC, Delbecq M, Viennot JJ, Bruhat LE, Douçot B, Kontos T. Cavity QED with hybrid nanocircuits: from atomic-like physics to condensed matter phenomena. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2017; 29:433002. [PMID: 28925381 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aa7b4d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Circuit QED techniques have been instrumental in manipulating and probing with exquisite sensitivity the quantum state of superconducting quantum bits coupled to microwave cavities. Recently, it has become possible to fabricate new devices in which the superconducting quantum bits are replaced by hybrid mesoscopic circuits combining nanoconductors and metallic reservoirs. This mesoscopic QED provides a new experimental playground to study the light-matter interaction in electronic circuits. Here, we present the experimental state of the art of mesoscopic QED and its theoretical description. A first class of experiments focuses on the artificial atom limit, where some quasiparticles are trapped in nanocircuit bound states. In this limit, the circuit QED techniques can be used to manipulate and probe electronic degrees of freedom such as confined charges, spins, or Andreev pairs. A second class of experiments uses cavity photons to reveal the dynamics of electron tunneling between a nanoconductor and fermionic reservoirs. For instance, the Kondo effect, the charge relaxation caused by grounded metallic contacts, and the photo-emission caused by voltage-biased reservoirs have been studied. The tunnel coupling between nanoconductors and fermionic reservoirs also enable one to obtain split Cooper pairs, or Majorana bound states. Cavity photons represent a qualitatively new tool to study these exotic condensed matter states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Cottet
- Laboratoire Pierre Aigrain, Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS UMR 8551, Laboratoire associé aux universités Pierre et Marie Curie et Denis Diderot, 24, rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
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Wendin G. Quantum information processing with superconducting circuits: a review. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2017; 80:106001. [PMID: 28682303 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/aa7e1a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
During the last ten years, superconducting circuits have passed from being interesting physical devices to becoming contenders for near-future useful and scalable quantum information processing (QIP). Advanced quantum simulation experiments have been shown with up to nine qubits, while a demonstration of quantum supremacy with fifty qubits is anticipated in just a few years. Quantum supremacy means that the quantum system can no longer be simulated by the most powerful classical supercomputers. Integrated classical-quantum computing systems are already emerging that can be used for software development and experimentation, even via web interfaces. Therefore, the time is ripe for describing some of the recent development of superconducting devices, systems and applications. As such, the discussion of superconducting qubits and circuits is limited to devices that are proven useful for current or near future applications. Consequently, the centre of interest is the practical applications of QIP, such as computation and simulation in Physics and Chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Wendin
- Department of Microtechnology and Nanoscience-MC2, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
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Krinner S, Esslinger T, Brantut JP. Two-terminal transport measurements with cold atoms. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2017; 29:343003. [PMID: 28749788 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aa74a1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the ability of cold atom experiments to explore condensed-matter-related questions has dramatically progressed. Transport experiments, in particular, have expanded to the point in which conductance and other transport coefficients can now be measured in a way that is directly analogous to solid-state physics, extending cold-atom-based quantum simulations into the domain of quantum electronic devices. In this topical review, we describe the transport experiments performed with cold gases in the two-terminal configuration, with an emphasis on the specific features of cold atomic gases compared to solid-state physics. We present the experimental techniques and the main experimental findings, focusing on-but not restricted to-the recent experiments performed by our group. We finally discuss the perspectives opened up by this approach, the main technical and conceptual challenges for future developments, and potential applications in quantum simulation for transport phenomena and mesoscopic physics problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Krinner
- Institute for Quantum Electronics, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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Calle AM, Pacheco M, Martins GB, Apel VM, Lara GA, Orellana PA. Fano-Andreev effect in a T-shape double quantum dot in the Kondo regime. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2017; 29:135301. [PMID: 28075329 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aa58c1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, we investigate the electronic transport through a T-shape double quantum dot system coupled to two normal leads and to one superconducting lead. We explore the interplay between Kondo and Andreev states due to proximity effects. We find that Kondo resonance is modified by the Andreev bound states, which manifest through Fano antiresonances in the local density of states of the embedded quantum dot and normal transmission. This means that there is a correlation between Andreev bound states and Fano resonances that is robust under the influence of high electronic correlation. We have also found that the dominant couplings at the quantum dots are characterized by a crossover region that defines the range where the Fano-Kondo and the Andreev-Kondo effect prevail in each quantum dot. Likewise, we find that the interaction between Kondo and Andreev bound states has a notable influence on the Andreev transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Calle
- Departamento de Física, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Casilla 110 V, Valparaíso, Chile
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Dartiailh MC, Kontos T, Douçot B, Cottet A. Direct Cavity Detection of Majorana Pairs. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 118:126803. [PMID: 28388198 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.126803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
No experiment could directly test the particle-antiparticle duality of Majorana fermions, so far. However, this property represents a necessary ingredient towards the realization of topological quantum computing schemes. Here, we show how to complete this task by using microwave techniques. The direct coupling between a pair of overlapping Majorana bound states and the electric field from a microwave cavity is extremely difficult to detect due to the self-adjoint character of Majorana fermions which forbids direct energy exchanges with the cavity. We show theoretically how this problem can be circumvented by using photoassisted tunneling to fermionic reservoirs. The absence of a direct microwave transition inside the Majorana pair in spite of the light-Majorana coupling would represent a smoking gun for the Majorana self-adjoint character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu C Dartiailh
- Laboratoire Pierre Aigrain, Ecole Normale Supérieure-PSL Research University, CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Sorbonne Universités, Université Paris Diderot-Sorbonne Paris Cité, 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Takis Kontos
- Laboratoire Pierre Aigrain, Ecole Normale Supérieure-PSL Research University, CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Sorbonne Universités, Université Paris Diderot-Sorbonne Paris Cité, 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Benoit Douçot
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, CNRS, LPTHE, UMR 7589, 4 place Jussieu, 75252 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Audrey Cottet
- Laboratoire Pierre Aigrain, Ecole Normale Supérieure-PSL Research University, CNRS, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Sorbonne Universités, Université Paris Diderot-Sorbonne Paris Cité, 24 rue Lhomond, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
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Gharavi K, Holloway GW, LaPierre RR, Baugh J. Nb/InAs nanowire proximity junctions from Josephson to quantum dot regimes. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 28:085202. [PMID: 28106009 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aa5643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The superconducting proximity effect is probed experimentally in Josephson junctions fabricated with InAs nanowires contacted by Nb leads. Contact transparencies [Formula: see text] are observed. The electronic phase coherence length at low temperatures exceeds the channel length. However, the elastic scattering length is a few times shorter than the channel length. Electrical measurements reveal two regimes of quantum transport: (i) the Josephson regime, characterised by a dissipationless current up to ∼100 nA, and (ii) the quantum dot (QD) regime, characterised by the formation of Andreev bound states (ABS) associated with spontaneous QDs inside the nanowire channel. In regime (i), the behaviour of the critical current I c versus an axial magnetic field [Formula: see text] shows an unexpected modulation and persistence to fields [Formula: see text] T. In the QD regime, the ABS are modelled as the current-biased solutions of an Anderson-type model. The applicability of devices in both transport regimes to Majorana fermion experiments is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaveh Gharavi
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada. Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
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Souto RS, Martín-Rodero A, Yeyati AL. Andreev Bound States Formation and Quasiparticle Trapping in Quench Dynamics Revealed by Time-Dependent Counting Statistics. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2016; 117:267701. [PMID: 28059534 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.117.267701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We analyze the quantum quench dynamics in the formation of a phase-biased superconducting nanojunction. We find that in the absence of an external relaxation mechanism and for very general conditions the system gets trapped in a metastable state, corresponding to a nonequilibrium population of the Andreev bound states. The use of the time-dependent full counting statistics analysis allows us to extract information on the asymptotic population of even and odd many-body states, demonstrating that a universal behavior, dependent only on the Andreev state energy, is reached in the quantum point contact limit. These results shed light on recent experimental observations on quasiparticle trapping in superconducting atomic contacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Seoane Souto
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada, Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC) and Instituto Nicolás Cabrera, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - A Martín-Rodero
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada, Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC) and Instituto Nicolás Cabrera, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - A Levy Yeyati
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada, Condensed Matter Physics Center (IFIMAC) and Instituto Nicolás Cabrera, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
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