1
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Budakian R, Finkler A, Eichler A, Poggio M, Degen CL, Tabatabaei S, Lee I, Hammel PC, Eugene SP, Taminiau TH, Walsworth RL, London P, Bleszynski Jayich A, Ajoy A, Pillai A, Wrachtrup J, Jelezko F, Bae Y, Heinrich AJ, Ast CR, Bertet P, Cappellaro P, Bonato C, Altmann Y, Gauger E. Roadmap on nanoscale magnetic resonance imaging. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 35:412001. [PMID: 38744268 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ad4b23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
The field of nanoscale magnetic resonance imaging (NanoMRI) was started 30 years ago. It was motivated by the desire to image single molecules and molecular assemblies, such as proteins and virus particles, with near-atomic spatial resolution and on a length scale of 100 nm. Over the years, the NanoMRI field has also expanded to include the goal of useful high-resolution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy of molecules under ambient conditions, including samples up to the micron-scale. The realization of these goals requires the development of spin detection techniques that are many orders of magnitude more sensitive than conventional NMR and MRI, capable of detecting and controlling nanoscale ensembles of spins. Over the years, a number of different technical approaches to NanoMRI have emerged, each possessing a distinct set of capabilities for basic and applied areas of science. The goal of this roadmap article is to report the current state of the art in NanoMRI technologies, outline the areas where they are poised to have impact, identify the challenges that lie ahead, and propose methods to meet these challenges. This roadmap also shows how developments in NanoMRI techniques can lead to breakthroughs in emerging quantum science and technology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffi Budakian
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Amit Finkler
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Alexander Eichler
- Institute for Solid State Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martino Poggio
- Department of Physics and Swiss Nanoscience Institute, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian L Degen
- Institute for Solid State Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sahand Tabatabaei
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
- Institute for Quantum Computing, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Inhee Lee
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America
| | - P Chris Hammel
- Department of Physics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America
| | - S Polzik Eugene
- Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, 17, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Tim H Taminiau
- QuTech and Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Netherlands
| | - Ronald L Walsworth
- University of Maryland 2218 Kim Engineering Building, College Park, MD 20742, United States of America
| | - Paz London
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, United States of America
| | - Ania Bleszynski Jayich
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, United States of America
| | - Ashok Ajoy
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 97420, United States of America
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States of America
- Quantum Information Science Program, CIFAR, 661 University Ave., Toronto, ON M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Arjun Pillai
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 97420, United States of America
| | - Jörg Wrachtrup
- 3. Physikalisches Institut, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 57, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Fedor Jelezko
- Institute of Quantum Optics, Ulm University, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Yujeong Bae
- Center for Quantum Nanoscience, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physics, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Andreas J Heinrich
- Center for Quantum Nanoscience, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physics, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Christian R Ast
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Patrice Bertet
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, SPEC, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Paola Cappellaro
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States of America
| | - Cristian Bonato
- SUPA, Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, HeriotWatt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Yoann Altmann
- Institute of Signals, Sensors and Systems, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
| | - Erik Gauger
- SUPA, Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, HeriotWatt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, United Kingdom
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2
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Zeng K, Yu X, Plenio MB, Wang ZY. Wide-Band Unambiguous Quantum Sensing via Geodesic Evolution. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:250801. [PMID: 38996246 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.250801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
We present a quantum sensing technique that utilizes a sequence of π pulses to cyclically drive the qubit dynamics along a geodesic path of adiabatic evolution. This approach effectively suppresses the effects of both decoherence noise and control errors while simultaneously removing unwanted resonance terms, such as higher harmonics and spurious responses commonly encountered in dynamical decoupling control. As a result, our technique offers robust, wide-band, unambiguous, and high-resolution quantum sensing capabilities for signal detection and individual addressing of quantum systems, including spins. To demonstrate its versatility, we showcase successful applications of our method in both low-frequency and high-frequency sensing scenarios. The significance of this quantum sensing technique extends to the detection of complex signals and the control of intricate quantum environments. By enhancing detection accuracy and enabling precise manipulation of quantum systems, our method holds considerable promise for a variety of practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Atomic and Subatomic Structure and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Structure and Fundamental Interactions of Matter, School of Physics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaohui Yu
- Key Laboratory of Atomic and Subatomic Structure and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Structure and Fundamental Interactions of Matter, School of Physics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | | | - Zhen-Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Atomic and Subatomic Structure and Quantum Control (Ministry of Education), Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Structure and Fundamental Interactions of Matter, School of Physics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Engineering and Quantum Materials, and Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory of Quantum Matter, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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3
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Zalieckas J, Greve MM, Bellucci L, Sacco G, Håkonsen V, Tozzini V, Nifosì R. Quantum sensing of microRNAs with nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond. Commun Chem 2024; 7:101. [PMID: 38710926 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-024-01182-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Label-free detection of nucleic acids such as microRNAs holds great potential for early diagnostics of various types of cancers. Measuring intrinsic biomolecular charge using methods based on field effect has been a promising way to accomplish label-free detection. However, the charges of biomolecules are screened by counter ions in solutions over a short distance (Debye length), thereby limiting the sensitivity of these methods. Here, we measure the intrinsic magnetic noise of paramagnetic counter ions, such as Mn2+, interacting with microRNAs using nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond. All-atom molecular dynamics simulations show that microRNA interacts with the diamond surface resulting in excess accumulation of Mn ions and stronger magnetic noise. We confirm this prediction by observing an increase in spin relaxation contrast of the NV centers, indicating higher Mn2+ local concentration. This opens new possibilities for next-generation quantum sensing of charged biomolecules, overcoming limitations due to the Debye screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justas Zalieckas
- Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Martin M Greve
- Department of Physics and Technology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Luca Bellucci
- Istituto Nanoscienze - CNR, Pisa, Italy
- Lab NEST Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Sacco
- Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA), Trieste, Italy
| | - Verner Håkonsen
- NTNU NanoLab, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Valentina Tozzini
- Istituto Nanoscienze - CNR, Pisa, Italy
- Lab NEST Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), sezione Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Riccardo Nifosì
- Istituto Nanoscienze - CNR, Pisa, Italy.
- Lab NEST Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy.
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4
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Rodgers LVH, Nguyen ST, Cox JH, Zervas K, Yuan Z, Sangtawesin S, Stacey A, Jaye C, Weiland C, Pershin A, Gali A, Thomsen L, Meynell SA, Hughes LB, Jayich ACB, Gui X, Cava RJ, Knowles RR, de Leon NP. Diamond surface functionalization via visible light-driven C-H activation for nanoscale quantum sensing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2316032121. [PMID: 38451945 PMCID: PMC10945787 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2316032121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond are a promising platform for nanoscale NMR sensing. Despite significant progress toward using NV centers to detect and localize nuclear spins down to the single spin level, NV-based spectroscopy of individual, intact, arbitrary target molecules remains elusive. Such sensing requires that target molecules are immobilized within nanometers of NV centers with long spin coherence. The inert nature of diamond typically requires harsh functionalization techniques such as thermal annealing or plasma processing, limiting the scope of functional groups that can be attached to the surface. Solution-phase chemical methods can be readily generalized to install diverse functional groups, but they have not been widely explored for single-crystal diamond surfaces. Moreover, realizing shallow NV centers with long spin coherence times requires highly ordered single-crystal surfaces, and solution-phase functionalization has not yet been shown with such demanding conditions. In this work, we report a versatile strategy to directly functionalize C-H bonds on single-crystal diamond surfaces under ambient conditions using visible light, forming C-F, C-Cl, C-S, and C-N bonds at the surface. This method is compatible with NV centers within 10 nm of the surface with spin coherence times comparable to the state of the art. As a proof-of-principle demonstration, we use shallow ensembles of NV centers to detect nuclear spins from surface-bound functional groups. Our approach to surface functionalization opens the door to deploying NV centers as a tool for chemical sensing and single-molecule spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lila V. H. Rodgers
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ08540
| | - Suong T. Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ08540
| | - James H. Cox
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ08540
| | - Kalliope Zervas
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ08540
| | - Zhiyang Yuan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ08540
| | - Sorawis Sangtawesin
- School of Physics, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima30000, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Advanced Functional Materials, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima30000, Thailand
| | - Alastair Stacey
- School of Physics, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC3010, Australia
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC3000, Australia
| | - Cherno Jaye
- Materials Measurement Science Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD20899
| | - Conan Weiland
- Materials Measurement Science Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD20899
| | - Anton Pershin
- HUN-REN Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, BudapestH-1525, Hungary
- MTA-WFK Lendület “Momentum” Semiconductor Nanostructures Research Group, BudapestH-1525, Hungary
| | - Adam Gali
- HUN-REN Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Institute for Solid State Physics and Optics, BudapestH-1525, Hungary
- MTA-WFK Lendület “Momentum” Semiconductor Nanostructures Research Group, BudapestH-1525, Hungary
- Department of Atomic Physics, Institute of Physics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, BudapestH-1111, Hungary
| | - Lars Thomsen
- Australian Synchrotron, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Clayton, VIC3168, Australia
| | - Simon A. Meynell
- Physics Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA93106
| | - Lillian B. Hughes
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA93106
| | | | - Xin Gui
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ08540
| | - Robert J. Cava
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ08540
| | | | - Nathalie P. de Leon
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ08540
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5
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van de Stolpe GL, Kwiatkowski DP, Bradley CE, Randall J, Abobeih MH, Breitweiser SA, Bassett LC, Markham M, Twitchen DJ, Taminiau TH. Mapping a 50-spin-qubit network through correlated sensing. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2006. [PMID: 38443361 PMCID: PMC10914733 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46075-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Spins associated to optically accessible solid-state defects have emerged as a versatile platform for exploring quantum simulation, quantum sensing and quantum communication. Pioneering experiments have shown the sensing, imaging, and control of multiple nuclear spins surrounding a single electron spin defect. However, the accessible size of these spin networks has been constrained by the spectral resolution of current methods. Here, we map a network of 50 coupled spins through high-resolution correlated sensing schemes, using a single nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond. We develop concatenated double-resonance sequences that identify spin-chains through the network. These chains reveal the characteristic spin frequencies and their interconnections with high spectral resolution, and can be fused together to map out the network. Our results provide new opportunities for quantum simulations by increasing the number of available spin qubits. Additionally, our methods might find applications in nano-scale imaging of complex spin systems external to the host crystal.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L van de Stolpe
- QuTech, Delft University of Technology, PO Box 5046, 2600, GA Delft, The Netherlands
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, PO Box 5046, 2600, GA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - D P Kwiatkowski
- QuTech, Delft University of Technology, PO Box 5046, 2600, GA Delft, The Netherlands
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, PO Box 5046, 2600, GA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - C E Bradley
- QuTech, Delft University of Technology, PO Box 5046, 2600, GA Delft, The Netherlands
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, PO Box 5046, 2600, GA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - J Randall
- QuTech, Delft University of Technology, PO Box 5046, 2600, GA Delft, The Netherlands
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, PO Box 5046, 2600, GA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - M H Abobeih
- QuTech, Delft University of Technology, PO Box 5046, 2600, GA Delft, The Netherlands
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, PO Box 5046, 2600, GA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - S A Breitweiser
- Quantum Engineering Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 200 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - L C Bassett
- Quantum Engineering Laboratory, Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 200 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - M Markham
- Element Six Innovation, Fermi Avenue, Harwell Oxford, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QR, UK
| | - D J Twitchen
- Element Six Innovation, Fermi Avenue, Harwell Oxford, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QR, UK
| | - T H Taminiau
- QuTech, Delft University of Technology, PO Box 5046, 2600, GA Delft, The Netherlands.
- Kavli Institute of Nanoscience Delft, Delft University of Technology, PO Box 5046, 2600, GA Delft, The Netherlands.
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6
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Hesselmeier E, Kuna P, Takács I, Ivády V, Knolle W, Son NT, Ghezellou M, Ul-Hassan J, Dasari D, Kaiser F, Vorobyov V, Wrachtrup J. Qudit-Based Spectroscopy for Measurement and Control of Nuclear-Spin Qubits in Silicon Carbide. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:090601. [PMID: 38489642 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.090601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Nuclear spins with hyperfine coupling to single electron spins are highly valuable quantum bits. Here we probe and characterize the particularly rich nuclear-spin environment around single silicon vacancy color centers (V2) in 4H-SiC. By using the electron spin-3/2 qudit as a four level sensor, we identify several sets of ^{29}Si and ^{13}C nuclear spins through their hyperfine interaction. We extract the major components of their hyperfine coupling via optical detected nuclear magnetic resonance, and assign them to shells in the crystal via the density function theory simulations. We utilize the ground-state level anticrossing of the electron spin for dynamic nuclear polarization and achieve a nuclear-spin polarization of up to 98±6%. We show that this scheme can be used to detect the nuclear magnetic resonance signal of individual spins and demonstrate their coherent control. Our work provides a detailed set of parameters and first steps for future use of SiC as a multiqubit memory and quantum computing platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Hesselmeier
- 3rd Institute of Physics, IQST, and Research Centre SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Pierre Kuna
- 3rd Institute of Physics, IQST, and Research Centre SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - István Takács
- Eötvös Loránd University, Egyetem tér 1-3, H-1053 Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-ELTE Lendület "Momentum" NewQubit Research Group, Pázmány Péter, Sétány 1/A, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Viktor Ivády
- Eötvös Loránd University, Egyetem tér 1-3, H-1053 Budapest, Hungary
- MTA-ELTE Lendület "Momentum" NewQubit Research Group, Pázmány Péter, Sétány 1/A, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Olaus Magnus väg, 583 30 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Wolfgang Knolle
- Department of Sensoric Surfaces and Functional Interfaces, Leibniz-Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nguyen Tien Son
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Olaus Magnus väg, 583 30 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Misagh Ghezellou
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Olaus Magnus väg, 583 30 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jawad Ul-Hassan
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Olaus Magnus väg, 583 30 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Durga Dasari
- 3rd Institute of Physics, IQST, and Research Centre SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Florian Kaiser
- Materials Research and Technology (MRT) Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), 4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
- University of Luxembourg, 41 rue du Brill, L-4422 Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Vadim Vorobyov
- 3rd Institute of Physics, IQST, and Research Centre SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jörg Wrachtrup
- 3rd Institute of Physics, IQST, and Research Centre SCoPE, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for solid state physics, Heisenbergstraße 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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7
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Pachlatko R, Prumbaum N, Krass MD, Grob U, Degen CL, Eichler A. Nanoscale Magnets Embedded in a Microstrip. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:2081-2086. [PMID: 38300507 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c04818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Nanoscale magnetic resonance imaging (NanoMRI) is an active area of applied research with potential applications in structural biology and quantum engineering. The success of this technological vision hinges on improving the instrument's sensitivity and functionality. A particular challenge is the optimization of the magnetic field gradient required for spatial encoding and of the radio frequency field used for spin control, in analogy to the components used in clinical MRI. In this work, we present the fabrication and characterization of a magnet-in-microstrip device that yields a compact form factor for both elements. We find that our design leads to a number of advantages, among them a 4-fold increase of the magnetic field gradient compared to those achieved with traditional fabrication methods. Our results can be useful for boosting the efficiency of a variety of different experimental arrangements and detection principles in the field of NanoMRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Pachlatko
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nils Prumbaum
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marc-Dominik Krass
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Urs Grob
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian L Degen
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Eichler
- Laboratory for Solid State Physics, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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8
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Guo Y, Ji W, Kong X, Wang M, Sun H, Zhou J, Chai Z, Rong X, Shi F, Wang Y, Du J. Single-Shot Readout of a Solid-State Electron Spin Qutrit. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 132:060601. [PMID: 38394571 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.132.060601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Quantum systems usually feature a rich multilevel structure with promising resources for developing superior quantum technologies compared with their binary counterpart. Single-shot readout of these high-dimensional quantum systems is essential for exploiting their potential. Although there have been various high-spin systems, the single-shot readout of the overall state of high-spin systems remains a challenging issue. Here we demonstrate a reliable single-shot readout of spin qutrit state in a low-temperature solid-state system utilizing a binary readout scheme. We achieve a single-shot readout of an electron spin qutrit associated with a single nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond with an average fidelity of 87.80%. We use this spin qutrit system to verify quantum contextuality, a fundamental test of quantum mechanics. We observe a violation of the noncontextual hidden variable inequality with the developed single-shot readout in contrast to the conventional binary readout. These results pave the way for developing quantum information processing based on spin qutrits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhang Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wentao Ji
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Xi Kong
- The State Key Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Mengqi Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Haoyu Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jingyang Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zihua Chai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xing Rong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Fazhan Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Ya Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Jiangfeng Du
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
- School of Physics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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9
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Lamichhane S, Timalsina R, Schultz C, Fescenko I, Ambal K, Liou SH, Lai RY, Laraoui A. Nitrogen-Vacancy Magnetic Relaxometry of Nanoclustered Cytochrome C Proteins. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:873-880. [PMID: 38207217 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c03843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Nitrogen-vacancy (NV) magnetometry offers an alternative tool to detect paramagnetic centers in cells with a favorable combination of magnetic sensitivity and spatial resolution. Here, we employ NV magnetic relaxometry to detect cytochrome C (Cyt-C) nanoclusters. Cyt-C is a water-soluble protein that plays a vital role in the electron transport chain of mitochondria. Under ambient conditions, the heme group in Cyt-C remains in the Fe3+ state, which is paramagnetic. We vary the concentration of Cyt-C from 6 to 54 μM and observe a reduction of the NV spin-lattice relaxation time (T1) from 1.2 ms to 150 μs, which is attributed to the spin noise originating from the Fe3+ spins. NV T1 imaging of Cyt-C drop-casted on a nanostructured diamond chip allows us to detect the relaxation rates from the adsorbed Fe3+ within Cyt-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvechhya Lamichhane
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and the Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Rupak Timalsina
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Cody Schultz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Ilja Fescenko
- Laser Center, University of Latvia, Riga, LV-1004, Latvia
| | - Kapildeb Ambal
- Department of Mathematics, Statistics, and Physics, Wichita State University, Wichita, Kansas 67260, United States
| | - Sy-Hwang Liou
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and the Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Rebecca Y Lai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Abdelghani Laraoui
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and the Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
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10
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Mokhtari M, Khoshbakht S, Ziyaei K, Akbari ME, Moravveji SS. New classifications for quantum bioinformatics: Q-bioinformatics, QCt-bioinformatics, QCg-bioinformatics, and QCr-bioinformatics. Brief Bioinform 2024; 25:bbae074. [PMID: 38446742 PMCID: PMC10939336 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbae074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Bioinformatics has revolutionized biology and medicine by using computational methods to analyze and interpret biological data. Quantum mechanics has recently emerged as a promising tool for the analysis of biological systems, leading to the development of quantum bioinformatics. This new field employs the principles of quantum mechanics, quantum algorithms, and quantum computing to solve complex problems in molecular biology, drug design, and protein folding. However, the intersection of bioinformatics, biology, and quantum mechanics presents unique challenges. One significant challenge is the possibility of confusion among scientists between quantum bioinformatics and quantum biology, which have similar goals and concepts. Additionally, the diverse calculations in each field make it difficult to establish boundaries and identify purely quantum effects from other factors that may affect biological processes. This review provides an overview of the concepts of quantum biology and quantum mechanics and their intersection in quantum bioinformatics. We examine the challenges and unique features of this field and propose a classification of quantum bioinformatics to promote interdisciplinary collaboration and accelerate progress. By unlocking the full potential of quantum bioinformatics, this review aims to contribute to our understanding of quantum mechanics in biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Mokhtari
- Department of Bioinformatics, Kish International Campus, University of Tehran, Kish Island, Iran
| | - Samane Khoshbakht
- Department of Bioinformatics, Kish International Campus, University of Tehran, Kish Island, Iran
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine-Cardiology, Durham, NC, 27701, USA
| | - Kobra Ziyaei
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | | | - Sayyed Sajjad Moravveji
- Department of Bioinformatics, Kish International Campus, University of Tehran, Kish Island, Iran
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11
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Yang B, Picchetti P, Wang Y, Wang W, Seeger C, Bozov K, Malik S, Mallach D, Schäfer AH, Ibrahim M, Hirtz M, Powell AK. Patterned immobilization of polyoxometalate-loaded mesoporous silica particles via amine-ene Michael additions on alkene functionalized surfaces. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1249. [PMID: 38218940 PMCID: PMC10787769 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50846-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Polyoxometalates (POM) are anionic oxoclusters of early transition metals that are of great interest for a variety of applications, including the development of sensors and catalysts. A crucial step in the use of POM in functional materials is the production of composites that can be further processed into complex materials, e.g. by printing on different substrates. In this work, we present an immobilization approach for POMs that involves two key processes: first, the stable encapsulation of POMs in the pores of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSPs) and, second, the formation of microstructured arrays with these POM-loaded nanoparticles. Specifically, we have developed a strategy that leads to water-stable, POM-loaded mesoporous silica that can be covalently linked to alkene-bearing surfaces by amine-Michael addition and patterned into microarrays by scanning probe lithography (SPL). The immobilization strategy presented facilitates the printing of hybrid POM-loaded nanomaterials onto different surfaces and provides a versatile method for the fabrication of POM-based composites. Importantly, POM-loaded MSPs are useful in applications such as microfluidic systems and sensors that require frequent washing. Overall, this method is a promising way to produce surface-printed POM arrays that can be used for a wide range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingquan Yang
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMFi), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Pierre Picchetti
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Yangxin Wang
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Puzhu Road(S) 30, 211816, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMFi), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Christoph Seeger
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Kliment Bozov
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Sharali Malik
- Institute for Quantum Materials and Technologies (IQMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Dennis Mallach
- nanoAnalytics GmbH, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Masooma Ibrahim
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Michael Hirtz
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
- Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMFi), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
| | - Annie K Powell
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry (AOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute for Quantum Materials and Technologies (IQMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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12
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Ono J, Matsumura Y, Mori T, Saito S. Conformational Dynamics in Proteins: Entangled Slow Fluctuations and Nonequilibrium Reaction Events. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:20-32. [PMID: 38133567 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c05307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Proteins exhibit conformational fluctuations and changes over various time scales, ranging from rapid picosecond-scale local atomic motions to slower microsecond-scale global conformational transformations. In the presence of these intricate fluctuations, chemical reactions occur and functions emerge. These conformational fluctuations of proteins are not merely stochastic random motions but possess distinct spatiotemporal characteristics. Moreover, chemical reactions do not always proceed along a single reaction coordinate in a quasi-equilibrium manner. Therefore, it is essential to understand spatiotemporal conformational fluctuations of proteins and the conformational change processes associated with reactions. In this Perspective, we shed light on the complex dynamics of proteins and their role in enzyme catalysis by presenting recent results regarding dynamic couplings and disorder in the conformational dynamics of proteins and rare but rapid enzymatic reaction events obtained from molecular dynamics simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junichi Ono
- Waseda Research Institute for Science and Engineering (WISE), Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Matsumura
- Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Mori
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kyushu University, Kasuga, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan
| | - Shinji Saito
- Institute for Molecular Science, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
- The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
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13
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Smith JA, Zhang D, Balram KC. Robotic Vectorial Field Alignment for Spin-Based Quantum Sensors. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2304449. [PMID: 37974523 PMCID: PMC10787065 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Developing practical quantum technologies will require the exquisite manipulation of fragile systems in a robust and repeatable way. As quantum technologies move toward real world applications, from biological sensing to communication in space, increasing experimental complexity introduces constraints that can be alleviated by the introduction of new technologies. Robotics has shown tremendous progress in realizing increasingly smart, autonomous, and highly dexterous machines. Here, a robotic arm equipped with a magnet is demonstrated to sensitize an NV center quantum magnetometer in challenging conditions unachievable with standard techniques. Vector magnetic fields are generated with 1° angular and 0.1 mT amplitude accuracy and determine the orientation of a single stochastically-aligned spin-based sensor in a constrained physical environment. This work opens up the prospect of integrating robotics across many quantum degrees of freedom in constrained settings, allowing for increased prototyping speed, control, and robustness in quantum technology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe A Smith
- Quantum Engineering Technology Labs and Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1FD, UK
| | - Dandan Zhang
- Bristol Robotics Laboratory and Department of Engineering Mathematics, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TW, UK
| | - Krishna C Balram
- Quantum Engineering Technology Labs and Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1FD, UK
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14
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Takada K, Katsumi R, Yatsui T. Sensitivity improvement of a single-NV diamond magnetometer using a chiral waveguide. OPTICS EXPRESS 2024; 32:795-802. [PMID: 38175099 DOI: 10.1364/oe.509860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
A single nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond is utilized to perform nanoscale magnetic measurements. However, the low contrast and poor collection efficiency of spin-dependent emitted photons limited the instrument sensitivity to approximately several nT/Hz. Here, we design a diamond magnetometer based on a chiral waveguide. We numerically demonstrate that the proposed device achieves a sensitivity of 170 pT/Hz owing to near-unity contrast and efficient photon collection. We also confirm that the device sensitivity is robust against position misalignment and dipole misorientation of an NV center. The proposed approach will enable the construction of a highly-sensitive magnetometer with high spatial resolution.
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15
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Zhao Z, Ye X, Xu S, Yu P, Yang Z, Kong X, Wang Y, Xie T, Shi F, Du J. Sub-nanotesla sensitivity at the nanoscale with a single spin. Natl Sci Rev 2023; 10:nwad100. [PMID: 37954192 PMCID: PMC10632795 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwad100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2023] Open
Abstract
High-sensitivity detection of the microscopic magnetic field is essential in many fields. Good sensitivity and high spatial resolution are mutually contradictory in measurement, which is quantified by the energy resolution limit. Here we report that a sensitivity of 0.5 nT/[Formula: see text] at the nanoscale is achieved experimentally by using nitrogen-vacancy defects in diamond with depths of tens of nanometers. The achieved sensitivity is substantially enhanced by integrating with multiple quantum techniques, including real-time-feedback initialization, dynamical decoupling with shaped pulses and repetitive readout via quantum logic. Our magnetic sensors will shed new light on searching new physics beyond the standard model, investigating microscopic magnetic phenomena in condensed matters, and detection of life activities at the sub-cellular scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xiangyu Ye
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Shaoyi Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Pei Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhiping Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xi Kong
- National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructures and Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Ya Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Tianyu Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Fazhan Shi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jiangfeng Du
- CAS Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
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16
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Zhu T, Rhensius J, Herb K, Damle V, Puebla-Hellmann G, Degen CL, Janitz E. Multicone Diamond Waveguides for Nanoscale Quantum Sensing. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:10110-10117. [PMID: 37934929 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
The long-lived electronic spin of the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamonds is a promising quantum sensor for detecting nanoscopic magnetic and electric fields in various environments. However, the poor signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of prevalent optical spin-readout techniques presents a critical challenge in improving measurement sensitivity. Here, we address this limitation by coupling individual NVs to optimized diamond nanopillars, thereby enhancing the collection efficiency of fluorescence. Guided by near-field optical simulations, we predict improved performance for tall (≥5 μm) pillars with tapered sidewalls. This is subsequently verified by fabricating and characterizing a representative set of structures using a newly developed nanofabrication process. We observe increased SNR for optimized devices, owing to improved emission collimation and directionality. Promisingly, these devices are compatible with low-numerical-aperture collection optics and a reduced tip radius, reducing experimental overhead and facilitating improved spatial resolution for scanning applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqi Zhu
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 1, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jan Rhensius
- QZabre LLC, Regina-Kägi-Strasse 11, 8050 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Konstantin Herb
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 1, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Viraj Damle
- QZabre LLC, Regina-Kägi-Strasse 11, 8050 Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - Christian L Degen
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Weg 1, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Erika Janitz
- Department of Electrical and Software Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, AB, Canada T2N 1N4
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17
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Moradifar P, Liu Y, Shi J, Siukola Thurston ML, Utzat H, van Driel TB, Lindenberg AM, Dionne JA. Accelerating Quantum Materials Development with Advances in Transmission Electron Microscopy. Chem Rev 2023. [PMID: 37979189 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Quantum materials are driving a technology revolution in sensing, communication, and computing, while simultaneously testing many core theories of the past century. Materials such as topological insulators, complex oxides, superconductors, quantum dots, color center-hosting semiconductors, and other types of strongly correlated materials can exhibit exotic properties such as edge conductivity, multiferroicity, magnetoresistance, superconductivity, single photon emission, and optical-spin locking. These emergent properties arise and depend strongly on the material's detailed atomic-scale structure, including atomic defects, dopants, and lattice stacking. In this review, we describe how progress in the field of electron microscopy (EM), including in situ and in operando EM, can accelerate advances in quantum materials and quantum excitations. We begin by describing fundamental EM principles and operation modes. We then discuss various EM methods such as (i) EM spectroscopies, including electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), cathodoluminescence (CL), and electron energy gain spectroscopy (EEGS); (ii) four-dimensional scanning transmission electron microscopy (4D-STEM); (iii) dynamic and ultrafast EM (UEM); (iv) complementary ultrafast spectroscopies (UED, XFEL); and (v) atomic electron tomography (AET). We describe how these methods could inform structure-function relations in quantum materials down to the picometer scale and femtosecond time resolution, and how they enable precision positioning of atomic defects and high-resolution manipulation of quantum materials. For each method, we also describe existing limitations to solve open quantum mechanical questions, and how they might be addressed to accelerate progress. Among numerous notable results, our review highlights how EM is enabling identification of the 3D structure of quantum defects; measuring reversible and metastable dynamics of quantum excitations; mapping exciton states and single photon emission; measuring nanoscale thermal transport and coupled excitation dynamics; and measuring the internal electric field and charge density distribution of quantum heterointerfaces- all at the quantum materials' intrinsic atomic and near atomic-length scale. We conclude by describing open challenges for the future, including achieving stable sample holders for ultralow temperature (below 10K) atomic-scale spatial resolution, stable spectrometers that enable meV energy resolution, and high-resolution, dynamic mapping of magnetic and spin fields. With atomic manipulation and ultrafast characterization enabled by EM, quantum materials will be poised to integrate into many of the sustainable and energy-efficient technologies needed for the 21st century.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parivash Moradifar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Yin Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Jiaojian Shi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road MS69, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | | | - Hendrik Utzat
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Tim B van Driel
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Aaron M Lindenberg
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road MS69, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Jennifer A Dionne
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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18
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Staudenmaier N, Vijayakumar-Sreeja A, Genov G, Cohen D, Findler C, Lang J, Retzker A, Jelezko F, Oviedo-Casado S. Optimal Sensing Protocol for Statistically Polarized Nano-NMR with NV Centers. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:150801. [PMID: 37897751 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.150801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Diffusion noise represents a major constraint to successful liquid state nano-NMR spectroscopy. Using the Fisher information as a faithful measure, we theoretically calculate and experimentally show that phase sensitive protocols are superior in most experimental scenarios, as they maximize information extraction from correlations in the sample. We derive the optimal experimental parameters for quantum heterodyne detection (Qdyne) and present the most accurate statistically polarized nano-NMR Qdyne detection experiments to date, leading the way to resolve chemical shifts and J couplings at the nanoscale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Staudenmaier
- Institute for Quantum Optics, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Genko Genov
- Institute for Quantum Optics, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Daniel Cohen
- Racah Institute of Physics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Christoph Findler
- Institute for Quantum Optics, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Diatope GmbH, Buchenweg 23, 88444 Ummendorf, Germany
| | - Johannes Lang
- Institute for Quantum Optics, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
- Diatope GmbH, Buchenweg 23, 88444 Ummendorf, Germany
| | - Alex Retzker
- Racah Institute of Physics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
- AWS Center for Quantum Computing, Pasadena 91125, California, USA
| | - Fedor Jelezko
- Institute for Quantum Optics, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Santiago Oviedo-Casado
- Racah Institute of Physics, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
- Área de Física Aplicada, Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Cartagena E-30202, Spain
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19
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Neuling NR, Allert RD, Bucher DB. Prospects of single-cell nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy with quantum sensors. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2023; 83:102975. [PMID: 37573624 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2023.102975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Single-cell analysis can unravel functional heterogeneity within cell populations otherwise obscured by ensemble measurements. However, noninvasive techniques that probe chemical entities and their dynamics are still lacking. This challenge could be overcome by novel sensors based on nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond, which enable nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy on unprecedented sample volumes. In this perspective, we briefly introduce NV-based quantum sensing and review the progress made in microscale NV-NMR spectroscopy. Last, we discuss approaches to enhance the sensitivity of NV ensemble magnetometers to detect biologically relevant concentrations and provide a roadmap toward their application in single-cell analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick R Neuling
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany; Munich Center of Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), Schellingstr. 4, 80779 München, Germany
| | - Robin D Allert
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany; Munich Center of Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), Schellingstr. 4, 80779 München, Germany
| | - Dominik B Bucher
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany; Munich Center of Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), Schellingstr. 4, 80779 München, Germany.
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20
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Arunkumar N, Olsson KS, Oon JT, Hart CA, Bucher DB, Glenn DR, Lukin MD, Park H, Ham D, Walsworth RL. Quantum Logic Enhanced Sensing in Solid-State Spin Ensembles. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 131:100801. [PMID: 37739376 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.131.100801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate quantum logic enhanced sensitivity for a macroscopic ensemble of solid-state, hybrid two-qubit sensors. We achieve over a factor of 30 improvement in the single-shot signal-to-noise ratio, translating to an ac magnetic field sensitivity enhancement exceeding an order of magnitude for time-averaged measurements. Using the electronic spins of nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers in diamond as sensors, we leverage the on-site nitrogen nuclear spins of the NV centers as memory qubits, in combination with homogeneous and stable bias and control fields, ensuring that all of the ∼10^{9} two-qubit sensors are sufficiently identical to permit global control of the NV ensemble spin states. We find quantum logic sensitivity enhancement for multiple measurement protocols with varying optimal sensing intervals, including XY8 and DROID-60 dynamical decoupling, as well as correlation spectroscopy, using an applied ac magnetic field signal. The results are independent of the nature of the target signal and broadly applicable to measurements using NV centers and other solid-state spin ensembles. This work provides a benchmark for macroscopic ensembles of quantum sensors that employ quantum logic or quantum error correction algorithms for enhanced sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nithya Arunkumar
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Quantum Technology Center, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Kevin S Olsson
- Quantum Technology Center, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
- Intelligence Community Postdoctoral Research Fellowship Program, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Jner Tzern Oon
- Quantum Technology Center, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Connor A Hart
- Quantum Technology Center, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Dominik B Bucher
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - David R Glenn
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Mikhail D Lukin
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Hongkun Park
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Donhee Ham
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Ronald L Walsworth
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
- Quantum Technology Center, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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21
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Zhou F, Jiang Z, Liang H, Ru S, Bettiol AA, Gao W. DC Magnetic Field Sensitivity Optimization of Spin Defects in Hexagonal Boron Nitride. NANO LETTERS 2023. [PMID: 37364230 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c01881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Spin defects existing in van der Waals materials attract wide attention thanks to their natural advantages for in situ quantum sensing, especially the negatively charged boron vacancy (VB-) centers in hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN). Here we systematically investigate the laser and microwave power broadening in continuous-wave optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) of the VB- ensemble in h-BN, by revealing the behaviors of ODMR contrast and line width as a function of the laser and microwave powers. The experimental results are well explained by employing a two-level simplified model of ODMR dynamics. Furthermore, with optimized power, the DC magnetic field sensitivity of VB- ensemble is significantly improved up to 2.87 ± ± 0.07 μT/Hz. Our results provide important suggestions for further applications of VB- centers in quantum information processing and ODMR-based quantum sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Zhou
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Zhengzhi Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Haidong Liang
- Centre for Ion Beam Applications, Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117542, Singapore
| | - Shihao Ru
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
- School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Andrew A Bettiol
- Centre for Ion Beam Applications, Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117542, Singapore
| | - Weibo Gao
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
- The Photonics Institute and Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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22
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Lu S, Fowler CR, Ream B, Waugh SM, Russell TM, Rohloff JC, Gold L, Cleveland JP, Stoll S. Magnetically Detected Protein Binding Using Spin-Labeled Slow Off-Rate Modified Aptamers. ACS Sens 2023; 8:2219-2227. [PMID: 37300508 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent developments in aptamer chemistry open up opportunities for new tools for protein biosensing. In this work, we present an approach to use immobilized slow off-rate modified aptamers (SOMAmers) site-specifically labeled with a nitroxide radical via azide-alkyne click chemistry as a means for detecting protein binding. Protein binding induces a change in rotational mobility of the spin label, which is detected via solution-state electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. We demonstrate the workflow and test the protocol using the SOMAmer SL5 and its protein target, platelet-derived growth factor B (PDGF-BB). In a complete site scan of the nitroxide over the SOMAmer, we determine the rotational mobility of the spin label in the absence and presence of target protein. Several sites with sufficiently tight affinity and large rotational mobility change upon protein binding are identified. We then model a system where the spin-labeled SOMAmer assay is combined with fluorescence detection via diamond nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center relaxometry. The NV center spin-lattice relaxation time is modulated by the rotational mobility of a proximal spin label and thus responsive to SOMAmer-protein binding. The spin label-mediated assay provides a general approach for transducing protein binding events into magnetically detectable signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shutian Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | | | - Brian Ream
- SomaLogic, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | | | | | | | - Larry Gold
- SomaLogic, Boulder, Colorado 80301, United States
| | | | - Stefan Stoll
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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23
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Bürgler B, Sjolander TF, Brinza O, Tallaire A, Achard J, Maletinsky P. All-optical nuclear quantum sensing using nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond. NPJ QUANTUM INFORMATION 2023; 9:56. [PMID: 38665257 PMCID: PMC11041803 DOI: 10.1038/s41534-023-00724-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Solid state spins have demonstrated significant potential in quantum sensing with applications including fundamental science, medical diagnostics and navigation. The quantum sensing schemes showing best performance under ambient conditions all utilize microwave or radio-frequency driving, which poses a significant limitation for miniaturization, energy efficiency, and non-invasiveness of quantum sensors. We overcome this limitation by demonstrating a purely optical approach to coherent quantum sensing. Our scheme involves the 15N nuclear spin of the Nitrogen-Vacancy (NV) center in diamond as a sensing resource, and exploits NV spin dynamics in oblique magnetic fields near the NV's excited state level anti-crossing to optically pump the nuclear spin into a quantum superposition state. We demonstrate all-optical free-induction decay measurements-the key protocol for low-frequency quantum sensing-both on single spins and spin ensembles. Our results pave the way for highly compact quantum sensors to be employed for magnetometry or gyroscopy applications in challenging environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Bürgler
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, Basel, CH-4056 Switzerland
| | - T. F. Sjolander
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, Basel, CH-4056 Switzerland
| | - O. Brinza
- Laboratoire des Sciences des Procédés et des Matériaux, LSPM, CNRS-UPR 3407, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, 99 Avenue JB Clément, Villetaneuse, 93430 France
| | - A. Tallaire
- Laboratoire des Sciences des Procédés et des Matériaux, LSPM, CNRS-UPR 3407, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, 99 Avenue JB Clément, Villetaneuse, 93430 France
- Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, CNRS, Chimie ParisTech, Université PSL, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - J. Achard
- Laboratoire des Sciences des Procédés et des Matériaux, LSPM, CNRS-UPR 3407, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, 99 Avenue JB Clément, Villetaneuse, 93430 France
| | - P. Maletinsky
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, Basel, CH-4056 Switzerland
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24
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Lau CS, Das S, Verzhbitskiy IA, Huang D, Zhang Y, Talha-Dean T, Fu W, Venkatakrishnarao D, Johnson Goh KE. Dielectrics for Two-Dimensional Transition-Metal Dichalcogenide Applications. ACS NANO 2023. [PMID: 37257134 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c03455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Despite over a decade of intense research efforts, the full potential of two-dimensional transition-metal dichalcogenides continues to be limited by major challenges. The lack of compatible and scalable dielectric materials and integration techniques restrict device performances and their commercial applications. Conventional dielectric integration techniques for bulk semiconductors are difficult to adapt for atomically thin two-dimensional materials. This review provides a brief introduction into various common and emerging dielectric synthesis and integration techniques and discusses their applicability for 2D transition metal dichalcogenides. Dielectric integration for various applications is reviewed in subsequent sections including nanoelectronics, optoelectronics, flexible electronics, valleytronics, biosensing, quantum information processing, and quantum sensing. For each application, we introduce basic device working principles, discuss the specific dielectric requirements, review current progress, present key challenges, and offer insights into future prospects and opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chit Siong Lau
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Sarthak Das
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Ivan A Verzhbitskiy
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Ding Huang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Yiyu Zhang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Teymour Talha-Dean
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Wei Fu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Dasari Venkatakrishnarao
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Kuan Eng Johnson Goh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Innovis #08-03, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, 2 Science Drive 3, 117551, Singapore
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue 639798, Singapore
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25
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Jiang Z, Cai H, Cernansky R, Liu X, Gao W. Quantum sensing of radio-frequency signal with NV centers in SiC. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadg2080. [PMID: 37196081 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adg2080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Silicon carbide is an emerging platform for quantum technologies that provides wafer scale and low-cost industrial fabrication. The material also hosts high-quality defects with long coherence times that can be used for quantum computation and sensing applications. Using an ensemble of nitrogen-vacancy centers and an XY8-2 correlation spectroscopy approach, we demonstrate a room-temperature quantum sensing of an artificial AC field centered at ~900 kHz with a spectral resolution of 10 kHz. Implementing the synchronized readout technique, we further extend the frequency resolution of our sensor to 0.01 kHz. These results pave the first steps for silicon carbide quantum sensors toward low-cost nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometers with a wide range of practical applications in medical, chemical, and biological analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengzhi Jiang
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Hongbing Cai
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
- The Photonics Institute and Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Robert Cernansky
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
- Institute for Quantum Optics and IQST, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, Ulm D-89081, Germany
| | - Xiaogang Liu
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Weibo Gao
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
- The Photonics Institute and Centre for Disruptive Photonic Technologies, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
- Centre for Quantum Technologies, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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26
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Lamichhane S, McElveen KA, Erickson A, Fescenko I, Sun S, Timalsina R, Guo Y, Liou SH, Lai RY, Laraoui A. Nitrogen-Vacancy Magnetometry of Individual Fe-Triazole Spin Crossover Nanorods. ACS NANO 2023; 17:8694-8704. [PMID: 37093121 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c01819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
[Fe(Htrz)2(trz)](BF4) (Fe-triazole) spin crossover molecules show thermal, electrical, and optical switching between high spin (HS) and low spin (LS) states, making them promising candidates for molecular spintronics. The LS and HS transitions originate from the electronic configurations of Fe(II) and are considered to be diamagnetic and paramagnetic, respectively. The Fe(II) LS state has six paired electrons in the ground states with no interaction with the magnetic field and a diamagnetic behavior is usually observed. While the bulk magnetic properties of Fe-triazole compounds are widely studied by standard magnetometry techniques, their magnetic properties at the individual level are missing. Here we use nitrogen vacancy (NV) based magnetometry to study the magnetic properties of the Fe-triazole LS state of nanoparticle clusters and individual nanorods of size varying from 20 to 1000 nm. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Raman spectroscopy are performed to determine the size of the nanoparticles/nanorods and to confirm their respective spin states. The magnetic field patterns produced by the nanoparticles/nanorods are imaged by NV magnetic microscopy as a function of applied magnetic field (up to 350 mT) and correlated with SEM and Raman. We found that in most of the nanorods the LS state is slightly paramagnetic, possibly originating from the surface oxidation and/or the greater Fe(III) presence along the nanorods' edges. NV measurements on the Fe-triazole LS state nanoparticle clusters revealed both diamagnetic and paramagnetic behavior. Our results highlight the potential of NV quantum sensors to study the magnetic properties of spin crossover molecules and molecular magnets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvechhya Lamichhane
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and the Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 855 North 16th Street, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Kayleigh A McElveen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 639 N 12 Street, 651 Hamilton Hall, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Adam Erickson
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 900 North 16th Street, West Nebraska Hall 342, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Ilja Fescenko
- Laser Center, University of Latvia, Jelgavas St 3, Riga LV-1004, Latvia
| | - Shuo Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 639 N 12 Street, 651 Hamilton Hall, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Rupak Timalsina
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 900 North 16th Street, West Nebraska Hall 342, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Yinsheng Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 639 N 12 Street, 651 Hamilton Hall, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Sy-Hwang Liou
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and the Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 855 North 16th Street, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Rebecca Y Lai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 639 N 12 Street, 651 Hamilton Hall, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Abdelghani Laraoui
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and the Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 855 North 16th Street, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
- Department of Mechanical & Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 900 North 16th Street, West Nebraska Hall 342, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
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27
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Chen S, Sun Z, Li W, Yu P, Shi Q, Kong F, Zhang Q, Wang P, Wang Y, Shi F, Du J. Digital Magnetic Detection of Biomolecular Interactions with Single Nanoparticles. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:2636-2643. [PMID: 36971403 PMCID: PMC10103294 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c04961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Biomolecular interactions compose a fundamental element of all life forms and are the biological basis of many biomedical assays. However, current methods for detecting biomolecular interactions have limitations in sensitivity and specificity. Here, using nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond as quantum sensors, we demonstrate digital magnetic detection of biomolecular interactions with single magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs). We first developed a single-particle magnetic imaging (SiPMI) method on 100 nm-sized MNPs with negligible magnetic background, high signal stability, and accurate quantification. The single-particle method was performed on biotin-streptavidin interactions and DNA-DNA interactions in which a single-base mismatch was specifically differentiated. Subsequently, SARS-CoV-2-related antibodies and nucleic acids were examined by a digital immunomagnetic assay derived from SiPMI. In addition, a magnetic separation process improved the detection sensitivity and dynamic range by more than 3 orders of magnitude and also the specificity. This digital magnetic platform is applicable to extensive biomolecular interaction studies and ultrasensitive biomedical assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanyou Chen
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical
Sciences, University of Science and Technology
of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS
Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- School
of Biomedical Engineering and Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Ziting Sun
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical
Sciences, University of Science and Technology
of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS
Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Wanhe Li
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical
Sciences, University of Science and Technology
of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS
Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Pei Yu
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical
Sciences, University of Science and Technology
of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS
Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Qian Shi
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical
Sciences, University of Science and Technology
of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS
Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Fei Kong
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical
Sciences, University of Science and Technology
of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS
Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical
Sciences, University of Science and Technology
of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS
Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- School
of Biomedical Engineering and Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Pengfei Wang
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical
Sciences, University of Science and Technology
of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS
Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei
National Laboratory, University of Science
and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Ya Wang
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical
Sciences, University of Science and Technology
of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS
Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei
National Laboratory, University of Science
and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Fazhan Shi
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical
Sciences, University of Science and Technology
of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS
Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- School
of Biomedical Engineering and Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou 215123, China
- Hefei
National Laboratory, University of Science
and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
| | - Jiangfeng Du
- CAS
Key Laboratory of Microscale Magnetic Resonance and School of Physical
Sciences, University of Science and Technology
of China, Hefei 230026, China
- CAS
Center for Excellence in Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei
National Laboratory, University of Science
and Technology of China, Hefei 230088, China
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28
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Munuera-Javaloy C, Tobalina A, Casanova J. High-Resolution NMR Spectroscopy at Large Fields with Nitrogen Vacancy Centers. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:133603. [PMID: 37067301 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.133603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Ensembles of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers are used as sensors to detect nuclear magnetic resonance signals from micron-sized samples at room temperature. In this scenario, the regime of large magnetic fields is especially interesting as it leads to a large nuclear thermal polarization-thus, to a strong sensor response even in low concentration samples-while chemical shifts and J couplings become more accessible. Nevertheless, this regime remains largely unexplored owing to the difficulties of coupling NV-based sensors with high-frequency nuclear signals. In this Letter, we circumvent this problem with a method that maps the relevant energy shifts in the amplitude of an induced nuclear spin signal that is subsequently transferred to the sensor. This stage is interspersed with free-precession periods of the sample nuclear spins where the sensor does not participate. Thus, our method leads to high spectral resolutions ultimately limited by the coherence of the nuclear spin signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Munuera-Javaloy
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Apartado 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
- EHU Quantum Center, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - A Tobalina
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Apartado 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
- EHU Quantum Center, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - J Casanova
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Apartado 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
- EHU Quantum Center, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
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29
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Li Z, Zhang N, Guo J, Guo Q, Yu T, Zhang M, Wang G, Gao X, Zhang X. Orientation of the NV centers are determined using the cylindrical vector beam array. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:9299-9307. [PMID: 37157502 DOI: 10.1364/oe.483191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The determination of nitrogen-vacancy centers plays an important role in quantum information sensing. Efficiently and rapidly determining the orientation of multiple nitrogen-vacancy center s in a low-concentration diamond is challenging due to its size. Here, we solve this scientific problem by using an azimuthally polarized beam array as the incident beam. In this paper, the optical pen is used to modulate the position of beam array to excite distinctive fluorescence characterizing multiple and different orientations of nitrogen-vacancy centers. The important result is that in a low concentration diamond layer, the orientation of multiple NV centers can be judged except when they are too close within the diffraction limit. Hence, this efficient and rapid method has a good application prospect in quantum information sensing.
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30
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Niora M, Lerche MH, Dufva M, Berg-Sørensen K. Quantitative Evaluation of the Cellular Uptake of Nanodiamonds by Monocytes and Macrophages. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2205429. [PMID: 36638251 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202205429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs) with negative nitrogen-vacancy (NV- ) defect centers are great probes for biosensing applications, with potential to act as biomarkers for cell differentiation. To explore this concept, uptake of FNDs (≈120 nm) by THP-1 monocytes and monocyte-derived M0-macrophages is studied. The time course analysis of FND uptake by monocytes confirms differing FND-cell interactions and a positive time-dependence. No effect on cell viability, proliferation, and differentiation potential into macrophages is observed, while cells saturated with FNDs, unload the FNDs completely by 25 cell divisions and subsequently take up a second dose effectively. FND uptake variations by THP-1 cells at early exposure-times indicate differing phagocytic capability. The cell fraction that exhibits relatively enhanced FND uptake is associated to a macrophage phenotype which derives from spontaneous monocyte differentiation. In accordance, chemical-differentiation of the THP-1 cells into M0-macrophages triggers increased and homogeneous FND uptake, depleting the fraction of cells that were non-responsive to FNDs. These observations imply that FND uptake allows for distinction between the two cell subtypes based on phagocytic capacity. Overall, FNDs demonstrate effective cell labeling of monocytes and macrophages, and are promising candidates for sensing biological processes that involve cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Niora
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads, building 345C, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mathilde Hauge Lerche
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads, building 345C, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Martin Dufva
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads, building 345C, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kirstine Berg-Sørensen
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Ørsteds Plads, building 345C, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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31
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Polkovnikov M, Gramolin AV, Kaplan DE, Rajendran S, Sushkov AO. Experimental Limit on Nonlinear State-Dependent Terms in Quantum Theory. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:040202. [PMID: 36763446 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.040202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Linear time evolution is one of the fundamental postulates of quantum theory. Past theoretical attempts to introduce nonlinearity into quantum evolution have violated causality. However, a recent theory has introduced nonlinear state-dependent terms in quantum field theory, preserving causality [D. E. Kaplan and S. Rajendran, Phys. Rev. D 105, 055002 (2022)PRVDAQ2470-001010.1103/PhysRevD.105.055002]. We report the results of an experiment that searches for such terms. Our approach, inspired by the Everett many-worlds interpretation of quantum theory, correlates a binary macroscopic classical voltage with the outcome of a projective measurement of a quantum bit, prepared in a coherent superposition state. Measurement results are recorded in a bit string, which is used to control a voltage switch. Presence of a nonzero voltage reading in cases of no applied voltage is the experimental signature of a nonlinear state-dependent shift of the electromagnetic field operator. We implement blinded measurement and data analysis with three control bit strings. Control of systematic effects is realized by producing one of the control bit strings with a classical random-bit generator. The other two bit strings are generated by measurements performed on a superconducting qubit in an IBM Quantum processor and on a ^{15}N nuclear spin in a nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond. Our measurements find no evidence for electromagnetic quantum state-dependent nonlinearity. We set a bound on the parameter that quantifies this nonlinearity |ε_{γ}|<4.7×10^{-11}, at 90% confidence level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David E Kaplan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Surjeet Rajendran
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
| | - Alexander O Sushkov
- Department of Physics, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
- Photonics Center, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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32
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Aslam N, Zhou H, Urbach EK, Turner MJ, Walsworth RL, Lukin MD, Park H. Quantum sensors for biomedical applications. NATURE REVIEWS. PHYSICS 2023; 5:157-169. [PMID: 36776813 PMCID: PMC9896461 DOI: 10.1038/s42254-023-00558-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Quantum sensors are finding their way from laboratories to the real world, as witnessed by the increasing number of start-ups in this field. The atomic length scale of quantum sensors and their coherence properties enable unprecedented spatial resolution and sensitivity. Biomedical applications could benefit from these quantum technologies, but it is often difficult to evaluate the potential impact of the techniques. This Review sheds light on these questions, presenting the status of quantum sensing applications and discussing their path towards commercialization. The focus is on two promising quantum sensing platforms: optically pumped atomic magnetometers, and nitrogen-vacancy centres in diamond. The broad spectrum of biomedical applications is highlighted by four case studies ranging from brain imaging to single-cell spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabeel Aslam
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA
- Institute of Condensed Matter Physics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Hengyun Zhou
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Elana K. Urbach
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Matthew J. Turner
- Quantum Technology Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD USA
| | - Ronald L. Walsworth
- Quantum Technology Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD USA
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD USA
| | | | - Hongkun Park
- Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA USA
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33
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Liu KS, Ma X, Rizzato R, Semrau AL, Henning A, Sharp ID, Fischer RA, Bucher DB. Using Metal-Organic Frameworks to Confine Liquid Samples for Nanoscale NV-NMR. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:9876-9882. [PMID: 36480706 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c03069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Atomic-scale magnetic field sensors based on nitrogen vacancy (NV) defects in diamonds are an exciting platform for nanoscale nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The detection of NMR signals from a few zeptoliters to single molecules or even single nuclear spins has been demonstrated using NV centers close to the diamond surface. However, fast molecular diffusion of sample molecules in and out of the nanoscale detection volumes impedes their detection and limits current experiments to solid-state or highly viscous samples. Here, we show that restricting diffusion by confinement enables nanoscale NMR spectroscopy of liquid samples. Our approach uses metal-organic frameworks (MOF) with angstrom-sized pores on a diamond chip to trap sample molecules near the NV centers. This enables the detection of NMR signals from a liquid sample, which would not be detectable without confinement. These results set the route for nanoscale liquid-phase NMR with high spectral resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina S Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85748Garching, Germany
| | - Xiaoxin Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85748Garching, Germany
| | - Roberto Rizzato
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85748Garching, Germany
| | - Anna L Semrau
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85748Garching, Germany
| | - Alex Henning
- Walter Schottky Institute and Physics Department, Technical University of Munich, 85748Garching, Germany
| | - Ian D Sharp
- Walter Schottky Institute and Physics Department, Technical University of Munich, 85748Garching, Germany
| | - Roland A Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85748Garching, Germany
| | - Dominik B Bucher
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85748Garching, Germany
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34
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Tobalina A, Munuera-Javaloy C, Torrontegui E, Muga JG, Casanova J. Tailored ion beam for precise colour centre creation. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2022; 380:20210271. [PMID: 36335951 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2021.0271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We present an invariant-based quantum control scheme leading to a highly monochromatic ion beam from a Paul trap. Our protocol is implementable by supplying the segmented electrodes in the trap with voltages of the order of volts. This mitigates the impact of fluctuations in previous designs and leads to a low-dispersion beam of ions. Moreover, our proposal does not rely on sympathetically cooling ions, which bypasses the need of loading different species in the trap-namely, the propelled ion and, e.g. a [Formula: see text] to exert sympathetic cooling-significantly incrementing the repetition rate of the launching procedure. Our scheme is based on an invariant operator linear in position and momentum, which enables us to control the average extraction energy and the outgoing momentum spread. In addition, we propose a sequential operation to tailor the transversal properties of the beam before the ejection to minimize the impact spot and to increase the lateral resolution of the implantation. This article is part of the theme issue 'Shortcuts to adiabaticity: theoretical, experimental and interdisciplinary perspectives'.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tobalina
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Apartado 644, Bilbao 48080, Spain
- EHU Quantum Center, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - C Munuera-Javaloy
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Apartado 644, Bilbao 48080, Spain
- EHU Quantum Center, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - E Torrontegui
- Departamento de Física, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Avda. de la Universidad 30, Leganés 28911, Spain
- Instituto de Física Fundamental IFF-CSIC, Calle Serrano 113b, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - J G Muga
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Apartado 644, Bilbao 48080, Spain
- EHU Quantum Center, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - J Casanova
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Apartado 644, Bilbao 48080, Spain
- EHU Quantum Center, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, Bilbao 48009, Spain
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35
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Allert RD, Bruckmaier F, Neuling NR, Freire-Moschovitis FA, Liu KS, Schrepel C, Schätzle P, Knittel P, Hermans M, Bucher DB. Microfluidic quantum sensing platform for lab-on-a-chip applications. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:4831-4840. [PMID: 36398977 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00874b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Lab-on-a-chip (LOC) applications have emerged as invaluable physical and life sciences tools. The advantages stem from advanced system miniaturization, thus, requiring far less sample volume while allowing for complex functionality, increased reproducibility, and high throughput. However, LOC applications necessitate extensive sensor miniaturization to leverage these inherent advantages fully. Atom-sized quantum sensors are highly promising to bridge this gap and have enabled measurements of temperature, electric and magnetic fields on the nano- to microscale. Nevertheless, the technical complexity of both disciplines has so far impeded an uncompromising combination of LOC systems and quantum sensors. Here, we present a fully integrated microfluidic platform for solid-state spin quantum sensors, like the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond. Our platform fulfills all technical requirements, such as fast spin manipulation, enabling full quantum sensing capabilities, biocompatibility, and easy adaptability to arbitrary channel and chip geometries. To illustrate the vast potential of quantum sensors in LOC systems, we demonstrate various NV center-based sensing modalities for chemical analysis in our microfluidic platform, ranging from paramagnetic ion detection to high-resolution microscale NV-NMR. Consequently, our work opens the door for novel chemical analysis capabilities within LOC devices with applications in electrochemistry, high-throughput reaction screening, bioanalytics, organ-on-a-chip, or single-cell studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Allert
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany.
| | - F Bruckmaier
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany.
| | - N R Neuling
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany.
| | - F A Freire-Moschovitis
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany.
| | - K S Liu
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany.
| | - C Schrepel
- LightFab GmbH, Talbotstr. 25, 52068 Aachen, Germany
| | - P Schätzle
- Department of Sustainable Systems Engineering (INATECH), University of Freiburg, Emmy-Noether-Str. 2, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - P Knittel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Solid State Physics, Tullastr. 72, 79108 Freiburg, Germany
| | - M Hermans
- LightFab GmbH, Talbotstr. 25, 52068 Aachen, Germany
| | - D B Bucher
- Technical University of Munich, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany.
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), Schellingstr. 4, 80799 München, Germany
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36
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Sigaeva A, Shirzad H, Martinez FP, Nusantara AC, Mougios N, Chipaux M, Schirhagl R. Diamond-Based Nanoscale Quantum Relaxometry for Sensing Free Radical Production in Cells. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2105750. [PMID: 36169083 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202105750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Diamond magnetometry makes use of fluorescent defects in diamonds to convert magnetic resonance signals into fluorescence. Because optical photons can be detected much more sensitively, this technique currently holds several sensitivity world records for room temperature magnetic measurements. It is orders of magnitude more sensitive than conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for detecting magnetic resonances. Here, the use of diamond magnetometry to detect free radical production in single living cells with nanometer resolution is experimentally demonstrated. This measuring system is first optimized and calibrated with chemicals at known concentrations. These measurements serve as benchmarks for future experiments. While conventional MRI typically has millimeter resolution, measurements are performed on individual cells to detect nitric oxide signaling at the nanoscale, within 10-20 nm from the internalized particles localized with a diffraction limited optical resolution. This level of detail is inaccessible to the state-of-the-art techniques. Nitric oxide is detected and the dynamics of its production and inhibition in the intra- and extracellular environment are followed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Sigaeva
- Groningen University, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, 9713AW, The Netherlands
| | - Hoda Shirzad
- Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Felipe Perona Martinez
- Groningen University, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, 9713AW, The Netherlands
| | - Anggrek Citra Nusantara
- Groningen University, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, 9713AW, The Netherlands
| | - Nikos Mougios
- Groningen University, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, 9713AW, The Netherlands
| | - Mayeul Chipaux
- Groningen University, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, 9713AW, The Netherlands
- Institute of Physics, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Romana Schirhagl
- Groningen University, University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, Groningen, 9713AW, The Netherlands
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37
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Sun L, Yang L, Dou JH, Li J, Skorupskii G, Mardini M, Tan KO, Chen T, Sun C, Oppenheim JJ, Griffin RG, Dincă M, Rajh T. Room-Temperature Quantitative Quantum Sensing of Lithium Ions with a Radical-Embedded Metal-Organic Framework. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:19008-19016. [PMID: 36201712 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent advancements in quantum sensing have sparked transformative detection technologies with high sensitivity, precision, and spatial resolution. Owing to their atomic-level tunability, molecular qubits and ensembles thereof are promising candidates for sensing chemical analytes. Here, we show quantum sensing of lithium ions in solution at room temperature with an ensemble of organic radicals integrated in a microporous metal-organic framework (MOF). The organic radicals exhibit electron spin coherence and microwave addressability at room temperature, thus behaving as qubits. The high surface area of the MOF promotes accessibility of the guest analytes to the organic qubits, enabling unambiguous identification of lithium ions and quantitative measurement of their concentration through relaxometric and hyperfine spectroscopic methods based on electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. The sensing principle presented in this work is applicable to other metal ions with nonzero nuclear spin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Sun
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois60439, United States
| | - Luming Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Jin-Hu Dou
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 56, Stockholm10044, Sweden
| | - Grigorii Skorupskii
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Michael Mardini
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States.,Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Kong Ooi Tan
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States.,Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Tianyang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Chenyue Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Julius J Oppenheim
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Robert G Griffin
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States.,Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Mircea Dincă
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts02139, United States
| | - Tijana Rajh
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois60439, United States.,The School for Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona85281, United States
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38
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Tan Y, Hu X, Hou Y, Chu Z. Emerging Diamond Quantum Sensing in Bio-Membranes. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:957. [PMID: 36295716 PMCID: PMC9609316 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12100957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Bio-membranes exhibit complex but unique mechanical properties as communicative regulators in various physiological and pathological processes. Exposed to a dynamic micro-environment, bio-membranes can be seen as an intricate and delicate system. The systematical modeling and detection of their local physical properties are often difficult to achieve, both quantitatively and precisely. The recent emerging diamonds hosting quantum defects (i.e., nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center) demonstrate intriguing optical and spin properties, together with their outstanding photostability and biocompatibility, rendering them ideal candidates for biological applications. Notably, the extraordinary spin-based sensing enable the measurements of localized nanoscale physical quantities such as magnetic fields, electrical fields, temperature, and strain. These nanoscale signals can be optically read out precisely by simple optical microscopy systems. Given these exclusive properties, NV-center-based quantum sensors can be widely applied in exploring bio-membrane-related features and the communicative chemical reaction processes. This review mainly focuses on NV-based quantum sensing in bio-membrane fields. The attempts of applying NV-based quantum sensors in bio-membranes to investigate diverse physical and chemical events such as membrane elasticity, phase change, nanoscale bio-physical signals, and free radical formation are fully overviewed. We also discuss the challenges and future directions of this novel technology to be utilized in bio-membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayin Tan
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Xinhao Hu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Yong Hou
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Zhiqin Chu
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Joint Appointment with School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
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39
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Janitz E, Herb K, Völker LA, Huxter WS, Degen CL, Abendroth JM. Diamond surface engineering for molecular sensing with nitrogen-vacancy centers. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. C 2022; 10:13533-13569. [PMID: 36324301 PMCID: PMC9521415 DOI: 10.1039/d2tc01258h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Quantum sensing using optically addressable atomic-scale defects, such as the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond, provides new opportunities for sensitive and highly localized characterization of chemical functionality. Notably, near-surface defects facilitate detection of the minute magnetic fields generated by nuclear or electron spins outside of the diamond crystal, such as those in chemisorbed and physisorbed molecules. However, the promise of NV centers is hindered by a severe degradation of critical sensor properties, namely charge stability and spin coherence, near surfaces (< ca. 10 nm deep). Moreover, applications in the chemical sciences require methods for covalent bonding of target molecules to diamond with robust control over density, orientation, and binding configuration. This forward-looking Review provides a survey of the rapidly converging fields of diamond surface science and NV-center physics, highlighting their combined potential for quantum sensing of molecules. We outline the diamond surface properties that are advantageous for NV-sensing applications, and discuss strategies to mitigate deleterious effects while simultaneously providing avenues for chemical attachment. Finally, we present an outlook on emerging applications in which the unprecedented sensitivity and spatial resolution of NV-based sensing could provide unique insight into chemically functionalized surfaces at the single-molecule level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Janitz
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich Otto-Stern-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Konstantin Herb
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich Otto-Stern-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Laura A Völker
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich Otto-Stern-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - William S Huxter
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich Otto-Stern-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Christian L Degen
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich Otto-Stern-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - John M Abendroth
- Department of Physics, ETH Zürich Otto-Stern-Weg 1 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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40
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Abendroth JM, Herb K, Janitz E, Zhu T, Völker LA, Degen CL. Single-Nitrogen-Vacancy NMR of Amine-Functionalized Diamond Surfaces. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:7294-7303. [PMID: 36069765 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c00533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging with shallow nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond offers an exciting route toward sensitive and localized chemical characterization at the nanoscale. Remarkable progress has been made to combat the degradation in coherence time and stability suffered by near-surface NV centers using suitable chemical surface termination. However, approaches that also enable robust control over adsorbed molecule density, orientation, and binding configuration are needed. We demonstrate a diamond surface preparation for mixed nitrogen- and oxygen-termination that simultaneously improves NV center coherence times for <10 nm-deep emitters and enables direct and recyclable chemical functionalization via amine-reactive cross-linking. Using this approach, we probe single NV centers embedded in nanopillar waveguides to perform 19F NMR sensing of covalently bound fluorinated molecules with detection on the order of 100 molecules. This work signifies an important step toward nuclear spin localization and structure interrogation at the single-molecule level.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Abendroth
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Konstantin Herb
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Erika Janitz
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tianqi Zhu
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Laura A Völker
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian L Degen
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto-Stern-Weg 1, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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41
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Quantum nonlinear spectroscopy of single nuclear spins. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5318. [PMID: 36085280 PMCID: PMC9463177 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32610-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional nonlinear spectroscopy, which use classical probes, can only access a limited set of correlations in a quantum system. Here we demonstrate that quantum nonlinear spectroscopy, in which a quantum sensor and a quantum object are first entangled and the sensor is measured along a chosen basis, can extract arbitrary types and orders of correlations in a quantum system. We measured fourth-order correlations of single nuclear spins that cannot be measured in conventional nonlinear spectroscopy, using sequential weak measurement via a nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond. The quantum nonlinear spectroscopy provides fingerprint features to identify different types of objects, such as Gaussian noises, random-phased AC fields, and quantum spins, which would be indistinguishable in second-order correlations. This work constitutes an initial step toward the application of higher-order correlations to quantum sensing, to examining the quantum foundation (by, e.g., higher-order Leggett-Garg inequality), and to studying quantum many-body physics. Signals that look the same from their low-order correlations can often be distinguished by looking at higher-order ones. Here, the authors exploit the sensitivity of quantum nonlinear spectroscopy to fourth-order correlations to identify Gaussian noises, random-phased AC fields, and quantum spins.
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Wang Z, Zhang J, Feng X, Xing L. Microwave Heating Effect on Diamond Samples of Nitrogen-Vacancy Centers. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:31538-31543. [PMID: 36092553 PMCID: PMC9453975 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Diamond samples of defects with negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers are promising solid-state spin sensors suitable for quantum information processing and highly sensitive measurements of magnetic, electric, and thermal fields at the nanoscale. A diamond defect with an NV center is unique for its robust temperature-dependent zero-field splitting D gs of the triplet ground state. This property enables the optical readout of electron spin states through manipulation of the ground triplet state using microwave resonance with D gs from 100 K to approximately 600 K. Thus, prohibiting D gs from external thermal disturbances is crucial for an accurate measurement using NV-diamond sensors. Nevertheless, the external microwave field probably exerts a heating effect on the diamond sample of NV centers. To our knowledge, the microwave heating effect on the diamond samples of NV centers has yet to be quantitatively and systematically addressed. Our observation demonstrates the existence of a prominent microwave heating effect on the diamond samples of NV centers with the microwave irradiation in a continuous mode and some pulse sequence modes. The zero-field splitting D gs is largely red-shifted by the temperature rises of the diamond samples. The effect will inevitably cause NV-diamond sensors to misread the true temperature of the target and disturb magnetic field detection by perturbing the spin precession of NV centers. Our observation demonstrates that such a phenomenon is negligible for the quantum lock-in XY8-N method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wang
- Department
of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- National
Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jintao Zhang
- National
Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiaojuan Feng
- National
Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Li Xing
- National
Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100029, China
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43
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Kultaeva A, Pöppl A, Biktagirov T. Atomic-Scale Quantum Sensing of Ensembles of Guest Molecules in a Metal-Organic Framework with Intrinsic Electron Spin Centers. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:6737-6742. [PMID: 35849549 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c01429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
One of the exciting applications of electron-spin-based quantum sensing is the detection of distant nuclear spins of external molecular species. Here, we explore the application of a metal-organic framework (MOF) material as a host matrix for sensing spin centers. As a sensor, we employ inherent Cu2+ ions in the structure of a Zn-doped HKUST-1 framework. As a target molecular species, we use butane gas that exhibits no specific chemical reactivity toward the inner surface of HKUST-1 and is thus randomly distributed inside the MOF pore network. By employing a conventional double-resonance pulse sequence, we can effectively detect the coupling of the distant 1H nuclear spins of butane to the electron spin of the sensor and gain atomic-scale insight into their spatial distribution. Thus, our proof-of-the-concept experiment demonstrates that MOFs, the materials featuring extremely large surface area and great tunability, are perfectly suited as a key element for emerging magnetic quantum sensing solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Kultaeva
- University Leipzig, Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, Felix Bloch Institute for Solid State Physics, Linnestrasse 5, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Pöppl
- University Leipzig, Faculty of Physics and Earth Science, Felix Bloch Institute for Solid State Physics, Linnestrasse 5, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Timur Biktagirov
- University Paderborn, Physics Department, D-33098 Paderborn, Germany
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44
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Allert RD, Briegel KD, Bucher DB. Advances in nano- and microscale NMR spectroscopy using diamond quantum sensors. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:8165-8181. [PMID: 35796253 PMCID: PMC9301930 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc01546c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Quantum technologies have seen a rapid developmental surge over the last couple of years. Though often overshadowed by quantum computation, quantum sensors show tremendous potential for widespread applications in chemistry and biology. One system stands out in particular: the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond, an atomic-sized sensor allowing the detection of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signals at unprecedented length scales down to a single proton. In this article, we review the fundamentals of NV center-based quantum sensing and its distinct impact on nano- and microscale NMR spectroscopy. Furthermore, we highlight possible future applications of this novel technology ranging from energy research, materials science, to single-cell biology, and discuss the associated challenges of these rapidly developing NMR sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin D Allert
- Technical University of Munich, Department of Chemistry, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany.
| | - Karl D Briegel
- Technical University of Munich, Department of Chemistry, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany.
| | - Dominik B Bucher
- Technical University of Munich, Department of Chemistry, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching b. München, Germany.
- Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), Schellingstr. 4, 80799 München, Germany
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45
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Wu Y, Weil T. Recent Developments of Nanodiamond Quantum Sensors for Biological Applications. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2200059. [PMID: 35343101 PMCID: PMC9259730 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202200059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Measuring certain quantities at the nanoscale is often limited to strict conditions such as low temperature or vacuum. However, the recently developed nanodiamond (ND) quantum sensing technology shows great promise for ultrasensitive diagnosis and probing subcellular parameters at ambient conditions. Atom defects (i.e., N, Si) within the ND lattice provide stable emissions and sometimes spin-dependent photoluminescence. These unique properties endow ND quantum sensors with the capacity to detect local temperature, magnetic fields, electric fields, or strain. In this review, some of the recent, most exciting developments in the preparation and application of ND sensors to solve current challenges in biology and medicine including ultrasensitive detection of virions and local sensing of pH, radical species, magnetic fields, temperature, and rotational movements, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingke Wu
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 10Mainz55128Germany
| | - Tanja Weil
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer ResearchAckermannweg 10Mainz55128Germany
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46
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Hegde SS, Zhang J, Suter D. Toward the Speed Limit of High-Fidelity Two-Qubit Gates. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 128:230502. [PMID: 35749178 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.128.230502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Most implementations of quantum gate operations rely on external control fields to drive the evolution of the quantum system. Generating these control fields requires significant efforts to design the suitable control Hamiltonians. Furthermore, any error in the control fields reduces the fidelity of the implemented control operation with respect to the ideal target operation. Achieving sufficiently fast gate operations at low error rates remains therefore a huge challenge. In this Letter, we present a novel approach to overcome this challenge by eliminating, for specific gate operations, the time-dependent control fields entirely. This approach appears useful for maximizing the speed of the gate operation while simultaneously eliminating relevant sources of errors. We present an experimental demonstration of the concept in a single nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swathi S Hegde
- Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jingfu Zhang
- Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Dieter Suter
- Fakultät Physik, Technische Universität Dortmund, D-44221 Dortmund, Germany
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47
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Cujia KS, Herb K, Zopes J, Abendroth JM, Degen CL. Parallel detection and spatial mapping of large nuclear spin clusters. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1260. [PMID: 35273190 PMCID: PMC8913684 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28935-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at the atomic scale offers exciting prospects for determining the structure and function of individual molecules and proteins. Quantum defects in diamond have recently emerged as a promising platform towards reaching this goal, and allowed for the detection and localization of single nuclear spins under ambient conditions. Here, we present an efficient strategy for extending imaging to large nuclear spin clusters, fulfilling an important requirement towards a single-molecule MRI technique. Our method combines the concepts of weak quantum measurements, phase encoding and simulated annealing to detect three-dimensional positions from many nuclei in parallel. Detection is spatially selective, allowing us to probe nuclei at a chosen target radius while avoiding interference from strongly-coupled proximal nuclei. We demonstrate our strategy by imaging clusters containing more than 20 carbon-13 nuclear spins within a radius of 2.4 nm from single, near-surface nitrogen-vacancy centers at room temperature. The radius extrapolates to 5-6 nm for 1H. Beside taking an important step in nanoscale MRI, our experiment also provides an efficient tool for the characterization of large nuclear spin registers in the context of quantum simulators and quantum network nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Cujia
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto Stern Weg 1, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland. .,IT'IS Foundation, Zeughausstrasse 43, 8004, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - K Herb
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto Stern Weg 1, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - J Zopes
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto Stern Weg 1, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland. .,Ansys Switzerland GmbH, Technoparkstrasse 1, 8005, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - J M Abendroth
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto Stern Weg 1, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - C L Degen
- Department of Physics, ETH Zurich, Otto Stern Weg 1, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland. .,Quantum Center, ETH Zurich, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
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48
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Biocompatible surface functionalization architecture for a diamond quantum sensor. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2114186119. [PMID: 35193961 PMCID: PMC8872777 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2114186119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Diamond-based quantum sensing enables nanoscale measurements of biological systems with unprecedented sensitivity. Potential applications of this emerging technology range from the investigation of fundamental biological processes to the development of next-generation medical diagnostics devices. One of the main challenges faced by bioquantum sensing is the need to interface quantum sensors with biological target systems. Specifically, such an interface needs to maintain the highly fragile quantum states of our sensor and at the same time be able to fish intact biomolecules out of solution and immobilize them on our quantum sensor surface. Our work overcomes these challenges by combining tools from quantum engineering, single-molecule biophysics, and material processing. Quantum metrology enables some of the most precise measurements. In the life sciences, diamond-based quantum sensing has led to a new class of biophysical sensors and diagnostic devices that are being investigated as a platform for cancer screening and ultrasensitive immunoassays. However, a broader application in the life sciences based on nanoscale NMR spectroscopy has been hampered by the need to interface highly sensitive quantum bit (qubit) sensors with their biological targets. Here, we demonstrate an approach that combines quantum engineering with single-molecule biophysics to immobilize individual proteins and DNA molecules on the surface of a bulk diamond crystal that hosts coherent nitrogen vacancy qubit sensors. Our thin (sub–5 nm) functionalization architecture provides precise control over the biomolecule adsorption density and results in near-surface qubit coherence approaching 100 μs. The developed architecture remains chemically stable under physiological conditions for over 5 d, making our technique compatible with most biophysical and biomedical applications.
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Abstract
NMR is a noninvasive, molecular-level spectroscopic technique widely used for chemical characterization. However, it lacks the sensitivity to probe the small number of spins at surfaces and interfaces. Here, we use nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers in diamond as quantum sensors to optically detect NMR signals from chemically modified thin films. To demonstrate the method's capabilities, aluminum oxide layers, common supports in catalysis and materials science, are prepared by atomic layer deposition and are subsequently functionalized by phosphonate chemistry to form self-assembled monolayers. The surface NV-NMR technique detects spatially resolved NMR signals from the monolayer, indicates chemical binding, and quantifies molecular coverage. In addition, it can monitor in real time the formation kinetics at the solid-liquid interface. With our approach, we show that NV quantum sensors are a surface-sensitive NMR tool with femtomole sensitivity for in situ analysis in catalysis, materials, and biological research.
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50
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Immunomagnetic microscopy of tumor tissues using quantum sensors in diamond. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:2118876119. [PMID: 35082154 PMCID: PMC8812536 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2118876119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Histological imaging is essential for the biomedical research and clinical diagnosis of human cancer. Although optical microscopy provides a standard method, it is a persistent goal to develop new imaging methods for more precise histological examination. Here, we use nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond as quantum sensors and demonstrate micrometer-resolution immunomagnetic microscopy (IMM) for human tumor tissues. We immunomagnetically labeled cancer biomarkers in tumor tissues with magnetic nanoparticles and imaged them in a 400-nm resolution diamond-based magnetic microscope. There is barely magnetic background in tissues, and the IMM can resist the impact of a light background. The distribution of biomarkers in the high-contrast magnetic images was reconstructed as that of the magnetic moment of magnetic nanoparticles by employing deep-learning algorithms. In the reconstructed magnetic images, the expression intensity of the biomarkers was quantified with the absolute magnetic signal. The IMM has excellent signal stability, and the magnetic signal in our samples had not changed after more than 1.5 y under ambient conditions. Furthermore, we realized multimodal imaging of tumor tissues by combining IMM with hematoxylin-eosin staining, immunohistochemistry, or immunofluorescence microscopy in the same tissue section. Overall, our study provides a different histological method for both molecular mechanism research and accurate diagnosis of human cancer.
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