1
|
Imai F, Matsuura K, Yang E, Klinefelter K, Alexandrou G, Letelier A, Takatani H, Osakada F, Yoshida Y. Layer Va neurons, as major presynaptic partners of corticospinal neurons, play critical roles in skilled movements. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.28.601172. [PMID: 38979259 PMCID: PMC11230360 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.28.601172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Corticospinal neurons (CSNs) are located in the cortex and projecting into the spinal cord. The activation of CSNs, which is associated with skilled motor behaviors, induces the activation of interneurons in the spinal cord. Eventually, motor neuron activation is induced by corticospinal circuits to coordinate muscle activation. Therefore, elucidating how the activation of CSNs in the brain is regulated is necessary for understanding the roles of CSNs in skilled motor behaviors. However, the presynaptic partners of CSNs in the brain remain to be identified. Here, we performed transsynaptic rabies virus-mediated brain-wide mapping to identify presynaptic partners of CSNs (pre-CSNs). We found that pre-CSNs are located in all cortical layers, but major pre-CSNs are located in layer Va. A small population of pre-CSNs are also located outside the cortex, such as in the thalamus. Inactivation of layer Va neurons in Tlx3-Cre mice results in deficits in skilled reaching and grasping behaviors, suggesting that, similar to CSNs, layer Va neurons are critical for skilled movements. Finally, we examined whether the connectivity of CSNs is altered after spinal cord injury (SCI). We found that unlike connections between CNSs and postsynaptic neurons, connections between pre-CSNs and CSNs do not change after SCI.
Collapse
|
2
|
Keppler J. Laying the foundations for a theory of consciousness: the significance of critical brain dynamics for the formation of conscious states. Front Hum Neurosci 2024; 18:1379191. [PMID: 38736531 PMCID: PMC11082359 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2024.1379191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Empirical evidence indicates that conscious states, distinguished by the presence of phenomenal qualities, are closely linked to synchronized neural activity patterns whose dynamical characteristics can be attributed to self-organized criticality and phase transitions. These findings imply that insight into the mechanism by which the brain controls phase transitions will provide a deeper understanding of the fundamental mechanism by which the brain manages to transcend the threshold of consciousness. This article aims to show that the initiation of phase transitions and the formation of synchronized activity patterns is due to the coupling of the brain to the zero-point field (ZPF), which plays a central role in quantum electrodynamics (QED). The ZPF stands for the presence of ubiquitous vacuum fluctuations of the electromagnetic field, represented by a spectrum of normal modes. With reference to QED-based model calculations, the details of the coupling mechanism are revealed, suggesting that critical brain dynamics is governed by the resonant interaction of the ZPF with the most abundant neurotransmitter glutamate. The pyramidal neurons in the cortical microcolumns turn out to be ideally suited to control this interaction. A direct consequence of resonant glutamate-ZPF coupling is the amplification of specific ZPF modes, which leads us to conclude that the ZPF is the key to the understanding of consciousness and that the distinctive feature of neurophysiological processes associated with conscious experience consists in modulating the ZPF. Postulating that the ZPF is an inherently sentient field and assuming that the spectrum of phenomenal qualities is represented by the normal modes of the ZPF, the significance of resonant glutamate-ZPF interaction for the formation of conscious states becomes apparent in that the amplification of specific ZPF modes is inextricably linked with the excitation of specific phenomenal qualities. This theory of consciousness, according to which phenomenal states arise through resonant amplification of zero-point modes, is given the acronym TRAZE. An experimental setup is specified that can be used to test a corollary of the theory, namely, the prediction that normally occurring conscious perceptions are absent under experimental conditions in which resonant glutamate-ZPF coupling is disrupted.
Collapse
|
3
|
Burkhalter A, Ji W, Meier AM, D’Souza RD. Modular horizontal network within mouse primary visual cortex. Front Neuroanat 2024; 18:1364675. [PMID: 38650594 PMCID: PMC11033472 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2024.1364675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Interactions between feedback connections from higher cortical areas and local horizontal connections within primary visual cortex (V1) were shown to play a role in contextual processing in different behavioral states. Layer 1 (L1) is an important part of the underlying network. This cell-sparse layer is a target of feedback and local inputs, and nexus for contacts onto apical dendrites of projection neurons in the layers below. Importantly, L1 is a site for coupling inputs from the outside world with internal information. To determine whether all of these circuit elements overlap in L1, we labeled the horizontal network within mouse V1 with anterograde and retrograde viral tracers. We found two types of local horizontal connections: short ones that were tangentially limited to the representation of the point image, and long ones which reached beyond the receptive field center, deep into its surround. The long connections were patchy and terminated preferentially in M2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor-negative (M2-) interpatches. Anterogradely labeled inputs overlapped in M2-interpatches with apical dendrites of retrogradely labeled L2/3 and L5 cells, forming module-selective loops between topographically distant locations. Previous work showed that L1 of M2-interpatches receive inputs from the lateral posterior thalamic nucleus (LP) and from a feedback network from areas of the medial dorsal stream, including the secondary motor cortex. Together, these findings suggest that interactions in M2-interpatches play a role in processing visual inputs produced by object-and self-motion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Burkhalter
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Weiqing Ji
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Andrew M. Meier
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, College of Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Rinaldo D. D’Souza
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yuste R, Cossart R, Yaksi E. Neuronal ensembles: Building blocks of neural circuits. Neuron 2024; 112:875-892. [PMID: 38262413 PMCID: PMC10957317 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Neuronal ensembles, defined as groups of neurons displaying recurring patterns of coordinated activity, represent an intermediate functional level between individual neurons and brain areas. Novel methods to measure and optically manipulate the activity of neuronal populations have provided evidence of ensembles in the neocortex and hippocampus. Ensembles can be activated intrinsically or in response to sensory stimuli and play a causal role in perception and behavior. Here we review ensemble phenomenology, developmental origin, biophysical and synaptic mechanisms, and potential functional roles across different brain areas and species, including humans. As modular units of neural circuits, ensembles could provide a mechanistic underpinning of fundamental brain processes, including neural coding, motor planning, decision-making, learning, and adaptability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Yuste
- NeuroTechnology Center, Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Rosa Cossart
- Inserm, INMED, Turing Center for Living Systems Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France.
| | - Emre Yaksi
- Kavli Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; Koç University Research Center for Translational Medicine, Koç University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Togashi H, Davis SR, Sato M. From soap bubbles to multicellular organisms: Unraveling the role of cell adhesion and physical constraints in tile pattern formation and tissue morphogenesis. Dev Biol 2024; 506:1-6. [PMID: 37995916 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2023.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Tile patterns, in which numerous cells are arranged in a regular pattern, are found in a variety of multicellular organisms and play important functional roles. Such regular arrangements of cells are regulated by various cell adhesion molecules. On the other hand, cell shape is also known to be regulated by physical constraints similar to those of soap bubbles. In particular, circumference minimization plays an important role, and cell adhesion negatively affects this process, thereby regulating tissue morphogenesis based on physical properties. Here, we focus on the Drosophila compound eye and the mouse auditory epithelium, and summarize the mechanisms of tile pattern formation by cell adhesion molecules such as cadherins, Irre Cell Recognition Modules (IRMs), and nectins. Phenomena that cannot be explained by physical stability based on cortical tension alone have been reported in the tile pattern formation in the compound eye, suggesting that previously unexplored forces such as cellular concentric expansion force may play an important role. We would like to summarize perspectives for future research on the mechanisms of tissue morphogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hideru Togashi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Steven Ray Davis
- Mathematical Neuroscience Unit, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Makoto Sato
- Mathematical Neuroscience Unit, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Cao JW, Liu LY, Yu YC. Gap junctions regulate the development of neural circuits in the neocortex. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2023; 81:102735. [PMID: 37263136 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2023.102735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Gap junctions between cells are ubiquitously expressed in the developing brain. They are involved in major steps of neocortical development, including neurogenesis, cell migration, synaptogenesis, and neural circuit formation, and have been implicated in cortical column formation. Dysfunctional gap junctions can contribute to or even cause a variety of brain diseases. Although the role of gap junctions in neocortical development is better known, a comprehensive understanding of their functions is far from complete. Here we explore several critical open questions surrounding gap junctions and their involvement in neural circuit development. Addressing them will greatly impact our understanding of the fundamental mechanisms of neocortical structure and function as well as the etiology of brain disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Wei Cao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xiangnan University, Chenzhou, Hunan 423000, China
| | - Lin-Yun Liu
- Jing'an District Central Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yong-Chun Yu
- Jing'an District Central Hospital of Shanghai, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Shanghai 200032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Han Z, Luo N, Ma W, Liu X, Cai Y, Kou J, Wang J, Li L, Peng S, Xu Z, Zhang W, Qiu Y, Wu Y, Ye C, Lin K, Xu F. AAV11 enables efficient retrograde targeting of projection neurons and enhances astrocyte-directed transduction. Nat Commun 2023; 14:3792. [PMID: 37365155 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39554-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral tracers that enable efficient retrograde labeling of projection neurons are powerful vehicles for structural and functional dissections of the neural circuit and for the treatment of brain diseases. Currently, some recombinant adeno-associated viruses (rAAVs) based on capsid engineering are widely used for retrograde tracing, but display undesirable brain area selectivity due to inefficient retrograde transduction in certain neural connections. Here we developed an easily editable toolkit to produce high titer AAV11 and demonstrated that it exhibits potent and stringent retrograde labeling of projection neurons in adult male wild-type or Cre transgenic mice. AAV11 can function as a powerful retrograde viral tracer complementary to AAV2-retro in multiple neural connections. In combination with fiber photometry, AAV11 can be used to monitor neuronal activities in the functional network by retrograde delivering calcium-sensitive indicator under the control of a neuron-specific promoter or the Cre-lox system. Furthermore, we showed that GfaABC1D promoter embedding AAV11 is superior to AAV8 and AAV5 in astrocytic tropism in vivo, combined with bidirectional multi-vector axoastrocytic labeling, AAV11 can be used to study neuron-astrocyte connection. Finally, we showed that AAV11 allows for analyzing circuit connectivity difference in the brains of the Alzheimer's disease and control mice. These properties make AAV11 a promising tool for mapping and manipulating neural circuits and for gene therapy of some neurological and neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zengpeng Han
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Vectors for Biomedicine, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Quality Control Technology for Virus-Based Therapeutics, Guangdong Provincial Medical Products Administration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Viral Vector Technology in Cell and Gene Therapy Medicinal Products, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, PR China
| | - Nengsong Luo
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Wenyu Ma
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China
| | - Yuxiang Cai
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Jiaxin Kou
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, PR China
| | - Jie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, PR China
| | - Lei Li
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, PR China
| | - Siqi Peng
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, PR China
| | - Zihong Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, PR China
| | - Wen Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, PR China
| | - Yuxiang Qiu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Vectors for Biomedicine, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Quality Control Technology for Virus-Based Therapeutics, Guangdong Provincial Medical Products Administration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Viral Vector Technology in Cell and Gene Therapy Medicinal Products, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, PR China
| | - Chaohui Ye
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, PR China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, PR China
| | - Kunzhang Lin
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Vectors for Biomedicine, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China.
- Key Laboratory of Quality Control Technology for Virus-Based Therapeutics, Guangdong Provincial Medical Products Administration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Viral Vector Technology in Cell and Gene Therapy Medicinal Products, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China.
| | - Fuqiang Xu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Vectors for Biomedicine, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China.
- Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Biological Systems, State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, PR China.
- Key Laboratory of Quality Control Technology for Virus-Based Therapeutics, Guangdong Provincial Medical Products Administration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Viral Vector Technology in Cell and Gene Therapy Medicinal Products, the Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, PR China.
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, PR China.
- Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Egashira T, Nakagawa-Tamagawa N, Abzhanova E, Kawae Y, Kohara A, Koitabashi R, Mizuno H, Mizuno H. In vivo two-photon calcium imaging of cortical neurons in neonatal mice. STAR Protoc 2023; 4:102245. [PMID: 37119143 PMCID: PMC10173855 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2023.102245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In vivo calcium imaging is essential to elucidate unique synchronous activities observed in the developing brain. Here, we present a protocol to image and analyze activity patterns in neonatal mouse neocortex in a single-cell level. We describe steps for in utero electroporation, cranial window surgery, two-photon imaging, and activity correlation analysis. This protocol facilitates the understanding of neuronal activities and activity-dependent circuit formation during development. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Mizuno et al. (2014),1 Mizuno et al. (2018a),2 and Mizuno et al. (2018b).3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takamitsu Egashira
- Laboratory of Multi-Dimensional Imaging, International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan; Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Nao Nakagawa-Tamagawa
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan.
| | - Elvira Abzhanova
- Laboratory of Multi-Dimensional Imaging, International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan; Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Yuzuki Kawae
- Laboratory of Multi-Dimensional Imaging, International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Ayami Kohara
- Laboratory of Multi-Dimensional Imaging, International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Ryoko Koitabashi
- Laboratory of Multi-Dimensional Imaging, International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Hiromi Mizuno
- Laboratory of Multi-Dimensional Imaging, International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan
| | - Hidenobu Mizuno
- Laboratory of Multi-Dimensional Imaging, International Research Center for Medical Sciences (IRCMS), Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan; Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-0811, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Okujeni S, Egert U. Structural Modularity Tunes Mesoscale Criticality in Biological Neuronal Networks. J Neurosci 2023; 43:2515-2526. [PMID: 36868860 PMCID: PMC10082461 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1420-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies suggest that biological neuronal networks self-organize toward a critical state with stable recruitment dynamics. Individual neurons would then statistically activate exactly one further neuron during activity cascades termed neuronal avalanches. Yet, it is unclear if and how this can be reconciled with the explosive recruitment dynamics within neocortical minicolumns in vivo and within neuronal clusters in vitro, which indicates that neurons form supercritical local circuits. Theoretical studies propose that modular networks with a mix of regionally subcritical and supercritical dynamics would create apparently critical dynamics, resolving this inconsistency. Here, we provide experimental support by manipulating the structural self-organization process of networks of cultured rat cortical neurons (either sex). Consistent with the prediction, we show that increasing clustering in neuronal networks developing in vitro strongly correlates with avalanche size distributions transitioning from supercritical to subcritical activity dynamics. Avalanche size distributions approximated a power law in moderately clustered networks, indicating overall critical recruitment. We propose that activity-dependent self-organization can tune inherently supercritical networks toward mesoscale criticality by creating a modular structure in neuronal networks.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Critical recruitment dynamics in neuronal networks are considered optimal for information processing in the brain. However, it remains heavily debated how neuronal networks would self-organize criticality by detailed fine-tuning of connectivity, inhibition, and excitability. We provide experimental support for theoretical considerations that modularity tunes critical recruitment dynamics at the mesoscale level of interacting neuron clusters. This reconciles reports of supercritical recruitment dynamics in local neuron clusters with findings on criticality sampled at mesoscopic network scales. Intriguingly, altered mesoscale organization is a prominent aspect of various neuropathological diseases currently investigated in the framework of criticality. We therefore believe that our findings would also be of interest for clinical scientists searching to link the functional and anatomic signatures of such brain disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samora Okujeni
- Laboratory for Biomicrotechnology, Department of Microsystems Engineering-Institut für Mikrosystemtechnik, Faculty of Engineering, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Bernstein Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ulrich Egert
- Laboratory for Biomicrotechnology, Department of Microsystems Engineering-Institut für Mikrosystemtechnik, Faculty of Engineering, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Bernstein Center Freiburg, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lee Y, Wang M, Imamura K, Sato M. Quantitative analysis of the roles of IRM cell adhesion molecules in column formation in the fly brain. Dev Growth Differ 2023; 65:37-47. [PMID: 36534021 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The Drosophila visual center shows columnar structures, basic structural and functional units of the brain, that are shared with the mammalian cerebral cortex. Visual information received in the ommatidia in the compound eye is transmitted to the columns in the brain. However, the developmental mechanisms of column formation are largely unknown. The Irre Cell Recognition Module (IRM) proteins are a family of immunoglobulin cell adhesion molecules. The four Drosophila IRM proteins are localized to the developing columns, the structure of which is affected in IRM mutants, suggesting that IRM proteins are essential for column formation. Since IRM proteins are cell adhesion molecules, they may regulate cell adhesion between columnar neurons. To test this possibility, we specifically knocked down IRM genes in columnar neurons and examined the defects in column formation. We developed a system that automatically extracts the individual column images and quantifies the column shape. Using this system, we demonstrated that IRM genes play critical roles in regulating column shape in a core columnar neuron, Mi1. We also show that their expression in the other columnar neurons, Mi4 and T4/5, is essential, suggesting that the interactions between IRM proteins and multiple neurons shape the columns in the fly brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Lee
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Miaoxing Wang
- Mathematical Neuroscience Unit, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kousuke Imamura
- Faculty of Electrical, Information and Communication Engineering, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Makoto Sato
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.,Mathematical Neuroscience Unit, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang H, Dey O, Lagos WN, Callaway EM. Diversity in spatial frequency, temporal frequency, and speed tuning across mouse visual cortical areas and layers. J Comp Neurol 2022; 530:3226-3247. [PMID: 36070574 PMCID: PMC9588602 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The mouse visual system consists of several visual cortical areas thought to be specialized for different visual features and/or tasks. Previous studies have revealed differences between primary visual cortex (V1) and other higher visual areas, namely, anterolateral (AL) and posteromedial (PM), and their tuning preferences for spatial and temporal frequency. However, these differences have primarily been characterized using methods that are biased toward superficial layers of cortex, such as two-photon calcium imaging. Fewer studies have investigated cell types in deeper layers of these areas and their tuning preferences. Because superficial versus deep-layer neurons and different types of deep-layer neurons are known to have different feedforward and feedback inputs and outputs, comparing the tuning preferences of these groups is important for understanding cortical visual information processing. In this study, we used extracellular electrophysiology and two-photon calcium imaging targeted toward two different layer 5 cell classes to characterize their tuning properties in V1, AL, and PM. We find that deep-layer neurons, similar to superficial layer neurons, are also specialized for different spatial and temporal frequencies, with the strongest differences between AL and V1, and AL and PM, but not V1 and PM. However, we note that the deep-layer neuron populations preferred a larger range of SFs and TFs compared to previous studies. We also find that extratelencephalically projecting layer 5 neurons are more direction selective than intratelencephalically projecting layer 5 neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helen Wang
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Oyshi Dey
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Willian N. Lagos
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Edward M. Callaway
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chen G, Scherr F, Maass W. A data-based large-scale model for primary visual cortex enables brain-like robust and versatile visual processing. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq7592. [PMID: 36322646 PMCID: PMC9629744 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq7592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We analyze visual processing capabilities of a large-scale model for area V1 that arguably provides the most comprehensive accumulation of anatomical and neurophysiological data to date. We find that this brain-like neural network model can reproduce a number of characteristic visual processing capabilities of the brain, in particular the capability to solve diverse visual processing tasks, also on temporally dispersed visual information, with remarkable robustness to noise. This V1 model, whose architecture and neurons markedly differ from those of deep neural networks used in current artificial intelligence (AI), such as convolutional neural networks (CNNs), also reproduces a number of characteristic neural coding properties of the brain, which provides explanations for its superior noise robustness. Because visual processing is substantially more energy efficient in the brain compared with CNNs in AI, such brain-like neural networks are likely to have an impact on future technology: as blueprints for visual processing in more energy-efficient neuromorphic hardware.
Collapse
|
13
|
Jin Y, Gao X, Lu M, Chen G, Yang X, Ren N, Song Y, Hou C, Li J, Liu Q, Gao J. Loss of BAF (mSWI/SNF) chromatin-remodeling ATPase Brg1 causes multiple malformations of cortical development in mice. Hum Mol Genet 2022; 31:3504-3520. [PMID: 35666215 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddac127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in genes encoding subunits of the BAF (BRG1/BRM-associated factor) complex cause various neurodevelopmental diseases. However, the underlying pathophysiology remains largely unknown. Here, we analyzed the function of Brg1, a core ATPase of BAF complexes, in the developing cerebral cortex. Loss of Brg1 causes several morphological defects resembling human malformations of cortical development (MCDs), including microcephaly, cortical dysplasia, cobblestone lissencephaly, and periventricular heterotopia. We demonstrated that neural progenitor cell (NPC) renewal, neuronal differentiation, neuronal migration, apoptotic cell death, pial basement membrane, and apical junctional complexes, which are associated with MCD formation, were impaired after Brg1 deletion. Furthermore, transcriptome profiling indicated that a large number of genes were deregulated. The deregulated genes were closely related to MCD formation, and most of these genes were bound by Brg1. Cumulatively, our study indicates an essential role of Brg1 in cortical development and provides a new possible pathogenesis underlying Brg1-based BAF complex-related neurodevelopmental disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yecheng Jin
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Xiaotong Gao
- School of Life Science and Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Experimental Teratology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Miaoqing Lu
- Department of Neurology, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315040, China
| | - Ge Chen
- School of Life Science and Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Experimental Teratology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Xiaofan Yang
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.,Department of Pediatrics, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Naixia Ren
- School of Life Science and Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Experimental Teratology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Yuning Song
- School of Life Science and Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Experimental Teratology, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
| | - Congzhe Hou
- Department of Reproductive medicine, The Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250033, China
| | - Jiangxia Li
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Qiji Liu
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Jiangang Gao
- School of Laboratory Animal Science, Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong 250117, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Currie SP, Ammer JJ, Premchand B, Dacre J, Wu Y, Eleftheriou C, Colligan M, Clarke T, Mitchell L, Faisal AA, Hennig MH, Duguid I. Movement-specific signaling is differentially distributed across motor cortex layer 5 projection neuron classes. Cell Rep 2022; 39:110801. [PMID: 35545038 PMCID: PMC9620742 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor cortex generates descending output necessary for executing a wide range of limb movements. Although movement-related activity has been described throughout motor cortex, the spatiotemporal organization of movement-specific signaling in deep layers remains largely unknown. Here we record layer 5B population dynamics in the caudal forelimb area of motor cortex while mice perform a forelimb push/pull task and find that most neurons show movement-invariant responses, with a minority displaying movement specificity. Using cell-type-specific imaging, we identify that invariant responses dominate pyramidal tract (PT) neuron activity, with a small subpopulation representing movement type, whereas a larger proportion of intratelencephalic (IT) neurons display movement-type-specific signaling. The proportion of IT neurons decoding movement-type peaks prior to movement initiation, whereas for PT neurons, this occurs during movement execution. Our data suggest that layer 5B population dynamics largely reflect movement-invariant signaling, with information related to movement-type being routed through relatively small, distributed subpopulations of projection neurons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Currie
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and Patrick Wild Centre, Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Julian J Ammer
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and Patrick Wild Centre, Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Brian Premchand
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and Patrick Wild Centre, Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Joshua Dacre
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and Patrick Wild Centre, Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Yufei Wu
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Constantinos Eleftheriou
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and Patrick Wild Centre, Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Matt Colligan
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and Patrick Wild Centre, Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Thomas Clarke
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and Patrick Wild Centre, Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Leah Mitchell
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and Patrick Wild Centre, Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - A Aldo Faisal
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK; Department of Computing, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK; MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Matthias H Hennig
- Institute for Adaptive and Neural Computation, School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AB, UK
| | - Ian Duguid
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences and Patrick Wild Centre, Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, Edinburgh Medical School: Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ota K, Uwamori H, Ode T, Murayama M. Breaking trade-offs: development of fast, high-resolution, wide-field two-photon microscopes to reveal the computational principles of the brain. Neurosci Res 2022; 179:3-14. [PMID: 35390357 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2022.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Information in the brain is represented by the collective and coordinated activity of single neurons. Activity is determined by a large amount of dynamic synaptic inputs from neurons in the same and/or distant brain regions. Therefore, the simultaneous recording of single neurons across several brain regions is critical for revealing the interactions among neurons that reflect the computational principles of the brain. Recently, several wide-field two-photon (2P) microscopes equipped with sizeable objective lenses have been reported. These microscopes enable large-scale in vivo calcium imaging and have the potential to make a significant contribution to the elucidation of information-processing mechanisms in the cerebral cortex. This review discusses recent reports on wide-field 2P microscopes and describes the trade-offs encountered in developing wide-field 2P microscopes. Large-scale imaging of neural activity allows us to test hypotheses proposed in theoretical neuroscience, and to identify rare but influential neurons that have potentially significant impacts on the whole-brain system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Ota
- Department of Neurochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo113-0033, Japan; Center for Brain Science, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama351-0198, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Uwamori
- Center for Brain Science, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama351-0198, Japan
| | - Takahiro Ode
- Center for Brain Science, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama351-0198, Japan; FOV Corporation, 2-12-3 Taru-machi, Kouhoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa222-0001, Japan
| | - Masanori Murayama
- Center for Brain Science, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama351-0198, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Miyasaka Y, Yamamoto N. Neuronal Activity Patterns Regulate Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Expression in Cortical Cells via Neuronal Circuits. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:699583. [PMID: 34955705 PMCID: PMC8702648 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.699583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
During development, cortical circuits are remodeled by spontaneous and sensory-evoked activity via alteration of the expression of wiring molecules. An intriguing question is how physiological neuronal activity modifies the expression of these molecules in developing cortical networks. Here, we addressed this issue, focusing on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), one of the factors underlying cortical wiring. Real-time imaging of BDNF promoter activity in organotypic slice cultures revealed that patterned stimuli differentially regulated the increase and the time course of the promoter activity in upper layer neurons. Calcium imaging further demonstrated that stimulus-dependent increases in the promoter activity were roughly proportional to the increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration per unit time. Finally, optogenetic stimulation showed that the promoter activity was increased efficiently by patterned stimulation in defined cortical circuits. These results suggest that physiological stimulation patterns differentially tune activity-dependent gene expression in developing cortical neurons via cortical circuits, synaptic responses, and alteration of intracellular calcium signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yumi Miyasaka
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Oomoto I, Uwamori H, Matsubara C, Odagawa M, Kobayashi M, Kobayashi K, Ota K, Murayama M. Protocol for cortical-wide field-of-view two-photon imaging with quick neonatal adeno-associated virus injection. STAR Protoc 2021; 2:101007. [PMID: 34950887 PMCID: PMC8672102 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2021.101007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently established a simple and versatile adeno-associated virus (AAV) induction approach that enables dense (>90% labeled neurons) and cortical-wide Ca2+ sensor expression. Here, we describe the stepwise protocol for neonatal AAV injection of a Ca2+ sensor. We also detail the steps for subsequent craniotomy to generate a chronic cranial window, followed by wide-field two-photon Ca2+ imaging in an awake mouse. This protocol serves as an alternative to the use of transgenic animals and offers translatable options for cortical-wide experiments. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Ota et al. (2021).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ikumi Oomoto
- Center for Brain Science, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Uwamori
- Center for Brain Science, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Chie Matsubara
- Center for Brain Science, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Maya Odagawa
- Center for Brain Science, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Midori Kobayashi
- Center for Brain Science, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kenta Kobayashi
- Section of Viral Vector Development, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji-cho, Okazaki-shi, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Keisuke Ota
- Department of Neurochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Masanori Murayama
- Center for Brain Science, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kumegawa S, Yamada G, Hashimoto D, Hirashima T, Kajimoto M, Isono K, Fujimoto K, Suzuki K, Uemura K, Ema M, Asamura S. Development of Surgical and Visualization Procedures to Analyze Vasculatures by Mouse Tail Edema Model. Biol Proced Online 2021; 23:21. [PMID: 34758723 PMCID: PMC8582144 DOI: 10.1186/s12575-021-00159-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Because of the high frequency of chronic edema formation in the current “aged” society, analyses and detailed observation of post-surgical edema are getting more required. Post-surgical examination of the dynamic vasculature including L.V. (Lymphatic Vasculature) to monitor edema formation has not been efficiently performed. Hence, procedures for investigating such vasculature are essential. By inserting transparent sheet into the cutaneous layer of mouse tails as a novel surgery model (theTailEdema bySilicone sheet mediatedTransparency protocol; TEST), the novel procedures are introduced and analyzed by series of histological analyses including video-based L.V. observation and 3D histological reconstruction of vasculatures in mouse tails. Results The dynamic generation of post-surgical main and fine (neo) L.V. connective structure during the edematous recovery process was visualized by series of studies with a novel surgery model. Snapshot images taken from live binocular image recording for TEST samples suggested the presence of main and elongating fine (neo) L.V. structure. After the ligation of L.V., the enlargement of main L.V. was confirmed. In the case of light sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) observation, such L.V. connections were also suggested by using transparent 3D samples. Finally, the generation of neo blood vessels particularly in the region adjacent to the silicone sheet and the operated boundary region was suggested in 3D reconstruction images. However, direct detection of elongating fine (neo) L.V. was not suitable for analysis by such LSFM and 3D reconstruction procedures. Thus, such methods utilizing fixed tissues are appropriate for general observation for the operated region including of L.V. Conclusions The current surgical procedures and analysis on the post-surgical status are the first case to observe vasculatures in vivo with a transparent sheet. Systematic analyses including the FITC-dextran mediated snap shot images observation suggest the elongation of fine (neo) lymphatic vasculature. Post-surgical analyses including LSFM and 3D histological structural reconstruction, are suitable to reveal the fixed structures of blood and lymphatic vessels formation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12575-021-00159-3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Kumegawa
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Medical University of Wakayama, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Gen Yamada
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Medical University of Wakayama, Wakayama, Japan.
| | - Daiki Hashimoto
- Department of molecular Physiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Hirashima
- The Hakubi Center/Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mizuki Kajimoto
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Medical University of Wakayama, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Kyoichi Isono
- Laboratory Animal Center, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Kota Fujimoto
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Medical University of Wakayama, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Kentaro Suzuki
- Department of Developmental Genetics, Institute of Advanced Medicine, Medical University of Wakayama, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Uemura
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Medical University of Wakayama, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Ema
- Department of Stem Cells and Human Diseases Models, Research Center for Animal Life Science, Medical University of Shiga, Otsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Shinichi Asamura
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Medical University of Wakayama, Wakayama, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Endo M, Maruoka H, Okabe S. Advanced Technologies for Local Neural Circuits in the Cerebral Cortex. Front Neuroanat 2021; 15:757499. [PMID: 34803616 PMCID: PMC8595196 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2021.757499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural network in the brain can be viewed as an integrated system assembled from a large number of local neural circuits specialized for particular brain functions. Activities of neurons in local neural circuits are thought to be organized both spatially and temporally under the rules optimized for their roles in information processing. It is well perceived that different areas of the mammalian neocortex have specific cognitive functions and distinct computational properties. However, the organizational principles of the local neural circuits in different cortical regions have not yet been clarified. Therefore, new research principles and related neuro-technologies that enable efficient and precise recording of large-scale neuronal activities and synaptic connections are necessary. Innovative technologies for structural analysis, including tissue clearing and expansion microscopy, have enabled super resolution imaging of the neural circuits containing thousands of neurons at a single synapse resolution. The imaging resolution and volume achieved by new technologies are beyond the limits of conventional light or electron microscopic methods. Progress in genome editing and related technologies has made it possible to label and manipulate specific cell types and discriminate activities of multiple cell types. These technologies will provide a breakthrough for multiscale analysis of the structure and function of local neural circuits. This review summarizes the basic concepts and practical applications of the emerging technologies and new insight into local neural circuits obtained by these technologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shigeo Okabe
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine and Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hulse BK, Haberkern H, Franconville R, Turner-Evans DB, Takemura SY, Wolff T, Noorman M, Dreher M, Dan C, Parekh R, Hermundstad AM, Rubin GM, Jayaraman V. A connectome of the Drosophila central complex reveals network motifs suitable for flexible navigation and context-dependent action selection. eLife 2021; 10:66039. [PMID: 34696823 PMCID: PMC9477501 DOI: 10.7554/elife.66039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Flexible behaviors over long timescales are thought to engage recurrent neural networks in deep brain regions, which are experimentally challenging to study. In insects, recurrent circuit dynamics in a brain region called the central complex (CX) enable directed locomotion, sleep, and context- and experience-dependent spatial navigation. We describe the first complete electron-microscopy-based connectome of the Drosophila CX, including all its neurons and circuits at synaptic resolution. We identified new CX neuron types, novel sensory and motor pathways, and network motifs that likely enable the CX to extract the fly's head-direction, maintain it with attractor dynamics, and combine it with other sensorimotor information to perform vector-based navigational computations. We also identified numerous pathways that may facilitate the selection of CX-driven behavioral patterns by context and internal state. The CX connectome provides a comprehensive blueprint necessary for a detailed understanding of network dynamics underlying sleep, flexible navigation, and state-dependent action selection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brad K Hulse
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Hannah Haberkern
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Romain Franconville
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | | | | | - Tanya Wolff
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Marcella Noorman
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Marisa Dreher
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Chuntao Dan
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Ruchi Parekh
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | | | - Gerald M Rubin
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Vivek Jayaraman
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Shiramatsu TI, Mori K, Ishizu K, Takahashi H. Auditory, Visual, and Cross-Modal Mismatch Negativities in the Rat Auditory and Visual Cortices. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:721476. [PMID: 34602996 PMCID: PMC8484534 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.721476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
When the brain tries to acquire an elaborate model of the world, multisensory integration should contribute to building predictions based on the various pieces of information, and deviance detection should repeatedly update these predictions by detecting “errors” from the actual sensory inputs. Accumulating evidence such as a hierarchical organization of the deviance-detection system indicates that the deviance-detection system can be interpreted in the predictive coding framework. Herein, we targeted mismatch negativity (MMN) as a type of prediction-error signal and investigated the relationship between multisensory integration and MMN. In particular, we studied whether and how cross-modal information processing affected MMN in rodents. We designed a new surface microelectrode array and simultaneously recorded visual and auditory evoked potentials from the visual and auditory cortices of rats under anesthesia. Then, we mapped MMNs for five types of deviant stimuli: single-modal deviants in (i) the visual oddball and (ii) auditory oddball paradigms, eliciting single-modal MMN; (iii) congruent audio-visual deviants, (iv) incongruent visual deviants, and (v) incongruent auditory deviants in the audio-visual oddball paradigm, eliciting cross-modal MMN. First, we demonstrated that visual MMN exhibited deviance detection properties and that the first-generation focus of visual MMN was localized in the visual cortex, as previously reported in human studies. Second, a comparison of MMN amplitudes revealed a non-linear relationship between single-modal and cross-modal MMNs. Moreover, congruent audio-visual MMN exhibited characteristics of both visual and auditory MMNs—its latency was similar to that of auditory MMN, whereas local blockage of N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptors in the visual cortex diminished it as well as visual MMN. These results indicate that cross-modal information processing affects MMN without involving strong top-down effects, such as those of prior knowledge and attention. The present study is the first electrophysiological evidence of cross-modal MMN in animal models, and future studies on the neural mechanisms combining multisensory integration and deviance detection are expected to provide electrophysiological evidence to confirm the links between MMN and predictive coding theory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kanato Mori
- Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kotaro Ishizu
- Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Takahashi
- Graduate School of Information Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
All-or-none disconnection of pyramidal inputs onto parvalbumin-positive interneurons gates ocular dominance plasticity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2105388118. [PMID: 34508001 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2105388118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Disinhibition is an obligatory initial step in the remodeling of cortical circuits by sensory experience. Our investigation on disinhibitory mechanisms in the classical model of ocular dominance plasticity uncovered an unexpected form of experience-dependent circuit plasticity. In the layer 2/3 of mouse visual cortex, monocular deprivation triggers a complete, "all-or-none," elimination of connections from pyramidal cells onto nearby parvalbumin-positive interneurons (Pyr→PV). This binary form of circuit plasticity is unique, as it is transient, local, and discrete. It lasts only 1 d, and it does not manifest as widespread changes in synaptic strength; rather, only about half of local connections are lost, and the remaining ones are not affected in strength. Mechanistically, the deprivation-induced loss of Pyr→PV is contingent on a reduction of the protein neuropentraxin2. Functionally, the loss of Pyr→PV is absolutely necessary for ocular dominance plasticity, a canonical model of deprivation-induced model of cortical remodeling. We surmise, therefore, that this all-or-none loss of local Pyr→PV circuitry gates experience-dependent cortical plasticity.
Collapse
|
23
|
Fast, cell-resolution, contiguous-wide two-photon imaging to reveal functional network architectures across multi-modal cortical areas. Neuron 2021; 109:1810-1824.e9. [PMID: 33878295 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fast and wide field-of-view imaging with single-cell resolution, high signal-to-noise ratio, and no optical aberrations have the potential to inspire new avenues of investigations in biology. However, such imaging is challenging because of the inevitable tradeoffs among these parameters. Here, we overcome these tradeoffs by combining a resonant scanning system, a large objective with low magnification and high numerical aperture, and highly sensitive large-aperture photodetectors. The result is a practically aberration-free, fast-scanning high optical invariant two-photon microscopy (FASHIO-2PM) that enables calcium imaging from a large network composed of ∼16,000 neurons at 7.5 Hz from a 9 mm2 contiguous image plane, including more than 10 sensory-motor and higher-order areas of the cerebral cortex in awake mice. Network analysis based on single-cell activities revealed that the brain exhibits small-world rather than scale-free behavior. The FASHIO-2PM is expected to enable studies on biological dynamics by simultaneously monitoring macroscopic activities and their compositional elements.
Collapse
|
24
|
Wason TD. A model integrating multiple processes of synchronization and coherence for information instantiation within a cortical area. Biosystems 2021; 205:104403. [PMID: 33746019 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2021.104403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
What is the form of dynamic, e.g., sensory, information in the mammalian cortex? Information in the cortex is modeled as a coherence map of a mixed chimera state of synchronous, phasic, and disordered minicolumns. The theoretical model is built on neurophysiological evidence. Complex spatiotemporal information is instantiated through a system of interacting biological processes that generate a synchronized cortical area, a coherent aperture. Minicolumn elements are grouped in macrocolumns in an array analogous to a phased-array radar, modeled as an aperture, a "hole through which radiant energy flows." Coherence maps in a cortical area transform inputs from multiple sources into outputs to multiple targets, while reducing complexity and entropy. Coherent apertures can assume extremely large numbers of different information states as coherence maps, which can be communicated among apertures with corresponding very large bandwidths. The coherent aperture model incorporates considerable reported research, integrating five conceptually and mathematically independent processes: 1) a damped Kuramoto network model, 2) a pumped area field potential, 3) the gating of nearly coincident spikes, 4) the coherence of activity across cortical lamina, and 5) complex information formed through functions in macrocolumns. Biological processes and their interactions are described in equations and a functional circuit such that the mathematical pieces can be assembled the same way the neurophysiological ones are. The model can be conceptually convolved over the specifics of local cortical areas within and across species. A coherent aperture becomes a node in a graph of cortical areas with a corresponding distribution of information.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Wason
- North Carolina State University, Department of Biological Sciences, Meitzen Laboratory, Campus Box 7617, 128 David Clark Labs, Raleigh, NC 27695-7617, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Hanganu-Opatz IL, Butt SJB, Hippenmeyer S, De Marco García NV, Cardin JA, Voytek B, Muotri AR. The Logic of Developing Neocortical Circuits in Health and Disease. J Neurosci 2021; 41:813-822. [PMID: 33431633 PMCID: PMC7880298 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1655-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The sensory and cognitive abilities of the mammalian neocortex are underpinned by intricate columnar and laminar circuits formed from an array of diverse neuronal populations. One approach to determining how interactions between these circuit components give rise to complex behavior is to investigate the rules by which cortical circuits are formed and acquire functionality during development. This review summarizes recent research on the development of the neocortex, from genetic determination in neural stem cells through to the dynamic role that specific neuronal populations play in the earliest circuits of neocortex, and how they contribute to emergent function and cognition. While many of these endeavors take advantage of model systems, consideration will also be given to advances in our understanding of activity in nascent human circuits. Such cross-species perspective is imperative when investigating the mechanisms underlying the dysfunction of early neocortical circuits in neurodevelopmental disorders, so that one can identify targets amenable to therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ileana L Hanganu-Opatz
- Institute of Developmental Neurophysiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, 20246, Germany
| | - Simon J B Butt
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy & Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Hippenmeyer
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, 3400, Austria
| | - Natalia V De Marco García
- Center for Neurogenetics, Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10021
| | - Jessica A Cardin
- Department of Neuroscience and Kavli Institute for Neuroscience, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Bradley Voytek
- University of California San Diego, Department of Cognitive Science, Halıcıoğlu Data Science Institute, Neurosciences Graduate Program, La Jolla, California 92093
- University of California San Diego, Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Alysson R Muotri
- University of California San Diego, Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, La Jolla, California 92093
- University of California San Diego, School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics/Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, Department of Cellular & Molecular Medicine, Center for Academic Research and Training in Anthropogeny, La Jolla, California 92037
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Ferreiro DN, Conde-Ocazionez SA, Patriota JH, Souza LC, Oliveira MF, Wolf F, Schmidt KE. Spatial clustering of orientation preference in primary visual cortex of the large rodent agouti. iScience 2021; 24:101882. [PMID: 33354663 PMCID: PMC7744940 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
All rodents investigated so far possess orientation-selective neurons in the primary visual cortex (V1) but - in contrast to carnivores and primates - no evidence of periodic maps with pinwheel-like structures. Theoretical studies debating whether phylogeny or universal principles determine development of pinwheels point to V1 size as a critical constraint. Thus, we set out to study maps of agouti, a big diurnal rodent with a V1 size comparable to cats'. In electrophysiology, we detected interspersed orientation and direction-selective neurons with a bias for horizontal contours, corroborated by homogeneous activation in optical imaging. Compatible with spatial clustering at short distance, nearby neurons tended to exhibit similar orientation preference. Our results argue against V1 size as a key parameter in determining the presence of periodic orientation maps. They are consistent with a phylogenetic influence on the map layout and development, potentially reflecting distinct retinal traits or interspecies differences in cortical circuitry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dardo N. Ferreiro
- Neurobiology of Vision Lab, Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Sergio A. Conde-Ocazionez
- Neurobiology of Vision Lab, Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
- Universidad de Santander, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud. Laboratorio de Neurociencias, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - João H.N. Patriota
- Neurobiology of Vision Lab, Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Luã C. Souza
- Neurobiology of Vision Lab, Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| | - Moacir F. Oliveira
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal Rural do Semiárido, Mossoró, Brazil
| | - Fred Wolf
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Göttingen, Germany
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
- Campus Institute for Dynamics of Biological Networks, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kerstin E. Schmidt
- Neurobiology of Vision Lab, Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Disparity Sensitivity and Binocular Integration in Mouse Visual Cortex Areas. J Neurosci 2020; 40:8883-8899. [PMID: 33051348 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1060-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Binocular disparity, the difference between the two eyes' images, is a powerful cue to generate the 3D depth percept known as stereopsis. In primates, binocular disparity is processed in multiple areas of the visual cortex, with distinct contributions of higher areas to specific aspects of depth perception. Mice, too, can perceive stereoscopic depth, and neurons in primary visual cortex (V1) and higher-order, lateromedial (LM) and rostrolateral (RL) areas were found to be sensitive to binocular disparity. A detailed characterization of disparity tuning across mouse visual areas is lacking, however, and acquiring such data might help clarifying the role of higher areas for disparity processing and establishing putative functional correspondences to primate areas. We used two-photon calcium imaging in female mice to characterize the disparity tuning properties of neurons in visual areas V1, LM, and RL in response to dichoptically presented binocular gratings, as well as random dot correlograms (RDC). In all three areas, many neurons were tuned to disparity, showing strong response facilitation or suppression at optimal or null disparity, respectively, even in neurons classified as monocular by conventional ocular dominance (OD) measurements. Neurons in higher areas exhibited broader and more asymmetric disparity tuning curves compared with V1, as observed in primate visual cortex. Finally, we probed neurons' sensitivity to true stereo correspondence by comparing responses to correlated RDC (cRDC) and anticorrelated RDC (aRDC). Area LM, akin to primate ventral visual stream areas, showed higher selectivity for correlated stimuli and reduced anticorrelated responses, indicating higher-level disparity processing in LM compared with V1 and RL.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT A major cue for inferring 3D depth is disparity between the two eyes' images. Investigating how binocular disparity is processed in the mouse visual system will not only help delineating the role of mouse higher areas for visual processing, but also shed light on how the mammalian brain computes stereopsis. We found that binocular integration is a prominent feature of mouse visual cortex, as many neurons are selectively and strongly modulated by binocular disparity. Comparison of responses to correlated and anticorrelated random dot correlograms (RDC) revealed that lateromedial area (LM) is more selective to correlated stimuli, while less sensitive to anticorrelated stimuli compared with primary visual cortex (V1) and rostrolateral area (RL), suggesting higher-level disparity processing in LM, resembling primate ventral visual stream areas.
Collapse
|
28
|
Han X, Wang M, Liu C, Trush O, Takayama R, Akiyama T, Naito T, Tomomizu T, Imamura K, Sato M. DWnt4 and DWnt10 Regulate Morphogenesis and Arrangement of Columnar Units via Fz2/PCP Signaling in the Drosophila Brain. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108305. [PMID: 33113378 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Columns are structural and functional units of the brain. However, the mechanism of column formation remains unclear. The medulla of the fly visual center shares features with the mammalian cerebral cortex, such as columnar and layered structures, and provides a good opportunity to study the mechanisms of column formation. Column formation is initiated by three core neurons in the medulla, namely, Mi1, R8, and R7. The proper orientation of neurons is required for the orientation and arrangement of multiple columns. Their orientations may be under the control of planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling, because it is known to regulate the orientation of cells in two-dimensional tissue structures. In this study, we demonstrate that the ligands DWnt4 and DWnt10 expressed specifically in the ventral medulla and dorsal medulla, respectively, globally regulate the columnar arrangement and orientation of Mi1 and R8 terminals through Fz2/PCP signaling in a three-dimensional space.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xujun Han
- Mathematical Neuroscience Unit, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan; Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Miaoxing Wang
- Mathematical Neuroscience Unit, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Chuyan Liu
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Olena Trush
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Rie Takayama
- Mathematical Neuroscience Unit, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Takaaki Akiyama
- Division of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Toshiki Naito
- Graduate School of Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tomomizu
- Graduate School of Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Kousuke Imamura
- Faculty of Electrical, Information and Communication Engineering, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan
| | - Makoto Sato
- Mathematical Neuroscience Unit, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan; Graduate School of Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-8640, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Liu C, Trush O, Han X, Wang M, Takayama R, Yasugi T, Hayashi T, Sato M. Dscam1 establishes the columnar units through lineage-dependent repulsion between sister neurons in the fly brain. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4067. [PMID: 32792493 PMCID: PMC7426427 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17931-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain is organized morphologically and functionally into a columnar structure. According to the radial unit hypothesis, neurons from the same lineage form a radial unit that contributes to column formation. However, the molecular mechanisms that link neuronal lineage and column formation remain elusive. Here, we show that neurons from the same lineage project to different columns under control of Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule (Dscam) in the fly brain. Dscam1 is temporally expressed in newly born neuroblasts and is inherited by their daughter neurons. The transient transcription of Dscam1 in neuroblasts enables the expression of the same Dscam1 splice isoform within cells of the same lineage, causing lineage-dependent repulsion. In the absence of Dscam1 function, neurons from the same lineage project to the same column. When the splice diversity of Dscam1 is reduced, column formation is significantly compromised. Thus, Dscam1 controls column formation through lineage-dependent repulsion. Columns are the functional and morphological unit of the brain, but how neurons assemble into this structure was unclear. Here, the authors show that Dscam gene rewires neurons that derive from the same stem cell to establish columns through the process of lineage-dependent repulsion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuyan Liu
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Olena Trush
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Xujun Han
- Mathematical Neuroscience Unit, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Miaoxing Wang
- Mathematical Neuroscience Unit, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Rie Takayama
- Mathematical Neuroscience Unit, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Yasugi
- Mathematical Neuroscience Unit, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Takashi Hayashi
- Mathematical Neuroscience Unit, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Makoto Sato
- Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan. .,Mathematical Neuroscience Unit, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, 13-1 Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8640, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wichert I, Jee S, De Schutter E, Hong S. Pycabnn: Efficient and Extensible Software to Construct an Anatomical Basis for a Physiologically Realistic Neural Network Model. Front Neuroinform 2020; 14:31. [PMID: 32733226 PMCID: PMC7358899 DOI: 10.3389/fninf.2020.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Physiologically detailed models of neural networks are an important tool for studying how biophysical mechanisms impact neural information processing. An important, fundamental step in constructing such a model is determining where neurons are placed and how they connect to each other, based on known anatomical properties and constraints given by experimental data. Here we present an open-source software tool, pycabnn, that is dedicated to generating an anatomical model, which serves as the basis of a full network model. In pycabnn, we implemented efficient algorithms for generating physiologically realistic cell positions and for determining connectivity based on extended geometrical structures such as axonal and dendritic morphology. We demonstrate the capabilities and performance of pycabnn by using an example, a network model of the cerebellar granular layer, which requires generating more than half a million cells and computing their mutual connectivity. We show that pycabnn is efficient enough to carry out all the required tasks on a laptop computer within reasonable runtime, although it can also run in a parallel computing environment. Written purely in Python with limited external dependencies, pycabnn is easy to use and extend, and it can be a useful tool for computational neural network studies in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ines Wichert
- Computational Neuroscience Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Onna, Japan.,Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sanghun Jee
- Computational Neuroscience Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Onna, Japan.,Department of Life Science, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Erik De Schutter
- Computational Neuroscience Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Onna, Japan.,Theoretical Neurobiology, University of Antwerp, Antwerpen, Belgium
| | - Sungho Hong
- Computational Neuroscience Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Onna, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Contreras X, Hippenmeyer S. Memo1 Tiles the Radial Glial Cell Grid. Neuron 2020; 103:750-752. [PMID: 31487522 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
What are the mechanisms regulating the orderly buildup of the laminated cerebral cortex during development? In this issue of Neuron, Nakagawa et al. (2019) discovered that Memo1 plays a crucial role by mediating the tiling of the radial glial cell grid.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ximena Contreras
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Simon Hippenmeyer
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Suzuki T, Morimoto N, Akaike A, Osakada F. Multiplex Neural Circuit Tracing With G-Deleted Rabies Viral Vectors. Front Neural Circuits 2020; 13:77. [PMID: 31998081 PMCID: PMC6967742 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2019.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural circuits interconnect to organize large-scale networks that generate perception, cognition, memory, and behavior. Information in the nervous system is processed both through parallel, independent circuits and through intermixing circuits. Analyzing the interaction between circuits is particularly indispensable for elucidating how the brain functions. Monosynaptic circuit tracing with glycoprotein (G) gene-deleted rabies viral vectors (RVΔG) comprises a powerful approach for studying the structure and function of neural circuits. Pseudotyping of RVΔG with the foreign envelope EnvA permits expression of transgenes such as fluorescent proteins, genetically-encoded sensors, or optogenetic tools in cells expressing TVA, a cognate receptor for EnvA. Trans-complementation with rabies virus glycoproteins (RV-G) enables trans-synaptic labeling of input neurons directly connected to the starter neurons expressing both TVA and RV-G. However, it remains challenging to simultaneously map neuronal connections from multiple cell populations and their interactions between intermixing circuits solely with the EnvA/TVA-mediated RV tracing system in a single animal. To overcome this limitation, here, we multiplexed RVΔG circuit tracing by optimizing distinct viral envelopes (oEnvX) and their corresponding receptors (oTVX). Based on the EnvB/TVB and EnvE/DR46-TVB systems derived from the avian sarcoma leukosis virus (ASLV), we developed optimized TVB receptors with lower or higher affinity (oTVB-L or oTVB-H) and the chimeric envelope oEnvB, as well as an optimized TVE receptor with higher affinity (oTVE-H) and its chimeric envelope oEnvE. We demonstrated independence of RVΔG infection between the oEnvA/oTVA, oEnvB/oTVB, and oEnvE/oTVE systems and in vivo proof-of-concept for multiplex circuit tracing from two distinct classes of layer 5 neurons targeting either other cortical or subcortical areas. We also successfully labeled common input of the lateral geniculate nucleus to both cortico-cortical layer 5 neurons and inhibitory neurons of the mouse V1 with multiplex RVΔG tracing. These oEnvA/oTVA, oEnvB/oTVB, and oEnvE/oTVE systems allow for differential labeling of distinct circuits to uncover the mechanisms underlying parallel processing through independent circuits and integrated processing through interaction between circuits in the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Suzuki
- Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Nao Morimoto
- Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.,Laboratory of Neural Information Processing, Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akinori Akaike
- Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Fumitaka Osakada
- Laboratory of Cellular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.,Laboratory of Neural Information Processing, Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.,Institute of Nano-Life-Systems, Institutes of Innovation for Future Society, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan.,PRESTO/CREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Haun A, Tononi G. Why Does Space Feel the Way it Does? Towards a Principled Account of Spatial Experience. ENTROPY 2019. [PMCID: PMC7514505 DOI: 10.3390/e21121160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
There must be a reason why an experience feels the way it does. A good place to begin addressing this question is spatial experience, because it may be more penetrable by introspection than other qualities of consciousness such as color or pain. Moreover, much of experience is spatial, from that of our body to the visual world, which appears as if painted on an extended canvas in front of our eyes. Because it is ‘right there’, we usually take space for granted and overlook its qualitative properties. However, we should realize that a great number of phenomenal distinctions and relations are required for the canvas of space to feel ‘extended’. Here we argue that, to be experienced as extended, the canvas of space must be composed of countless spots, here and there, small and large, and these spots must be related to each other in a characteristic manner through connection, fusion, and inclusion. Other aspects of the structure of spatial experience follow from extendedness: every spot can be experienced as enclosing a particular region, with its particular location, size, boundary, and distance from other spots. We then propose an account of the phenomenal properties of spatial experiences based on integrated information theory (IIT). The theory provides a principled approach for characterizing both the quantity and quality of experience by unfolding the cause-effect structure of a physical substrate. Specifically, we show that a simple simulated substrate of units connected in a grid-like manner yields a cause-effect structure whose properties can account for the main properties of spatial experience. These results uphold the hypothesis that our experience of space is supported by brain areas whose units are linked by a grid-like connectivity. They also predict that changes in connectivity, even in the absence of changes in activity, should lead to a warping of experienced space. To the extent that this approach provides an initial account of phenomenal space, it may also serve as a starting point for investigating other aspects of the quality of experience and their physical correspondents.
Collapse
|
34
|
D'Souza RD, Bista P, Meier AM, Ji W, Burkhalter A. Spatial Clustering of Inhibition in Mouse Primary Visual Cortex. Neuron 2019; 104:588-600.e5. [PMID: 31623918 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Whether mouse visual cortex contains orderly feature maps is debated. The overlapping pattern of geniculocortical inputs with M2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor-rich patches in layer 1 (L1) suggests a non-random architecture. Here, we found that L1 inputs from the lateral posterior thalamus (LP) avoid patches and target interpatches. Channelrhodopsin-2-assisted mapping of excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) in L2/3 shows that the relative excitation of parvalbumin-expressing interneurons (PVs) and pyramidal neurons (PNs) by dLGN, LP, and cortical feedback is distinct and depends on whether the neurons reside in clusters aligned with patches or interpatches. Paired recordings from PVs and PNs show that unitary inhibitory postsynaptic currents (uIPSCs) are larger in interpatches than in patches. The spatial clustering of inhibition is matched by dense clustering of PV terminals in interpatches. The results show that the excitation/inhibition balance across V1 is organized into patch and interpatch subnetworks, which receive distinct long-range inputs and are specialized for the processing of distinct spatiotemporal features.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rinaldo D D'Souza
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Pawan Bista
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Andrew M Meier
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Weiqing Ji
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Andreas Burkhalter
- Department of Neuroscience, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Cell type-specific gap junction network of excitatory neurons in the developing neocortex. IBRO Rep 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ibror.2019.07.868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
|
36
|
Genetically Defined Functional Modules for Spatial Orienting in the Mouse Superior Colliculus. Curr Biol 2019; 29:2892-2904.e8. [PMID: 31474533 PMCID: PMC6739420 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.07.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In order to explore and interact with their surroundings, animals need to orient toward specific positions in space. Throughout the animal kingdom, head movements represent a primary form of orienting behavior. The superior colliculus (SC) is a fundamental structure for the generation of orienting responses, but how genetically distinct groups of collicular neurons contribute to these spatially tuned behaviors remains largely to be defined. Here, through the genetic dissection of the murine SC, we identify a functionally and genetically homogeneous subclass of glutamatergic neurons defined by the expression of the paired-like homeodomain transcription factor Pitx2. We show that the optogenetic stimulation of Pitx2ON neurons drives three-dimensional head displacements characterized by stepwise, saccade-like kinematics. Furthermore, during naturalistic foraging behavior, the activity of Pitx2ON neurons precedes and predicts the onset of spatially tuned head movements. Intriguingly, we reveal that Pitx2ON neurons are clustered in an orderly array of anatomical modules that tile the entire intermediate layer of the SC. Such a modular organization gives origin to a discrete and discontinuous representation of the motor space, with each Pitx2ON module subtending a defined portion of the animal’s egocentric space. The modularity of Pitx2ON neurons provides an anatomical substrate for the convergence of spatially coherent sensory and motor signals of cortical and subcortical origins, thereby promoting the recruitment of appropriate movement vectors. Overall, these data support the view of the superior colliculus as a selectively addressable and modularly organized spatial-motor register. Pitx2 expression labels a functionally homogeneous class of projecting SC neurons Pitx2ON neurons drive three-dimensional head movements during foraging behavior Pitx2ON neurons are organized in an orderly array of anatomical modules Modularity of Pitx2ON neurons defines a discrete motor map for spatial orienting
Collapse
|
37
|
Nakagawa N, Plestant C, Yabuno-Nakagawa K, Li J, Lee J, Huang CW, Lee A, Krupa O, Adhikari A, Thompson S, Rhynes T, Arevalo V, Stein JL, Molnár Z, Badache A, Anton ES. Memo1-Mediated Tiling of Radial Glial Cells Facilitates Cerebral Cortical Development. Neuron 2019; 103:836-852.e5. [PMID: 31277925 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Polarized, non-overlapping, regularly spaced, tiled organization of radial glial cells (RGCs) serves as a framework to generate and organize cortical neuronal columns, layers, and circuitry. Here, we show that mediator of cell motility 1 (Memo1) is a critical determinant of radial glial tiling during neocortical development. Memo1 deletion or knockdown leads to hyperbranching of RGC basal processes and disrupted RGC tiling, resulting in aberrant radial unit assembly and neuronal layering. Memo1 regulates microtubule (MT) stability necessary for RGC tiling. Memo1 deficiency leads to disrupted MT minus-end CAMSAP2 distribution, initiation of aberrant MT branching, and altered polarized trafficking of key basal domain proteins such as GPR56, and thus aberrant RGC tiling. These findings identify Memo1 as a mediator of RGC scaffold tiling, necessary to generate and organize neurons into functional ensembles in the developing cerebral cortex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Nakagawa
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Division of Neurogenetics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima 411-8540, Japan; Department of Genetics, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Mishima 411-8540, Japan.
| | - Charlotte Plestant
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Keiko Yabuno-Nakagawa
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jingjun Li
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Janice Lee
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Chu-Wei Huang
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Amelia Lee
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Oleh Krupa
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Aditi Adhikari
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Suriya Thompson
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Tamille Rhynes
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Victoria Arevalo
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jason L Stein
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Zoltán Molnár
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ali Badache
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, CRCM, Inserm, Institut Paoli-Calmettes, Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - E S Anton
- UNC Neuroscience Center and the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
N-Cadherin Orchestrates Self-Organization of Neurons within a Columnar Unit in the Drosophila Medulla. J Neurosci 2019; 39:5861-5880. [PMID: 31175213 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3107-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Columnar structure is a basic unit of the brain, but the mechanism underlying its development remains largely unknown. The medulla, the largest ganglion of the Drosophila melanogaster visual center, provides a unique opportunity to reveal the mechanisms of 3D organization of the columns. In this study, using N-cadherin (Ncad) as a marker, we reveal the donut-like columnar structures along the 2D layer in the larval medulla that evolves to form three distinct layers in pupal development. Column formation is initiated by three core neurons, R8, R7, and Mi1, which establish distinct concentric domains within a column. We demonstrate that Ncad-dependent relative adhesiveness of the core columnar neurons regulates their relative location within a column along a 2D layer in the larval medulla according to the differential adhesion hypothesis. We also propose the presence of mutual interactions among the three layers during formation of the 3D structures of the medulla columns.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The columnar structure is a basic unit of the brain, but its developmental mechanism remains unknown. The medulla, the largest ganglion of the fly visual center, provides a unique opportunity to reveal the mechanisms of 3D organization of the columns. We reveal that column formation is initiated by three core neurons that establish distinct concentric domains within a column. We demonstrate the in vivo evidence of N-cadherin-dependent differential adhesion among the core columnar neurons within a column along a 2D layer in the larval medulla. The 2D larval columns evolve to form three distinct layers in the pupal medulla. We propose the presence of mutual interactions among the three layers during formation of the 3D structures of the medulla columns.
Collapse
|
39
|
Nakagawa N, Hosoya T. Slow Dynamics in Microcolumnar Gap Junction Network of Developing Neocortical Pyramidal Neurons. Neuroscience 2019; 406:554-562. [PMID: 30794844 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Gap junctions mediate electrical coupling between neurons and modulate their firing activity. In mouse neocortical layer 5, the major types of pyramidal neurons organize into cell type-specific microcolumns that exhibit modular neuronal activity. During cortical development, microcolumn neurons are electrically coupled in a cell type-specific manner at the stage of synaptogenesis, forming a dense network of gap junctions. However, modulation of neuronal activity by the gap junction network has not been examined. Here, we show that the electrical coupling induces amplification and slow synchronization of action potentials. This slow synchronization is mediated by electrical transmission that is an order of magnitude slower than that of gap junction-coupled neurons of other types. Theoretical and structural analyses suggested that apical dendrites are a major site of electrical coupling, providing slow electrical transmission. These results suggest that the gap junction network organizes neuronal activity of developing cortical circuit modules with unique slow dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nao Nakagawa
- RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Koizumi K, Inoue M, Chowdhury S, Bito H, Yamanaka A, Ishizuka T, Yawo H. Functional emergence of a column-like architecture in layer 5 of mouse somatosensory cortex in vivo. J Physiol Sci 2019; 69:65-77. [PMID: 29761270 PMCID: PMC10716991 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-018-0618-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
To investigate how the functional architecture is organized in layer 5 (L5) of the somatosensory cortex of a mouse in vivo, the input-output relationship was investigated using an all-optical approach. The neural activity in L5 was optically recorded using a Ca2+ sensor, R-CaMP2, through a microprism inserted in the cortex under two-photon microscopy, while the L5 was regionally excited using optogenetics. The excitability was spread around the blue-light irradiated region, but the horizontal propagation was limited to within a certain distance (λ < 130 μm from the center of the illumination spot). When two regions were photostimulated with a short interval, the excitability of each cluster was reduced. Therefore, a column-like architecture had functionally emerged with reciprocal inhibition through a minimal number of synaptic relays. This could generate a synchronous output from a region of L5 with simultaneous enhancement of the signal-to-noise ratio by silencing of the neighboring regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyo Koizumi
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Inoue
- Department of Neurochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Srikanta Chowdhury
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Neuroscience II, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Bito
- Department of Neurochemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yamanaka
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Neuroscience II, Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toru Ishizuka
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - Hiromu Yawo
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan.
- Center for Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
HOSOYA T. The basic repeating modules of the cerebral cortical circuit. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2019; 95:303-311. [PMID: 31406055 PMCID: PMC6766449 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.95.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The fundamental organization of the cerebral cortical circuit is still poorly understood. In particular, it is unclear whether the diverse cell types form modular units that are repeated across the cortex. We discovered that the major cell types in cortical layer 5 form a lattice structure. Distinct types of excitatory and inhibitory neurons form cell type-specific radial clusters termed microcolumns. Microcolumns are present in diverse cortical areas, such as the visual, motor, and language areas, and are organized into periodic hexagonal lattice structures. Individual microcolumns have modular synaptic circuits and exhibit modular neuronal activity, suggesting that each of them functions as an information processing unit. Microcolumn development is suggested to be independent of cell lineage but coordinated by gap junctions. Thus, neurons in cortical layer 5 organize into a brainwide lattice structure of functional microcolumns, suggesting that parallel processing by massively repeated microcolumns underlie diverse cortical functions, such as sensory perception, motor control, and language processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko HOSOYA
- RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- Ricoh Biomedical Research Department, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Fletcher LN, Williams SR. Neocortical Topology Governs the Dendritic Integrative Capacity of Layer 5 Pyramidal Neurons. Neuron 2019; 101:76-90.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
43
|
Yoneda T, Sakai S, Maruoka H, Hosoya T. Large-scale Three-dimensional Imaging of Cellular Organization in the Mouse Neocortex. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 30247471 DOI: 10.3791/58027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian neocortex is composed of many types of excitatory and inhibitory neurons, each with specific electrophysiological and biochemical properties, synaptic connections, and in vivo functions, but their basic functional and anatomical organization from cellular to network scale is poorly understood. Here we describe a method for the three-dimensional imaging of fluorescently-labeled neurons across large areas of the brain for the investigation of the cortical cellular organization. Specific types of neurons are labeled by the injection of fluorescent retrograde neuronal tracers or expression of fluorescent proteins in transgenic mice. Block brain samples, e.g., a hemisphere, are prepared after fixation, made transparent with tissue clearing methods, and subjected to fluorescent immunolabeling of the specific cell types. Large areas are scanned using confocal or two-photon microscopes equipped with large working distance objectives and motorized stages. This method can resolve the periodic organization of the cell type-specific microcolumn functional modules in the mouse neocortex. The procedure can be useful for the study of three-dimensional cellular architecture in the diverse brain areas and other complex tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Seiichiro Sakai
- RIKEN Brain Science Institute; Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Chevée M, Brown SP. The development of local circuits in the neocortex: recent lessons from the mouse visual cortex. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2018; 53:103-109. [PMID: 30053693 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Precise synaptic connections among neurons in the neocortex generate the circuits that underlie a broad repertoire of cortical functions including perception, learning and memory, and complex problem solving. The specific patterns and properties of these synaptic connections are fundamental to the computations cortical neurons perform. How such specificity arises in cortical circuits has remained elusive. Here, we first consider the cell-type, subcellular and synaptic specificity required for generating mature patterns of cortical connectivity and responses. Next, we focus on recent progress in understanding how the synaptic connections among excitatory cortical projection neurons are established during development using the primary visual cortex of the mouse as a model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Chevée
- Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Solange P Brown
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Takeuchi N, Sugiyama S, Inui K, Kanemoto K, Nishihara M. Long-latency suppression of auditory and somatosensory change-related cortical responses. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199614. [PMID: 29944700 PMCID: PMC6019261 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensory suppression is a mechanism that attenuates selective information. As for long-latency suppression in auditory and somatosensory systems, paired-pulse suppression, observed as 2 identical stimuli spaced by approximately 500 ms, is widely known, though its mechanism remains to be elucidated. In the present study, we investigated the relationship between auditory and somatosensory long-latency suppression of change-related cortical responses using magnetoencephalography. Somatosensory change-related responses were evoked by an abrupt increase in stimulus strength in a train of current-constant square wave pulses at 100 Hz to the left median nerve at the wrist. Furthermore, auditory change-related responses were elicited by an increase in sound pressure by 15 dB in a continuous sound composed of a train of 25-ms pure tones. Binaural stimulation was used in Experiment 1, while monaural stimulation was used in Experiment 2. For both somatosensory and auditory stimuli, the conditioning and test stimuli were identical, and inserted at 2400 and 3000 ms, respectively. The results showed clear suppression of the test response in the bilateral parisylvian region, but not in the postcentral gyrus of the contralateral hemisphere in the somatosensory system. Similarly, the test response in the bilateral supratemporal plane (N100m) was suppressed in the auditory system. Furthermore, there was a significant correlation between suppression of right N100m and right parisylvian activity, suggesting that similar mechanisms are involved in both. Finally, a high test-retest reliability for suppression was seen with both modalities. Suppression revealed in the present study is considered to reflect sensory inhibition ability in individual subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Takeuchi
- Neuropsychiatric Department, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Shunsuke Sugiyama
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Koji Inui
- Institute of Human Developmental Research, Aichi Human Service Center, Kasugai, Japan
- Department of Integrative Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Kousuke Kanemoto
- Neuropsychiatric Department, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Makoto Nishihara
- Neuropsychiatric Department, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
- Multidisciplinary Pain Center, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Specialized Subpopulations of Deep-Layer Pyramidal Neurons in the Neocortex: Bridging Cellular Properties to Functional Consequences. J Neurosci 2018; 38:5441-5455. [PMID: 29798890 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0150-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Neocortical pyramidal neurons with somata in layers 5 and 6 are among the most visually striking and enigmatic neurons in the brain. These deep-layer pyramidal neurons (DLPNs) integrate a plethora of cortical and extracortical synaptic inputs along their impressive dendritic arbors. The pattern of cortical output to both local and long-distance targets is sculpted by the unique physiological properties of specific DLPN subpopulations. Here we revisit two broad DLPN subpopulations: those that send their axons within the telencephalon (intratelencephalic neurons) and those that project to additional target areas outside the telencephalon (extratelencephalic neurons). While neuroscientists across many subdisciplines have characterized the intrinsic and synaptic physiological properties of DLPN subpopulations, our increasing ability to selectively target and manipulate these output neuron subtypes advances our understanding of their distinct functional contributions. This Viewpoints article summarizes our current knowledge about DLPNs and highlights recent work elucidating the functional differences between DLPN subpopulations.
Collapse
|