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Liu X, Yang J, Li H, Wang Q, Yu Y, Sun X, Si S, Hou L, Liu L, Yang F, Yan R, Yu Y, Fu Z, Lu Z, Li D, Xue H, Guo X, Xue F, Ji X. Quantifying substantial carcinogenesis of genetic and environmental factors from measurement error in the number of stem cell divisions. BMC Cancer 2022; 22:1194. [PMCID: PMC9675110 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-022-10219-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The relative contributions of genetic and environmental factors versus unavoidable stochastic risk factors to the variation in cancer risk among tissues have become a widely-discussed topic. Some claim that the stochastic effects of DNA replication are mainly responsible, others believe that cancer risk is heavily affected by environmental and hereditary factors. Some of these studies made evidence from the correlation analysis between the lifetime number of stem cell divisions within each tissue and tissue-specific lifetime cancer risk. However, they did not consider the measurement error in the estimated number of stem cell divisions, which is caused by the exposure to different levels of genetic and environmental factors. This will obscure the authentic contribution of environmental or inherited factors. Methods In this study, we proposed two distinct modeling strategies, which integrate the measurement error model with the prevailing model of carcinogenesis to quantitatively evaluate the contribution of hereditary and environmental factors to cancer development. Then, we applied the proposed strategies to cancer data from 423 registries in 68 different countries (global-wide), 125 registries across China (national-wide of China), and 139 counties in Shandong province (Shandong provincial, China), respectively. Results The results suggest that the contribution of genetic and environmental factors is at least 92% to the variation in cancer risk among 17 tissues. Moreover, mutations occurring in progenitor cells and differentiated cells are less likely to be accumulated enough for cancer to occur, and the carcinogenesis is more likely to originate from stem cells. Except for medulloblastoma, the contribution of genetic and environmental factors to the risk of other 16 organ-specific cancers are all more than 60%. Conclusions This work provides additional evidence that genetic and environmental factors play leading roles in cancer development. Therefore, the identification of modifiable environmental and hereditary risk factors for each cancer is highly recommended, and primary prevention in early life-course should be the major focus of cancer prevention. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-022-10219-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhui Liu
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, PO Box 100, 44 Wenhuaxi RoadShandong Province, Shandong 250012 Jinan, China ,grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Institute for Medical Dataology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012 China
| | - Jifeng Yang
- Shandong Health Care Industry Association, Jinan, Shandong 250002 China
| | - Hongkai Li
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, PO Box 100, 44 Wenhuaxi RoadShandong Province, Shandong 250012 Jinan, China ,grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Institute for Medical Dataology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012 China
| | - Qing Wang
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, PO Box 100, 44 Wenhuaxi RoadShandong Province, Shandong 250012 Jinan, China ,grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Institute for Medical Dataology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012 China
| | - Yuanyuan Yu
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, PO Box 100, 44 Wenhuaxi RoadShandong Province, Shandong 250012 Jinan, China ,grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Institute for Medical Dataology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012 China
| | - Xiaoru Sun
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, PO Box 100, 44 Wenhuaxi RoadShandong Province, Shandong 250012 Jinan, China ,grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Institute for Medical Dataology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012 China
| | - Shucheng Si
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, PO Box 100, 44 Wenhuaxi RoadShandong Province, Shandong 250012 Jinan, China ,grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Institute for Medical Dataology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012 China
| | - Lei Hou
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, PO Box 100, 44 Wenhuaxi RoadShandong Province, Shandong 250012 Jinan, China ,grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Institute for Medical Dataology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012 China
| | - Lu Liu
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, PO Box 100, 44 Wenhuaxi RoadShandong Province, Shandong 250012 Jinan, China ,grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Institute for Medical Dataology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012 China
| | - Fan Yang
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, PO Box 100, 44 Wenhuaxi RoadShandong Province, Shandong 250012 Jinan, China ,grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Institute for Medical Dataology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012 China
| | - Ran Yan
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, PO Box 100, 44 Wenhuaxi RoadShandong Province, Shandong 250012 Jinan, China ,grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Institute for Medical Dataology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012 China
| | - Yifan Yu
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, PO Box 100, 44 Wenhuaxi RoadShandong Province, Shandong 250012 Jinan, China ,grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Institute for Medical Dataology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012 China
| | - Zhentao Fu
- grid.512751.50000 0004 1791 5397Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong 250014 China
| | - Zilong Lu
- grid.512751.50000 0004 1791 5397Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong 250014 China
| | - Dejin Li
- Shandong Provincial Big Data Center, Jinan, Shandong 250011 China
| | - Hao Xue
- Department of Neurosurgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012 China
| | - Xiaolei Guo
- grid.512751.50000 0004 1791 5397Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong 250014 China
| | - Fuzhong Xue
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, PO Box 100, 44 Wenhuaxi RoadShandong Province, Shandong 250012 Jinan, China ,grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Institute for Medical Dataology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012 China
| | - Xiaokang Ji
- grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, PO Box 100, 44 Wenhuaxi RoadShandong Province, Shandong 250012 Jinan, China ,grid.27255.370000 0004 1761 1174Institute for Medical Dataology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012 China
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Smoliga JM, Fogaca LK, Siplon JS, Goldburt AA, Jakobs F. Giving science the finger-is the second-to-fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) a biomarker of good luck? A cross sectional study. BMJ 2021; 375:e067849. [PMID: 34911738 PMCID: PMC8672321 DOI: 10.1136/bmj-2021-067849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore whether random chance, weak research methodology, or inappropriate reporting can lead to claims of statistically significant (yet, biologically meaningless) biomarker associations, using as a model the relation between a common surrogate of prenatal testosterone exposure, second-to-fourth digit ratio (2D:4D), and a random indicator of good luck. DESIGN Cross sectional study. SETTING University sports performance laboratory in the United States. Data were collected from May 2015 to February 2017. PARTICIPANTS 176 adults (74 women, 102 men), including university students, faculty, and staff with no history of injuries, disease, or medical conditions that would affect digit length. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES 2D:4D, body composition parameters potentially influenced by androgens (bone mineral content, bone mineral density, body fat percentage), and good luck (using poker hands from randomly selected playing cards as a surrogate). RESULTS 2D:4D significantly correlated with select body composition parameters (Spearman's r s range -0.26 to 0.23; P<0.05), but the correlations varied by sex, participant hand measured, and the method of measuring 2D:4D (by photocopy or radiography). However, the strongest correlation observed was between right hand 2D:4D in men measured by radiograph and poker hand rank (r s=0.28, P=0.004). CONCLUSIONS Greater prenatal exposure to testosterone, as estimated by a lower 2D:4D, significantly increases good luck in adulthood, and also modulates body composition (albeit to a lesser degree). While these findings are consistent with a wealth of research reporting that 2D:4D is related to many seemingly disparate outcomes, they are not meant to provide confirmatory evidence that 2D:4D is a universal biomarker of nearly everything. Instead, the associations between 2D:4D and good luck are simply due to chance, and provide a "handy" example of the reproducibility crisis within medical and scientific research. Biologically sound hypotheses, pre-registration of trials, strong methodological and statistical analyses, transparent reporting of negative results, and unbiased interpretation of data are all necessary for biomarker studies and other areas of clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Smoliga
- Department of Physical Therapy, High Point University, High Point, NC, USA
| | - Lucas K Fogaca
- Department of Physical Therapy, High Point University, High Point, NC, USA
| | - Jessica S Siplon
- Department of Physical Therapy, High Point University, High Point, NC, USA
| | - Abigail A Goldburt
- Department of Physical Therapy, High Point University, High Point, NC, USA
| | - Franziska Jakobs
- Department of Physical Therapy, High Point University, High Point, NC, USA
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Stead ER, Bjedov I. Balancing DNA repair to prevent ageing and cancer. Exp Cell Res 2021; 405:112679. [PMID: 34102225 PMCID: PMC8361780 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.112679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
DNA damage is a constant stressor to the cell. Persistent damage to the DNA over time results in an increased risk of mutation and an accumulation of mutations with age. Loss of efficient DNA damage repair can lead to accelerated ageing phenotypes or an increased cancer risk, and the trade-off between cancer susceptibility and longevity is often driven by the cell's response to DNA damage. High levels of mutations in DNA repair mutants often leads to excessive cell death and stem cell exhaustion which may promote premature ageing. Stem cells themselves have distinct characteristics that enable them to retain low mutation rates. However, when mutations do arise, stem cell clonal expansion can also contribute to age-related tissue dysfunction as well as heightened cancer risk. In this review, we will highlight increasing DNA damage and mutation accumulation as hallmarks common to both ageing and cancer. We will propose that anti-ageing interventions might be cancer preventative and discuss the mechanisms through which they may act.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Rachel Stead
- UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, University College London, 72 Huntley Street London, London WC1E 6DD, UK
| | - Ivana Bjedov
- UCL Cancer Institute, Paul O'Gorman Building, University College London, 72 Huntley Street London, London WC1E 6DD, UK; University College London, Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Malet Place Engineering Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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Teimouri H, Kolomeisky AB. Temporal order of mutations influences cancer initiation dynamics. Phys Biol 2021; 18. [PMID: 34130273 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/ac0b7e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is a set of genetic diseases that are driven by mutations. It was recently discovered that the temporal order of genetic mutations affects the cancer evolution and even the nature of the decease itself. The mechanistic origin of these observations, however, remain not well understood. Here we present a theoretical model for cancer initiation dynamics that allows us to quantify the impact of the temporal order of mutations. In our approach, the cancer initiation process is viewed as a set of stochastic transitions between discrete states defined by the different numbers of mutated cells. Using a first-passage analysis, probabilities and times before the cancer initiation are explicitly evaluated for two alternative sequences of two mutations. It is found that the probability of cancer initiation is determined only by the first mutation, while the dynamics depends on both mutations. In addition, it is shown that the acquisition of a mutation with higher fitness before mutation with lower fitness increases the probability of the tumor formation but delays the cancer initiation. Theoretical results are explained using effective free-energy landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Teimouri
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America.,Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Anatoly B Kolomeisky
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America.,Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University, Houston, Texas, United States of America
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5
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Walen KH. Cell cycle stress in normal human cells: A route to "first cells" (with/without fitness gain) and cancer-like cell-shape changes. Semin Cancer Biol 2021; 81:73-82. [PMID: 33440246 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
We have presented an in vitro trackable model system, atavistic induced from conservation in our genome, which strongly is applicable to tumorigenesis start and evolution. The inducing factor was death signals to proliferating normal human cells (primary cell strains), which respon-ded by a special type of tetraploidization, chromosomes with 4-chromatids (diplochromosomes, earlier described in cancer cells). The response included cell cycle stress, which prolonged S-period with result of mitotic slippage process, forming the special 4n cells by re-replication of diploid cells, which showed cell division capability to unexpected, genome reduced diploid cells which remarkably, showed fitness gain. This unique response through cell cycle stress and mitotic slippage process was further discovered to be linked to a rather special characteristic of the, 4n nucleus. The nucleus turned, self-inflicted, 90° perpendicular to the cell's cytoskeleton axis, importantly, before the special 4n-division system produced genome reduce diploid cells, we call "first cells", because of fitness gain. These 2n cells also showed the nuclear dependent 90° turn, which in both cases was associated with cells gaining cell shape changes, herein illustrated from normal fibroblastic cells changing to roundness cells, indistinguishable from todays' diagnostic cancer cell morphology. This 3-D ball-like cell shape, in metastasis, sque-ezing in and out between (?) endothelial cells in the lining of blood veins during disbursement, would be advantageous.
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6
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Nunney L, Thai K. Determining cancer risk: the evolutionary multistage model or total stem cell divisions? Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20202291. [PMID: 33323077 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.2291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A recent hypothesis proposed that the total number of stem cell divisions in a tissue (TSCD model) determine its intrinsic cancer risk; however, a different model-the multistage model-has long been used to understand how cancer originates. Identifying the correct model has important implications for interpreting the frequency of cancers. Using worldwide cancer incidence data, we applied three tests to the TSCD model and an evolutionary multistage model of carcinogenesis (EMMC), a model in which cancer suppression is recognized as an evolving trait, with natural selection acting to suppress cancers causing a significant mean loss of Darwinian fitness. Each test supported the EMMC but contradicted the TSCD model. This outcome undermines results based on the TSCD model quantifying the relative importance of 'bad luck' (the random accumulation of somatic mutations) versus environmental and genetic factors in determining cancer incidence. Our testing supported the EMMC prediction that cancers of large rapidly dividing tissues predominate late in life. Another important prediction is that an indicator of recent oncogenic environmental change is an unusually high mean fitness loss due to cancer, rather than a high lifetime incidence. The evolutionary model also predicts that large and/or long-lived animals have evolved mechanisms of cancer suppression that may be of value in preventing or controlling human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Nunney
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Kevin Thai
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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Chaudhary S, Dam V, Ganguly K, Sharma S, Atri P, Chirravuri-Venkata R, Cox JL, Sayed Z, Jones DT, Ganti AK, Ghersi D, Macha MA, Batra SK. Differential mutation spectrum and immune landscape in African Americans versus Whites: A possible determinant to health disparity in head and neck cancer. Cancer Lett 2020; 492:44-53. [PMID: 32738272 PMCID: PMC8432304 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
African Americans (AA) with Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) have a worse disease prognosis than White patients despite adjusting for socio-economic factors, suggesting the potential biological contribution. Therefore, we investigated the genomic and immunological components that drive the differential tumor biology among race. We utilized the cancer genome atlas and cancer digital archive of HNSCC patients (1992-2013) for our study. We found that AA patients with HNSCC had a higher frequency of mutation compared to Whites in the key driver genes-P53, FAT1, CASP8 and HRAS. AA tumors also exhibited lower intratumoral infiltration of effector immune cells (CD8+, γδT, resting memory CD4+ and activated memory CD4+ T cells) with shorter survival than Whites. Unsupervised hierarchical clustering of differentially expressed genes demonstrated distinct gene clusters between AA and White patients with unique signaling pathway enrichments. Connectivity map analysis identified drugs (Neratinib and Selumetinib) that target aberrant PI3K/RAS/MEK signaling and may reduce racial disparity in therapy response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjib Chaudhary
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Vi Dam
- School of Interdisciplinary Informatics, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, 68182, USA
| | - Koelina Ganguly
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Sunandini Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Pranita Atri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Ramakanth Chirravuri-Venkata
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA; School of Interdisciplinary Informatics, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, 68182, USA
| | - Jesse L Cox
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Zafar Sayed
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Dwight T Jones
- Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Apar K Ganti
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA; Division of Oncology-Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, VA-Nebraska Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Dario Ghersi
- School of Interdisciplinary Informatics, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE, 68182, USA.
| | - Muzafar A Macha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA; Department of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA; Department of Biotechnology, Central University of Kashmir, Jammu and Kashmir, Ganderbal, 191201, India.
| | - Surinder K Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA; Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA; Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA.
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Walen KH. Near-Dead Cells to Special Tetraploidy to First Cells to Cancer Diagnostic Morphology: Unlikely Therapy-Gain from For-Profit Industrial Goliath. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.4236/jct.2020.117036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Teimouri H, Kochugaeva MP, Kolomeisky AB. Elucidating the correlations between cancer initiation times and lifetime cancer risks. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18940. [PMID: 31831779 PMCID: PMC6908632 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55300-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a genetic disease that results from accumulation of unfavorable mutations. As soon as genetic and epigenetic modifications associated with these mutations become strong enough, the uncontrolled tumor cell growth is initiated, eventually spreading through healthy tissues. Clarifying the dynamics of cancer initiation is thus critically important for understanding the molecular mechanisms of tumorigenesis. Here we present a new theoretical method to evaluate the dynamic processes associated with the cancer initiation. It is based on a discrete-state stochastic description of the formation of tumors as a fixation of cancerous mutations in tissues. Using a first-passage analysis the probabilities for the cancer to appear and the times before it happens, which are viewed as fixation probabilities and fixation times, respectively, are explicitly calculated. It is predicted that the slowest cancer initiation dynamics is observed for neutral mutations, while it is fast for both advantageous and, surprisingly, disadvantageous mutations. The method is applied for estimating the cancer initiation times from experimentally available lifetime cancer risks for different types of cancer. It is found that the higher probability of the cancer to occur does not necessary lead to the faster times of starting the cancer. Our theoretical analysis helps to clarify microscopic aspects of cancer initiation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Teimouri
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Maria P Kochugaeva
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT, United States
| | - Anatoly B Kolomeisky
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States.
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States.
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States.
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Spatio-temporal aspects of the interplay of cancer and the immune system. J Biol Phys 2019; 45:395-400. [PMID: 31773382 PMCID: PMC6917631 DOI: 10.1007/s10867-019-09535-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The conventional mean-field kinetic models describing the interplay of cancer and the immune system are temporal and predict exponential growth or elimination of the population of tumour cells provided their number is small and their effect on the immune system is negligible. More complex kinetics are associated with non-linear features of the response of the immune system. The generic model presented in this communication takes into account that the rates of the birth and death of tumour cells inside a tumour spheroid can significantly depend on the radial coordinate due to diffusion limitations in the supply of nutrients and/or transport of the species (cells and proteins) belonging to the immune system. In this case, non-trivial kinetic regimes are shown to be possible even without appreciable perturbation of the immune system.
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11
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Brouwer AF, Eisenberg MC, Meza R. Case Studies of Gastric, Lung, and Oral Cancer Connect Etiologic Agent Prevalence to Cancer Incidence. Cancer Res 2019; 78:3386-3396. [PMID: 29907681 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-3467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Obtaining detailed individual-level data on both exposure and cancer outcomes is challenging, and it is difficult to understand and characterize how temporal aspects of exposures translate into cancer risk. We show that, in lieu of individual-level information, population-level data on cancer incidence and etiologic agent prevalence can be leveraged to investigate cancer mechanisms and to better characterize and predict cancer trends. We use mechanistic carcinogenesis models [multistage clonal expansion (MSCE) models] and data on smoking, Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), and HPV infection prevalence to investigate trends of lung, gastric, and HPV-related oropharyngeal cancers. MSCE models are based on the initiation-promotion-malignant conversion paradigm and allow for interpretation of trends in terms of general biological mechanisms. We assumed the rates of initiation depend on the prevalence of the corresponding risk factors. We performed two types of analysis, using the agent prevalence and cancer incidence data to estimate the model parameters and using cancer incidence data to infer the etiologic agent prevalence as well as the model parameters. By including risk factor prevalence, MSCE models with as few as three parameters closely reproduced 40 years of age-specific cancer incidence data. We recovered trends of H. pylori prevalence in the United States and demonstrated that cohort effects can explain the observed bimodal, age-specific pattern of oral HPV prevalence in men. Our results demonstrate the potential for joint analyses of population-level cancer and risk factor data through mechanistic modeling. This approach can be a first step in systematically testing relationships between exposures and cancer risk when individual-level data is lacking.Significance: Analysis of trends in risk-factor prevalence and cancer incidence can shed light on cancer mechanisms and the way that carcinogen exposure through time shapes the risk of cancer at different ages.Graphical Abstract: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/78/12/3386/F1.large.jpg Cancer Res; 78(12); 3386-96. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew F Brouwer
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.
| | | | - Rafael Meza
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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12
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Schüz J, Espina C, Wild CP. Primary prevention: a need for concerted action. Mol Oncol 2019; 13:567-578. [PMID: 30582778 PMCID: PMC6396360 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The burden of cancer is increasing worldwide, and Europe is no exception in this regard. Cancer incidence rate for men in 2018, excluding nonmelanoma skin cancers, averaged over the 40 UN-defined European countries has been estimated as 436/100 000. For women, the estimated incidence rate is 332.6/100 000. Although mortality rates are declining in most European countries, the total number of cancer deaths continues to rise due to an increase in the number of older people in the age range when the cancer typically occurs. The increase in incident cases and cancer deaths increases the pressure on healthcare infrastructure and related costs, thus presenting a challenge to health service sustainability in countries. In the general population, there remains a perception of an ever-increasing cancer risk. Hence, treatment alone is not a solution to address the cancer burden. At the same time, recent estimates of preventable fractions of cancer suggest that about half of all cancer cases could be prevented through rigorous implementation of successful prevention measures, among other actions, by following the cancer prevention recommendations of the European Code against Cancer. Smoking alone explains almost half of all preventable cancers, and the scattered way of implementing tobacco control in Europe with still increasing numbers of lung cancers in women demonstrates the gap between prevention potential and effectively implemented prevention. Cancer prevention clearly needs more resources, stronger support from decision-makers and society, and a solid network to better speak with one voice. The newly established 'Cancer Prevention Europe' (Forman et al., ) offers promising opportunities for the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Schüz
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)LyonFrance
| | - Carolina Espina
- International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC)LyonFrance
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13
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common cancers and the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Diet has a significant impact on the risk of developing CRC, but though processed meat is a known positive contributor, the effects of other dietary components are largely mixed. This review focuses on dietary patterns to describe the complexity of dietary diversity and overall food consumption and to examine the relationship between dietary patterns and risk of CRC. RECENT FINDINGS After searching human studies published in 2017-2018, we selected and evaluated 30 articles, including meta-analyses, cohort studies, and prospective studies. These studies suggest that the prudent or Mediterranean dietary pattern significantly decreases the risk of CRC compared to the Western dietary pattern; a lower dietary inflammatory index or a higher dietary quality index associates with a lower risk of CRC; closely following all aspects of the World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research cancer prevention guidelines and recommendations correlates with a reduced risk of CRC. SUMMARY The risk of developing CRC can be reduced by adopting a healthier lifestyle. More studies of the impact of diet on clinical outcomes of CRC are needed.
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14
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Wu S, Zhu W, Thompson P, Hannun YA. Evaluating intrinsic and non-intrinsic cancer risk factors. Nat Commun 2018; 9:3490. [PMID: 30154431 PMCID: PMC6113228 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05467-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Discriminating the contribution of unmodifiable random intrinsic DNA replication errors ('bad luck') to cancer development from those of other factors is critical for understanding cancer in humans and for directing public resources aimed at reducing the burden of cancer. Here, we review and highlight the evidence that demonstrates cancer causation is multifactorial, and provide several important examples where modification of risk factors has achieved cancer prevention. Furthermore, we stress the need and opportunities to advance understanding of cancer aetiology through integration of interaction effects between risk factors when estimating the contribution of individual and joint factors to cancer burden in a population. We posit that non-intrinsic factors drive most cancer risk, and stress the need for cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Wu
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
- Stony Brook Cancer Centre, Stony Brook University, Health Sciences Centre, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
- Stony Brook Cancer Centre, Stony Brook University, Health Sciences Centre, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Patricia Thompson
- Stony Brook Cancer Centre, Stony Brook University, Health Sciences Centre, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
- Department of Pathology, Stony Brook University, Health Sciences Centre, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Yusuf A Hannun
- Stony Brook Cancer Centre, Stony Brook University, Health Sciences Centre, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Health Sciences Centre, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA.
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15
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Pfeifer CR, Xia Y, Zhu K, Liu D, Irianto J, García VMM, Millán LMS, Niese B, Harding S, Deviri D, Greenberg RA, Discher DE. Constricted migration increases DNA damage and independently represses cell cycle. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 29:1948-1962. [PMID: 29742017 PMCID: PMC6232975 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-02-0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell migration through dense tissues or small capillaries can elongate the nucleus and even damage it, and any impact on cell cycle has the potential to affect various processes including carcinogenesis. Here, nuclear rupture and DNA damage increase with constricted migration in different phases of cell cycle-which we show is partially repressed. We study several cancer lines that are contact inhibited or not and that exhibit diverse frequencies of nuclear lamina rupture after migration through small pores. DNA repair factors invariably mislocalize after migration, and an excess of DNA damage is evident as pan--nucleoplasmic foci of phosphoactivated ATM and γH2AX. Foci counts are suppressed in late cell cycle as expected of mitotic checkpoints, and migration of contact-inhibited cells through large pores into sparse microenvironments leads also as expected to cell-cycle reentry and no effect on a basal level of damage foci. Constricting pores delay such reentry while excess foci occur independent of cell-cycle phase. Knockdown of repair factors increases DNA damage independent of cell cycle, consistent with effects of constricted migration. Because such migration causes DNA damage and impedes proliferation, it illustrates a cancer cell fate choice of "go or grow."
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte R. Pfeifer
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104,Molecular and Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104,Graduate Group/Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Yuntao Xia
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104,Molecular and Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Kuangzheng Zhu
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104,Molecular and Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Dazhen Liu
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104,Molecular and Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Jerome Irianto
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104,Molecular and Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | | | | | - Brandon Niese
- Molecular and Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Shane Harding
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104,Basser Center for BRCA, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Dan Deviri
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Roger A. Greenberg
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104,Basser Center for BRCA, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Dennis E. Discher
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104,Molecular and Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104,Graduate Group/Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104,*Address correspondence to: Dennis E. Discher ()
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16
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Abstract
Exposure to pathogen infection, and occupational and environmental agents, contributes to induction of most types of cancer through different mechanisms. Cancer is defined and characterized by accumulation of mutations and epimutations that lead to changes in the cellular genome and epigenome. According to a recent Bad Luck Hypothesis, random error mutations during DNA replication in a small population of stem cells may be implicated in two-thirds of variation of cancer risk in 25 organs and tissues. What determines stem cell vulnerability and risk of malignancy across the spectrum of organs, such as the brain, bone marrow, skeletal muscles, skin, and liver? Have stem cells pooled in particular tissues or organs evolved some critical ability to deal with DNA damage in the presence of extrinsic environmental factors? This paper describes how the complex replication and repair DNA systems control mutational events. In addition, recent advances on cancer epigenomic signatures and epigenetic mechanisms are discussed, which will guide future investigation of the origin of cancer initiating cells in tissue and organs in a clinical setting.
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17
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Abstract
A higher incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) is observed in Oceania and Europe, whereas Africa and Asia have a lower incidence. CRC is largely preventable by adapting a healthy lifestyle, such as healthy diet, adequate physical activity, and avoiding obesity. This review summarizes the latest work available, mainly epidemiologic studies, to examine the relationship between diet and CRC. Higher intake of red/processed meat could increase the CRC risk, whereas fibers, especially from whole grains and cereals, as well as fruit and vegetables may decrease the CRC risk. Heterogeneity and inconsistency among studies or individuals, however, need to be taken into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Pan
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Jianhua Yu
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The James Cancer Hospital, The Ohio State University, 460 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Li-Shu Wang
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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18
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Averbeck D, Salomaa S, Bouffler S, Ottolenghi A, Smyth V, Sabatier L. Progress in low dose health risk research. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2018; 776:46-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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19
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Abstract
We propose a simple 3-parameter model that provides very good fits for incidence curves of 18 common solid cancers even when variations due to different locations, races, or periods are taken into account. From a data perspective, we use model selection (Akaike information criterion) to show that this model, which is based on the Weibull distribution, outperforms other simple models like the Gamma distribution. From a modeling perspective, the Weibull distribution can be justified as modeling the accumulation of driver events, which establishes a link to stem cell division based cancer development models and a connection to a recursion formula for intrinsic cancer risk published by Wu et al. For the recursion formula a closed form solution is given, which will help to simplify future analyses. Additionally, we perform a sensitivity analysis for the parameters, showing that two of the three parameters can vary over several orders of magnitude. However, the shape parameter of the Weibull distribution, which corresponds to the number of driver mutations required for cancer onset, can be robustly estimated from epidemiological data.
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20
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Chen X, Kang YM, Fu YX. Switches in a genetic regulatory system under multiplicative non-Gaussian noise. J Theor Biol 2017; 435:134-144. [PMID: 28916451 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2017.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The non-Gaussian noise is multiplicatively introduced to model the universal fluctuation in the gene regulation of the bacteriophage λ. To investigate the key effect of non-Gaussian noise on the genetic on/off switch dynamics from the viewpoint of quantitative analysis, we employ the high-order perturbation expansion to deduce the stationary probability density of repressor concentration and the mean first passage time from low concentration to high concentration and vice versa. The occupation probability of different concentration states can be estimated from the height and shape of the peaks of the stationary probability density, which could be used to determine the overall expression level. A further concern is the mean first passage time, also referred to as the mean switching time, which can be adopted as an important measure to characterize the adaptability of gene expression to the environmental variation. Through our investigation, it is observed that the non-Gaussian heavy-tailed noise can better induce the switches between distinct genetic expression states and additionally, it accelerates the switching process more evidently compared to the Gaussian noise and the bounded noise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Yan-Mei Kang
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China.
| | - Yu-Xuan Fu
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
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21
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Kaveh K. Stem Cell Evolutionary Dynamics of Differentiation and Plasticity. CURRENT STEM CELL REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40778-017-0109-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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22
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Stensrud MJ, Valberg M. Inequality in genetic cancer risk suggests bad genes rather than bad luck. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1165. [PMID: 29079851 PMCID: PMC5660094 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01284-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Heritability is often estimated by decomposing the variance of a trait into genetic and other factors. Interpreting such variance decompositions, however, is not straightforward. In particular, there is an ongoing debate on the importance of genetic factors in cancer development, even though heritability estimates exist. Here we show that heritability estimates contain information on the distribution of absolute risk due to genetic differences. The approach relies on the assumptions underlying the conventional heritability of liability model. We also suggest a model unrelated to heritability estimates. By applying these strategies, we describe the distribution of absolute genetic risk for 15 common cancers. We highlight the considerable inequality in genetic risk of cancer using different metrics, e.g., the Gini Index and quantile ratios which are frequently used in economics. For all these cancers, the estimated inequality in genetic risk is larger than the inequality in income in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mats Julius Stensrud
- Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Postbox 1122 Blindern, 0317, Oslo, Norway.
- Diakonhjemmet hospital, Department of Medicine, Diakonveien 12, 0370, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Morten Valberg
- Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Postbox 1122 Blindern, 0317, Oslo, Norway
- Oslo Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Oslo University Hospital, 0370, Oslo, Norway
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23
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Contributions of the Intrinsic Mutation Process to Cancer Mutation and Risk Burdens. EBioMedicine 2017; 24:5-6. [PMID: 28958657 PMCID: PMC5652278 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2017.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
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24
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Sweeteners as food additives in the XXI century: A review of what is known, and what is to come. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 107:302-317. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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25
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Pfeifer CR, Alvey CM, Irianto J, Discher DE. Genome variation across cancers scales with tissue stiffness - an invasion-mutation mechanism and implications for immune cell infiltration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 2:103-114. [PMID: 29082336 DOI: 10.1016/j.coisb.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Many different types of soft and solid tumors have now been sequenced, and meta-analyses suggest that genomic variation across tumors scales with the stiffness of the tumors' tissues of origin. The opinion expressed here is based on a review of current genomics data, and it considers multiple 'mechanogenomics' mechanisms to potentially explain this scaling of mutation rate with tissue stiffness. Since stiff solid tissues have higher density of fibrous collagen matrix, which should decrease tissue porosity, cancer cell proliferation could be affected and so could invasion into stiff tissues as the nucleus is squeezed sufficiently to enhance DNA damage. Diversification of a cancer genome after constricted migration is now clear. Understanding genome changes that give rise to neo-antigens is important to selection as well as to the development of immunotherapies, and we discuss engineered monocytes/macrophages as particularly relevant to understanding infiltration into solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte R Pfeifer
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn (PSOC@Penn), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104.,Molecular & Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104.,Graduate Group / Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Cory M Alvey
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn (PSOC@Penn), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104.,Molecular & Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104.,Graduate Group / Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Jerome Irianto
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn (PSOC@Penn), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104.,Molecular & Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Dennis E Discher
- Physical Sciences Oncology Center at Penn (PSOC@Penn), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104.,Molecular & Cell Biophysics Lab, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104.,Graduate Group / Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104.,Graduate Group / Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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26
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DNA typos to blame for most cancer mutations. Nature 2017. [DOI: 10.1038/nature.2017.21696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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