1
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Bialas K, Diaz-Griffero F. HIV-1-induced translocation of CPSF6 to biomolecular condensates. Trends Microbiol 2024; 32:781-790. [PMID: 38267295 PMCID: PMC11263504 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2024.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor subunit 6 (CPSF6, also known as CFIm68) is a 68 kDa component of the mammalian cleavage factor I (CFIm) complex that modulates mRNA alternative polyadenylation (APA) and determines 3' untranslated region (UTR) length, an important gene expression control mechanism. CPSF6 directly interacts with the HIV-1 core during infection, suggesting involvement in HIV-1 replication. Here, we review the contributions of CPSF6 to every stage of the HIV-1 replication cycle. Recently, several groups described the ability of HIV-1 infection to induce CPSF6 translocation to nuclear speckles, which are biomolecular condensates. We discuss the implications for CPSF6 localization in condensates and the potential role of condensate-localized CPSF6 in the ability of HIV-1 to control the protein expression pattern of the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Bialas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Felipe Diaz-Griffero
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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2
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Li Y, Zhu J, Zhai F, Kong L, Li H, Jin X. Advances in the understanding of nuclear pore complexes in human diseases. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2024; 150:374. [PMID: 39080077 PMCID: PMC11289042 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-024-05881-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) are sophisticated and dynamic protein structures that straddle the nuclear envelope and act as gatekeepers for transporting molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. NPCs comprise up to 30 different proteins known as nucleoporins (NUPs). However, a growing body of research has suggested that NPCs play important roles in gene regulation, viral infections, cancer, mitosis, genetic diseases, kidney diseases, immune system diseases, and degenerative neurological and muscular pathologies. PURPOSE In this review, we introduce the structure and function of NPCs. Then We described the physiological and pathological effects of each component of NPCs which provide a direction for future clinical applications. METHODS The literatures from PubMed have been reviewed for this article. CONCLUSION This review summarizes current studies on the implications of NPCs in human physiology and pathology, highlighting the mechanistic underpinnings of NPC-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxuan Li
- The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315040, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Health Science Center, Nngbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315040, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fengguang Zhai
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Health Science Center, Nngbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lili Kong
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Health Science Center, Nngbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hong Li
- The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315040, Zhejiang, China.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Health Science Center, Nngbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Xiaofeng Jin
- The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315040, Zhejiang, China.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Pathophysiology, Health Science Center, Nngbo University, Ningbo, 315211, Zhejiang, China.
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3
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Diamond TL, Goh SL, Ngo W, Rodriguez S, Xu M, Klein DJ, Grobler JA, Asante-Appiah E. No antagonism or cross-resistance and a high barrier to the emergence of resistance in vitro for the combination of islatravir and lenacapavir. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2024; 68:e0033424. [PMID: 38864613 PMCID: PMC11232396 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00334-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Islatravir (ISL) is a deoxyadenosine analog that inhibits HIV-1 reverse transcription by multiple mechanisms. Lenacapavir (LEN) is a novel capsid inhibitor that inhibits HIV-1 at multiple stages throughout the viral life cycle. ISL and LEN are being investigated as once-weekly combination oral therapy for the treatment of HIV-1. Here, we characterized ISL and LEN in vitro to assess combinatorial antiviral activity, cytotoxicity, and the potential for interactions between the two compounds. Bliss analysis revealed ISL with LEN demonstrated additive inhibition of HIV-1 replication, with no evidence of antagonism across the range of concentrations tested. ISL exhibited potent antiviral activity against variants encoding known LEN resistance-associated mutations (RAMs) with or without the presence of M184V, an ISL RAM in reverse transcriptase (RT) . Static resistance selection experiments were conducted with ISL and LEN alone and in combination, initiating with either wild-type virus or virus containing the M184I RAM in RT to further assess their barrier to the emergence of resistance. The combination of ISL with LEN more effectively suppressed viral breakthrough at lower multiples of the compounds' IC50 (half-maximal inhibitory concentration) values and fewer mutations emerged with the combination compared to either compound on its own. The known pathways for development of resistance with ISL and LEN were not altered, and no novel single mutations emerged that substantially reduced susceptibility to either compound. The lack of antagonism and cross-resistance between ISL and LEN support the ongoing evaluation of the combination for treatment of HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Winnie Ngo
- Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
| | | | - Min Xu
- Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey, USA
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4
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Arribas L, Menéndez-Arias L, Betancor G. May I Help You with Your Coat? HIV-1 Capsid Uncoating and Reverse Transcription. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7167. [PMID: 39000271 PMCID: PMC11241228 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25137167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) capsid is a protein core formed by multiple copies of the viral capsid (CA) protein. Inside the capsid, HIV-1 harbours all the viral components required for replication, including the genomic RNA and viral enzymes reverse transcriptase (RT) and integrase (IN). Upon infection, the RT transforms the genomic RNA into a double-stranded DNA molecule that is subsequently integrated into the host chromosome by IN. For this to happen, the viral capsid must open and release the viral DNA, in a process known as uncoating. Capsid plays a key role during the initial stages of HIV-1 replication; therefore, its stability is intimately related to infection efficiency, and untimely uncoating results in reverse transcription defects. How and where uncoating takes place and its relationship with reverse transcription is not fully understood, but the recent development of novel biochemical and cellular approaches has provided unprecedented detail on these processes. In this review, we present the latest findings on the intricate link between capsid stability, reverse transcription and uncoating, the different models proposed over the years for capsid uncoating, and the role played by other cellular factors on these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Arribas
- Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain;
| | - Luis Menéndez-Arias
- Centro de Biología Molecular “Severo Ochoa” (Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Gilberto Betancor
- Instituto Universitario de Investigaciones Biomédicas y Sanitarias (IUIBS), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35016 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain;
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5
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Schirra RT, dos Santos NFB, Ganser-Pornillos BK, Pornillos O. Arg18 Substitutions Reveal the Capacity of the HIV-1 Capsid Protein for Non-Fullerene Assembly. Viruses 2024; 16:1038. [PMID: 39066201 PMCID: PMC11281672 DOI: 10.3390/v16071038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
In the fullerene cone HIV-1 capsid, the central channels of the hexameric and pentameric capsomers each contain a ring of arginine (Arg18) residues that perform essential roles in capsid assembly and function. In both the hexamer and pentamer, the Arg18 rings coordinate inositol hexakisphosphate, an assembly and stability factor for the capsid. Previously, it was shown that amino-acid substitutions of Arg18 can promote pentamer incorporation into capsid-like particles (CLPs) that spontaneously assemble in vitro under high-salt conditions. Here, we show that these Arg18 mutant CLPs contain a non-canonical pentamer conformation and distinct lattice characteristics that do not follow the fullerene geometry of retroviral capsids. The Arg18 mutant pentamers resemble the hexamer in intra-oligomeric contacts and form a unique tetramer-of-pentamers that allows for incorporation of an octahedral vertex with a cross-shaped opening in the hexagonal capsid lattice. Our findings highlight an unexpected degree of structural plasticity in HIV-1 capsid assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall T. Schirra
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA (N.F.B.d.S.)
| | - Nayara F. B. dos Santos
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA (N.F.B.d.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Barbie K. Ganser-Pornillos
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA (N.F.B.d.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Owen Pornillos
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA (N.F.B.d.S.)
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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6
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Asad N, Lyons M, Muniz Machado Rodrigues S, Burns JM, Roper TD, Laidlaw GM, Ahmad S, Gupton BF, Klumpp D, Jin L. Practical Synthesis of 7-Bromo-4-chloro-1 H-indazol-3-amine: An Important Intermediate to Lenacapavir. Molecules 2024; 29:2705. [PMID: 38930779 PMCID: PMC11206596 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29122705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
7-Bromo-4-chloro-1H-indazol-3-amine is a heterocyclic fragment used in the synthesis of Lenacapavir, a potent capsid inhibitor for the treatment of HIV-1 infections. In this manuscript, we describe a new approach to synthesizing 7-bromo-4-chloro-1H-indazol-3-amine from inexpensive 2,6-dichlorobenzonitrile. This synthetic method utilizes a two-step sequence including regioselective bromination and heterocycle formation with hydrazine to give the desired product in an overall isolated yield of 38-45%. The new protocol has been successfully demonstrated on hundred-gram scales without the need for column chromatography purification. This new synthesis provides a potential economical route to the large-scale production of this heterocyclic fragment of Lenacapavir.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Limei Jin
- Medicines for All Institute, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284-3068, USA; (N.A.); (M.L.); (S.M.M.R.); (J.M.B.); (T.D.R.); (G.M.L.); (S.A.); (B.F.G.); (D.K.)
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7
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Kalemera MD, Maher AK, Dominguez-Villar M, Maertens GN. Cell Culture Evaluation Hints Widely Available HIV Drugs Are Primed for Success if Repurposed for HTLV-1 Prevention. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:730. [PMID: 38931397 PMCID: PMC11206710 DOI: 10.3390/ph17060730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
With an estimated 10 million people infected, the deltaretrovirus human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the second most prevalent pathogenic retrovirus in humans after HIV-1. Like HIV-1, HTLV-1 overwhelmingly persists in a host via a reservoir of latently infected CD4+ T cells. Although most patients are asymptomatic, HTLV-1-associated pathologies are often debilitating and include adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma (ATLL), which presents in mature adulthood and is associated with poor prognosis with short overall survival despite treatment. Curiously, the strongest indicator for the development of ATLL is the acquisition of HTLV-1 through breastfeeding. There are no therapeutic or preventative regimens for HTLV-1. However, antiretrovirals (ARVs), which target the essential retrovirus enzymes, have been developed for and transformed HIV therapy. As the architectures of retroviral enzyme active sites are highly conserved, some HIV-specific compounds are active against HTLV-1. Here, we expand on our work, which showed that integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) and some nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) block HTLV-1 transmission in cell culture. Specifically, we find that dolutegravir, the INSTI currently recommended as the basis of all new combination antiretroviral therapy prescriptions, and the latest prodrug formula of the NRTI tenofovir, tenofovir alafenamide, also potently inhibit HTLV-1 infection. Our results, if replicated in a clinical setting, could see transmission rates of HTLV-1 and future caseloads of HTLV-1-associated pathologies like ATLL dramatically cut via the simple repurposing of already widely available HIV pills in HTLV-1 endemic areas. Considering our findings with the old medical saying "it is better to prevent than cure", we highly recommend the inclusion of INSTIs and tenofovir prodrugs in upcoming HTLV-1 clinical trials as potential prophylactics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Goedele N. Maertens
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London W2 1PG, UK; (M.D.K.); (A.K.M.); (M.D.-V.)
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8
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Smith RA, Raugi DN, Nixon RS, Seydi M, Margot NA, Callebaut C, Gottlieb GS. Antiviral Activity of Lenacapavir Against Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2 (HIV-2) Isolates and Drug-Resistant HIV-2 Mutants. J Infect Dis 2024; 229:1290-1294. [PMID: 38060982 PMCID: PMC11095534 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The activity of lenacapavir against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) has been extensively evaluated in vitro, but comparable data for human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) are scarce. We determined the anti-HIV-2 activity of lenacapavir using single-cycle infections of MAGIC-5A cells and multicycle infections of a T-cell line. Lenacapavir exhibited low-nanomolar activity against HIV-2, but was 11- to 14-fold less potent against HIV-2 in comparison to HIV-1. Mutations in HIV-2 that confer resistance to other antiretrovirals did not confer cross-resistance to lenacapavir. Although lenacapavir-containing regimens might be considered for appropriate patients with HIV-2, more frequent viral load and/or CD4 testing may be needed to assess clinical response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Smith
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Dana N Raugi
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Robert S Nixon
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
| | - Moussa Seydi
- Service des Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Centre Hospitalier National Universitaire de Fann, Dakar, Senegal
| | | | | | - Geoffrey S Gottlieb
- Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle
- Division of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle
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9
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Scott TM, Arnold LM, Powers JA, McCann DA, Christensen DE, Pereira MJ, Zhou W, Torrez RM, Iwasa JH, Kranzusch PJ, Sundquist WI, Johnson JS. Cell-free assays reveal the HIV-1 capsid protects reverse transcripts from cGAS. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.22.590513. [PMID: 38712059 PMCID: PMC11071359 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.22.590513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Retroviruses can be detected by the innate immune sensor cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), which recognizes reverse-transcribed DNA and activates an antiviral response. However, the extent to which HIV-1 shields its genome from cGAS recognition remains unclear. To study this process in mechanistic detail, we reconstituted reverse transcription, genome release, and innate immune sensing of HIV-1 in a cell-free system. We found that wild-type HIV-1 capsids protect their genomes from cGAS even after completion of reverse transcription. Viral DNA could be "deprotected" by thermal stress, capsid mutations, or reduced concentrations of inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) that destabilize the capsid. Strikingly, capsid inhibitors also disrupted viral cores and dramatically potentiated cGAS activity, both in vitro and in cellular infections. Our results provide biochemical evidence that the HIV-1 capsid lattice conceals the genome from cGAS and that chemical or physical disruption of the viral core can expose HIV-1 DNA and activate innate immune signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiana M. Scott
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine; Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Lydia M. Arnold
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine; Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Jordan A. Powers
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine; Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Delaney A. McCann
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine; Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Devin E. Christensen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine; Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Miguel J. Pereira
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine; Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Wen Zhou
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology; Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Rachel M. Torrez
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine; Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Janet H. Iwasa
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine; Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Philip J. Kranzusch
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wesley I. Sundquist
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine; Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Jarrod S. Johnson
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine; Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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10
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Eschbach JE, Puray-Chavez M, Mohammed S, Wang Q, Xia M, Huang LC, Shan L, Kutluay SB. HIV-1 capsid stability and reverse transcription are finely balanced to minimize sensing of reverse transcription products via the cGAS-STING pathway. mBio 2024; 15:e0034824. [PMID: 38530034 PMCID: PMC11077976 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00348-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Abstract
A critical determinant for early post-entry events, the HIV-1 capsid (CA) protein forms the conical core when it rearranges around the dimeric RNA genome and associated viral proteins. Although mutations in CA have been reported to alter innate immune sensing of HIV-1, a direct link between core stability and sensing of HIV-1 nucleic acids has not been established. Herein, we assessed how manipulating the stability of the CA lattice through chemical and genetic approaches affects innate immune recognition of HIV-1. We found that destabilization of the CA lattice resulted in potent sensing of reverse transcription products when destabilization per se does not completely block reverse transcription. Surprisingly, due to the combined effects of enhanced reverse transcription and defects in nuclear entry, two separate CA mutants that form hyperstable cores induced innate immune sensing more potently than destabilizing CA mutations. At low concentrations that allowed the accumulation of reverse transcription products, CA-targeting compounds GS-CA1 and lenacapavir measurably impacted CA lattice stability in cells and modestly enhanced innate immune sensing of HIV. Interestingly, innate immune activation observed with viruses containing unstable cores was abolished by low doses of lenacapavir. Innate immune activation observed with both hyperstable and unstable CA mutants was dependent on the cGAS-STING DNA-sensing pathway and reverse transcription. Overall, our findings demonstrate that CA lattice stability and reverse transcription are finely balanced to support reverse transcription and minimize cGAS-STING-mediated sensing of the resulting viral DNA. IMPORTANCE In HIV-1 particles, the dimeric RNA genome and associated viral proteins and enzymes are encased in a proteinaceous lattice composed of the viral capsid protein. Herein, we assessed how altering the stability of this capsid lattice through orthogonal genetic and chemical approaches impacts the induction of innate immune responses. Specifically, we found that decreasing capsid lattice stability results in more potent sensing of viral reverse transcription products, but not the genomic RNA, in a cGAS-STING-dependent manner. The recently developed capsid inhibitors lenacapavir and GS-CA1 enhanced the innate immune sensing of HIV-1. Unexpectedly, due to increased levels of reverse transcription and cytosolic accumulation of the resulting viral cDNA, capsid mutants with hyperstable cores also resulted in the potent induction of type I interferon-mediated innate immunity. Our findings suggest that HIV-1 capsid lattice stability and reverse transcription are finely balanced to minimize exposure of reverse transcription products in the cytosol of host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna E. Eschbach
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Maritza Puray-Chavez
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Shawn Mohammed
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Qiankun Wang
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Ming Xia
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Lin-Chen Huang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Liang Shan
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
- Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Sebla B. Kutluay
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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11
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Niu ZX, Hu J, Sun JF, Wang YT. Fluorine in the pharmaceutical industry: Synthetic approaches and application of clinically approved fluorine-enriched anti-infectious medications. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 271:116446. [PMID: 38678824 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 04/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
The strategic integration of fluorine atoms into anti-infectious agents has become a cornerstone in the field of medicinal chemistry, owing to the unique influence of fluorine on the chemical and biological properties of pharmaceuticals. This review examines the synthetic methodologies that enable the incorporation of fluorine into anti-infectious drugs, and the resultant clinical applications of these fluorine-enriched compounds. With a focus on clinically approved medications, the discussion extends to the molecular mechanisms. It further outlines the specific effects of fluorination, which contribute to the heightened efficacy of anti-infective therapies. By presenting a comprehensive analysis of current drugs and their developmental pathways, this review underscores the continuing evolution and significance of fluorine in advancing anti-infectious treatment options. The insights offered extend valuable guidance for future drug design and the development of next-generation anti-infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Xi Niu
- Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450018, China
| | - Jing Hu
- Children's Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Henan Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou Children's Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450018, China.
| | - Jin-Feng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, College of Pharmacy, Yanji, Jilin,133002, China.
| | - Ya-Tao Wang
- First People's Hospital of Shangqiu, Henan Province, Shangqiu, 476100, China; Rega Institute for Medical Research, Medicinal Chemistry, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49-Box 1041, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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12
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Taylor IA, Fassati A. The capsid revolution. J Mol Cell Biol 2024; 15:mjad076. [PMID: 38037430 PMCID: PMC11193064 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjad076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Lenacapavir, targeting the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) capsid, is the first-in-class antiretroviral drug recently approved for clinical use. The development of Lenacapavir is attributed to the remarkable progress in our understanding of the capsid protein made during the last few years. Considered little more than a component of the virus shell to be shed early during infection, the capsid has been found to be a key player in the HIV-1 life cycle by interacting with multiple host factors, entering the nucleus, and directing integration. Here, we describe the key advances that led to this 'capsid revolution'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian A Taylor
- Macromolecular Structure Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Ariberto Fassati
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, UK
- Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, University College London, London NW3 2PP, UK
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13
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Lim K, Hazawa M, Wong RW. Crafty mimicry grants nuclear pore entry to HIV. Cell Host Microbe 2024; 32:441-442. [PMID: 38604120 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2024.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
The size of the nuclear pore should, in principle, prevent HIV-1 entry. However, HIV-1 capsid is able to gain nuclear pore entry. In a recent issue of Nature, Fu et al. and Dickson et al. demonstrate that the HIV-1 capsid mimics the nuclear transport protein karyopherins to access host nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keesiang Lim
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Masaharu Hazawa
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; Cell-Bionomics Research Unit, Innovative Integrated Bio-Research Core, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Richard W Wong
- WPI Nano Life Science Institute (WPI-NanoLSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; Cell-Bionomics Research Unit, Innovative Integrated Bio-Research Core, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
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14
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Ingram Z, Kline C, Hughson AK, Singh PK, Fischer HL, Sowd GA, Watkins SC, Kane M, Engelman AN, Ambrose Z. Spatiotemporal binding of cyclophilin A and CPSF6 to capsid regulates HIV-1 nuclear entry and integration. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.08.588584. [PMID: 38645162 PMCID: PMC11030324 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.08.588584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) capsid, which is the target of the antiviral lenacapavir, protects the viral genome and binds multiple host proteins to influence intracellular trafficking, nuclear import, and integration. Previously, we showed that capsid binding to cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor 6 (CPSF6) in the cytoplasm is competitively inhibited by cyclophilin A (CypA) binding and regulates capsid trafficking, nuclear import, and infection. Here we determined that a capsid mutant with increased CypA binding affinity had significantly reduced nuclear entry and mislocalized integration. However, disruption of CypA binding to the mutant capsid restored nuclear entry, integration, and infection in a CPSF6-dependent manner. Furthermore, relocalization of CypA expression from the cell cytoplasm to the nucleus failed to restore mutant HIV-1 infection. Our results clarify that sequential binding of CypA and CPSF6 to HIV-1 capsid is required for optimal nuclear entry and integration targeting, informing antiretroviral therapies that contain lenacapavir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary Ingram
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- Pittsburgh Center for HIV Protein Interactions, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Christopher Kline
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- Pittsburgh Center for HIV Protein Interactions, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Alexandra K. Hughson
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- Pittsburgh Center for HIV Protein Interactions, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Parmit K. Singh
- Pittsburgh Center for HIV Protein Interactions, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Hannah L. Fischer
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- Pittsburgh Center for HIV Protein Interactions, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Gregory A. Sowd
- Pittsburgh Center for HIV Protein Interactions, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Simon C. Watkins
- Pittsburgh Center for HIV Protein Interactions, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Melissa Kane
- Pittsburgh Center for HIV Protein Interactions, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Alan N. Engelman
- Pittsburgh Center for HIV Protein Interactions, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Zandrea Ambrose
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- Pittsburgh Center for HIV Protein Interactions, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA
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15
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Jogiraju V, Weber E, Hindman J, West S, Ling J, Rhee M, Girish S, Palaparthy R, Singh R. Pharmacokinetics of long-acting lenacapavir in participants with hepatic or renal impairment. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2024; 68:e0134423. [PMID: 38456707 PMCID: PMC10994821 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01344-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Lenacapavir is a novel, first-in-class, multistage inhibitor of HIV-1 capsid function approved for the treatment of multidrug-resistant HIV-1 infection in combination with other antiretrovirals for heavily treatment-experienced people with HIV. Two Phase 1, open-label, parallel-group, single-dose studies assessed the pharmacokinetics (PK) of lenacapavir in participants with moderate hepatic impairment [Child-Pugh-Turcotte (CPT) Class B: score 7-9] or severe renal impairment [15 ≤ creatinine clearance (CLcr) ≤29 mL/min] to inform lenacapavir dosing in HIV-1-infected individuals with organ impairment. In both studies, a single oral dose of 300 mg lenacapavir was administered to participants with normal (n = 10) or impaired (n = 10) hepatic/renal function who were matched for age (±10 years), sex, and body mass index (±20%). Lenacapavir exposures [area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time 0 to infinity (AUCinf) and maximum concentration (Cmax)] were approximately 1.47- and 2.61-fold higher, respectively, in participants with moderate hepatic impairment compared to those with normal hepatic function, whereas lenacapavir AUCinf and Cmax were approximately 1.84- and 2.62-fold higher, respectively, in participants with severe renal impairment compared to those with normal renal function. Increased lenacapavir exposures with moderate hepatic or severe renal impairment were not considered clinically meaningful. Lenacapavir was considered generally safe and well tolerated in both studies. These results support the use of approved lenacapavir dosing regimen in patients with mild (CPT Class A: score 5-6) or moderate hepatic impairment as well as in patients with mild (60 ≤ CLcr ≤ 89 mL/min), moderate (30 ≤ CLcr ≤ 59 mL/min), and severe renal impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elijah Weber
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California, USA
| | | | - Steve West
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California, USA
| | - John Ling
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California, USA
| | - Martin Rhee
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California, USA
| | | | | | - Renu Singh
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California, USA
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16
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Akther T, McFadden WM, Zhang H, Kirby KA, Sarafianos SG, Wang Z. Design and Synthesis of New GS-6207 Subtypes for Targeting HIV-1 Capsid Protein. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3734. [PMID: 38612545 PMCID: PMC11012105 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 capsid protein (CA) is the molecular target of the recently FDA-approved long acting injectable (LAI) drug lenacapavir (GS-6207). The quick emergence of CA mutations resistant to GS-6207 necessitates the design and synthesis of novel sub-chemotypes. We have conducted the structure-based design of two new sub-chemotypes combining the scaffold of GS-6207 and the N-terminal cap of PF74 analogs, the other important CA-targeting chemotype. The design was validated via induced-fit molecular docking. More importantly, we have worked out a general synthetic route to allow the modular synthesis of novel GS-6207 subtypes. Significantly, the desired stereochemistry of the skeleton C2 was confirmed via an X-ray crystal structure of the key synthetic intermediate 22a. Although the newly synthesized analogs did not show significant potency, our efforts herein will facilitate the future design and synthesis of novel subtypes with improved potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thamina Akther
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - William M. McFadden
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (W.M.M.); (H.Z.)
| | - Huanchun Zhang
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (W.M.M.); (H.Z.)
| | - Karen A. Kirby
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (W.M.M.); (H.Z.)
| | - Stefan G. Sarafianos
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (W.M.M.); (H.Z.)
| | - Zhengqiang Wang
- Center for Drug Design, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
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17
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Garza CM, Holcomb M, Santos-Martins D, Torbett BE, Forli S. IP6 and PF74 affect HIV-1 Capsid Stability through Modulation of Hexamer-Hexamer Tilt Angle Preference. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.11.584513. [PMID: 38559213 PMCID: PMC10979974 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.11.584513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The HIV-1 capsid is an irregularly shaped complex of about 1200 protein chains containing the viral genome and several viral proteins. Together, these components are the key to unlocking passage into the nucleus, allowing for permanent integration of the viral genome into the host cell genome. Recent interest into the role of the capsid in viral replication has been driven by the approval of the first-in-class drug lenacapavir, which marks the first drug approved to target a non-enzymatic HIV-1 viral protein. In addition to lenacapavir, other small molecules such as the drug-like compound PF74, and the anionic sugar inositolhexakisphosphate (IP6), are known to impact capsid stability, and although this is widely accepted as a therapeutic effect, the mechanisms through which they do so remain unknown. In this study, we employed a systematic atomistic simulation approach to study the impact of molecules bound to hexamers at the central pore (IP6) and the FG-binding site (PF74) on capsid oligomer dynamics, compared to apo hexamers and pentamers. We found that neither small molecule had a sizeable impact on the free energy of binding of the interface between neighboring hexamers but that both had impacts on the free energy profiles of performing angular deformations to the pair of oligomers akin to the variations in curvature along the irregular surface of the capsid. The IP6 cofactor, on one hand, stabilizes a pair of neighboring hexamers in their flattest configurations, whereas without IP6, the hexamers prefer a high tilt angle between them. On the other hand, having PF74 bound introduces a strong preference for intermediate tilt angles. These results suggest that structural instability is a natural feature of the HIV-1 capsid which is modulated by molecules bound in either the central pore or the FG-binding site. Such modulators, despite sharing many of the same effects on non-bonded interactions at the various protein-protein interfaces, have decidedly different effects on the flexibility of the complex. This study provides a detailed model of the HIV-1 capsid and its interactions with small molecules, informing structure-based drug design, as well as experimental design and interpretation.
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18
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Azzman N, Gill MSA, Hassan SS, Christ F, Debyser Z, Mohamed WAS, Ahemad N. Pharmacological advances in anti-retroviral therapy for human immunodeficiency virus-1 infection: A comprehensive review. Rev Med Virol 2024; 34:e2529. [PMID: 38520650 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
The discovery of anti-retroviral (ARV) drugs over the past 36 years has introduced various classes, including nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitor, fusion, and integrase strand transfer inhibitors inhibitors. The introduction of combined highly active anti-retroviral therapies in 1996 was later proven to combat further ARV drug resistance along with enhancing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) suppression. As though the development of ARV therapies was continuously expanding, the variation of action caused by ARV drugs, along with its current updates, was not comprehensively discussed, particularly for HIV-1 infection. Thus, a range of HIV-1 ARV medications is covered in this review, including new developments in ARV therapy based on the drug's mechanism of action, the challenges related to HIV-1, and the need for combination therapy. Optimistically, this article will consolidate the overall updates of HIV-1 ARV treatments and conclude the significance of HIV-1-related pharmacotherapy research to combat the global threat of HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nursyuhada Azzman
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Cawangan Pulau Pinang Kampus Bertam, Permatang Pauh, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Shoaib Ali Gill
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sharifah Syed Hassan
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Frauke Christ
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Zeger Debyser
- Laboratory for Molecular Virology and Gene Therapy, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wan Ahmad Syazani Mohamed
- Nutrition Unit, Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Research Centre (NMCRC), Level 3, Block C, Institute for Medical Research (IMR), National Institutes of Health (NIH) Complex, Ministry of Health Malaysia (MOH), Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nafees Ahemad
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
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19
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Faysal KMR, Walsh JC, Renner N, Márquez CL, Shah VB, Tuckwell AJ, Christie MP, Parker MW, Turville SG, Towers GJ, James LC, Jacques DA, Böcking T. Pharmacologic hyperstabilisation of the HIV-1 capsid lattice induces capsid failure. eLife 2024; 13:e83605. [PMID: 38347802 PMCID: PMC10863983 DOI: 10.7554/elife.83605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 capsid has emerged as a tractable target for antiretroviral therapy. Lenacapavir, developed by Gilead Sciences, is the first capsid-targeting drug approved for medical use. Here, we investigate the effect of lenacapavir on HIV capsid stability and uncoating. We employ a single particle approach that simultaneously measures capsid content release and lattice persistence. We demonstrate that lenacapavir's potent antiviral activity is predominantly due to lethal hyperstabilisation of the capsid lattice and resultant loss of compartmentalisation. This study highlights that disrupting capsid metastability is a powerful strategy for the development of novel antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- KM Rifat Faysal
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Biomedical Sciences, UNSWSydneyAustralia
| | - James C Walsh
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Biomedical Sciences, UNSWSydneyAustralia
| | - Nadine Renner
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular BiologyCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Chantal L Márquez
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Biomedical Sciences, UNSWSydneyAustralia
| | - Vaibhav B Shah
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Biomedical Sciences, UNSWSydneyAustralia
| | - Andrew J Tuckwell
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Biomedical Sciences, UNSWSydneyAustralia
| | - Michelle P Christie
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
| | - Michael W Parker
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of MelbourneMelbourneAustralia
- Structural Biology Unit, St. Vincent’s Institute of Medical ResearchFitzroyAustralia
| | | | - Greg J Towers
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Leo C James
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular BiologyCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - David A Jacques
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Biomedical Sciences, UNSWSydneyAustralia
| | - Till Böcking
- EMBL Australia Node in Single Molecule Science, School of Biomedical Sciences, UNSWSydneyAustralia
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20
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Weber E, Subramanian R, Rowe W, Graupe M, Ling J, Shen G, Begley R, Sager J, Wolckenhauer S, Rhee M, Palaparthy R, Singh R. Pharmacokinetics, Disposition, and Biotransformation of [ 14C]Lenacapavir, a Novel, First-in-Class, Selective Inhibitor of HIV-1 Capsid Function, in Healthy Participants Following a Single Intravenous Infusion. Clin Pharmacokinet 2024; 63:241-253. [PMID: 38236562 DOI: 10.1007/s40262-023-01328-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Lenacapavir (LEN) is a novel, first-in-class, multistage, selective inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) capsid function recently approved for the treatment of HIV-1 infection in heavily treatment-experienced adults with multidrug-resistant HIV-1 infection. The purpose of this multicohort study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics, metabolism, excretion, safety, and tolerability of LEN following a single intravenous (IV) infusion of 10 mg LEN or 20 mg [14C]LEN in healthy participants. METHODS Twenty-one healthy adult participants were enrolled into the study and received either a single IV dose of 10 mg LEN (n = 8 active, n = 3 placebo; cohort 1) or a single IV dose of 20 mg [14C]LEN containing 200 µCi (n = 10; cohort 2). Blood, urine, and feces samples (when applicable) were collected after dosing, and radioactivity (cohort 2) was assessed using liquid scintillation counting in both plasma and excreta. LEN in plasma was quantified by liquid chromatography (LC) tandem mass spectroscopy (MS/MS) method bioanalysis. Metabolite profiling in plasma and excreta were performed using LC-fraction collect (FC)-high-resolution MS and LC-FC-accelerator mass spectrometry in plasma. RESULTS Between the 10 mg and 20 mg doses of LEN, the observed plasma exposure of LEN doubled, while the elimination half-life was similar. Following administration of 20 mg [14C]LEN (200 µCi), the mean cumulative recovery of [14C] radioactivity was 75.9% and 0.24% from feces and urine, respectively. The mean whole [14C] blood-to-plasma concentration ratio was 0.5-0.7, which showed a low distribution of LEN to red blood cells. Intact LEN was the predominant circulating species in plasma (representing 68.8% of circulating radioactivity), and no single metabolite contributed to > 10% of total radioactivity exposure through 1176 h postdose. Similarly, intact LEN was the most abundant component (32.9% of administered dose; 75.9% of recovered dose) measured in feces, with metabolites accounting for trace amounts. These results suggest metabolism of LEN is not a primary pathway of elimination. Of the metabolites observed in the feces, the three most abundant metabolites were direct phase 2 conjugates (glucuronide, hexose, and pentose conjugates), with additional metabolites formed to a lesser extent via other pathways. The administered LEN IV doses were generally safe and well-tolerated across participants in this study. CONCLUSIONS The results of this mass balance study indicated that LEN was majorly eliminated as intact LEN via the feces. The renal pathway played a minor role in LEN elimination (0.24%). In addition, no major circulating metabolites in plasma or feces were found, indicating minimal metabolism of LEN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elijah Weber
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Dr., Foster City, CA, 94404, USA
| | - Raju Subramanian
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Dr., Foster City, CA, 94404, USA
| | - William Rowe
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Dr., Foster City, CA, 94404, USA
| | - Michael Graupe
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Dr., Foster City, CA, 94404, USA
| | - John Ling
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Dr., Foster City, CA, 94404, USA
| | - Gong Shen
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Dr., Foster City, CA, 94404, USA
| | | | | | | | - Martin Rhee
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Dr., Foster City, CA, 94404, USA
| | - Ramesh Palaparthy
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Dr., Foster City, CA, 94404, USA
| | - Renu Singh
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Dr., Foster City, CA, 94404, USA.
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21
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Marquis KA, Everett J, Cantu A, McFarland A, Sherrill-Mix S, Krystal M, Parcella K, Gillis E, Fridell RA, Bushman FD. The HIV-1 Capsid-Targeted Inhibitor GSK878 Alters Selection of Target Sites for HIV DNA Integration. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2024; 40:114-126. [PMID: 37125442 PMCID: PMC10877385 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2022.0161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Decades of effort have yielded highly effective antiviral agents to treat HIV, but viral strains have evolved resistance to each inhibitor type, focusing attention on the importance of developing new inhibitor classes. A particularly promising new target is the HIV capsid, the function of which can be disrupted by highly potent inhibitors that persist long term in treated subjects. Studies with such inhibitors have contributed to an evolving picture of the role of capsid itself-the inhibitors, like certain capsid protein (CA) amino acid substitutions, can disrupt intracellular trafficking to alter the selection of target sites for HIV DNA integration in cellular chromosomes. In this study, we compare effects on HIV integration targeting for two potent inhibitors-a new molecule targeting CA, GSK878, and the previously studied lenacapavir (LEN, formerly known as GS-6207). We find that both inhibitors reduce integration in active transcription units and near epigenetic marks associated with active transcription. A careful study of integration near repeated sequences indicated frequencies were also altered for integration within multiple repeat classes. One notable finding was increased integration in centromeric satellite repeats in the presence of LEN and GSK878, which is of interest because proviruses integrated in centromeric repeats have been associated with transcriptional repression, inducibility, and latency. These data add to the picture that CA protein remains associated with preintegration complexes through the point in infection during which target sites for integration are selected, and specify new aspects of the consequences of disrupting this mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin A. Marquis
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John Everett
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Adrian Cantu
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alexander McFarland
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Scott Sherrill-Mix
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Frederic D. Bushman
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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22
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Sumner C, Ono A. The "basics" of HIV-1 assembly. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1011937. [PMID: 38300900 PMCID: PMC10833515 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Sumner
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Akira Ono
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
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23
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Dinh T, Tber Z, Rey JS, Mengshetti S, Annamalai AS, Haney R, Briganti L, Amblard F, Fuchs JR, Cherepanov P, Kim K, Schinazi RF, Perilla JR, Kim B, Kvaratskhelia M. The structural and mechanistic bases for the viral resistance to allosteric HIV-1 integrase inhibitor pirmitegravir. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.26.577387. [PMID: 38328097 PMCID: PMC10849636 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.26.577387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
Allosteric HIV-1 integrase (IN) inhibitors (ALLINIs) are investigational antiretroviral agents which potently impair virion maturation by inducing hyper-multimerization of IN and inhibiting its interaction with viral genomic RNA. The pyrrolopyridine-based ALLINI pirmitegravir (PIR) has recently advanced into Phase 2a clinical trials. Previous cell culture based viral breakthrough assays identified the HIV-1(Y99H/A128T IN) variant that confers substantial resistance to this inhibitor. Here, we have elucidated the unexpected mechanism of viral resistance to PIR. While both Tyr99 and Ala128 are positioned within the inhibitor binding V-shaped cavity at the IN catalytic core domain (CCD) dimer interface, the Y99H/A128T IN mutations did not substantially affect direct binding of PIR to the CCD dimer or functional oligomerization of full-length IN. Instead, the drug-resistant mutations introduced a steric hindrance at the inhibitor mediated interface between CCD and C-terminal domain (CTD) and compromised CTD binding to the CCDY99H/A128T + PIR complex. Consequently, full-length INY99H/A128T was substantially less susceptible to the PIR induced hyper-multimerization than the WT protein, and HIV-1(Y99H/A128T IN) conferred >150-fold resistance to the inhibitor compared to the WT virus. By rationally modifying PIR we have developed its analog EKC110, which readily induced hyper-multimerization of INY99H/A128T in vitro and was ~14-fold more potent against HIV-1(Y99H/A128T IN) than the parent inhibitor. These findings suggest a path for developing improved PIR chemotypes with a higher barrier to resistance for their potential clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tung Dinh
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Zahira Tber
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Juan S Rey
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Seema Mengshetti
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Arun S Annamalai
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Reed Haney
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Lorenzo Briganti
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Franck Amblard
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - James R Fuchs
- College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, United States
| | - Peter Cherepanov
- Chromatin Structure & Mobile DNA Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Raymond F Schinazi
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Juan R Perilla
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Baek Kim
- Center for ViroScience and Cure, Laboratory of Biochemical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, and Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mamuka Kvaratskhelia
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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24
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Hudait A, Voth GA. HIV-1 capsid shape, orientation, and entropic elasticity regulate translocation into the nuclear pore complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2313737121. [PMID: 38241438 PMCID: PMC10823262 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2313737121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Nuclear import and uncoating of the viral capsid are critical steps in the HIV-1 life cycle that serve to transport and release genomic material into the nucleus. Viral core import involves translocating the HIV-1 capsid at the nuclear pore complex (NPC). Notably, the central channel of the NPC appears to often accommodate and allow passage of intact HIV-1 capsid, though mechanistic details of the process remain to be fully understood. Here, we investigate the molecular interactions that operate in concert between the HIV-1 capsid and the NPC that regulate capsid translocation through the central channel. To this end, we develop a "bottom-up" coarse-grained (CG) model of the human NPC from recently released cryo-electron tomography structure and then construct composite membrane-embedded CG NPC models. We find that successful translocation from the cytoplasmic side to the NPC central channel is contingent on the compatibility of the capsid morphology and channel dimension and the proper orientation of the capsid approach to the channel from the cytoplasmic side. The translocation dynamics is driven by maximizing the contacts between phenylalanine-glycine nucleoporins at the central channel and the capsid. For the docked intact capsids, structural analysis reveals correlated striated patterns of lattice disorder likely related to the intrinsic capsid elasticity. Uncondensed genomic material inside the docked capsid augments the overall lattice disorder of the capsid. Our results suggest that the intrinsic "elasticity" can also aid the capsid to adapt to the stress and remain structurally intact during translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpa Hudait
- Department of Chemistry, Chicago Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, and James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL60637
| | - Gregory A. Voth
- Department of Chemistry, Chicago Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, and James Franck Institute, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL60637
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25
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Dwivedi R, Prakash P, Kumbhar BV, Balasubramaniam M, Dash C. HIV-1 capsid and viral DNA integration. mBio 2024; 15:e0021222. [PMID: 38085100 PMCID: PMC10790781 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00212-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE HIV-1 capsid protein (CA)-independently or by recruiting host factors-mediates several key steps of virus replication in the cytoplasm and nucleus of the target cell. Research in the recent years have established that CA is multifunctional and genetically fragile of all the HIV-1 proteins. Accordingly, CA has emerged as a validated and high priority therapeutic target, and the first CA-targeting antiviral drug was recently approved for treating multi-drug resistant HIV-1 infection. However, development of next generation CA inhibitors depends on a better understanding of CA's known roles, as well as probing of CA's novel roles, in HIV-1 replication. In this timely review, we present an updated overview of the current state of our understanding of CA's multifunctional role in HIV-1 replication-with a special emphasis on CA's newfound post-nuclear roles, highlight the pressing knowledge gaps, and discuss directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Dwivedi
- The Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Physiology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Prem Prakash
- The Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Bajarang Vasant Kumbhar
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunandan Divatia School of Science, NMIMS (Deemed to be) University, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Muthukumar Balasubramaniam
- The Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Chandravanu Dash
- The Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Physiology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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26
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Asarnow D, Becker VA, Bobe D, Dubbledam C, Johnston JD, Kopylov M, Lavoie NR, Li Q, Mattingly JM, Mendez JH, Paraan M, Turner J, Upadhye V, Walsh RM, Gupta M, Eng ET. Recent advances in infectious disease research using cryo-electron tomography. Front Mol Biosci 2024; 10:1296941. [PMID: 38288336 PMCID: PMC10822977 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1296941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
With the increasing spread of infectious diseases worldwide, there is an urgent need for novel strategies to combat them. Cryogenic sample electron microscopy (cryo-EM) techniques, particularly electron tomography (cryo-ET), have revolutionized the field of infectious disease research by enabling multiscale observation of biological structures in a near-native state. This review highlights the recent advances in infectious disease research using cryo-ET and discusses the potential of this structural biology technique to help discover mechanisms of infection in native environments and guiding in the right direction for future drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Asarnow
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Vada A. Becker
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Daija Bobe
- Simons Electron Microscopy Center, New York Structural Biology Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Charlie Dubbledam
- Simons Electron Microscopy Center, New York Structural Biology Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jake D. Johnston
- Simons Electron Microscopy Center, New York Structural Biology Center, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mykhailo Kopylov
- Simons Electron Microscopy Center, New York Structural Biology Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Nathalie R. Lavoie
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tufts University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Qiuye Li
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Jacob M. Mattingly
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Joshua H. Mendez
- Simons Electron Microscopy Center, New York Structural Biology Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Mohammadreza Paraan
- Simons Electron Microscopy Center, New York Structural Biology Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jack Turner
- European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Viraj Upadhye
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Richard M. Walsh
- Harvard Cryo-Electron Microscopy Center for Structural Biology and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Meghna Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Edward T. Eng
- Simons Electron Microscopy Center, New York Structural Biology Center, New York, NY, United States
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27
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Jablunovsky A, Narayanan A, Jose J. Identification of a critical role for ZIKV capsid α3 in virus assembly and its genetic interaction with M protein. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0011873. [PMID: 38166143 PMCID: PMC10786401 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses such as Zika and dengue viruses are persistent health concerns in endemic regions worldwide. Efforts to combat the spread of flaviviruses have been challenging, as no antivirals or optimal vaccines are available. Prevention and treatment of flavivirus-induced diseases require a comprehensive understanding of their life cycle. However, several aspects of flavivirus biogenesis, including genome packaging and virion assembly, are not well characterized. In this study, we focused on flavivirus capsid protein (C) using Zika virus (ZIKV) as a model to investigate the role of the externally oriented α3 helix (C α3) without a known or predicted function. Alanine scanning mutagenesis of surface-exposed amino acids on C α3 revealed a critical CN67 residue essential for ZIKV virion production. The CN67A mutation did not affect dimerization or RNA binding of purified C protein in vitro. The virus assembly is severely affected in cells transfected with an infectious cDNA clone of ZIKV with CN67A mutation, resulting in a highly attenuated phenotype. We isolated a revertant virus with a partially restored phenotype by continuous passage of the CN67A mutant virus in Vero E6 cells. Sequence analysis of the revertant revealed a second site mutation in the viral membrane (M) protein MF37L, indicating a genetic interaction between the C and M proteins of ZIKV. Introducing the MF37L mutation on the mutant ZIKV CN67A generated a double-mutant virus phenotypically consistent with the isolated genetic revertant. Similar results were obtained with analogous mutations on C and M proteins of dengue virus, suggesting the critical nature of C α3 and possible C and M residues contributing to virus assembly in other Aedes-transmitted flaviviruses. This study provides the first experimental evidence of a genetic interaction between the C protein and the viral envelope protein M, providing a mechanistic understanding of the molecular interactions involved in the assembly and budding of Aedes-transmitted flaviviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastazia Jablunovsky
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Anoop Narayanan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Joyce Jose
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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28
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Hitchcock AM, Kufel WD, Dwyer KAM, Sidman EF. Lenacapavir: A novel injectable HIV-1 capsid inhibitor. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2024; 63:107009. [PMID: 37844807 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2023.107009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Patients living with multidrug-resistant (MDR) HIV have limited antiretroviral regimen options that provide durable viral suppression. Lenacapavir is a novel first-in-class inhibitor of HIV-1 capsid function with efficacy at various stages of the viral life cycle, and it is indicated for the treatment of MDR HIV-1 infection in combination with optimized background antiretroviral therapy. The favourable pharmacokinetic profile supports an every sixth month dosing interval of subcutaneous lenacapavir after an initial oral loading dose, which may advocate for continued adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART) through the reduction of daily pill burden. The role of lenacapavir in promoting virologic suppression has been studied in patients with MDR HIV-1 on failing ART at baseline. Lenacapavir was well tolerated in clinical trials with the most common adverse effects including mild to moderate injection site reactions, gastrointestinal symptoms, and headache. Substitutions on the capsid molecule may confer resistance to lenacapavir by changing the binding potential. Cross-resistance to other antiretrovirals has not been observed. The unique mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, and safety and efficacy of lenacapavir support its use for the management of MDR HIV-1 infection. Current studies are ongoing to evaluate the potential use of subcutaneous lenacapavir for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Future studies will confirm the long-term clinical safety, efficacy, and resistance data for lenacapavir.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wesley D Kufel
- Upstate University Hospital, Syracuse, New York; Binghamton University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Johnson City, New York
| | - Keri A Mastro Dwyer
- Binghamton University School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Johnson City, New York
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29
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Jang S, Engelman AN. Capsid-host interactions for HIV-1 ingress. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2023; 87:e0004822. [PMID: 37750702 PMCID: PMC10732038 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00048-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 capsid, composed of approximately 1,200 copies of the capsid protein, encases genomic RNA alongside viral nucleocapsid, reverse transcriptase, and integrase proteins. After cell entry, the capsid interacts with a myriad of host factors to traverse the cell cytoplasm, pass through the nuclear pore complex (NPC), and then traffic to chromosomal sites for viral DNA integration. Integration may very well require the dissolution of the capsid, but where and when this uncoating event occurs remains hotly debated. Based on size constraints, a long-prevailing view was that uncoating preceded nuclear transport, but recent research has indicated that the capsid may remain largely intact during nuclear import, with perhaps some structural remodeling required for NPC traversal. Completion of reverse transcription in the nucleus may further aid capsid uncoating. One canonical type of host factor, typified by CPSF6, leverages a Phe-Gly (FG) motif to bind capsid. Recent research has shown these peptides reside amid prion-like domains (PrLDs), which are stretches of protein sequence devoid of charged residues. Intermolecular PrLD interactions along the exterior of the capsid shell impart avid host factor binding for productive HIV-1 infection. Herein we overview capsid-host interactions implicated in HIV-1 ingress and discuss important research questions moving forward. Highlighting clinical relevance, the long-acting ultrapotent inhibitor lenacapavir, which engages the same capsid binding pocket as FG host factors, was recently approved to treat people living with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sooin Jang
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Alan N. Engelman
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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30
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Sun L, Nie P, Luan L, Herdewijn P, Wang YT. Synthetic approaches and application of clinically approved small-molecule Anti-HIV drugs: An update. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 261:115847. [PMID: 37801826 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Application of chemotherapeutic agents to inhibit the HIV replication process has brought about a significant metamorphosis in the landscape of AIDS. Substantial declines in morbidity and mortality rates have been attained, accompanied by notable decreases in healthcare resource utilization. However, treatment modalities do not uniformly inhibit HIV replication in every patient, while the emergence of drug-resistant viral strains poses a substantial obstacle to subsequent therapeutic interventions. Furthermore, chronic administration of therapy may lead to the manifestation of toxicities. These challenges necessitate the exploration of novel pharmacological agents and innovative therapeutic approaches aimed at effectively managing the persistent viral replication characteristic of chronic infection. This review examines the role of clinically approved small-molecule drugs in the treatment of HIV/AIDS, which provides an in-depth analysis of the major classes of small-molecule drugs, including nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), protease inhibitors (PIs), integrase inhibitors, entry inhibitors, and pharmacokinetic enhancers. The review mainly discusses the application, synthetic routes, and mechanisms of action of small-molecule drugs employed in the treatment of HIV, as well as their use in combination with antiretroviral therapy, presenting viewpoints on forthcoming avenues in the development of novel anti-HIV drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Sun
- Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Dalian University, Dalian, 116001, China
| | - Peng Nie
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute of Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Li Luan
- Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Dalian University, Dalian, 116001, China.
| | - Piet Herdewijn
- Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute of Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Ya-Tao Wang
- First People's Hospital of Shangqiu, Henan Province, Shangqiu, 476100, China; Medicinal Chemistry, Rega Institute of Medical Research, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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31
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Subramanian R, Tang J, Zheng J, Lu B, Wang K, Yant SR, Stepan GJ, Mulato A, Yu H, Schroeder S, Shaik N, Singh R, Wolckenhauer S, Chester A, Tse WC, Chiu A, Rhee M, Cihlar T, Rowe W, Smith BJ. Lenacapavir: A Novel, Potent, and Selective First-in-Class Inhibitor of HIV-1 Capsid Function Exhibits Optimal Pharmacokinetic Properties for a Long-Acting Injectable Antiretroviral Agent. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:6213-6225. [PMID: 37917742 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Lenacapavir (LEN) is a picomolar first-in-class capsid inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) with a multistage mechanism of action and no known cross resistance to other existing antiretroviral (ARV) drug classes. LEN exhibits a low aqueous solubility and exceptionally low systemic clearance following intravenous (IV) administration in nonclinical species and humans. LEN formulated in an aqueous suspension or a PEG/water solution formulation showed sustained plasma exposure levels with no unintended rapid drug release following subcutaneous (SC) administration to rats and dogs. A high total fraction dose release was observed with both formulations. The long-acting pharmacokinetics (PK) were recapitulated in humans following SC administration of both formulations. The SC PK profiles displayed two-phase absorption kinetics in both animals and humans with an initial fast-release absorption phase, followed by a slow-release absorption phase. Noncompartmental and compartmental analyses informed the LEN systemic input rate from the SC depot and exit rate from the body. Modeling-enabled deconvolution of the input rates from two processes: absorption of the soluble fraction (minor) from a direct fast-release process leading to the early PK phase and absorption of the precipitated fraction (major) from an indirect slow-release process leading to the later PK phase. LEN SC PK showed flip-flop kinetics due to the input rate being substantially slower than the systemic exit rate. LEN input rates via the slow-release process in humans were slower than those in both rats and dogs. Overall, the combination of high potency, exceptional stability, and optimal release rate from the injection depot make LEN well suited for a parenteral long-acting formulation that can be administered once up to every 6 months in humans for the prevention and treatment of HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raju Subramanian
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Jennifer Tang
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Jim Zheng
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Bing Lu
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Kelly Wang
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Stephen R Yant
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - George J Stepan
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Andrew Mulato
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Helen Yu
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Scott Schroeder
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Naveed Shaik
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Renu Singh
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Scott Wolckenhauer
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Anne Chester
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Winston C Tse
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Anna Chiu
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Martin Rhee
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Tomas Cihlar
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - William Rowe
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
| | - Bill J Smith
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., 333 Lakeside Drive, Foster City, California 94404, United States
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32
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Ten Eyck A, Chen YC, Gifford L, Torres-Rivera D, Dyer EL, Melikyan GB. Label-free imaging of nuclear membrane for analysis of nuclear import of viral complexes. J Virol Methods 2023; 322:114834. [PMID: 37875225 PMCID: PMC10841631 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2023.114834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 enters the nucleus of non-dividing cells through the nuclear pore complex where it integrates into the host genome. The mechanism of HIV-1 nuclear import remains poorly understood. A powerful means to investigate the docking of HIV-1 at the nuclear pore and nuclear import of viral complexes is through single virus tracking in live cells. This approach necessitates fluorescence labeling of HIV-1 particles and the nuclear envelope, which may be challenging, especially in the context of primary cells. Here, we leveraged a deep neural network model for label-free visualization of the nuclear envelope using transmitted light microscopy. A training image set of cells with fluorescently labeled nuclear Lamin B1 (ground truth), along with the corresponding transmitted light images, was acquired and used to train our model to predict the morphology of the nuclear envelope in fixed cells. This protocol yielded accurate predictions of the nuclear membrane and was used in conjunction with virus infection to examine the nuclear entry of fluorescently labeled HIV-1 complexes. Analyses of HIV-1 nuclear import as a function of virus input yielded identical numbers of fluorescent viral complexes per nucleus using the ground truth and predicted nuclear membrane images. We also demonstrate the utility of predicting the nuclear envelope based on transmitted light images for multicolor fluorescence microscopy of infected cells. Importantly, we show that our model can be adapted to predict the nuclear membrane of live cells imaged at 37 °C, making this approach compatible with single virus tracking. Collectively, these findings demonstrate the utility of deep learning approaches for label-free imaging of cellular structures during early stages of virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Ten Eyck
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology-Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yen-Cheng Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Levi Gifford
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Biochemistry, Cell and Developmental Biology Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dariana Torres-Rivera
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Graduate Division of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, Biochemistry, Cell and Developmental Biology Program, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Eva L Dyer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology-Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gregory B Melikyan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology-Emory School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, GA, USA.
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33
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Padron A, Prakash P, Pandhare J, Luban J, Aiken C, Balasubramaniam M, Dash C. Emerging role of cyclophilin A in HIV-1 infection: from producer cell to the target cell nucleus. J Virol 2023; 97:e0073223. [PMID: 37843371 PMCID: PMC10688351 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00732-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 genome encodes a small number of proteins with structural, enzymatic, regulatory, and accessory functions. These viral proteins interact with a number of host factors to promote the early and late stages of HIV-1 infection. During the early stages of infection, interactions between the viral proteins and host factors enable HIV-1 to enter the target cell, traverse the cytosol, dock at the nuclear pore, gain access to the nucleus, and integrate into the host genome. Similarly, the viral proteins recruit another set of host factors during the late stages of infection to orchestrate HIV-1 transcription, translation, assembly, and release of progeny virions. Among the host factors implicated in HIV-1 infection, Cyclophilin A (CypA) was identified as the first host factor to be packaged within HIV-1 particles. It is now well established that CypA promotes HIV-1 infection by directly binding to the viral capsid. Mechanistic models to pinpoint CypA's role have spanned from an effect in the producer cell to the early steps of infection in the target cell. In this review, we will describe our understanding of the role(s) of CypA in HIV-1 infection, highlight the current knowledge gaps, and discuss the potential role of this host factor in the post-nuclear entry steps of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Padron
- The Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Physiology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- School of Graduate Studies, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Prem Prakash
- The Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jui Pandhare
- The Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Physiology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- School of Graduate Studies, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jeremy Luban
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Chris Aiken
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Muthukumar Balasubramaniam
- The Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Chandravanu Dash
- The Center for AIDS Health Disparities Research, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Physiology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, Cancer Biology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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West RE, Oberly PJ, Riddler SA, Nolin TD, Devanathan AS. Development and validation of an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for quantifying lenacapavir plasma concentrations: Application to therapeutic monitoring. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1230:123905. [PMID: 37866010 PMCID: PMC10842204 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Although current antiretroviral therapy (ART) effectively suppresses HIV in the blood, regimens may fail due to suboptimal treatment history and non-adherence to ART. In these scenarios, accumulation of viral resistance mutations to ART drug classes may occur. For these treatment-experienced people living with HIV (PLWH), activity against resistant viral strains is required; lack of therapeutic efficacy will result in continued viral replication and progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. New treatment options have emerged. Lenacapavir is a first-in-class long-acting HIV-1 capsid inhibitor approved for the treatment of HIV in treatment-experienced patients. Lenacapavir is approved with an initiation regimen of oral and subcutaneous injection dosing followed by subcutaneous self-injection every 6 months. With infrequent dosing, therapeutic drug monitoring may be necessary to ensure adequate concentrations are consistently achieved in the plasma to assure treatment adherence and prevent further HIV resistance formation. To this end, we developed and validated a highly selective ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method to quantify lenacapavir concentrations in human plasma. A simple protein precipitation with acetonitrile followed by supernatant dilution was performed. Lenacapavir and its stable labeled internal standard were separated at 1.90 min using a multi-step UPLC gradient. The assay for lenacapavir quantification was extensively validated according to the United States Food and Drug Administration Bioanalytical Guidelines over a clinically relevant range of 0.1 to 500 ng/mL with excellent linearity (R2 ≥ 0.9960). This analytical method achieves acceptable performance of trueness (89.7-104.1 %), repeatability, and precision (CV < 15 %). We applied this method to quantify a clinical sample and to determine the percent protein-unbound. This method can be utilized for the therapeutic monitoring of lenacapavir in human plasma for monitoring HIV treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond E West
- Center for Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy & Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Patrick J Oberly
- Center for Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy & Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sharon A Riddler
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Thomas D Nolin
- Center for Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy & Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Aaron S Devanathan
- Center for Clinical Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy & Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Asor R, Singaram SW, Levi-Kalisman Y, Hagan MF, Raviv U. Effect of ionic strength on the assembly of simian vacuolating virus capsid protein around poly(styrene sulfonate). THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2023; 46:107. [PMID: 37917241 DOI: 10.1140/epje/s10189-023-00363-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) are noninfectious nanocapsules that can be used for drug delivery or vaccine applications. VLPs can be assembled from virus capsid proteins around a condensing agent, such as RNA, DNA, or a charged polymer. Electrostatic interactions play an important role in the assembly reaction. VLPs assemble from many copies of capsid protein, with a combinatorial number of intermediates. Hence, the mechanism of the reaction is poorly understood. In this paper, we combined solution small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), cryo-transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and computational modeling to determine the effect of ionic strength on the assembly of Simian Vacuolating Virus 40 (SV40)-like particles. We mixed poly(styrene sulfonate) with SV40 capsid protein pentamers at different ionic strengths. We then characterized the assembly product by SAXS and cryo-TEM. To analyze the data, we performed Langevin dynamics simulations using a coarse-grained model that revealed incomplete, asymmetric VLP structures consistent with the experimental data. We found that close to physiological ionic strength, [Formula: see text] VLPs coexisted with VP1 pentamers. At lower or higher ionic strengths, incomplete particles coexisted with pentamers and [Formula: see text] particles. Including the simulated structures was essential to explain the SAXS data in a manner that is consistent with the cryo-TEM images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roi Asor
- Institute of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, 9190401, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Surendra W Singaram
- Department of Physics, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, 02453, MA, USA
| | - Yael Levi-Kalisman
- Institute of Life Sciences and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, 9190401, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Michael F Hagan
- Department of Physics, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, 02453, MA, USA.
| | - Uri Raviv
- Institute of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Edmond J. Safra Campus, Givat Ram, 9190401, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Deshpande A, Bryer AJ, Andino J, Shi J, Hong J, Torres C, Harel S, Francis AC, Perilla JR, Aiken C, Rousso I. Elasticity of the HIV-1 Core Facilitates Nuclear Entry and Infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.29.560083. [PMID: 37808653 PMCID: PMC10557754 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.29.560083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 infection requires passage of the viral core through the nuclear pore of the cell, a process that depends on functions of the viral capsid 1,2 . Recent studies have shown that HIV- 1 cores enter the nucleus prior to capsid disassembly 3-5 . Interactions with the nuclear pore complex are necessary but not sufficient for nuclear entry, and the mechanism by which the viral core traverses the comparably sized nuclear pore is unknown. Here we show that the HIV-1 core is highly elastic and that this property is linked to nuclear entry and infectivity. Using atomic force microscopy-based approaches, we found that purified wild type cores rapidly returned to their normal conical morphology following a severe compression. Results from independently performed molecular dynamic simulations of the mature HIV-1 capsid also revealed its elastic property. Analysis of four HIV-1 capsid mutants that exhibit impaired nuclear entry revealed that the mutant viral cores are brittle. Suppressors of the mutants restored elasticity and rescued infectivity and nuclear entry. Elasticity was also reduced by treatment of cores with the capsid-targeting compound PF74 and the antiviral drug lenacapavir. Our results indicate that capsid elasticity is a fundamental property of the HIV-1 core that enables its passage through the nuclear pore complex, thereby facilitating infection. These results provide new insights into the mechanisms of HIV-1 nuclear entry and the antiviral mechanisms of HIV-1 capsid inhibitors.
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Zhang DW, Xu XS, Zhou R, Fu Z. Modulation of HIV-1 capsid multimerization by sennoside A and sennoside B via interaction with the NTD/CTD interface in capsid hexamer. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1270258. [PMID: 37817748 PMCID: PMC10561090 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1270258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Small molecules that bind to the pocket targeted by a peptide, termed capsid assembly inhibitor (CAI), have shown antiviral effects with unique mechanisms of action. We report the discovery of two natural compounds, sennoside A (SA) and sennoside B (SB), derived from medicinal plants that bind to this pocket in the C-terminal domain of capsid (CA CTD). Both SA and SB were identified via a drug-screening campaign that utilized a time-resolved fluorescence resonance energy transfer assay. They inhibited the HIV-1 CA CTD/CAI interaction at sub-micromolar concentrations of 0.18 μM and 0.08 μM, respectively. Mutation of key residues (including Tyr 169, Leu 211, Asn 183, and Glu 187) in the CA CTD decreased their binding affinity to the CA monomer, from 1.35-fold to 4.17-fold. Furthermore, both compounds induced CA assembly in vitro and bound directly to the CA hexamer, suggesting that they interact with CA beyond the CA CTD. Molecular docking showed that both compounds were bound to the N-terminal domain (NTD)/CTD interface between adjacent protomers within the CA hexamer. SA established a hydrogen-bonding network with residues N57, V59, Q63, K70, and N74 of CA1-NTD and Q179 of CA2-CTD. SB formed hydrogen bonds with the N53, N70, and N74 residues of CA1-NTD, and the A177and Q179 residues of CA2-CTD. Both compounds, acting as glue, can bring αH4 in the NTD and αH9 in the CTD of the NTD/CTD interface close to each other. Collectively, our research indicates that SA and SB, which enhance CA assembly, could serve as novel chemical tools to identify agents that modulate HIV-1 CA assembly. These natural compounds may potentially lead to the development of new antiviral therapies with unique mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Wei Zhang
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Shuang Xu
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Radiation Oncology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiguo Fu
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changzhou, China
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Zhang JY, Wang YT, Sun L, Wang SQ, Chen ZS. Synthesis and clinical application of new drugs approved by FDA in 2022. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2023; 4:26. [PMID: 37661221 PMCID: PMC10475455 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-023-00138-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The pharmaceutical industry had a glorious year in 2022, with a total of 37 new drugs including 20 new chemical entities (NCEs) and 17 new biological entities (NBEs) approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). These drugs are mainly concentrated in oncology, central nervous system, antiinfection, hematology, cardiomyopathy, dermatology, digestive system, ophthalmology, MRI enhancer and other therapeutic fields. Of the 37 drugs, 25 (68%) were approved through an expedited review pathway, and 19 (51%) were approved to treat rare diseases. These newly listed drugs have unique structures and new mechanisms of action, which can serve as lead compounds for designing new drugs with similar biological targets and enhancing therapeutic efficacy. This review aims to outline the clinical applications and synthetic methods of 19 NCEs newly approved by the FDA in 2022, but excludes contrast agent (Xenon Xe-129). We believe that an in-depth understanding of the synthetic methods of drug molecules will provide innovative and practical inspiration for the development of new, more effective, and practical synthetic techniques. According to the therapeutic areas of these 2022 FDA-approved drugs, we have classified these 19 NCEs into seven categories and will introduce them in the order of their approval for marketing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yi Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou Normal University, Zhengzhou, 450044, China
| | - Ya-Tao Wang
- First People's Hospital of Shangqiu, Henan Province, Shangqiu, 476100, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450008, China
| | - Lu Sun
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450008, China.
- Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Dalian University, Dalian, 116001, China.
| | - Sai-Qi Wang
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Zhengzhou Key Laboratory for Precision Therapy of Gastrointestinal Cancer, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450008, China.
| | - Zhe-Sheng Chen
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, 11439, USA.
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Ullah Nayan M, Sillman B, Hasan M, Deodhar S, Das S, Sultana A, Thai Hoang Le N, Soriano V, Edagwa B, Gendelman HE. Advances in long-acting slow effective release antiretroviral therapies for treatment and prevention of HIV infection. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 200:115009. [PMID: 37451501 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.115009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Adherence to daily oral antiretroviral therapy (ART) is a barrier to both treatment and prevention of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. To overcome limitations of life-long daily regimen adherence, long-acting (LA) injectable antiretroviral (ARV) drugs, nanoformulations, implants, vaginal rings, microarray patches, and ultra-long-acting (ULA) prodrugs are now available or in development. These medicines enable persons who are or at risk for HIV infection to be treated with simplified ART regimens. First-generation LA cabotegravir, rilpivirine, and lenacapavir injectables and a dapivirine vaginal ring are now in use. However, each remains limited by existing dosing intervals, ease of administration, or difficulties in finding drug partners. ULA ART regimens provide an answer, but to date, such next-generation formulations remain in development. Establishing the niche will require affirmation of extended dosing, improved access, reduced injection volumes, improved pharmacokinetic profiles, selections of combination treatments, and synchronization of healthcare support. Based on such needs, this review highlights recent pharmacological advances and a future treatment perspective. While first-generation LA ARTs are available for HIV care, they remain far from ideal in meeting patient needs. ULA medicines, now in advanced preclinical development, may close gaps toward broader usage and treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ullah Nayan
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE, USA
| | - Brady Sillman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE, USA
| | - Mahmudul Hasan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE, USA
| | - Suyash Deodhar
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE, USA
| | - Srijanee Das
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE, USA
| | - Ashrafi Sultana
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE, USA
| | - Nam Thai Hoang Le
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE, USA
| | | | - Benson Edagwa
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE, USA.
| | - Howard E Gendelman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, NE, USA.
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Doan J, Brunzo-Hager S, Satterly B, Cory TJ. Expanding therapeutic options: lenacapavir + bictegravir as a potential treatment for HIV. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2023; 24:1949-1956. [PMID: 38164956 PMCID: PMC10786069 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2023.2294918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Treatment for people with HIV/AIDS has radically evolved since the introduction of the first antiretrovirals. One newly approved antiretroviral is lenacapavir, which targets the viral capsid. Lenacapavir is currently approved as a therapeutic addition for subjects who are treatment-experienced, and who have developed resistance to multiple antiretrovirals. It is available both as a daily oral tablet and a once every 6-month subcutaneous injection. It is currently undergoing clinical trials in combination with the integrase inhibitor bictegravir as a dual therapy option, both for treatment experienced and treatment naïve individuals. AREAS COVERED We reviewed published articles, conference proceedings, and clinical trial databases to assess the current status of the research into lenacapavir and bictegravir. While the clinical trials are ongoing, with little published data to date, this combination shows promise for the treatment of both treatment experienced and naïve patients. We review the studies relevant to the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic properties of the drugs. EXPERT OPINION The new combination with bictegravir will be beneficial for treatment experienced patients, as it represents a dual therapy modality with high barriers of resistance. As a therapy for treatment naïve patients, its use is likely more niche, as other combinations are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Doan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Pharmacy, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Shannon Brunzo-Hager
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Pharmacy, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Brittany Satterly
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Pharmacy, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Theodore James Cory
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, University of Tennessee Health Science Center College of Pharmacy, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
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Bekerman E, Yant SR, VanderVeen L, Hansen D, Lu B, Rowe W, Wang K, Callebaut C. Long-acting lenacapavir acts as an effective preexposure prophylaxis in a rectal SHIV challenge macaque model. J Clin Invest 2023; 133:e167818. [PMID: 37384413 PMCID: PMC10425210 DOI: 10.1172/jci167818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-acting antiretroviral agents for preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) represent a promising new alternative to daily oral regimens for HIV prevention. Lenacapavir (LEN) is a first-in-class long-acting capsid inhibitor approved for the treatment of HIV-1 infection. Here, we assessed the efficacy of LEN for PrEP using a single high-dose simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) rectal challenge macaque model. In vitro, LEN showed potent antiviral activity against SHIV, as it did for HIV-1. In macaques, a single subcutaneous administration of LEN demonstrated dose proportional increases in and durability of drug plasma levels. A high-dose SHIV inoculum for the PrEP efficacy evaluation was identified via virus titration in untreated macaques. LEN-treated macaques were challenged with high-dose SHIV 7 weeks after drug administration, and the majority remained protected from infection, as confirmed by plasma PCR, cell-associated proviral DNA, and serology testing. Complete protection and superiority to the untreated group was observed among animals whose LEN plasma exposure exceeded its model-adjusted clinical efficacy target at the time of challenge. All infected animals had subprotective LEN concentrations and showed no emergent resistance. These data demonstrate effective SHIV prophylaxis in a stringent macaque model at clinically relevant LEN exposures and support the clinical evaluation of LEN for HIV PrEP in humans.
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Ogbuagu O, Segal-Maurer S, Ratanasuwan W, Avihingsanon A, Brinson C, Workowski K, Antinori A, Yazdanpanah Y, Trottier B, Wang H, Margot N, Dvory-Sobol H, Rhee MS, Baeten JM, Molina JM. Efficacy and safety of the novel capsid inhibitor lenacapavir to treat multidrug-resistant HIV: week 52 results of a phase 2/3 trial. Lancet HIV 2023; 10:e497-e505. [PMID: 37451297 DOI: 10.1016/s2352-3018(23)00113-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lenacapavir, a first-in-class HIV-1 capsid inhibitor, is in development as a long-acting agent for treating and preventing HIV-1. We aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of lenacapavir with an optimised background regimen in adults living with multidrug-resistant HIV-1 up to 52 weeks. METHODS This ongoing, international, phase 2/3 trial at 42 sites included adults living with multidrug-resistant HIV-1. In cohort 1, 36 participants were randomly assigned (2:1) to add oral lenacapavir (600 mg, days 1 and 2; 300 mg, day 8) or placebo to an existing failing regimen. At day 15, those on oral lenacapavir received subcutaneous lenacapavir 927 mg every 26 weeks; those on placebo started lenacapavir (2-week oral lead-in then subcutaneous). Cohort 1 started an optimised background regimen on day 15. In cohort 2 (non-randomised), 36 participants started an optimised background regimen concurrent with lenacapavir (oral to subcutaneous). Here we report the secondary endpoints of plasma HIV-1 RNA of less than 50 copies per mL or less than 200 copies per mL at week 52 (US Food and Drug Administration snapshot algorithm) in cohort 1 along with results for cohorts 1 and 2 combined. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04150068, and clinicaltrialregister.eu, EudraCT 2019-003814-16 and is ongoing. FINDINGS Of 72 participants, 46 (64%) had CD4 counts of less than 200 cells per μL and 38 (53%) had no more than one fully active antiretroviral drug at baseline. In cohort 1, 30 of 36 participants (83%, 95% CI 67-94) had less than 50 HIV-1 RNA copies per mL and 31 of 36 participants (86%, 71-95) had less than 200 HIV RNA copies per mL, at week 52. In all, nine participants (four in cohort 1, five in cohort 2) had emergent lenacapavir resistance; four resuppressed (HIV-1 RNA <50 copies per mL) while maintaining lenacapavir use. One participant discontinued study drug owing to injection site reaction. INTERPRETATION In participants with multidrug-resistant HIV-1, subcutaneous lenacapavir in combination with an optimised background regimen resulted in a high rate of virological suppression up to 52 weeks. FUNDING Gilead Sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anchalee Avihingsanon
- HIV-NAT, Thai Red Cross AIDS Research Centre and Center of Excellence in Tuberculosis, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | - Andrea Antinori
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani, IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | | | - Benoit Trottier
- Clinique de Medecine Urbaine du Quartier Latin, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Hui Wang
- Gilead Sciences, Foster City, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Jean-Michel Molina
- Université de Paris Cité, Paris, France; Département de Maladies Infectieuses, Hôpitaux Saint-Louis, Lariboisière, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France; INSERM UMR 944, Paris, France
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Obr M, Percipalle M, Chernikova D, Yang H, Thader A, Pinke G, Porley D, Mansky LM, Dick RA, Schur FKM. Unconventional stabilization of the human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 immature Gag lattice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.24.548988. [PMID: 37546793 PMCID: PMC10402013 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.24.548988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) has an atypical immature particle morphology compared to other retroviruses. This indicates that these particles are formed in a way that is unique. Here we report the results of cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) studies of HTLV-1 virus-like particles (VLPs) assembled in vitro, as well as derived from cells. This work shows that HTLV-1 employs an unconventional mechanism of Gag-Gag interactions to form the immature viral lattice. Analysis of high-resolution structural information from immature CA tubular arrays reveals that the primary stabilizing component in HTLV-1 is CA-NTD. Mutagenesis and biophysical analysis support this observation. This distinguishes HTLV-1 from other retroviruses, in which the stabilization is provided primarily by the CA-CTD. These results are the first to provide structural details of the quaternary arrangement of Gag for an immature deltaretrovirus, and this helps explain why HTLV-1 particles are morphologically distinct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Obr
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Mathias Percipalle
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Darya Chernikova
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Huixin Yang
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Andreas Thader
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Gergely Pinke
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Dario Porley
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Louis M Mansky
- Institute for Molecular Virology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Robert A Dick
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Florian KM Schur
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria (ISTA), Klosterneuburg, Austria
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Zhang X, Sun L, Xu S, Huang T, Zhao F, Ding D, Liu C, Jiang X, Tao Y, Kang D, De Clercq E, Pannecouque C, Cocklin S, Dick A, Liu X, Zhan P. Design, synthesis, and mechanistic study of 2-piperazineone-bearing peptidomimetics as novel HIV capsid modulators. RSC Med Chem 2023; 14:1272-1295. [PMID: 37484571 PMCID: PMC10357934 DOI: 10.1039/d3md00134b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 capsid (CA) is an attractive target for its indispensable roles in the viral life cycle. We report the design, synthesis, and mechanistic study of a novel series of 2-piperazineone peptidomimetics as HIV capsid modulators by mimicking the structure of host factors binding to CA. F-Id-3o was the most potent compound from the synthesized series, with an anti-HIV-1 EC50 value of 6.0 μM. However, this series of compounds showed a preference for HIV-2 inhibitory activity, in which Id-3o revealed an EC50 value of 2.5 μM (anti-HIV-2 potency), an improvement over PF74. Interestingly, F-Id-3o did bind HIV-1 CA monomers and hexamers with comparable affinity, unlike PF74, consequently showing antiviral activity in the early and late stages of the HIV-1 lifecycle. Molecular dynamics simulations shed light on F-Id-3o and Id-3o binding modes within the HIV-1/2 CA protein and provide a possible explanation for the increased anti-HIV-2 potency. Metabolic stability assays in human plasma and human liver microsomes indicated that although F-Id-3o has enhanced metabolic stability over PF74, further optimization is necessary. Moreover, we utilized computational prediction of drug-like properties and metabolic stability of F-Id-3o and PF74, which correlated well with experimentally derived metabolic stability, providing an efficient computational pipeline for future preselection based on metabolic stability prediction. Overall, the 2-piperazineone-bearing peptidomimetics are a promising new chemotype in the CA modulators class with considerable optimization potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xujie Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University 44 West Culture Road 250012 Jinan Shandong PR China
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University 44 West Culture Road 250012 Jinan Shandong PR China
- Department of Pharmacy, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University 107 West Culture Road Jinan 250012 Shandong PR China
| | - Shujing Xu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University 44 West Culture Road 250012 Jinan Shandong PR China
| | - Tianguang Huang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University 44 West Culture Road 250012 Jinan Shandong PR China
| | - Fabao Zhao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University 44 West Culture Road 250012 Jinan Shandong PR China
| | - Dang Ding
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University 44 West Culture Road 250012 Jinan Shandong PR China
| | - Chuanfeng Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University 44 West Culture Road 250012 Jinan Shandong PR China
| | - Xiangyi Jiang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University 44 West Culture Road 250012 Jinan Shandong PR China
| | - Yucen Tao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University 44 West Culture Road 250012 Jinan Shandong PR China
| | - Dongwei Kang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University 44 West Culture Road 250012 Jinan Shandong PR China
| | - Erik De Clercq
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, K.U. Leuven Herestraat 49 Postbus 1043 (09.A097) 3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - Christophe Pannecouque
- Rega Institute for Medical Research, Laboratory of Virology and Chemotherapy, K.U. Leuven Herestraat 49 Postbus 1043 (09.A097) 3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - Simon Cocklin
- Specifica, Inc. 1607 Alcaldesa Street Santa Fe NM 87501 USA
| | - Alexej Dick
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine Philadelphia Pennsylvania, PA 19102 USA
| | - Xinyong Liu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University 44 West Culture Road 250012 Jinan Shandong PR China
| | - Peng Zhan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University 44 West Culture Road 250012 Jinan Shandong PR China
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45
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Han S, Lu Y. Fluorine in anti-HIV drugs approved by FDA from 1981 to 2023. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 258:115586. [PMID: 37393791 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2023.115586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the etiological agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Nowadays, FDA has approved over thirty antiretroviral drugs grouped in six categories. Interestingly, one-third of these drugs contain different number of fluorine atoms. The introduction of fluorine to obtain drug-like compounds is a well-accepted strategy in medicinal chemistry. In this review, we summarized 11 fluorine-containing anti-HIV drugs, focusing on their efficacy, resistance, safety, and specific roles of fluorine in the development of each drug. These examples may be of help for the discovery of new drug candidates bearing fluorine in their structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Han
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yiming Lu
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China; Department of Critical Care Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
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46
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Sowd GA, Shi J, Fulmer A, Aiken C. HIV-1 capsid stability enables inositol phosphate-independent infection of target cells and promotes integration into genes. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011423. [PMID: 37267431 PMCID: PMC10266667 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The mature HIV-1 capsid is stabilized by host and viral determinants. The capsid protein CA binds to the cellular metabolites inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) and its precursor inositol (1, 3, 4, 5, 6) pentakisphosphate (IP5) to stabilize the mature capsid. In target cells, capsid destabilization by the antiviral compounds lenacapavir and PF74 reveals a HIV-1 infectivity defect due to IP5/IP6 (IP5/6) depletion. To test whether intrinsic HIV-1 capsid stability and/or host factor binding determines HIV-1 insensitivity to IP5/6 depletion, a panel of CA mutants was assayed for infection of IP5/6-depleted T cells and wildtype cells. Four CA mutants with unstable capsids exhibited dependence on host IP5/6 for infection and reverse transcription (RTN). Adaptation of one such mutant, Q219A, by spread in culture resulted in Vpu truncation and a capsid three-fold interface mutation, T200I. T200I increased intrinsic capsid stability as determined by in vitro uncoating of purified cores and partially reversed the IP5/6-dependence in target cells for each of the four CA mutants. T200I further rescued the changes to lenacapavir sensitivity associated with the parental mutation. The premature dissolution of the capsid caused by the IP5/6-dependent mutations imparted a unique defect in integration targeting that was rescued by T200I. Collectively, these results demonstrate that T200I restored other capsid functions after RTN for the panel of mutants. Thus, the hyperstable T200I mutation stabilized the instability defects imparted by the parental IP5/6-dependent CA mutation. The contribution of Vpu truncation to mutant adaptation was linked to BST-2 antagonization, suggesting that cell-to-cell transfer promoted replication of the mutants. We conclude that interactions at the three-fold interface are adaptable, key mediators of capsid stability in target cells and are able to antagonize even severe capsid instability to promote infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory A. Sowd
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Jiong Shi
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Ashley Fulmer
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Christopher Aiken
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
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47
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Dzinamarira T, Almehmadi M, Alsaiari AA, Allahyani M, Aljuaid A, Alsharif A, Khan A, Kamal M, Rabaan AA, Alfaraj AH, AlShehail BM, Alotaibi N, AlShehail SM, Imran M. Highlights on the Development, Related Patents, and Prospects of Lenacapavir: The First-in-Class HIV-1 Capsid Inhibitor for the Treatment of Multi-Drug-Resistant HIV-1 Infection. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:1041. [PMID: 37374245 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59061041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
The multidrug-resistant (MDR) human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) infection is an unmet medical need. HIV-1 capsid plays an important role at different stages of the HIV-1 replication cycle and is an attractive drug target for developing therapies against MDR HIV-1 infection. Lenacapavir (LEN) is the first-in-class HIV-1 capsid inhibitor approved by the USFDA, EMA, and Health Canada for treating MDR HIV-1 infection. This article highlights the development, pharmaceutical aspects, clinical studies, patent literature, and future directions on LEN-based therapies. The literature for this review was collected from PubMed, authentic websites (USFDA, EMA, Health Canada, Gilead, and NIH), and the free patent database (Espacenet, USPTO, and Patent scope). LEN has been developed by Gilead and is marketed as Sunlenca (tablet and subcutaneous injection). The long-acting and patient-compliant LEN demonstrated a low level of drug-related mutations, is active against MDR HIV-1 infection, and does not reveal cross-resistance to other anti-HIV drugs. LEN is also an excellent drug for patients having difficult or limited access to healthcare facilities. The literature has established additive/synergistic effects of combining LEN with rilpivirine, cabotegravir, islatravir, bictegravir, and tenofovir. HIV-1 infection may be accompanied by opportunistic infections such as tuberculosis (TB). The associated diseases make HIV treatment complex and warrant drug interaction studies (drug-drug, drug-food, and drug-disease interaction). Many inventions on different aspects of LEN have been claimed in patent literature. However, there is a great scope for developing more inventions related to the drug combination of LEN with anti-HIV/anti-TB drugs in a single dosage form, new formulations, and methods of treating HIV and TB co-infection. Additional research may provide more LEN-based treatments with favorable pharmacokinetic parameters for MDR HIV-1 infections and associated opportunistic infections such as TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tafadzwa Dzinamarira
- School of Health Systems and Public Health, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
- ICAP, Columbia University, Harare P.O. Box 28, Zimbabwe
| | - Mazen Almehmadi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahad Amer Alsaiari
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mamdouh Allahyani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulelah Aljuaid
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz Alsharif
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abida Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Rafha 91911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mehnaz Kamal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali A Rabaan
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22610, Pakistan
| | - Amal H Alfaraj
- Pediatric Department, Abqaiq General Hospital, First Eastern Health Cluster, Abqaiq 33261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bashayer M AlShehail
- Pharmacy Practice Department, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nouf Alotaibi
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shams M AlShehail
- Internal Medicine Department, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21487, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Imran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Northern Border University, Rafha 91911, Saudi Arabia
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48
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Highland CM, Tan A, Ricaña CL, Briggs JAG, Dick RA. Structural insights into HIV-1 polyanion-dependent capsid lattice formation revealed by single particle cryo-EM. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2220545120. [PMID: 37094124 PMCID: PMC10160977 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2220545120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The HIV-1 capsid houses the viral genome and interacts extensively with host cell proteins throughout the viral life cycle. It is composed of capsid protein (CA), which assembles into a conical fullerene lattice composed of roughly 200 CA hexamers and 12 CA pentamers. Previous structural analyses of individual CA hexamers and pentamers have provided valuable insight into capsid structure and function, but detailed structural information about these assemblies in the broader context of the capsid lattice is lacking. In this study, we combined cryoelectron tomography and single particle analysis (SPA) cryoelectron microscopy to determine structures of continuous regions of the capsid lattice containing both hexamers and pentamers. We also developed a method of liposome scaffold-based in vitro lattice assembly ("lattice templating") that enabled us to directly study the lattice under a wider range of conditions than has previously been possible. Using this approach, we identified a critical role for inositol hexakisphosphate in pentamer formation and determined the structure of the CA lattice bound to the capsid-targeting antiretroviral drug GS-6207 (lenacapavir). Our work reveals key structural details of the mature HIV-1 CA lattice and establishes the combination of lattice templating and SPA as a robust strategy for studying retroviral capsid structure and capsid interactions with host proteins and antiviral compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn M. Highland
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY14853
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY14853
| | - Aaron Tan
- Structural Studies Division, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CambridgeCB2 0QH, UK
| | - Clifton L. Ricaña
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY14853
| | - John A. G. Briggs
- Structural Studies Division, Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CambridgeCB2 0QH, UK
- Department of Cell and Virus Structure, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Munich82512, Germany
| | - Robert A. Dick
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY14853
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49
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Wang N, Mei H, Dhawan G, Zhang W, Han J, Soloshonok VA. New Approved Drugs Appearing in the Pharmaceutical Market in 2022 Featuring Fragments of Tailor-Made Amino Acids and Fluorine. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093651. [PMID: 37175060 PMCID: PMC10180415 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The strategic fluorination of oxidatively vulnerable sites in bioactive compounds is a relatively recent, widely used approach allowing us to modulate the stability, bio-absorption, and overall efficiency of pharmaceutical drugs. On the other hand, natural and tailor-made amino acids are traditionally used as basic scaffolds for the development of bioactive molecules. The main goal of this review article is to emphasize these general trends featured in recently approved pharmaceutical drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nana Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Haibo Mei
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Gagan Dhawan
- School of Allied Medical Sciences, Delhi Skill and Entrepreneurship University, Dwarka, New Delhi 110075, India
- Department of Biomedical Science, Acharya Narendra Dev College, University of Delhi, Kalkaji, New Delhi 110019, India
- Delhi School of Skill Enhancement and Entrepreneurship Development, Institution of Eminence, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 Morrissey Boulevard, Boston, MA 02125, USA
| | - Jianlin Han
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Vadim A Soloshonok
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 3, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Alameda Urquijo 36-5, 48011 Bilbao, Spain
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50
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Tao K, Rhee SY, Tzou PL, Osman ZA, Pond SLK, Holmes SP, Shafer RW. HIV-1 Group M Capsid Amino Acid Variability: Implications for Sequence Quality Control of Genotypic Resistance Testing. Viruses 2023; 15:992. [PMID: 37112972 PMCID: PMC10143361 DOI: 10.3390/v15040992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the approval of the HIV-1 capsid inhibitor, lenacapavir, capsid sequencing will be required for managing lenacapavir-experienced individuals with detectable viremia. Successful sequence interpretation will require examining new capsid sequences in the context of previously published sequence data. METHODS We analyzed published HIV-1 group M capsid sequences from 21,012 capsid-inhibitor naïve individuals to characterize amino acid variability at each position and influence of subtype and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) selection pressure. We determined the distributions of usual mutations, defined as amino acid differences from the group M consensus, with a prevalence ≥ 0.1%. Co-evolving mutations were identified using a phylogenetically-informed Bayesian graphical model method. RESULTS 162 (70.1%) positions had no usual mutations (45.9%) or only conservative usual mutations with a positive BLOSUM62 score (24.2%). Variability correlated independently with subtype-specific amino acid occurrence (Spearman rho = 0.83; p < 1 × 10-9) and the number of times positions were reported to contain an HLA-associated polymorphism, an indicator of CTL pressure (rho = 0.43; p = 0.0002). CONCLUSIONS Knowing the distribution of usual capsid mutations is essential for sequence quality control. Comparing capsid sequences from lenacapavir-treated and lenacapavir-naïve individuals will enable the identification of additional mutations potentially associated with lenacapavir therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiming Tao
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Soo-Yon Rhee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Philip L. Tzou
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Zachary A. Osman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Susan P. Holmes
- Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Robert W. Shafer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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