1
|
Saberi Riseh R, Gholizadeh Vazvani M, Taheri A, Kennedy JF. Pectin-associated immune responses in plant-microbe interactions: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 273:132790. [PMID: 38823736 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
This review explores the role of pectin, a complex polysaccharide found in the plant cell wall, in mediating immune responses during interactions between plants and microbes. The objectives of this study were to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying pectin-mediated immune responses and to understand how these interactions shape plant-microbe communication. Pectin acts as a signaling molecule, triggering immune responses such as the production of antimicrobial compounds, reinforcement of the cell wall, and activation of defense-related genes. Pectin functions as a target for pathogen-derived enzymes, enabling successful colonization by certain microbial species. The document discusses the complexity of pectin-based immune signaling networks and their modulation by various factors, including pathogen effectors and host proteins. It also emphasizes the importance of understanding the crosstalk between pectin-mediated immunity and other defense pathways to develop strategies for enhancing plant resistance against diseases. The insights gained from this study have implications for the development of innovative approaches to enhance crop protection and disease management in agriculture. Further investigations into the components and mechanisms involved in pectin-mediated immunity will pave the way for future advancements in plant-microbe interaction research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roohallah Saberi Riseh
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, 7718897111 Rafsanjan, Iran.
| | - Mozhgan Gholizadeh Vazvani
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University of Rafsanjan, 7718897111 Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Abdolhossein Taheri
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Plant Production, University of agricultural Sciences and natural resources of Gorgan, Iran.
| | - John F Kennedy
- Chembiotech Laboratories Ltd, WR15 8FF Tenbury Wells, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kracher D, Lanzmaier T, Carneiro LV. Active roles of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases in human pathogenicity. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2024; 1872:141012. [PMID: 38492831 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2024.141012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are redox enzymes widely studied for their involvement in microbial and fungal biomass degradation. The catalytic versatility of these enzymes is demonstrated by the recent discovery of LPMOs in arthropods, viruses, insects and ferns, where they fulfill diverse functions beyond biomass conversion. This mini-review puts a spotlight on a recently recognized aspect of LPMOs: their role in infectious processes in human pathogens. It discusses the occurrence and potential biological mechanisms of LPMOs associated with human pathogens and provides an outlook on future avenues in this emerging and exciting research field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kracher
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Mozartgasse 12/II, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Tina Lanzmaier
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Mozartgasse 12/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Leonor Vieira Carneiro
- Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria; BioTechMed-Graz, Mozartgasse 12/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jin X, Xiao R, Cao Z, Du X. Smart controlled-release nanopesticides based on metal-organic frameworks. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:6082-6092. [PMID: 38813806 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc01390e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
The practical utilization rates of conventional pesticide formulations by target organisms are very low, which results in the pollution of ecological environments and the formation of pesticide residues in agricultural products. Water-based nanopesticide formulations could become alternative and effective formulations to eventually resolve the main issues of conventional pesticide formulations. In this feature article, we describe the design concept of smart (stimuli-responsive) controlled-release nanopesticides, which are created toward hierarchical targets (pests, pathogens, and foliage) in response to multidimensional stimuli from physiological and environmental factors (such as sunlight) of target organisms and plants, for achieving enhanced insecticidal and fungicidal efficacies. The pore sizes and functionalities of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) can be fine-tuned through the choice of metal-containing units and organic ligands. Tailor-made MOF nanoparticles with large microporous or mesoporous sizes, as well as good biocompatibility and high thermal, mechanical, and chemical durabilities, are used to load pesticides within these pores followed by coating of plant polyphenols and natural polymers for stimuli-responsive controlled pesticide release. This feature article highlights our works on smart controlled-release MOF-based nanopesticides and also includes related works from other laboratories. The future challenges and promising prospects of smart controlled-release MOF-based nanopesticides are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jin
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China.
| | - Ruixi Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China.
| | - Zejun Cao
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China.
| | - Xuezhong Du
- Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry (Ministry of Education), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Bains RK, Nasseri SA, Wardman JF, Withers SG. Advances in the understanding and exploitation of carbohydrate-active enzymes. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2024; 80:102457. [PMID: 38657391 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2024.102457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) are responsible for the biosynthesis, modification and degradation of all glycans in Nature. Advances in genomic and metagenomic methodologies, in conjunction with lower cost gene synthesis, have provided access to a steady stream of new CAZymes with both well-established and novel mechanisms. At the same time, increasing access to cryo-EM has resulted in exciting new structures, particularly of transmembrane glycosyltransferases of various sorts. This improved understanding has resulted in widespread progress in applications of CAZymes across diverse fields, including therapeutics, organ transplantation, foods, and biofuels. Herein, we highlight a few of the many important advances that have recently been made in the understanding and applications of CAZymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajneesh K Bains
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Seyed Amirhossein Nasseri
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jacob F Wardman
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Stephen G Withers
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang Z, Zhang X, Tian Y, Wang L, Cao J, Feng H, Li K, Wang Y, Dong S, Ye W, Wang Y. Complete telomere-to-telomere genomes uncover virulence evolution conferred by chromosome fusion in oomycete plant pathogens. Nat Commun 2024; 15:4624. [PMID: 38816389 PMCID: PMC11139960 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49061-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Variations in chromosome number are occasionally observed among oomycetes, a group that includes many plant pathogens, but the emergence of such variations and their effects on genome and virulence evolution remain ambiguous. We generated complete telomere-to-telomere genome assemblies for Phytophthora sojae, Globisporangium ultimum, Pythium oligandrum, and G. spinosum. Reconstructing the karyotype of the most recent common ancestor in Peronosporales revealed that frequent chromosome fusion and fission drove changes in chromosome number. Centromeres enriched with Copia-like transposons may contribute to chromosome fusion and fission events. Chromosome fusion facilitated the emergence of pathogenicity genes and their adaptive evolution. Effectors tended to duplicate in the sub-telomere regions of fused chromosomes, which exhibited evolutionary features distinct to the non-fused chromosomes. By integrating ancestral genomic dynamics and structural predictions, we have identified secreted Ankyrin repeat-containing proteins (ANKs) as a novel class of effectors in P. sojae. Phylogenetic analysis and experiments further revealed that ANK is a specifically expanded effector family in oomycetes. These results revealed chromosome dynamics in oomycete plant pathogens, and provided novel insights into karyotype and effector evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoyi Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuan Tian
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Liyuan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingting Cao
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hui Feng
- Tobacco Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao, 266101, China
| | - Kainan Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Suomeng Dong
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenwu Ye
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China.
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yuanchao Wang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China.
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Disease and Pest Control (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hall K, Mollatt M, Forsberg Z, Golten O, Schwaiger L, Ludwig R, Ayuso-Fernández I, Eijsink VGH, Sørlie M. Impact of the Copper Second Coordination Sphere on Catalytic Performance and Substrate Specificity of a Bacterial Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenase. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:23040-23052. [PMID: 38826537 PMCID: PMC11137697 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c02666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) catalyze the oxidative cleavage of glycosidic bonds in recalcitrant polysaccharides, such as cellulose and chitin, using a single copper cofactor bound in a conserved histidine brace with a more variable second coordination sphere. Cellulose-active LPMOs in the fungal AA9 family and in a subset of bacterial AA10 enzymes contain a His-Gln-Tyr second sphere motif, whereas other cellulose-active AA10s have an Arg-Glu-Phe motif. To shine a light on the impact of this variation, we generated single, double, and triple mutations changing the His216-Gln219-Tyr221 motif in cellulose- and chitin-oxidizing MaAA10B toward Arg-Glu-Phe. These mutations generally reduced enzyme performance due to rapid inactivation under turnover conditions, showing that catalytic fine-tuning of the histidine brace is complex and that the roles of these second sphere residues are strongly interconnected. Studies of copper reactivity showed remarkable effects, such as an increase in oxidase activity following the Q219E mutation and a strong dependence of this effect on the presence of Tyr at position 221. In reductant-driven reactions, differences in oxidase activity, which lead to different levels of in situ generated H2O2, correlated with differences in polysaccharide-degrading ability. The single Q219E mutant displayed a marked increase in activity on chitin in both reductant-driven reactions and reactions fueled by exogenously added H2O2. Thus, it seems that the evolution of substrate specificity in LPMOs involves both the extended substrate-binding surface and the second coordination sphere.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelsi
R. Hall
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås 1432, Norway
- School
of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Maja Mollatt
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås 1432, Norway
| | - Zarah Forsberg
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås 1432, Norway
| | - Ole Golten
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås 1432, Norway
| | - Lorenz Schwaiger
- Department
of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, BOKU 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Roland Ludwig
- Department
of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, BOKU 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Iván Ayuso-Fernández
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås 1432, Norway
| | - Vincent G. H. Eijsink
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås 1432, Norway
| | - Morten Sørlie
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås 1432, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ghimire B, Gogoi A, Poudel M, Stensvand A, Brurberg MB. Transcriptome analysis of Phytophthora cactorum infecting strawberry identified RXLR effectors that induce cell death when transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1379970. [PMID: 38855473 PMCID: PMC11157022 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1379970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Phytophthora cactorum is a plant pathogenic oomycete that causes crown rot in strawberry leading to significant economic losses every year. To invade the host, P. cactorum secretes an arsenal of effectors that can manipulate host physiology and impair its defense system promoting infection. A transcriptome analysis was conducted on a susceptible wild strawberry genotype (Fragaria vesca) 48 hours post inoculation with P. cactorum to identify effectors expressed during the early infection stage. The analysis revealed 4,668 P. cactorum genes expressed during infection of F. vesca. A total of 539 secreted proteins encoded by transcripts were identified, including 120 carbohydrate-active enzymes, 40 RXLRs, 23 proteolytic enzymes, nine elicitins, seven cysteine rich proteins, seven necrosis inducing proteins and 216 hypothetical proteins with unknown function. Twenty of the 40 RXLR effector candidates were transiently expressed in Nicotiana benthamiana using agroinfiltration and five previously unreported RXLR effector genes (Pc741, Pc8318, Pc10890, Pc20813, and Pc22290) triggered cell death when transiently expressed. The identified cell death inducing RXLR effectors showed 31-66% identity to known RXLR effectors in different Phytophthora species having roles in pathogenicity including both activation and suppression of defense response in the host. Furthermore, homology analysis revealed that these cell death inducing RXLR effectors were highly conserved (82 - 100% identity) across 23 different strains of P. cactorum originating from apple or strawberry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bikal Ghimire
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences (BIOVIT), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Anupam Gogoi
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences (BIOVIT), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
- Division of Biotechnology and Plant Health, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Ås, Norway
| | - Mandeep Poudel
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences (BIOVIT), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Arne Stensvand
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences (BIOVIT), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
- Division of Biotechnology and Plant Health, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Ås, Norway
| | - May Bente Brurberg
- Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biosciences (BIOVIT), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
- Division of Biotechnology and Plant Health, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Ås, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Ayuso-Fernández I, Emrich-Mills TZ, Haak J, Golten O, Hall KR, Schwaiger L, Moe TS, Stepnov AA, Ludwig R, Cutsail Iii GE, Sørlie M, Kjendseth Røhr Å, Eijsink VGH. Mutational dissection of a hole hopping route in a lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (LPMO). Nat Commun 2024; 15:3975. [PMID: 38729930 PMCID: PMC11087555 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48245-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Oxidoreductases have evolved tyrosine/tryptophan pathways that channel highly oxidizing holes away from the active site to avoid damage. Here we dissect such a pathway in a bacterial LPMO, member of a widespread family of C-H bond activating enzymes with outstanding industrial potential. We show that a strictly conserved tryptophan is critical for radical formation and hole transference and that holes traverse the protein to reach a tyrosine-histidine pair in the protein's surface. Real-time monitoring of radical formation reveals a clear correlation between the efficiency of hole transference and enzyme performance under oxidative stress. Residues involved in this pathway vary considerably between natural LPMOs, which could reflect adaptation to different ecological niches. Importantly, we show that enzyme activity is increased in a variant with slower radical transference, providing experimental evidence for a previously postulated trade-off between activity and redox robustness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iván Ayuso-Fernández
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432, Ås, Norway.
| | - Tom Z Emrich-Mills
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Julia Haak
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Ole Golten
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Kelsi R Hall
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Lorenz Schwaiger
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Sciences and Technology, Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18/2, Vienna, 1190, Austria
| | - Trond S Moe
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Anton A Stepnov
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Roland Ludwig
- Biocatalysis and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Sciences and Technology, Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18/2, Vienna, 1190, Austria
| | - George E Cutsail Iii
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstrasse 34-36, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Morten Sørlie
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Åsmund Kjendseth Røhr
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432, Ås, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ma H, Liao M, Zhong P, Ding J, Wang X, Gong G, Huang L, Liu J, Wang Q. Diversely regio-oxidative degradation of konjac glucomannan by lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase AA10 and generating antibacterial hydrolysate. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 266:131094. [PMID: 38537852 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Konjac glucomannan (KGM) hydrolysate exhibit various biological activities and health-promoting effects. Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) play an important role on enzymatic degradation of recalcitrant polysaccharides to obtain fermentable sugars. It is generally accepted that LPMOs exhibits high substrate specificity and oxidation regioselectivity. Here, a bacteria-derived SmAA10A, with chitin-active with strict C1 oxidation, was used to catalyse KGM degradation. Through ethanol precipitation, two hydrolysed KGM components (4 kDa (KGM-1) and 5 kDa (KGM-2)) were obtained that exhibited antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus. In natural KGM, KGM-1, and KGM-2, the molar ratios of mannose to glucose were 1:2.19, 1:3.05, and 1:2.87, respectively, indicating that SmAA10A preferentially degrades mannose in KGM. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy imaging revealed the breakage of glycosylic bonds during enzymatic catalysis. The regioselectivity of SmAA10A for KGM degradation was determined based on the fragmentation behaviour of the KGM-1 and KGM-2 oligosaccharides and their NaBD4-reduced forms. SmAA10A exhibited diverse oxidation degradation of KGM and generated single C1-, single C4-, and C1/C4-double oxidised oligosaccharide forms. This study provides an alternative method for obtaining KGM degradation components with antibacterial functions and expands the substrate specificity and oxidation regioselectivity of bacterial LPMOs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongjuan Ma
- Shaanxi Natural Carbohydrate Resource Engineering Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China; College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Minghong Liao
- Shaanxi Natural Carbohydrate Resource Engineering Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Peiyun Zhong
- Shaanxi Natural Carbohydrate Resource Engineering Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Jieqiong Ding
- Shaanxi Natural Carbohydrate Resource Engineering Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Xiaoqin Wang
- Shaanxi Natural Carbohydrate Resource Engineering Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Guiping Gong
- Shaanxi Natural Carbohydrate Resource Engineering Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Linjuan Huang
- Shaanxi Natural Carbohydrate Resource Engineering Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Jianling Liu
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.
| | - Qingling Wang
- Shaanxi Natural Carbohydrate Resource Engineering Research Center, College of Food Science and Technology, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Decembrino D, Cannella D. The thin line between monooxygenases and peroxygenases. P450s, UPOs, MMOs, and LPMOs: A brick to bridge fields of expertise. Biotechnol Adv 2024; 72:108321. [PMID: 38336187 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2024.108321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Many scientific fields, although driven by similar purposes and dealing with similar technologies, often appear so isolated and far from each other that even the vocabularies to describe the very same phenomenon might differ. Concerning the vast field of biocatalysis, a special role is played by those redox enzymes that employ oxygen-based chemistry to unlock transformations otherwise possible only with metal-based catalysts. As such, greener chemical synthesis methods and environmentally-driven biotechnological approaches were enabled over the last decades by the use of several enzymes and ultimately resulted in the first industrial applications. Among what can be called today the environmental biorefinery sector, biomass transformation, greenhouse gas reduction, bio-gas/fuels production, bioremediation, as well as bulk or fine chemicals and even pharmaceuticals manufacturing are all examples of fields in which successful prototypes have been demonstrated employing redox enzymes. In this review we decided to focus on the most prominent enzymes (MMOs, LPMO, P450 and UPO) capable of overcoming the ∼100 kcal mol-1 barrier of inactivated CH bonds for the oxyfunctionalization of organic compounds. Harnessing the enormous potential that lies within these enzymes is of extreme value to develop sustainable industrial schemes and it is still deeply coveted by many within the aforementioned fields of application. Hence, the ambitious scope of this account is to bridge the current cutting-edge knowledge gathered upon each enzyme. By creating a broad comparison, scientists belonging to the different fields may find inspiration and might overcome obstacles already solved by the others. This work is organised in three major parts: a first section will be serving as an introduction to each one of the enzymes regarding their structural and activity diversity, whereas a second one will be encompassing the mechanistic aspects of their catalysis. In this regard, the machineries that lead to analogous catalytic outcomes are depicted, highlighting the major differences and similarities. Finally, a third section will be focusing on the elements that allow the oxyfunctionalization chemistry to occur by delivering redox equivalents to the enzyme by the action of diverse redox partners. Redox partners are often overlooked in comparison to the catalytic counterparts, yet they represent fundamental elements to better understand and further develop practical applications based on mono- and peroxygenases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Davide Decembrino
- Photobiocatalysis Unit - Crop Production and Biostimulation Lab (CPBL), and Biomass Transformation Lab (BTL), École Interfacultaire de Bioingénieurs, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium.
| | - David Cannella
- Photobiocatalysis Unit - Crop Production and Biostimulation Lab (CPBL), and Biomass Transformation Lab (BTL), École Interfacultaire de Bioingénieurs, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Jaswal R, Rajarammohan S, Dubey H, Kiran K, Rawal H, Sonah H, Deshmukh R, Sharma TR. Intrinsically Disordered Kiwellin Protein-Like Effectors Target Plant Chloroplasts and are Extensively Present in Rust Fungi. Mol Biotechnol 2024; 66:845-864. [PMID: 37000361 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-00717-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
The effector proteins produced by plant pathogens are one of the essential components of host-pathogen interaction. Despite being important, most of the effector proteins remain unexplored due to the diversity in their primary sequence generated by the high selection pressure of the host immune system. However to maintain the primary function in the infection process, these effectors may tend to maintain their native protein fold to perform the corresponding biological function. In the present study, unannotated candidate secretory effector proteins of sixteen major plant fungal pathogens were analyzed to find the conserved known protein folds using homology, ab initio, and Alpha Fold/Rosetta Fold protein dimensional (3D) structure approaches. Several unannotated candidate effector proteins were found to match various known conserved protein families potentially involved in host defense manipulation in different plant pathogens. Surprisingly a large number of plant Kiwellin proteins fold like secretory proteins (> 100) were found in studied rust fungal pathogens. Many of them were predicted as potential effector proteins. Furthermore, template independent modelling using Alpha Fold/Rosetta Fold analysis and structural comparison of these candidates also predicted them to match with plant Kiwellin proteins. We also found plant Kiwellin matching proteins outside rusts including several non-pathogenic fungi suggesting the broad function of these proteins. One of the highest confidently modeled Kiwellin matching candidates effectors, Pstr_13960 (97.8%), from the Indian P. striiformis race Yr9 was characterized using overexpression, localization, and deletion studies in Nicotiana benthamiana. The Pstr_13960 suppressed the BAX-induced cell death and localized in the chloroplast. Furthermore, the expression of the Kiwellin matching region (Pst_13960_kiwi) alone suppressed the BAX-induced cell death in N. benthamiana despite the change of location to the cytoplasm and nucleus, suggesting the novel function of the Kiwellin core fold in rust fungi. Molecular docking showed that Pstr_13960 can interact with plant Chorismate mutases (CMs) using three loops conserved in plant and rust Kiwellins. Further analysis of Pstr_13960 showed to contain Intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) in place of the N-terminal β1/β2 region found in plant Kiwellins suggesting the evolution of rust Kiwellins-like effectors (KLEs). Overall, this study reports the presence of a Kiwellin protein-like fold containing a novel effector protein family in rust fungi depicting a classical example of the evolution of effectors at the structure level as Kiwellin effectors show very low significant similarity to plant Kiwellin at the sequence level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajdeep Jaswal
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India
| | | | - Himanshu Dubey
- National Institute On Plant Biotechnology, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Kanti Kiran
- National Institute On Plant Biotechnology, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Hukam Rawal
- National Institute On Plant Biotechnology, Pusa Campus, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Humira Sonah
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Rupesh Deshmukh
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Tilak Raj Sharma
- National Agri-Food Biotechnology Institute (NABI), Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India.
- Division of Crop Science, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Krishi Bhavan, New Delhi, 110001, India.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Tamburrini KC, Kodama S, Grisel S, Haon M, Nishiuchi T, Bissaro B, Kubo Y, Longhi S, Berrin JG. The disordered C-terminal tail of fungal LPMOs from phytopathogens mediates protein dimerization and impacts plant penetration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2319998121. [PMID: 38513096 PMCID: PMC10990093 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2319998121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are monocopper enzymes that oxidatively degrade various polysaccharides, such as cellulose. Despite extensive research on this class of enzymes, the role played by their C-terminal regions predicted to be intrinsically disordered (dCTR) has been overlooked. Here, we investigated the function of the dCTR of an LPMO, called CoAA9A, up-regulated during plant infection by Colletotrichum orbiculare, the causative agent of anthracnose. After recombinant production of the full-length protein, we found that the dCTR mediates CoAA9A dimerization in vitro, via a disulfide bridge, a hitherto-never-reported property that positively affects both binding and activity on cellulose. Using SAXS experiments, we show that the homodimer is in an extended conformation. In vivo, we demonstrate that gene deletion impairs formation of the infection-specialized cell called appressorium and delays penetration of the plant. Using immunochemistry, we show that the protein is a dimer not only in vitro but also in vivo when secreted by the appressorium. As these peculiar LPMOs are also found in other plant pathogens, our findings open up broad avenues for crop protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ketty C. Tamburrini
- CNRS Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, UMR 7257, Marseille13009, France
- Institut National de la Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l'Environnement, Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, UMR 1163, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille13009, France
| | - Sayo Kodama
- Faculty of Agriculture, Setsunan University, Osaka573-0101, Japan
| | - Sacha Grisel
- Institut National de la Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l'Environnement, Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, UMR 1163, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille13009, France
- Institut National de la Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, Aix Marseille Université, 3PE Platform, Marseille13009, France
| | - Mireille Haon
- Institut National de la Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l'Environnement, Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, UMR 1163, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille13009, France
- Institut National de la Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement, Aix Marseille Université, 3PE Platform, Marseille13009, France
| | - Takumi Nishiuchi
- Division of Functional Genomics, Advanced Science Research Center, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa920-1164, Japan
| | - Bastien Bissaro
- Institut National de la Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l'Environnement, Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, UMR 1163, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille13009, France
| | - Yasuyuki Kubo
- Faculty of Agriculture, Setsunan University, Osaka573-0101, Japan
| | - Sonia Longhi
- CNRS Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques, UMR 7257, Marseille13009, France
| | - Jean-Guy Berrin
- Institut National de la Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l'Environnement, Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, UMR 1163, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille13009, France
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Wieduwilt EK, Lo Leggio L, Hedegård ED. A frontier-orbital view of the initial steps of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase reactions. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:5796-5807. [PMID: 38445349 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt04275h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are copper enzymes that oxidatively cleave the strong C-H bonds in recalcitrant polysaccharide substrates, thereby playing a crucial role in biomass degradation. Recently, LPMOs have also been shown to be important for several pathogens. It is well established that the Cu(II) resting state of LPMOs is inactive, and the electronic structure of the active site needs to be altered to transform the enzyme into an active form. Whether this transformation occurs due to substrate binding or due to a unique priming reduction has remained speculative. Starting from four different crystal structures of the LPMO LsAA9A with well-defined oxidation states, we use a frontier molecular orbital approach to elucidate the initial steps of the LPMO reaction. We give an explanation for the requirement of the unique priming reduction and analyse electronic structure changes upon substrate binding. We further investigate how the presence of the substrate could facilitate an electron transfer from the copper active site to an H2O2 co-substrate. Our findings could help to control experimental LPMO reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erna Katharina Wieduwilt
- Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark.
| | - Leila Lo Leggio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Erik Donovan Hedegård
- Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230 Odense M, Denmark.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Liu E, Mercado MIV, Segato F, Wilkins MR. A green pathway for lignin valorization: Enzymatic lignin depolymerization in biocompatible ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents. Enzyme Microb Technol 2024; 174:110392. [PMID: 38171172 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2023.110392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Lignin depolymerization, which enables the breakdown of a complex and heterogeneous aromatic polymer into relatively uniform derivatives, serves as a critical process in valorization of lignin. Enzymatic lignin depolymerization has become a promising biological strategy to overcome the heterogeneity of lignin, due to its mild reaction conditions and high specificity. However, the low solubility of lignin compounds in aqueous environments prevents efficient lignin depolymerization by lignin-degrading enzymes. The employment of biocompatible ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) in lignin fractionation has created a promising pathway to enzymatically depolymerize lignin within these green solvents to increase lignin solubility. In this review, recent research progress on enzymatic lignin depolymerization, particularly in a consolidated process involving ILs/DESs is summarized. In addition, the interactions between lignin-degrading enzymes and solvent systems are explored, and potential protein engineering methodology to improve the performance of lignin-degrading enzymes is discussed. Consolidation of enzymatic lignin depolymerization and biocompatible ILs/DESs paves a sustainable, efficient, and synergistic way to convert lignin into value-added products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enshi Liu
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | | | - Fernando Segato
- Department of Biotechnology, University of São Paulo, Lorena, SP, Brazil
| | - Mark R Wilkins
- Carl and Melinda Helwig Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Rajagopal BS, Yates N, Smith J, Paradisi A, Tétard-Jones C, Willats WGT, Marcus S, Knox JP, Firdaus-Raih M, Henrissat B, Davies GJ, Walton PH, Parkin A, Hemsworth GR. Structural dissection of two redox proteins from the shipworm symbiont Teredinibacter turnerae. IUCRJ 2024; 11:260-274. [PMID: 38446458 PMCID: PMC10916295 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252524001386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
The discovery of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs), a family of copper-dependent enzymes that play a major role in polysaccharide degradation, has revealed the importance of oxidoreductases in the biological utilization of biomass. In fungi, a range of redox proteins have been implicated as working in harness with LPMOs to bring about polysaccharide oxidation. In bacteria, less is known about the interplay between redox proteins and LPMOs, or how the interaction between the two contributes to polysaccharide degradation. We therefore set out to characterize two previously unstudied proteins from the shipworm symbiont Teredinibacter turnerae that were initially identified by the presence of carbohydrate binding domains appended to uncharacterized domains with probable redox functions. Here, X-ray crystal structures of several domains from these proteins are presented together with initial efforts to characterize their functions. The analysis suggests that the target proteins are unlikely to function as LPMO electron donors, raising new questions as to the potential redox functions that these large extracellular multi-haem-containing c-type cytochromes may perform in these bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Badri S. Rajagopal
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Nick Yates
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Jake Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | | | - Catherine Tétard-Jones
- School of Natural and Environmental Science, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - William G. T. Willats
- School of Natural and Environmental Science, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Marcus
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - J. Paul Knox
- Centre for Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Mohd Firdaus-Raih
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Bernard Henrissat
- Architecture et Fonction des Macromolécules Biologiques (AFMB), CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
- INRA, USC 1408 AFMB, Marseille, France
- Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gideon J. Davies
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Paul H. Walton
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Alison Parkin
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Glyn R. Hemsworth
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology and School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Yang L, Chen H, Zhu S, Zhao S, Huang S, Cheng D, Xu H, Zhang Z. Pectin-Coated Iron-Based Metal-Organic Framework Nanoparticles for Enhanced Foliar Adhesion and Targeted Delivery of Fungicides. ACS NANO 2024; 18:6533-6549. [PMID: 38355215 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c12352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Conventional agrochemicals are underutilized due to their large particle sizes, poor foliar retention rates, and difficult translocation in plants, and the development of functional nanodelivery carriers with high adhesion to the plant body surface and efficient uptake and translocation in plants remains challenging. In this study, a nanodelivery system based on a pectin-encapsulated iron-based MOF (TF@Fe-MOF-PT NPs) was constructed to enhance the utilization of thifluzamide (TF) in rice plants by taking advantage of the pectin affinity for plant cell walls. The prepared TF@Fe-MOF-PT NPs exhibited an average particle size of 126.55 nm, a loading capacity of 27.41%, and excellent dual-stimulus responses to reactive oxygen species and pectinase. Foliar washing experiments showed that the TF@Fe-MOF-PT NPs were efficiently adhered to the surfaces of rice leaves and stems. Confocal laser scanning microscopy showed that fluorescently labeled TF@Fe-MOF-PT NPs were bidirectionally delivered through vascular bundles in rice plants. The in vitro bactericidal activity of the TF@Fe-MOF-PT NPs showed better inhibitory activity than that of a TF suspension (TF SC), with an EC50 of 0.021 mg/L. A greenhouse test showed that the TF@Fe-MOF-PT NPs were more effective than TF SC at 7 and 14 d, with control effects of 85.88 and 78.59%, respectively. It also reduced the inhibition of seed stem length and root length by TF SC and promoted seedling growth. These results demonstrated that TF@Fe-MOF-PT NPs can be used as a pesticide nanodelivery system for efficient delivery and intelligent release in plants and applied for sustainable control of pests and diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liupeng Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Biological Pesticide Engineering Technology Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Huiya Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Biological Pesticide Engineering Technology Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Shiqi Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Biological Pesticide Engineering Technology Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Shiji Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Biological Pesticide Engineering Technology Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Suqing Huang
- Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, China
| | - Dongmei Cheng
- Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, 510225, China
| | - Hanhong Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Biological Pesticide Engineering Technology Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zhixiang Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Biological Pesticide Engineering Technology Research Center, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hagemann MM, Wieduwilt EK, Hedegård ED. Understanding the initial events of the oxidative damage and protection mechanisms of the AA9 lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase family. Chem Sci 2024; 15:2558-2570. [PMID: 38362420 PMCID: PMC10866358 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05933b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (LPMO) is a new class of oxidoreductases that boosts polysaccharide degradation employing a copper active site. This boost may facilitate the cost-efficient production of biofuels and high-value chemicals from polysaccharides such as lignocellulose. Unfortunately, self-oxidation of the active site inactivates LPMOs. Other oxidoreductases employ hole-hopping mechanisms as protection against oxidative damage, but little is generally known about the details of these mechanisms. Herein, we employ highly accurate theoretical models based on density functional theory (DFT) molecular mechanics (MM) hybrids to understand the initial steps in LPMOs' protective measures against self-oxidation; we identify several intermediates recently proposed from experiment, and quantify which are important for protective hole-hopping pathways. Investigations on two different LPMOs show consistently that a tyrosine residue close to copper is crucial for protection: this explains recent experiments, showing that LPMOs without this tyrosine are more susceptible to self-oxidation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marlisa M Hagemann
- Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark Campusvej 55 5230 Odense Denmark
| | - Erna K Wieduwilt
- Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark Campusvej 55 5230 Odense Denmark
| | - Erik D Hedegård
- Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark Campusvej 55 5230 Odense Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Munzone A, Eijsink VGH, Berrin JG, Bissaro B. Expanding the catalytic landscape of metalloenzymes with lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases. Nat Rev Chem 2024; 8:106-119. [PMID: 38200220 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-023-00565-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) have an essential role in global carbon cycle, industrial biomass processing and microbial pathogenicity by catalysing the oxidative cleavage of recalcitrant polysaccharides. Despite initially being considered monooxygenases, experimental and theoretical studies show that LPMOs are essentially peroxygenases, using a single copper ion and H2O2 for C-H bond oxygenation. Here, we examine LPMO catalysis, emphasizing key studies that have shaped our comprehension of their function, and address side and competing reactions that have partially obscured our understanding. Then, we compare this novel copper-peroxygenase reaction with reactions catalysed by haem iron enzymes, highlighting the different chemistries at play. We conclude by addressing some open questions surrounding LPMO catalysis, including the importance of peroxygenase and monooxygenase reactions in biological contexts, how LPMOs modulate copper site reactivity and potential protective mechanisms against oxidative damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Munzone
- UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, INRAE, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Jean-Guy Berrin
- UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, INRAE, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France
| | - Bastien Bissaro
- UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, INRAE, Aix Marseille University, Marseille, France.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kumar A, Singh A, Sharma VK, Goel A, Kumar A. The upsurge of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases in biomass deconstruction: characteristic functions and sustainable applications. FEBS J 2024. [PMID: 38291603 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are one of the emerging classes of copper metalloenzymes that have received considerable attention due to their ability to boost the enzymatic conversion of intractable polysaccharides such as plant cell walls and chitin polymers. LPMOs catalyze the oxidative cleavage of β-1,4-glycosidic bonds using molecular O2 or H2 O2 in the presence of an external electron donor. LPMOs have been classified as an auxiliary active (AA) class of enzymes and, further based on substrate specificity, divided into eight families. Until now, multiple LPMOs from AA9 and AA10 families, mostly from microbial sources, have been investigated; the exact mechanism and structure-function are elusive to date, and recently discovered AA families of LPMOs are just scratched. This review highlights the origin and discovery of the enzyme, nomenclature, three-dimensional protein structure, substrate specificity, copper-dependent reaction mechanism, and different techniques used to determine the product formation through analytical and biochemical methods. Moreover, the diverse functions of proteins in various biological activities such as plant-pathogen/pest interactions, cell wall remodeling, antibiotic sensitivity of biofilms, and production of nanocellulose along with certain obstacles in deconstructing the complex polysaccharides have also been summarized, while highlighting the innovative and creative ways to overcome the limitations of LPMOs in hydrolyzing the biomass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asheesh Kumar
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Aishwarya Singh
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Sharma
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India
| | - Akshita Goel
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| | - Arun Kumar
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, Ghaziabad, India
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Schwaiger L, Csarman F, Chang H, Golten O, Eijsink VGH, Ludwig R. Electrochemical Monitoring of Heterogeneous Peroxygenase Reactions Unravels LPMO Kinetics. ACS Catal 2024; 14:1205-1219. [PMID: 38269044 PMCID: PMC10804366 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c05194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Biological conversion of plant biomass depends on peroxygenases and peroxidases acting on insoluble polysaccharides and lignin. Among these are cellulose- and hemicellulose-degrading lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs), which have revolutionized our concept of biomass degradation. Major obstacles limiting mechanistic and functional understanding of these unique peroxygenases are their complex and insoluble substrates and the hard-to-measure H2O2 consumption, resulting in the lack of suitable kinetic assays. We report a versatile and robust electrochemical method for real-time monitoring and kinetic characterization of LPMOs and other H2O2-dependent interfacial enzymes based on a rotating disc electrode for the sensitive and selective quantitation of H2O2 at biologically relevant concentrations. The H2O2 sensor works in suspensions of insoluble substrates as well as in homogeneous solutions. Our characterization of multiple LPMOs provides unprecedented insights into the substrate specificity, kinetics, and stability of these enzymes. High turnover and total turnover numbers demonstrate that LPMOs are fast and durable biocatalysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz Schwaiger
- Department
of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences,
Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Csarman
- Department
of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences,
Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Hucheng Chang
- Department
of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences,
Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ole Golten
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Vincent G. H. Eijsink
- Faculty
of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, NO-1432 Ås, Norway
| | - Roland Ludwig
- Department
of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences,
Vienna (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Adnan M, Ma X, Xie Y, Waheed A, Liu G. Heterologously Expressed Cellobiose Dehydrogenase Acts as Efficient Electron-Donor of Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenase for Cellulose Degradation in Trichoderma reesei. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17202. [PMID: 38139031 PMCID: PMC10743782 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to second-generation biofuels through enzymes is achieved at a high cost. Filamentous fungi through a combination of oxidative enzymes can easily disintegrate the glycosidic bonds of cellulose. The combination of cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH) with lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) enhances cellulose degradation in many folds. CDH increases cellulose deconstruction via coupling the oxidation of cellobiose to the reductive activation of LPMOs by catalyzing the addition of oxygen to C-H bonds of the glycosidic linkages. Fungal LPMOs show different regio-selectivity (C1 or C4) and result in oxidized products through modifications at reducing as well as nonreducing ends of the respective glucan chain. T. reesei LPMOs have shown great potential for oxidative cleavage of cellobiose at C1 and C4 glucan bonds, therefore, the incorporation of heterologous CDH further increases its potential for biofuel production for industrial purposes at a reduced cost. We introduced CDH of Phanerochaete chrysosporium (PcCDH) in Trichoderma reesei (which originally lacked CDH). We purified CDH through affinity chromatography and analyzed its enzymatic activity, electron-donating ability to LPMO, and the synergistic effect of LPMO and CDH on cellulose deconstruction. The optimum temperature of the recombinant PcCDH was found to be 45 °C and the optimum pH of PcCDH was observed as 4.5. PcCDH has high cello-oligosaccharide kcat, Km, and kcat/Km values. The synergistic effect of LPMO and cellulase significantly improved the degradation efficiency of phosphoric acid swollen cellulose (PASC) when CDH was used as the electron donor. We also found that LPMO undergoes auto-oxidative inactivation, and when PcCDH is used an electron donor has the function of a C1-type LPMO electron donor without additional substrate increments. This work provides novel insights into finding stable electron donors for LPMOs and paves the way forward in discovering efficient CDHs for enhanced cellulose degradation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Gang Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Microbial Genetic Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Oceanography, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; (M.A.); (X.M.); (Y.X.)
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Lin JL, Chen L, Wu WK, Guo XX, Yu CH, Xu M, Nie GB, Dun JL, Li Y, Xu B, Wang LJ, Chen XY, Gao W, Huang JQ. Single-cell RNA sequencing reveals a hierarchical transcriptional regulatory network of terpenoid biosynthesis in cotton secretory glandular cells. MOLECULAR PLANT 2023; 16:1990-2003. [PMID: 37849250 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2023.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Plants can synthesize a wide range of terpenoids in response to various environmental cues. However, the specific regulatory mechanisms governing terpenoid biosynthesis at the cellular level remain largely elusive. In this study, we employed single-cell RNA sequencing to comprehensively characterize the transcriptome profile of cotton leaves and established a hierarchical transcriptional network regulating cell-specific terpenoid production. We observed substantial expression levels of genes associated with the biosynthesis of both volatile terpenes (such as β-caryophyllene and β-myrcene) and non-volatile gossypol-type terpenoids in secretory glandular cells. Moreover, two novel transcription factors, namely GoHSFA4a and GoNAC42, are identified to function downstream of the Gossypium PIGMENT GLAND FORMATION genes. Both transcription factors could directly regulate the expression of terpenoid biosynthetic genes in secretory glandular cells in response to developmental and environmental stimuli. For convenient retrieval of the single-cell RNA sequencing data generated in this study, we developed a user-friendly web server . Our findings not only offer valuable insights into the precise regulation of terpenoid biosynthesis genes in cotton leaves but also provide potential targets for cotton breeding endeavors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Ling Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, University of CAS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Longxian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, University of CAS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Wen-Kai Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, University of CAS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiao-Xiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, University of CAS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Cheng-Hui Yu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Systems and Intelligent Transduction, Collaborative Innovation, National Research Base of Intelligent Manufacturing Service, Chongqing Technology and Business University, Chongqing 400067, China
| | - Min Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, University of CAS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Gui-Bin Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, University of CAS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jun-Ling Dun
- Analytical Applications Center, Shimadzu (China) Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Yan Li
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai 264117, Shandong, China; State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Baofu Xu
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai 264117, Shandong, China; State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Ling-Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, University of CAS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiao-Ya Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, University of CAS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 200031, China; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai 201602, China
| | - Wei Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-breeding and Integrated Utilization (Henan University), Henan 475004, China.
| | - Jin-Quan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, University of CAS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Angeltveit CF, Jeoh T, Horn SJ. Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase activity increases productive binding capacity of cellobiohydrolases on cellulose. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 389:129806. [PMID: 37769978 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Cellobiohydrolases are crucial for cellulose breakdown, but their efficiency on crystalline cellulose is hampered by limited access to single chain ends to initiate hydrolysis. As a result, they depend on enzymes like lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs), which directly target the crystalline cellulose surface. This study investigated how LPMO pretreatment affected the productive binding capacity of a Trichoderma longibrachiatum cellobiohydrolase, TlCBHI, on crystalline cellulose by applying an amperometric cellobiose dehydrogenase biosensor. After the 24-hour of LPMO pretreatment, the productive binding capacity of TlCBHI significantly increased in all reactions. However, with a shorter 5-hour LPMO pretreatment, minimal to no effect on productive binding capacity was observed. Of note, all LPMO reactions were inactivated around this time point. This delayed LPMO effect suggests that the improved binding capacity for cellulases does not directly result from cellulose chain cleavage by LPMOs but rather from the cellulose decrystallization following the oxidative cleavage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Camilla F Angeltveit
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Tina Jeoh
- Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, United States
| | - Svein J Horn
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Liu Y, Harnden KA, Van Stappen C, Dikanov SA, Lu Y. A designed Copper Histidine-brace enzyme for oxidative depolymerization of polysaccharides as a model of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2308286120. [PMID: 37844252 PMCID: PMC10614608 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2308286120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The "Histidine-brace" (His-brace) copper-binding site, composed of Cu(His)2 with a backbone amine, is found in metalloproteins with diverse functions. A primary example is lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (LPMO), a class of enzymes that catalyze the oxidative depolymerization of polysaccharides, providing not only an energy source for native microorganisms but also a route to more effective industrial biomass conversion. Despite its importance, how the Cu His-brace site performs this unique and challenging oxidative depolymerization reaction remains to be understood. To answer this question, we have designed a biosynthetic model of LPMO by incorporating the Cu His-brace motif into azurin, an electron transfer protein. Spectroscopic studies, including ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) absorption and electron paramagnetic resonance, confirm copper binding at the designed His-brace site. Moreover, the designed protein is catalytically active towards both cellulose and starch, the native substrates of LPMO, generating degraded oligosaccharides with multiturnovers by C1 oxidation. It also performs oxidative cleavage of the model substrate 4-nitrophenyl-D-glucopyranoside, achieving a turnover number ~9% of that of a native LPMO assayed under identical conditions. This work presents a rationally designed artificial metalloenzyme that acts as a structural and functional mimic of LPMO, which provides a promising system for understanding the role of the Cu His-brace site in LPMO activity and potential application in polysaccharide degradation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61801
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX78712
| | - Kevin A. Harnden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61801
| | - Casey Van Stappen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX78712
| | - Sergei A. Dikanov
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61801
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL61801
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX78712
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Grace Barrios-Gutiérrez S, Inés Vélez-Mercado M, Rodrigues Ortega J, da Silva Lima A, Luiza da Rocha Fortes Saraiva A, Leila Berto G, Segato F. Oxidative Machinery of basidiomycetes as potential enhancers in lignocellulosic biorefineries: A lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases approach. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2023; 386:129481. [PMID: 37437815 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Basidiomycetes are renowned as highly effective decomposers of plant materials, due to their extensive array of oxidative enzymes, which enable them to efficiently break down complex lignocellulosic biomass structures. Among the oxidative machinery of industrially relevant basidiomycetes, the role of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMO) in lignocellulosic biomass deconstruction is highlighted. So far, only a limited number of basidiomycetes LPMOs have been identified and heterologously expressed. These LPMOs have presented activity on cellulose and hemicellulose, as well as participation in the deconstruction of lignin. Expanding on this, the current review proposes both enzymatic and non-enzymatic mechanisms of LPMOs for biomass conversion, considering the significance of the Carbohydrate-Binding Modules and other C-terminal regions domains associated with their structure, which is involved in the deconstruction of lignocellulosic biomass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Solange Grace Barrios-Gutiérrez
- Synthetic and Molecular Biology Laboratory (SyMB), Department of Biotechnology, Lorena School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Lorena, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Martha Inés Vélez-Mercado
- Synthetic and Molecular Biology Laboratory (SyMB), Department of Biotechnology, Lorena School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Lorena, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Júlia Rodrigues Ortega
- Synthetic and Molecular Biology Laboratory (SyMB), Department of Biotechnology, Lorena School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Lorena, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Awana da Silva Lima
- Synthetic and Molecular Biology Laboratory (SyMB), Department of Biotechnology, Lorena School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Lorena, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Luiza da Rocha Fortes Saraiva
- Synthetic and Molecular Biology Laboratory (SyMB), Department of Biotechnology, Lorena School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Lorena, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Leila Berto
- Synthetic and Molecular Biology Laboratory (SyMB), Department of Biotechnology, Lorena School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Lorena, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando Segato
- Synthetic and Molecular Biology Laboratory (SyMB), Department of Biotechnology, Lorena School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, Lorena, São Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Zhao J, Zhuo Y, Diaz DE, Shanmugam M, Telfer AJ, Lindley PJ, Kracher D, Hayashi T, Seibt LS, Hardy FJ, Manners O, Hedison TM, Hollywood KA, Spiess R, Cain KM, Diaz-Moreno S, Scrutton NS, Tovborg M, Walton PH, Heyes DJ, Green AP. Mapping the Initial Stages of a Protective Pathway that Enhances Catalytic Turnover by a Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenase. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:20672-20682. [PMID: 37688545 PMCID: PMC10515631 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Oxygenase and peroxygenase enzymes generate intermediates at their active sites which bring about the controlled functionalization of inert C-H bonds in substrates, such as in the enzymatic conversion of methane to methanol. To be viable catalysts, however, these enzymes must also prevent oxidative damage to essential active site residues, which can occur during both coupled and uncoupled turnover. Herein, we use a combination of stopped-flow spectroscopy, targeted mutagenesis, TD-DFT calculations, high-energy resolution fluorescence detection X-ray absorption spectroscopy, and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy to study two transient intermediates that together form a protective pathway built into the active sites of copper-dependent lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs). First, a transient high-valent species is generated at the copper histidine brace active site following treatment of the LPMO with either hydrogen peroxide or peroxyacids in the absence of substrate. This intermediate, which we propose to be a CuII-(histidyl radical), then reacts with a nearby tyrosine residue in an intersystem-crossing reaction to give a ferromagnetically coupled (S = 1) CuII-tyrosyl radical pair, thereby restoring the histidine brace active site to its resting state and allowing it to re-enter the catalytic cycle through reduction. This process gives the enzyme the capacity to minimize damage to the active site histidine residues "on the fly" to increase the total turnover number prior to enzyme deactivation, highlighting how oxidative enzymes are evolved to protect themselves from deleterious side reactions during uncoupled turnover.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingming Zhao
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology, The University
of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K.
| | - Ying Zhuo
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology, The University
of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K.
| | - Daniel E. Diaz
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K.
| | - Muralidharan Shanmugam
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology, The University
of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K.
| | - Abbey J. Telfer
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K.
- Harwell
Science and Innovation Campus, Diamond Light
Source Ltd., Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, U.K.
| | - Peter J. Lindley
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K.
| | - Daniel Kracher
- Institute
of Molecular Biotechnology, Graz University
of Technology, Petersgasse
14, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Takahiro Hayashi
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology, The University
of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K.
| | - Lisa S. Seibt
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology, The University
of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K.
| | - Florence J. Hardy
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology, The University
of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K.
| | - Oliver Manners
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology, The University
of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K.
| | - Tobias M. Hedison
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology, The University
of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K.
| | - Katherine A. Hollywood
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology, The University
of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K.
| | - Reynard Spiess
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology, The University
of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K.
| | - Kathleen M. Cain
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology, The University
of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K.
| | - Sofia Diaz-Moreno
- Harwell
Science and Innovation Campus, Diamond Light
Source Ltd., Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE, U.K.
| | - Nigel S. Scrutton
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology, The University
of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K.
| | | | - Paul H. Walton
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K.
| | - Derren J. Heyes
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology, The University
of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K.
| | - Anthony P. Green
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology, The University
of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Hu S, Yan C, Fei Q, Zhang B, Wu W. MOF-based stimuli-responsive controlled release nanopesticide: mini review. Front Chem 2023; 11:1272725. [PMID: 37767340 PMCID: PMC10520976 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1272725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
By releasing an adequate amount of active ingredients when triggered by environmental and biological factors, the nanopesticides that respond to stimuli can enhance the efficacy of pesticides and contribute to the betterment of both the environment and food safety. The versatile nature and highly porous structure of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have recently garnered significant interest as drug carriers for various applications. In recent years, there has been significant progress in the development of metal-organic frameworks as nanocarriers for pesticide applications. This review focuses on the advancements, challenges, and potential future enhancements in the design of metal-organic frameworks as nanocarriers in the field of pesticides. We explore the various stimuli-responsive metal-organic frameworks carriers, particularly focusing on zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8), which have been successfully activated by external stimuli such as pH-responsive or multiple stimuli-responsive mechanisms. In conclusion, this paper presents the existing issues and future prospects of metal-organic frameworks-based nanopesticides with stimuli-responsive controlled release.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuhui Hu
- Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering Institute, Guiyang University, Guiyang, China
| | - Chang Yan
- Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering Institute, Guiyang University, Guiyang, China
| | - Qiang Fei
- Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering Institute, Guiyang University, Guiyang, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Green Energy Chemical Engineering, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenneng Wu
- Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering Institute, Guiyang University, Guiyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Mathieu Y, Raji O, Bellemare A, Di Falco M, Nguyen TTM, Viborg AH, Tsang A, Master E, Brumer H. Functional characterization of fungal lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases for cellulose surface oxidation. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2023; 16:132. [PMID: 37679837 PMCID: PMC10486138 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-023-02383-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbial lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) cleave diverse biomass polysaccharides, including cellulose and hemicelluloses, by initial oxidation at C1 or C4 of glycan chains. Within the Carbohydrate-Active Enzymes (CAZy) classification, Auxiliary Activity Family 9 (AA9) comprises the first and largest group of fungal LPMOs, which are often also found in tandem with non-catalytic carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs). LPMOs originally attracted attention for their ability to potentiate complete biomass deconstruction to monosaccharides. More recently, LPMOs have been applied for selective surface modification of insoluble cellulose and chitin. RESULTS To further explore the catalytic diversity of AA9 LPMOs, over 17,000 sequences were extracted from public databases, filtered, and used to construct a sequence similarity network (SSN) comprising 33 phylogenetically supported clusters. From these, 32 targets were produced successfully in the industrial filamentous fungus Aspergillus niger, 25 of which produced detectable LPMO activity. Detailed biochemical characterization of the eight most highly produced targets revealed individual C1, C4, and mixed C1/C4 regiospecificities of cellulose surface oxidation, different redox co-substrate preferences, and CBM targeting effects. Specifically, the presence of a CBM correlated with increased formation of soluble oxidized products and a more localized pattern of surface oxidation, as indicated by carbonyl-specific fluorescent labeling. On the other hand, LPMOs without native CBMs were associated with minimal release of soluble products and comparatively dispersed oxidation pattern. CONCLUSIONS This work provides insight into the structural and functional diversity of LPMOs, and highlights the need for further detailed characterization of individual enzymes to identify those best suited for cellulose saccharification versus surface functionalization toward biomaterials applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yann Mathieu
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- BioProducts Institute, University of British Columbia, 2385 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Olanrewaju Raji
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Annie Bellemare
- Centre for Structural & Functional Genomics, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke-West Street, Montreal, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Marcos Di Falco
- Centre for Structural & Functional Genomics, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke-West Street, Montreal, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Thi Truc Minh Nguyen
- Centre for Structural & Functional Genomics, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke-West Street, Montreal, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Alexander Holm Viborg
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Adrian Tsang
- Centre for Structural & Functional Genomics, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke-West Street, Montreal, H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Emma Master
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E5, Canada.
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, Kemistintie 1, 02150, Espoo, Finland.
| | - Harry Brumer
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
- BioProducts Institute, University of British Columbia, 2385 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z1, Canada.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, 3200 University Boulevard, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Tuveng TR, Østby H, Tamburrini KC, Bissaro B, Hegnar OA, Stepnov AA, Várnai A, Berrin JG, Eijsink VGH. Revisiting the AA14 family of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases and their catalytic activity. FEBS Lett 2023; 597:2086-2102. [PMID: 37418595 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) belonging to the AA14 family are believed to contribute to the enzymatic degradation of lignocellulosic biomass by specifically acting on xylan in recalcitrant cellulose-xylan complexes. Functional characterization of an AA14 LPMO from Trichoderma reesei, TrAA14A, and a re-evaluation of the properties of the previously described AA14 from Pycnoporus coccineus, PcoAA14A, showed that these proteins have oxidase and peroxidase activities that are common for LPMOs. However, we were not able to detect activity on cellulose-associated xylan or any other tested polysaccharide substrate, meaning that the substrate of these enzymes remains unknown. Next to raising questions regarding the true nature of AA14 LPMOs, the present data illustrate possible pitfalls in the functional characterization of these intriguing enzymes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tina R Tuveng
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Heidi Østby
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Ketty C Tamburrini
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, Marseille, France
| | - Bastien Bissaro
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, Marseille, France
| | - Olav A Hegnar
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Anton A Stepnov
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Anikó Várnai
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Jean-Guy Berrin
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, Marseille, France
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Chemin M, Kansou K, Cahier K, Grellier M, Grisel S, Novales B, Moreau C, Villares A, Berrin JG, Cathala B. Optimized Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenase Action Increases Fiber Accessibility and Fibrillation by Releasing Tension Stress in Cellulose Cotton Fibers. Biomacromolecules 2023. [PMID: 37327397 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.3c00303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (LPMO) enzymes have recently shaken up our knowledge of the enzymatic degradation of biopolymers and cellulose in particular. This unique class of metalloenzymes cleaves cellulose and other recalcitrant polysaccharides using an oxidative mechanism. Despite their potential in biomass saccharification and cellulose fibrillation, the detailed mode of action of LPMOs at the surface of cellulose fibers still remains poorly understood and highly challenging to investigate. In this study, we first determined the optimal parameters (temperature, pH, enzyme concentration, and pulp consistency) of LPMO action on the cellulose fibers by analyzing the changes in molar mass distribution of solubilized fibers using high performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC). Using an experimental design approach with a fungal LPMO from the AA9 family (PaLPMO9H) and cotton fibers, we revealed a maximum decrease in molar mass at 26.6 °C and pH 5.5, with 1.6% w/w enzyme loading in dilute cellulose dispersions (100 mg of cellulose at 0.5% w/v). These optimal conditions were used to further investigate the effect of PaLPMO9H on the cellulosic fiber structure. Direct visualization of the fiber surface by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that PaLPMO9H created cracks on the cellulose surface while it attacked tension regions that triggered the rearrangement of cellulose chains. Solid-state NMR indicated that PaLPMO9H increased the lateral fibril dimension and created novel accessible surfaces. This study confirms the LPMO-driven disruption of cellulose fibers and extends our knowledge of the mechanism underlying such modifications. We hypothesize that the oxidative cleavage at the surface of the fibers releases the tension stress with loosening of the fiber structure and peeling of the surface, thereby increasing the accessibility and facilitating fibrillation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sacha Grisel
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ., UMR BBF, F-13009 Marseille, France
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ., 3PE platform, F-13009 Marseille, France
| | - Bruno Novales
- INRAE, BIBS Facility, PROBE Infrastructure, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | | | | | - Jean-Guy Berrin
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ., UMR BBF, F-13009 Marseille, France
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Univ., 3PE platform, F-13009 Marseille, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Guo X, An Y, Lu F, Liu F, Wang B. Efficient Secretory Production of Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenase BaLPMO10 and Its Application in Plant Biomass Conversion. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119710. [PMID: 37298661 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) can oxidatively break the glycosidic bonds of crystalline cellulose, providing more actionable sites for cellulase to facilitate the conversion of cellulose to cello-oligosaccharides, cellobiose and glucose. In this work, a bioinformatics analysis of BaLPMO10 revealed that it is a hydrophobic, stable and secreted protein. By optimizing the fermentation conditions, the highest protein secretion level was found at a IPTG concentration of 0.5 mM and 20 h of fermentation at 37 °C, with a yield of 20 mg/L and purity > 95%. The effect of metal ions on the enzyme activity of BaLPMO10 was measured, and it was found that 10 mM Ca2+ and Na+ increased the enzyme activity by 47.8% and 98.0%, respectively. However, DTT, EDTA and five organic reagents inhibited the enzyme activity of BaLPMO10. Finally, BaLPMO10 was applied in biomass conversion. The degradation of corn stover pretreated with different steam explosions was performed. BaLPMO10 and cellulase had the best synergistic degradation effect on corn stover pretreated at 200 °C for 12 min, improving reducing sugars by 9.2% compared to cellulase alone. BaLPMO10 was found to be the most efficient for ethylenediamine-pretreated Caragana korshinskii by degrading three different biomasses, increasing the content of reducing sugars by 40.5% compared to cellulase alone following co-degradation with cellulase for 48 h. The results of scanning electron microscopy revealed that BaLPMO10 disrupted the structure of Caragana korshinskii, making its surface coarse and poriferous, which increased the accessibility of other enzymes and thus promoted the process of conversion. These findings provide guidance for improving the efficiency of enzymatic digestion of lignocellulosic biomass.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Guo
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300450, China
| | - Yajing An
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300450, China
| | - Fuping Lu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300450, China
| | - Fufeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300450, China
| | - Bo Wang
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Yang Z, Meng H, Wang J, Chen H, Guo X, Yu S. Effect of different NaCl concentration on the structure-function relationship of citrus peel pectins modified by electrochemistry. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125147. [PMID: 37268072 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the modified citrus peel pectins (CPPs) were successfully produced by electrochemistry with varying NaCl concentrations of 0, 0.01 % and 0.1 % w/v using an H-type cell at 40 mA current. After 4 h, the pH and oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) of oxidized CPP solution in the anodic region were 2.00- 2.52 and 371.17- 564.45 mV, respectively, due to the electrolysis of water, whereas those of reduced CPP solution in cathodic region were 9.46- 10.84 and - 202.77 ~ -230.57 mV. The modified CPPs in the anodic region (A-0, A-0.01, and A-0.1) exhibited significantly higher weight-average molecular weights and methyl esterification degrees than those in the cathodic region (C-0, C-0.01 and C-0.1). In contrast, the K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+ contents of A-0, A-0.01, and A-0.1 were lower than those of C-0, C-0.01 and C-0.1 due to the electrophoretic migration. Furthermore, the antioxidant activities of A-0 and A-0.01 solutions were stronger than those of the C-0, C-0.01, and C-0.1, while rheological and texture properties of their hydrogels showed contradictory results. Finally, the potential structure-function relationships of CPPs were explored by combining PCA and correlation analysis. Overall, this study introduced a potential approach for pectin purification and functional low-methoxyl pectin manufacturing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhanwei Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; China-Singapore International Joint Research Institute, Guangzhou 511363, China
| | - Hecheng Meng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510640, China; China-Singapore International Joint Research Institute, Guangzhou 511363, China.
| | - Jin Wang
- The State Centre of Quality Supervision and Inspection for Camellia Products (Jiangxi), Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Hualei Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; China-Singapore International Joint Research Institute, Guangzhou 511363, China
| | - Xiaobing Guo
- School of Food Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Xinjiang Autonomus Region, Shihezi, China
| | - Shujuan Yu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, Guangzhou 510640, China; China-Singapore International Joint Research Institute, Guangzhou 511363, China.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Wang N, Yin Z, Wu Y, Yang J, Zhao Y, Daly P, Pei Y, Zhou D, Dou D, Wei L. A Pythium myriotylum Small Cysteine-Rich Protein Triggers Immune Responses in Diverse Plant Hosts. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2023; 36:283-293. [PMID: 37022145 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-09-22-0187-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The oomycete Pythium myriotylum is a necrotrophic pathogen that infects many crop species worldwide, including ginger, soybean, tomato, and tobacco. Here, we identified a P. myriotylum small cysteine-rich protein, PmSCR1, that induces cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana by screening small, secreted proteins that were induced during infection of ginger and did not have a predicted function at the time of selection. Orthologs of PmSCR1 were found in other Pythium species, but these did not have cell death-inducing activity in N. benthamiana. PmSCR1 encodes a protein containing an auxiliary activity 17 family domain and triggers multiple immune responses in host plants. The elicitor function of PmSCR1 appears to be independent of enzymatic activity, because the heat inactivation of PmSCR1 protein did not affect PmSCR1-induced cell death or other defense responses. The elicitor function of PmSCR1 was also independent of BAK1 and SOBIR1. Furthermore, a small region of the protein, PmSCR186-211, is sufficient for inducing cell death. A pretreatment using the full-length PmSCR1 protein promoted the resistance of soybean and N. benthamiana to Phytophthora sojae and Phytophthora capsici infection, respectively. These results reveal that PmSCR1 is a novel elicitor from P. myriotylum, which exhibits plant immunity-inducing activity in multiple host plants. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2023 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiyuan Yin
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yingke Wu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jishuo Yang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, China
| | - Yaning Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Paul Daly
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong Pei
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dongmei Zhou
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Daolong Dou
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lihui Wei
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Yu X, Zhao Y, Yu J, Wang L. Recent advances in the efficient degradation of lignocellulosic metabolic networks by lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2023; 55:529-539. [PMID: 37036250 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2023059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Along with long-term evolution, the plant cell wall generates lignocellulose and other anti-degradation barriers to confront hydrolysis by fungi. Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (LPMO) is a newly defined oxidase in lignocellulosic degradation systems that significantly fuels hydrolysis. LPMO accepts electrons from wide sources, such as cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDH), glucose-methanol-choline (GMC) oxidoreductases, and small phenols. In addition, the extracellular cometabolic network formed by cosubstrates improves the degradation efficiency, forming a stable and efficient lignocellulose degradation system. In recent years, using structural proteomics to explore the internal structure and the complex redox system of LPMOs has become a research hotspot. In this review, the diversity of LPMOs, catalytic domains, carbohydrate binding modules, direct electron transfer with CDH, cosubstrates, and degradation networks of LPMOs are explored, which can provide a systematic reference for the application of lignocellulosic degradation systems in industrial approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinran Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Junhong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Fermentation Engineering of Beer, Qingdao 266035, China
| | - Lushan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Wang L, Zhao F, Liu H, Chen H, Zhang F, Li S, Sun T, Nekrasov V, Huang S, Dong S. A modified Agrobacterium-mediated transformation for two oomycete pathogens. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011346. [PMID: 37083862 PMCID: PMC10156060 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Oomycetes are a group of filamentous microorganisms that include some of the biggest threats to food security and natural ecosystems. However, much of the molecular basis of the pathogenesis and the development in these organisms remains to be learned, largely due to shortage of efficient genetic manipulation methods. In this study, we developed modified transformation methods for two important oomycete species, Phytophthora infestans and Plasmopara viticola, that bring destructive damage in agricultural production. As part of the study, we established an improved Agrobacterium-mediated transformation (AMT) method by prokaryotic expression in Agrobacterium tumefaciens of AtVIP1 (VirE2-interacting protein 1), an Arabidopsis bZIP gene required for AMT but absent in oomycetes genomes. Using the new method, we achieved an increment in transformation efficiency in two P. infestans strains. We further obtained a positive GFP transformant of P. viticola using the modified AMT method. By combining this method with the CRISPR/Cas12a genome editing system, we successfully performed targeted mutagenesis and generated loss-of-function mutations in two P. infestans genes. We edited a MADS-box transcription factor-encoding gene and found that a homozygous mutation in MADS-box results in poor sporulation and significantly reduced virulence. Meanwhile, a single-copy avirulence effector-encoding gene Avr8 in P. infestans was targeted and the edited transformants were virulent on potato carrying the cognate resistance gene R8, suggesting that loss of Avr8 led to successful evasion of the host immune response by the pathogen. In summary, this study reports on a modified genetic transformation and genome editing system, providing a potential tool for accelerating molecular genetic studies not only in oomycetes, but also other microorganisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Wang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Plant Pathology and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fei Zhao
- Department of Plant Pathology and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haohao Liu
- Department of Plant Pathology and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Han Chen
- Department of Plant Pathology and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Plant Pathology and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Suhua Li
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tongjun Sun
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Vladimir Nekrasov
- Plant Sciences and the Bioeconomy, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, United Kingdom
| | - Sanwen Huang
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Suomeng Dong
- Department of Plant Pathology and Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Disease and Pests (Ministry of Education), Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Sun P, Huang Z, Banerjee S, Kadowaki MAS, Veersma RJ, Magri S, Hilgers R, Muderspach SJ, Laurent CV, Ludwig R, Cannella D, Lo Leggio L, van Berkel WJH, Kabel MA. AA16 Oxidoreductases Boost Cellulose-Active AA9 Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenases from Myceliophthora thermophila. ACS Catal 2023; 13:4454-4467. [PMID: 37066045 PMCID: PMC10088020 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c00874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023]
Abstract
Copper-dependent lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) classified in Auxiliary Activity (AA) families are considered indispensable as synergistic partners for cellulolytic enzymes to saccharify recalcitrant lignocellulosic plant biomass. In this study, we characterized two fungal oxidoreductases from the new AA16 family. We found that MtAA16A from Myceliophthora thermophila and AnAA16A from Aspergillus nidulans did not catalyze the oxidative cleavage of oligo- and polysaccharides. Indeed, the MtAA16A crystal structure showed a fairly LPMO-typical histidine brace active site, but the cellulose-acting LPMO-typical flat aromatic surface parallel to the histidine brace region was lacking. Further, we showed that both AA16 proteins are able to oxidize low-molecular-weight reductants to produce H2O2. The oxidase activity of the AA16s substantially boosted cellulose degradation by four AA9 LPMOs from M. thermophila (MtLPMO9s) but not by three AA9 LPMOs from Neurospora crassa (NcLPMO9s). The interplay with MtLPMO9s is explained by the H2O2-producing capability of the AA16s, which, in the presence of cellulose, allows the MtLPMO9s to optimally drive their peroxygenase activity. Replacement of MtAA16A by glucose oxidase (AnGOX) with the same H2O2-producing activity could only achieve less than 50% of the boosting effect achieved by MtAA16A, and earlier MtLPMO9B inactivation (6 h) was observed. To explain these results, we hypothesized that the delivery of AA16-produced H2O2 to the MtLPMO9s is facilitated by protein-protein interaction. Our findings provide new insights into the functions of copper-dependent enzymes and contribute to a further understanding of the interplay of oxidative enzymes within fungal systems to degrade lignocellulose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peicheng Sun
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University
& Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Zhiyu Huang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sanchari Banerjee
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marco A. S. Kadowaki
- PhotoBioCatalysis
Unit (CPBL) and Biomass Transformation Lab (BTL), École Interfacultaire
de Bioingénieurs (EIB), Université
Libre de Bruxelles, Avenue Franklin D. Roosevelt 50, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Romy J. Veersma
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University
& Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Silvia Magri
- PhotoBioCatalysis
Unit (CPBL) and Biomass Transformation Lab (BTL), École Interfacultaire
de Bioingénieurs (EIB), Université
Libre de Bruxelles, Avenue Franklin D. Roosevelt 50, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Roelant Hilgers
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University
& Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastian J. Muderspach
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christophe V.F.P. Laurent
- Biocatalysis
and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences
(BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
- Institute
of Molecular Modeling and Simulation, Department of Material Sciences
and Process Engineering, University of Natural
Resources and Life Sciences (BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Roland Ludwig
- Biocatalysis
and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences
(BOKU), Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - David Cannella
- PhotoBioCatalysis
Unit (CPBL) and Biomass Transformation Lab (BTL), École Interfacultaire
de Bioingénieurs (EIB), Université
Libre de Bruxelles, Avenue Franklin D. Roosevelt 50, 1050 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Leila Lo Leggio
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Willem J. H. van Berkel
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University
& Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam A. Kabel
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University
& Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Votvik AK, Røhr ÅK, Bissaro B, Stepnov AA, Sørlie M, Eijsink VGH, Forsberg Z. Structural and functional characterization of the catalytic domain of a cell-wall anchored bacterial lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase from Streptomyces coelicolor. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5345. [PMID: 37005446 PMCID: PMC10067821 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32263-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacterial lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are known to oxidize the most abundant and recalcitrant polymers in Nature, namely cellulose and chitin. The genome of the model actinomycete Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) encodes seven putative LPMOs, of which, upon phylogenetic analysis, four group with typical chitin-oxidizing LPMOs, two with typical cellulose-active LPMOs, and one which stands out by being part of a subclade of non-characterized enzymes. The latter enzyme, called ScLPMO10D, and most of the enzymes found in this subclade are unique, not only because of variation in the catalytic domain, but also as their C-terminus contains a cell wall sorting signal (CWSS), which flags the LPMO for covalent anchoring to the cell wall. Here, we have produced a truncated version of ScLPMO10D without the CWSS and determined its crystal structure, EPR spectrum, and various functional properties. While showing several structural and functional features typical for bacterial cellulose active LPMOs, ScLPMO10D is only active on chitin. Comparison with two known chitin-oxidizing LPMOs of different taxa revealed interesting functional differences related to copper reactivity. This study contributes to our understanding of the biological roles of LPMOs and provides a foundation for structural and functional comparison of phylogenetically distant LPMOs with similar substrate specificities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K Votvik
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Åsmund K Røhr
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Bastien Bissaro
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432, Ås, Norway
- INRAE, Aix Marseille University, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, 13009, Marseille, France
| | - Anton A Stepnov
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Morten Sørlie
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Zarah Forsberg
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Food Science, The Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432, Ås, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Ipsen JØ, Johansen KS, Brander S. A fast, sensitive and fluorescent LPMO activity assay. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1128470. [PMID: 36998406 PMCID: PMC10043361 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1128470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are industrially relevant enzymes that utilize a copper co-factor and an oxygen species to break down recalcitrant polysaccharides. These enzymes are secreted by microorganisms and are used in lignocellulosic refineries. As such, they are interesting from both the ecological/biological and industrial perspectives. Here we describe the development of a new fluorescence-based kinetic LPMO activity assay. The assay is based on the enzymatic production of fluorescein from its reduced counterpart. The assay can detect as little as 1 nM LPMO with optimized assay conditions. Furthermore, the reduced fluorescein substrate can also be used to identify peroxidase activity as seen by the formation of fluorescein by horseradish peroxidase. The assay was shown to work well at relatively low H2O2 and dehydroascorbate concentrations. The applicability of the assay was demonstrated.
Collapse
|
39
|
Sun XB, Gao DY, Cao JW, Liu Y, Rong ZT, Wang JK, Wang Q. BsLPMO10A from Bacillus subtilis boosts the depolymerization of diverse polysaccharides linked via β-1,4-glycosidic bonds. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 230:123133. [PMID: 36621733 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (LPMO) is known as an oxidatively cleaving enzyme in recalcitrant polysaccharide deconstruction. Herein, we report a novel AA10 LPMO derived from Bacillus subtilis (BsLPMO10A). A substrate specificity study revealed that the enzyme exhibited an extensive active-substrate spectrum, particularly for polysaccharides linked via β-1,4 glycosidic bonds, such as β-(Man1 → 4Man), β-(Glc1 → 4Glc) and β-(Xyl1 → 4Xyl). HPAEC-PAD and MALDI-TOF-MS analyses indicated that BsLPMO10A dominantly liberated native oligosaccharides with a degree of polymerization (DP) of 3-6 and C1-oxidized oligosaccharides ranging from DP3ox to DP6ox from mixed linkage glucans and beechwood xylan. Due to its synergistic action with a variety of glycoside hydrolases, including glucanase IDSGLUC5-38, xylanase TfXYN11-1, cellulase IDSGLUC5-11 and chitinase BtCHI18-1, BsLPMO10A dramatically accelerated glucan, xylan, cellulose and chitin saccharification. After co-reaction for 72 h, the reducing sugars in Icelandic moss lichenan, beechwood xylan, phosphoric acid swollen cellulose and chitin yielded 3176 ± 97, 7436 ± 165, 649 ± 44, and 2604 ± 130 μmol/L, which were 1.47-, 1.56-, 1.44- and 1.25-fold higher than those in the GHs alone groups, respectively (P < 0.001). In addition, the synergy of BsLPMO10A and GHs was further validated by the degradation of natural feedstuffs, the co-operation of BsLPMO10A and GHs released 3266 ± 182 and 1725 ± 107 μmol/L of reducing sugars from Oryza sativa L. and Arachis hypogaea L. straws, respectively, which were significantly higher than those produced by GHs alone (P < 0.001). Furthermore, BsLPMO10A also accelerated the liberation of reducing sugars from Celluclast® 1.5 L, a commercial cellulase cocktail, on filter paper, A. hypogaea L. and O. sativa L. straws by 49.58 % (P < 0.05), 72.19 % (P < 0.001) and 54.36 % (P < 0.05), respectively. This work has characterized BsLPMO10A with a broad active-substrate scope, providing a promising candidate for lignocellulosic biomass biorefinery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Bao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - De-Ying Gao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jia-Wen Cao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhou-Ting Rong
- College of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Jia-Kun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Institute of Dairy Science, College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Kommedal EG, Angeltveit CF, Klau LJ, Ayuso-Fernández I, Arstad B, Antonsen SG, Stenstrøm Y, Ekeberg D, Gírio F, Carvalheiro F, Horn SJ, Aachmann FL, Eijsink VGH. Visible light-exposed lignin facilitates cellulose solubilization by lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1063. [PMID: 36828821 PMCID: PMC9958194 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36660-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) catalyze oxidative cleavage of crystalline polysaccharides such as cellulose and are crucial for the conversion of plant biomass in Nature and in industrial applications. Sunlight promotes microbial conversion of plant litter; this effect has been attributed to photochemical degradation of lignin, a major redox-active component of secondary plant cell walls that limits enzyme access to the cell wall carbohydrates. Here, we show that exposing lignin to visible light facilitates cellulose solubilization by promoting formation of H2O2 that fuels LPMO catalysis. Light-driven H2O2 formation is accompanied by oxidation of ring-conjugated olefins in the lignin, while LPMO-catalyzed oxidation of phenolic hydroxyls leads to the required priming reduction of the enzyme. The discovery that light-driven abiotic reactions in Nature can fuel H2O2-dependent redox enzymes involved in deconstructing lignocellulose may offer opportunities for bioprocessing and provides an enzymatic explanation for the known effect of visible light on biomass conversion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eirik G Kommedal
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Camilla F Angeltveit
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Leesa J Klau
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Iván Ayuso-Fernández
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Bjørnar Arstad
- SINTEF Industry, Process Chemistry and Functional Materials, 0373, Oslo, Norway
| | - Simen G Antonsen
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Yngve Stenstrøm
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Dag Ekeberg
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Francisco Gírio
- National Laboratory of Energy and Geology (LNEG), 1649-038, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Svein J Horn
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432, Ås, Norway
| | - Finn Lillelund Aachmann
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Vincent G H Eijsink
- Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432, Ås, Norway.
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Verticillium dahliae Effector VdCE11 Contributes to Virulence by Promoting Accumulation and Activity of the Aspartic Protease GhAP1 from Cotton. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0354722. [PMID: 36656049 PMCID: PMC9927275 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03547-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Verticillium dahliae is a soilborne plant fungal pathogen that causes Verticillium wilt, a disease that reduces the yields of many economically important crops. Despite its worldwide distribution and harmful impacts, much remains unknown regarding how the numerous effectors of V. dahliae modulate plant immunity. Here, we identified the intracellular effector VdCE11 that induces cell death and defense responses in Nicotiana benthamiana to counter leaf pathogens such as Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Botrytis cinerea. VdCE11 also contributes to the virulence of V. dahliae in cotton and Arabidopsis. Yeast two-hybrid library screening and immunoprecipitation revealed that VdCE11 interacts physically with the cotton aspartic protease GhAP1. GhAP1 and its Arabidopsis homolog AtAP1 are negative regulators of plant immunity, since disruption of either increased the resistance of cotton or Arabidopsis to V. dahliae. Further, VdCE11 plays a role in promoting the accumulation of the AP1 proteins and increasing its hydrolase activity. Taken together, these results indicate a novel mechanism regulating virulence whereby the secreted effector VdCE11 increases cotton susceptibility to V. dahliae by promoting the accumulation and activity of GhAP1. IMPORTANCE Verticclium dahliae is a plant fungal pathogen that causes a destructive vascular disease on a large number of plant hosts, resulting in great threat to agricultural production. In this study, we identified a V. dahliae effector VdCE11 that induces cell death and defense responses in Nicotiana benthamiana. Meanwhile, VdCE11 contributes to the virulence of V. dahliae in cotton and Arabidopsis. Yeast two-hybrid library screening and immunoprecipitation revealed that VdCE11 interacts physically with the cotton aspartic protease GhAP1. GhAP1 and its Arabidopsis homolog AtAP1 are negative regulators of plant immunity since disruption of either increased the resistance of cotton or Arabidopsis to V. dahliae. Further research showed that VdCE11 plays a role in promoting the accumulation of the AP1 proteins and increasing its hydrolase activity. These results suggested that a novel mechanism regulating virulence whereby VdCE11 increases susceptibility to V. dahliae by promoting the accumulation and activity of GhAP1 in the host.
Collapse
|
42
|
Fu KK, Liang J, Wan W, Jing X, Feng H, Cai Y, Zhou S. Overexpression of SQUALENE SYNTHASE Reduces Nicotiana benthamiana Resistance against Phytophthora infestans. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13020261. [PMID: 36837880 PMCID: PMC9960828 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13020261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant triterpenoids play a critical role in plant resistance against Phytophthora infestans de Bary, the causal pathogen of potato and tomato late blight. However, different triterpenoids could have contrasting functions on plant resistance against P. infestans. In this study, we targeted the key biosynthetic gene of all plant triterpenoids, SQUALENE SYNTHASE (SQS), to examine the function of this gene in plant-P. infestans interactions. A post-inoculation, time-course gene expression analysis revealed that SQS expression was induced in Nicotiana benthamiana but was transiently suppressed in Solanum lycopersicum. Consistent with the host-specific changes in SQS expression, concentrations of major triterpenoid compounds were only induced in S. lycopersicum. A stable overexpression of SQS in N. benthamiana reduced plant resistance against P. infestans and induced the hyperaccumulation of stigmasterol. A comparative transcriptomics analysis of the transgenic lines showed that diverse plant physiological processes were influenced by SQS overexpression, suggesting that phytosterol content regulation may not be the sole mechanism through which SQS promotes plant susceptibility towards P. infestans. This study provides experimental evidence for the host-specific transcriptional regulation and function of SQS in plant interactions with P. infestans, offering a novel perspective in examining the quantitative disease resistance against late blight.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Ke Fu
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Junhao Liang
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Loess Plateau Crop Pest Management of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Wei Wan
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Xiangfeng Jing
- Key Laboratory of Northwest Loess Plateau Crop Pest Management of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Hongjie Feng
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yanling Cai
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
- Correspondence: (Y.C.); (S.Z.)
| | - Shaoqun Zhou
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China
- Correspondence: (Y.C.); (S.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Hagemann MM, Hedegård ED. Molecular Mechanism of Substrate Oxidation in Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenases: Insight from Theoretical Investigations. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202379. [PMID: 36207279 PMCID: PMC10107554 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are copper enzymes that today comprise a large enzyme superfamily, grouped into the distinct members AA9-AA17 (with AA12 exempted). The LPMOs have the potential to facilitate the upcycling of biomass waste products by boosting the breakdown of cellulose and other recalcitrant polysaccharides. The cellulose biopolymer is the main component of biomass waste and thus comprises a large, unexploited resource. The LPMOs work through a catalytic, oxidative reaction whose mechanism is still controversial. For instance, the nature of the intermediate performing the oxidative reaction is an open question, and the same holds for the employed co-substrate. Here we review theoretical investigations addressing these questions. The applied theoretical methods are usually based on quantum mechanics (QM), often combined with molecular mechanics (QM/MM). We discuss advantages and disadvantages of the employed theoretical methods and comment on the interplay between theoretical and experimental results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marlisa M Hagemann
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense, Denmark
| | - Erik D Hedegård
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, 5230, Odense, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Walton PH, Davies GJ, Diaz DE, Franco‐Cairo JP. The histidine brace: nature's copper alternative to haem? FEBS Lett 2023; 597:485-494. [PMID: 36660911 PMCID: PMC10952591 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The copper histidine brace is a structural unit in metalloproteins (Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2011, 108, 15079). It consists of a copper ion chelated by the NH2 and π-N atom of an N-terminal histidine, and the τ-N atom of a further histidine, in an overall T-shaped coordination geometry (Nat Catal 2018, 1, 571). Like haem-containing proteins, histidine-brace-containing proteins have peroxygenase and/or oxygenase activity, where the substrates are notable for resistance to oxidation, for example, lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs). Moreover, the histidine brace is an invariant unit around which different protein structures exert different activities. Given the similarities in the diversity of function of proteins that contain either the copper histidine brace or haem, the question arises as to whether the functions of histidine brace-containing proteins duplicate those containing haem groups.
Collapse
|
45
|
Voiniciuc C. It's time to go glyco in cell wall bioengineering. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 71:102313. [PMID: 36411187 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Tailoring the structure of cellulose, hemicellulose or pectin in plant cell walls can modulate growth, disease resistance, biomass yield and other important agronomic traits. Recent advances in the biosynthesis of microfibrils and matrix polysaccharides force us to re-examine old assumptions about the assembly and functions of cell wall components. The engineering of living or hybrid materials in microorganisms could be adapted to plant biopolymers or to inspire the development of new plant-based composites. High-throughput cellular factories and synthetic biology toolkits could unveil the biological roles and biotechnological potential of the large, unexplored space of carbohydrate-active enzymes. Increasing automation and enhanced carbohydrate detection methods are unlocking new routes to design plant glycans for a sustainable bioeconomy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cătălin Voiniciuc
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Zhang H, Zhou H, Zhao Y, Li T, Yin H. Comparative studies of two AA10 family lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases from Bacillus thuringiensis. PeerJ 2023; 11:e14670. [PMID: 36684673 PMCID: PMC9851047 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacillus thuringiensis, known to be one of the most important biocontrol microorganisms, contains three AA10 family lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) in its genome. In previous reports, two of them, BtLPMO10A and BtLPMO10B, have been preliminarily characterized. However, some important biochemical features and substrate preference, as well as their potential applications in chitin degradation, still deserve further investigation. Results from present study showed that both BtLPMO10A and BtLPMO10B exhibit similar catalytic domains as well as highly conserved substrate-binding planes. However, unlike BtLPMO10A, which has comparable binding ability to both crystalline and amorphous form of chitins, BtLPMO10B exhibited much stronger binding ability to colloidal chitin, which mainly attribute to its carbohydrate-binding module-5 (CBM5). Interestingly, the relative high binding ability of BtLPMO10B to colloidal chitin does not lead to high catalytic activity of the enzyme. In contrast, the enzyme exhibited higher activity on β-chitin. Further experiments showed that the binding of BtLPMO10B to colloidal chitin was mainly non-productive, indicating a complicated role for CBM5 in LPMO activity. Furthermore, synergistic experiments demonstrated that both LPMOs boosted the activity of the chitinase, and the higher efficiency of BtLPMO10A can be overridden by BtLPMO10B.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huiyan Zhang
- Biotechnology Department, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Haichuan Zhou
- Biotechnology Department, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Yong Zhao
- Biotechnology Department, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Tang Li
- Biotechnology Department, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| | - Heng Yin
- Biotechnology Department, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Piombo E, Kelbessa BG, Sundararajan P, Whisson SC, Vetukuri RR, Dubey M. RNA silencing proteins and small RNAs in oomycete plant pathogens and biocontrol agents. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1076522. [PMID: 37032886 PMCID: PMC10080066 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1076522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Oomycetes cause several damaging diseases of plants and animals, and some species also act as biocontrol agents on insects, fungi, and other oomycetes. RNA silencing is increasingly being shown to play a role in the pathogenicity of Phytophthora species, either through trans-boundary movement of small RNAs (sRNAs) or through expression regulation of infection promoting effectors. Methods To gain a wider understanding of RNA silencing in oomycete species with more diverse hosts, we mined genome assemblies for Dicer-like (DCL), Argonaute (AGO), and RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RDRP) proteins from Phytophthora plurivora, Ph. cactorum, Ph. colocasiae, Pythium oligandrum, Py. periplocum, and Lagenidium giganteum. Moreover, we sequenced small RNAs from the mycelium stage in each of these species. Results and discussion Each of the species possessed a single DCL protein, but they differed in the number and sequence of AGOs and RDRPs. SRNAs of 21nt, 25nt, and 26nt were prevalent in all oomycetes analyzed, but the relative abundance and 5' base preference of these classes differed markedly between genera. Most sRNAs mapped to transposons and other repeats, signifying that the major role for RNA silencing in oomycetes is to limit the expansion of these elements. We also found that sRNAs may act to regulate the expression of duplicated genes. Other sRNAs mapped to several gene families, and this number was higher in Pythium spp., suggesting a role of RNA silencing in regulating gene expression. Genes for most effector classes were the source of sRNAs of variable size, but some gene families showed a preference for specific classes of sRNAs, such as 25/26 nt sRNAs targeting RxLR effector genes in Phytophthora species. Novel miRNA-like RNAs (milRNAs) were discovered in all species, and two were predicted to target transcripts for RxLR effectors in Ph. plurivora and Ph. cactorum, indicating a putative role in regulating infection. Moreover, milRNAs from the biocontrol Pythium species had matches in the predicted transcriptome of Phytophthora infestans and Botrytis cinerea, and L. giganteum milRNAs matched candidate genes in the mosquito Aedes aegypti. This suggests that trans-boundary RNA silencing may have a role in the biocontrol action of these oomycetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Piombo
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bekele Gelena Kelbessa
- Department of Plant Breeding, Horticum, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Lomma, Sweden
| | - Poorva Sundararajan
- Department of Plant Breeding, Horticum, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Lomma, Sweden
| | - Stephen C. Whisson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Sciences, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Ramesh Raju Vetukuri
- Department of Plant Breeding, Horticum, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Lomma, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Ramesh Raju Vetukuri, ; Mukesh Dubey,
| | - Mukesh Dubey
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Ramesh Raju Vetukuri, ; Mukesh Dubey,
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Schwaiger L, Zenone A, Csarman F, Ludwig R. Continuous photometric activity assays for lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase-Critical assessment and practical considerations. Methods Enzymol 2022; 679:381-404. [PMID: 36682872 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2022.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase (LPMO) is a monocopper-dependent enzyme that cleaves glycosidic bonds by using an oxidative mechanism. In nature, they act in concert with cellobiohydrolases to facilitate the efficient degradation of lignocellulosic biomass. After more than a decade of LPMO research, it has become evident that LPMOs are abundant in all domains of life and fulfill a diverse range of biological functions. Independent of their biological function and the preferred polysaccharide substrate, studying and characterizing LPMOs is tedious and so far mostly relied on the discontinuous analysis of the solubilized reaction products by HPLC/MS-based methods. In the absence of appropriate substrates, LPMOs can engage in two off-pathway reactions, i.e., an oxidase and a peroxidase-like activity. These futile reactions have been exploited to set up easy-to-use continuous spectroscopic assays. As the natural substrates of newly discovered LPMOs are often unknown, widely applicable, simple, reliable, and robust spectroscopic assays are required to monitor LPMO expression and to perform initial biochemical characterizations, e.g., thermal stability measurements. Here we provide detailed descriptions and practical protocols to perform continuous photometric assays using either 2,6-dimethoxyphenol (2,6-DMP) or hydrocoerulignone as colorimetric substrates as a broadly applicable assay for a range of LPMOs. In addition, a turbidimetric measurement is described as the currently only method available to continuously monitor LPMOs acting on amorphous cellulose.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorenz Schwaiger
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alice Zenone
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Csarman
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Roland Ludwig
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Identification of RT-qPCR reference genes suitable for gene function studies in the pitaya canker disease pathogen Neoscytalidium dimidiatum. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22357. [PMID: 36572711 PMCID: PMC9792573 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-27041-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Neoscytalidium dimidiatum is the main causal agent of pitaya canker. Most studies of virulence and pathogenicity genes have measured expression levels using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Suitable reference genes are essential for ensuring that estimates of gene expression levels by RT-qPCR are accurate. However, no reference genes can be robustly applied across all contexts and species. No studies to date have evaluated the most effective reference genes for normalizing gene expression levels estimated by RT-qPCR in N. dimidiatum. In this study, RT-qPCR data for individual candidate reference genes were analyzed using four different methods: the delta Ct method and the geNorm, NormFinder, and BestKeeper algorithms. We evaluated the utility of eight candidate reference genes (18S rRNA, Actin (1), Actin (2), Actin, GAPDH (1), GAPDH (2), UBQ, and Tubulin) for normalizing expression levels estimated by RT-qPCR in N. dimidiatum at different developmental stages, at different temperatures, and during interaction with pitaya. All candidate reference genes were suitable for gene expression analysis except for Actin (2). Tubulin and Actin (1) were the most stably expressed reference genes under different temperatures. Actin (1) and Actin were the most stably expressed reference genes in N. dimidiatum at different developmental stages. Tubulin and UBQ were the most stably expressed reference genes during interaction with pitaya. Actin and 18s rRNA were the most stably expressed across all experimental conditions. Subsequently, Tubulin and UBQ were further investigated in analyses of pectinase expression during the pitaya-N. dimidiatum interaction. Our results provide insights that will aid future RT-qPCR studies of gene expression in N. dimidiatum.
Collapse
|
50
|
Bissaro B, Kodama S, Nishiuchi T, Díaz-Rovira AM, Hage H, Ribeaucourt D, Haon M, Grisel S, Simaan AJ, Beisson F, Forget SM, Brumer H, Rosso MN, Guallar V, O’Connell R, Lafond M, Kubo Y, Berrin JG. Tandem metalloenzymes gate plant cell entry by pathogenic fungi. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eade9982. [PMID: 36542709 PMCID: PMC9770985 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.ade9982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Global food security is endangered by fungal phytopathogens causing devastating crop production losses. Many of these pathogens use specialized appressoria cells to puncture plant cuticles. Here, we unveil a pair of alcohol oxidase-peroxidase enzymes to be essential for pathogenicity. Using Colletotrichum orbiculare, we show that the enzyme pair is cosecreted by the fungus early during plant penetration and that single and double mutants have impaired penetration ability. Molecular modeling, biochemical, and biophysical approaches revealed a fine-tuned interplay between these metalloenzymes, which oxidize plant cuticular long-chain alcohols into aldehydes. We show that the enzyme pair is involved in transcriptional regulation of genes necessary for host penetration. The identification of these infection-specific metalloenzymes opens new avenues on the role of wax-derived compounds and the design of oxidase-specific inhibitors for crop protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bastien Bissaro
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Université, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Sayo Kodama
- Faculty of Agriculture, Setsunan University, 573-0101 Osaka, Japan
| | - Takumi Nishiuchi
- Division of Functional Genomics, Advanced Science Research Center, Kanazawa University, 920-0934 Kanazawa, Japan
| | | | - Hayat Hage
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Université, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - David Ribeaucourt
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Université, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, 13009 Marseille, France
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France
- V. Mane Fils, 620 route de Grasse, 06620 Le Bar sur Loup, France
| | - Mireille Haon
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Université, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Sacha Grisel
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Université, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - A. Jalila Simaan
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France
| | - Fred Beisson
- CEA, CNRS, Aix Marseille Université, Institut de Biosciences et Biotechnologies d’Aix-Marseille (UMR7265), CEA Cadarache, 13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance, France
| | - Stephanie M. Forget
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Harry Brumer
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Marie-Noëlle Rosso
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Université, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Victor Guallar
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Plaça Eusebi Güell, 1-3, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, E-08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Richard O’Connell
- INRAE, UMR BIOGER, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Mickaël Lafond
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France
| | - Yasuyuki Kubo
- Faculty of Agriculture, Setsunan University, 573-0101 Osaka, Japan
- Corresponding author. (Y.K.); (J.-G.B.)
| | - Jean-Guy Berrin
- INRAE, Aix Marseille Université, UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, 13009 Marseille, France
- Corresponding author. (Y.K.); (J.-G.B.)
| |
Collapse
|