1
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Ye Z, Ma W, Zhang X, Liu H, Zhang F. Electrochemically Driven Nickel-Catalyzed Enantioselective Hydro-Arylation/Alkenylation of Enones. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2405926. [PMID: 39264302 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202405926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Revised: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/13/2024]
Abstract
Herein, the study reports the first electrochemical nickel-catalyzed enantioselective hydro-arylation/alkenylation of enones in an undivided cell with low-cost electrodes in the absence of external reductants and supporting electrolytes. Aryl bromides/iodides/triflates or alkenyl bromides are employed as electrophiles for the efficient preparation of more than 56 valuable β-arylated/alkenylated ketones in a simple manner (up to 97% yield, 97% ee). With the advantages of electrochemistry, excellent functional group tolerance and late-stage modification of complex natural products and pharmaceuticals made the established protocol greener and more economic. Mechanism investigation suggests that a NiI/NiIII cycle may be involved in this electro-reductive reaction rather than metal reductant driven Ni0/NiII cycle. Overall, the efficient electrochemical activation and turnover of the nickel catalyst avoid the drawbacks posed by the employment of stoichiometric amount of sensitive metal powder reductants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenghui Ye
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311399, China
| | - Weiyuan Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311399, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311399, China
| | - Huaqing Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311399, China
| | - Fengzhi Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311399, China
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2
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Zhu P, Zhao Y, Ling S, Xu B, Liu H, Li X, Sun FG. Nickel-Catalyzed Desulfurative Cross-Coupling of Aryl Iodides with Heteroaromatic Thioethers via C-S Bond Cleavage. J Org Chem 2024; 89:12001-12009. [PMID: 39145751 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we present a Ni-catalyzed direct cross-coupling of heteroaromatic thioethers with aryl iodides via selective C(sp2)-S bond cleavage under reductive conditions, thereby providing various biaryl frameworks with high efficiency. Mechanistic studies suggested Mo(CO)6 played a crucial role in facilitating the activation of the C(sp2)-S bond. This protocol demonstrated a wide substrate scope, operational simplicity, and good functional group compatibility. Furthermore, the utility of this reaction was highlighted by facile scale-up and sequential modification of heteroaryl frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingliang Zhu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, 266 West Xincun Road, Zibo 255049, P. R. China
| | - Yu Zhao
- School of Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, 266 West Xincun Road, Zibo 255049, P. R. China
| | - Shaowen Ling
- School of Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, 266 West Xincun Road, Zibo 255049, P. R. China
| | - Baolong Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, 266 West Xincun Road, Zibo 255049, P. R. China
| | - Hui Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, 266 West Xincun Road, Zibo 255049, P. R. China
| | - Xinjin Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, 266 West Xincun Road, Zibo 255049, P. R. China
| | - Feng-Gang Sun
- School of Chemical Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, 266 West Xincun Road, Zibo 255049, P. R. China
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3
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Su ZM, Deng R, Stahl SS. Zinc and manganese redox potentials in organic solvents and their influence on nickel-catalysed cross-electrophile coupling. Nat Chem 2024:10.1038/s41557-024-01627-5. [PMID: 39242931 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-024-01627-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/08/2024] [Indexed: 09/09/2024]
Abstract
Zinc and manganese are widely used as reductants in synthetic methods, such as nickel-catalysed cross-electrophile coupling (XEC) reactions, but their redox potentials are unknown in organic solvents. Here we show how open-circuit potential measurements may be used to determine the thermodynamic potentials of Zn and Mn in different organic solvents and in the presence of common reaction additives. The impact of these Zn and Mn potentials is analysed for a pair of Ni-catalysed reactions, each showing a preference for one of the two reductants. Ni-catalysed coupling of N-alkyl-2,4,6-triphenylpyridinium reagents (Katritzky salts) with aryl halides are then compared under chemical reaction conditions, using Zn or Mn reductants, and under electrochemical conditions performed at applied potentials corresponding to the Zn and Mn reduction potentials and at potentials optimized to achieve the maximum yield. The collective results illuminate the important role of reductant redox potential in Ni-catalysed XEC reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Ming Su
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ruohan Deng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Shannon S Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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4
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Dinh LP, Starbuck HF, Hamby TB, LaLama MJ, He CQ, Kalyani D, Sevov CS. Persistent organonickel complexes as general platforms for Csp 2-Csp 3 coupling reactions. Nat Chem 2024; 16:1515-1522. [PMID: 38684816 PMCID: PMC11374490 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-024-01528-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The importance of constructing Csp2-Csp3 bonds has motivated the development of electrochemical, photochemical and thermal activation methods to reductively couple abundant aryl and alkyl electrophiles. However, these methodologies are limited to couplings of very specific substrate classes and require specialized sets of catalysts and reaction set-ups. Here we show a consolidation of these myriad strategies into a single set of conditions that enable reliable alkyl-aryl couplings, including those that were previously unknown. These reactions rely on the discovery of unusually persistent organonickel complexes that serve as stoichiometric platforms for C(sp2)-C(sp3) coupling. Aryl, heteroaryl or vinyl complexes of Ni can be inexpensively prepared on a multigram scale by mild electroreduction from the corresponding C(sp2) electrophile. Organonickel complexes can be isolated and stored or telescoped directly to reliably diversify drug-like molecules. Finally, the procedure was miniaturized to micromole scales by integrating soluble battery chemistries as redox initiators, enabling a high-throughput exploration of substrate diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long P Dinh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Hunter F Starbuck
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Taylor B Hamby
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Matthew J LaLama
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Cyndi Q He
- Modelling & Informatics, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | | | - Christo S Sevov
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA.
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5
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Wu J, Purushothaman R, Kallert F, Homölle SL, Ackermann L. Electrochemical Glycosylation via Halogen-Atom-Transfer for C-Glycoside Assembly. ACS Catal 2024; 14:11532-11544. [PMID: 39114086 PMCID: PMC11301629 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.4c02322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Glycosyl donor activation emerged as an enabling technology for anomeric functionalization, but aimed primarily at O-glycosylation. In contrast, we herein disclose mechanistically distinct electrochemical glycosyl bromide donor activations via halogen-atom transfer and anomeric C-glycosylation. The anomeric radical addition to alkenes led to C-alkyl glycoside synthesis under precious metal-free reaction conditions from readily available glycosyl bromides. The robustness of our e-XAT strategy was further mirrored by C-aryl and C-acyl glycosides assembly through nickela-electrocatalysis. Our approach provides an orthogonal strategy for glycosyl donor activation with expedient scope, hence representing a general method for direct C-glycosides assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Felix Kallert
- Wöhler-Research Institute
for Sustainable Chemistry, Georg-August-Universität
Göttingen, Tammannstraße
2, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Simon L. Homölle
- Wöhler-Research Institute
for Sustainable Chemistry, Georg-August-Universität
Göttingen, Tammannstraße
2, Göttingen 37077, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Wöhler-Research Institute
for Sustainable Chemistry, Georg-August-Universität
Göttingen, Tammannstraße
2, Göttingen 37077, Germany
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6
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Zhang X, Ye Z, Li Y, Zhao Z, Ma W, Zhang F. Electrochemical Nickel-Catalyzed Cross-Electrophile Coupling of Alkenyl Triflates with α-Chloroamides. Org Lett 2024; 26:6364-6369. [PMID: 39051850 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c02072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Cross-electrophile coupling reactions of different electrophiles have been extensively studied but mainly limited to bromides and iodides. Here, we report an electrochemically induced nickel-catalyzed cross-electrophile coupling strategy between alkenyl triflates and α-chloroamides in an undivided cell under mild reaction conditions, affording the α-functionalized amide derivatives in good to excellent yields with broad substrate scopes and good functional group tolerance. The control experiments were conducted, and a plausible mechanism was proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
| | - Zenghui Ye
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
| | - Yicai Li
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
| | - Ziqiang Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
| | - Weiyuan Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
| | - Fengzhi Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310014, P. R. China
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7
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Lin PC, Wong CD, Jarvo ER. Cross-selective Deoxygenative Coupling of Aliphatic Alcohols: Installation of Methyl Groups including Isotopic Labels by Nickel Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202403119. [PMID: 38604974 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202403119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Nickel-catalyzed cross-electrophile coupling reactions of two aliphatic alcohol derivatives remain a challenge. Herein, we report a nickel-catalyzed reductive methylation reaction of aliphatic mesylates with methyl tosylate. This reaction provides straightforward access to compounds bearing aliphatic methyl groups from alkyl alcohol derivatives. Isotopically labelled substrates and reagents can be employed in the reaction to provide perdeuterated and 13C-labelled products. This transformation can be achieved by employing stoichiometric Mn reductant or electrochemically. Additionally, mechanistic experiments show that alkyl iodides are key intermediates in the transformation which undergo a stereoablative reaction via radical intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia C Lin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, 92617, United States
| | - Chloe D Wong
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, 92617, United States
| | - Elizabeth R Jarvo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California, 92617, United States
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8
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Lian F, Li JL, Xu K. When transition-metal catalysis meets electrosynthesis: a recent update. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:4390-4419. [PMID: 38771266 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00484a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
While aiming at sustainable synthesis, organic electrosynthesis has attracted increasing attention in the past few years. In parallel, with a deeper understanding of catalyst and ligand design, 3d transition-metal catalysis allows the conception of more straightforward synthetic routes in a cost-effective fashion. Owing to their intrinsic advantages, the merger of organic electrosynthesis with 3d transition-metal catalysis has offered huge opportunities for conceptually novel transformations while limiting ecological footprint. This review summarizes the key advancements in this direction published in the recent two years, with specific focus placed on strategy design and mechanistic aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Lian
- School of Medicine, Henan Engineering Research Center of Funiu Mountain's Medicinal Resources Utilization and Molecular Medicine, Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan 467000, China.
| | - Jiu-Ling Li
- School of Medicine, Henan Engineering Research Center of Funiu Mountain's Medicinal Resources Utilization and Molecular Medicine, Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan 467000, China.
| | - Kun Xu
- College of Chemistry and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
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9
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Luo J, Davenport MT, Ess DH, Liu TL. Electro/Ni Dual-Catalyzed Decarboxylative C(sp 3)-C(sp 2) Cross-Coupling Reactions of Carboxylates and Aryl Bromide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202403844. [PMID: 38518115 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202403844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Paired redox-neutral electrolysis offers an attractive green platform for organic synthesis by avoiding sacrificial oxidants and reductants. Carboxylates are non-toxic, stable, inexpensive, and widely available, making them ideal nucleophiles for C-C cross-coupling reactions. Here, we report the electro/Ni dual-catalyzed redox-neutral decarboxylative C(sp3)-C(sp2) cross-coupling reactions of pristine carboxylates with aryl bromides. At a cathode, a NiII(Ar)(Br) intermediate is formed through the activation of Ar-Br bond by a NiI-bipyridine catalyst and subsequent reduction. At an anode, the carboxylates, including amino acid, benzyl carboxylic acid, and 2-phenoxy propionic acid, undergo oxidative decarboxylation to form carbon-based free radicals. The combination of NiII(Ar)(Br) intermediate and carbon radical results in the formation of C(sp3)-C(sp2) cross-coupling products. The adaptation of this electrosynthesis method to flow synthesis and valuable molecule synthesis was demonstrated. The reaction mechanism was systematically studied through electrochemical voltammetry and density functional theory (DFT) computational studies. The relationships between the electrochemical properties of carboxylates and the reaction selectivity were revealed. The electro/Ni dual-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions described herein expand the chemical space of paired electrochemical C(sp3)-C(sp2) cross-coupling and represent a promising method for the construction of the C(sp3)-C(sp2) bonds because of the ubiquitous carboxylate nucleophiles and the innate scalability and flexibility of electrochemical flow-synthesis technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Luo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, 0300 Old Main Hill, Logan, Utah, 84322, United States
| | - Michael T Davenport
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, 84604, United States
| | - Daniel H Ess
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah, 84604, United States
| | - T Leo Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, 0300 Old Main Hill, Logan, Utah, 84322, United States
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10
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Zhang H, Ye Z, Tang J, Wu Y, Zhang X, Ma W, Zhan Z, Zhang F. Electrochemical Reductive Cross-Coupling of Alkyl or Alkenyl Halides with gem-Difluoroalkenes. J Org Chem 2024. [PMID: 38743653 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we describe an electroreductive cross-electrophile coupling protocol for the construction of valuable monofluoroalkenes from easily accessible alkyl or alkenyl halides with gem-difluoroalkenes. The reaction can be conducted under sustainable and mild conditions delivering valuable and functionalized monofluoroalkenes with excellent Z-selectivity. The protocol's most notable advantage is the in situ release of nickel catalyst from the inexpensive electrodes without the addition of extra hazardous metal catalyst and superstoichiometric reductant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310014, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zenghui Ye
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, 311399, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Jiyuan Tang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310014, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yanqi Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, 311399, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Xi Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, 311399, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Weiyuan Ma
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, 311399, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Zhajun Zhan
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, 310014, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Fengzhi Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Medical College, 311399, Hangzhou, P. R. China
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11
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Li X, Deng W, Wen Y, Wang Z, Zhou J, Li Z, Li Y, Hu J, Huang Y. Electrochemically Driven para-Selective C(sp 2)-H Alkylation Enabled by Activation of Alkyl Halides without Sacrificial Anodes. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400010. [PMID: 38389032 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
With alkyl halides (I, Br, Cl) as a coupling partner, an electrochemically driven strategy for para-selective C(sp2)-H alkylation of electron-deficient arenes (aryl esters, aldehydes, nitriles, and ketones) has been achieved to access diverse alkylated arenes in one step. The reaction enables the activation of alkyl halides in the absence of sacrificial anodes, achieving the formation of C(sp2)-C(sp3) bonds under mild electrolytic conditions. The utility of this protocol is reflected in high site selectivity, broad substrate scope, and scalable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinling Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, 529090, P. R. China
| | - Weijie Deng
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, 529090, P. R. China
| | - Yating Wen
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, 529090, P. R. China
| | - Ziliang Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, 529090, P. R. China
| | - Jianfeng Zhou
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, 529090, P. R. China
| | - Zhenjie Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, 529090, P. R. China
| | - Yibiao Li
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, 529090, P. R. China
| | - Jinhui Hu
- School of Pharmacy and Food Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, 529090, P. R. China
| | - Yubing Huang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, 529090, P. R. China
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12
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Mdluli V, Lehnherr D, Lam YH, Chaudhry MT, Newman JA, DaSilva JO, Regalado EL. Electrosynthesis of iminophosphoranes and applications in nickel catalysis. Chem Sci 2024; 15:5980-5992. [PMID: 38665537 PMCID: PMC11041257 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05357a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
P(v) iminophosphorane compounds are accessed via electrochemical oxidation of commercially available P(iii) phosphines, including mono-, di- and tri-dentate phosphines, as well as chiral phosphines. The reaction uses inexpensive bis(trimethylsilyl)carbodiimide as an efficient and safe aminating reagent. DFT calculations, cyclic voltammetry, and NMR studies provide insight into the reaction mechanism. The proposed mechanism reveals a special case of sequential paired electrolysis. DFT calculations of the frontier orbitals of an iminophosphorane are compared with those of the analogous phosphines and phosphine oxides. X-ray crystallographic studies of the ligands as well as a Ni-coordination complex provide structural insight for these ligands. The utility of these iminophosphoranes as ligands is demonstrated in nickel-catalyzed cross-electrophile couplings including C(sp2)-C(sp3) and C(sp2)-C(sp2) couplings, an electrochemically driven C-N cross-coupling, and a photochemical arylative C(sp3)-H functionalization. In some cases, these new ligands provide improved performance over commonly used sp2-N-based ligands (e.g. 4,4'-di-tert-butyl-2,2'-bipyridine).
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Affiliation(s)
- Velabo Mdluli
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc. Rahway New Jersey 07065 USA
| | - Dan Lehnherr
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc. Rahway New Jersey 07065 USA
| | - Yu-Hong Lam
- Modeling and Informatics, Merck & Co., Inc. Rahway New Jersey 07065 USA
| | - Mohammad T Chaudhry
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc. Rahway New Jersey 07065 USA
| | - Justin A Newman
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc. Rahway New Jersey 07065 USA
| | - Jimmy O DaSilva
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc. Rahway New Jersey 07065 USA
| | - Erik L Regalado
- Analytical Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc. Rahway New Jersey 07065 USA
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13
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Wang T, Guan Y, Zhang T, Liang Y. Ligand Relay for Nickel-Catalyzed Decarbonylative Alkylation of Aroyl Chlorides. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2306923. [PMID: 38088530 PMCID: PMC10916626 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Transition metal-catalyzed direct decarboxylative transformations of aromatic carboxylic acids usually require high temperatures, which limit the substrate's scope, especially for late-stage applications. The development of the selective decarbonylative of carboxylic acid derivatives, especially the most fundamental aroyl chlorides, with stable and cheap electrophiles under mild conditions is highly desirable and meaningful, but remains challenging. Herein, a strategy of nickel-catalyzed decarbonylative alkylation of aroyl chlorides via phosphine/nitrogen ligand relay is reported. The simple phosphine ligand is found essential for the decarbonylation step, while the nitrogen ligand promotes the cross-electrophile coupling. Such a ligand relay system can effectively and orderly carry out the catalytic process at room temperature, utilizing easily available aroyl chlorides as an aryl electrophile for reductive alkylation. This discovery provides a new strategy for direct decarbonylative coupling, features operationally simple, mild conditions, and excellent functional group tolerance. The mild approach is applied to the late-stage methylation of various pharmaceuticals. Extensive experiments are carried out to provide insights into the reaction pathway and support the ligand relay process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian‐Zhang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShandong UniversityJinan250100China
| | - Yu‐Qiu Guan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShandong UniversityJinan250100China
| | - Tian‐Yu Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShandong UniversityJinan250100China
| | - Yu‐Feng Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringShandong UniversityJinan250100China
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14
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Laudadio G, Neigenfind P, Péter Á, Rubel CZ, Emmanuel MA, Oderinde MS, Ewing TEH, Palkowitz MD, Sloane JL, Gillman KW, Ridge D, Mandler MD, Bolduc PN, Nicastri MC, Zhang B, Clementson S, Petersen NN, Martín-Gago P, Mykhailiuk P, Engle KM, Baran PS. Nickel-Electrocatalytic Decarboxylative Arylation to Access Quaternary Centers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202314617. [PMID: 38181042 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
There is a pressing need, particularly in the field of drug discovery, for general methods that will enable direct coupling of tertiary alkyl fragments to (hetero)aryl halides. Herein a uniquely powerful and simple set of conditions for achieving this transformation with unparalleled generality and chemoselectivity is disclosed. This new protocol is placed in context with other recently reported methods, applied to simplify the routes of known bioactive building blocks molecules, and scaled up in both batch and flow. The role of pyridine additive as well as the mechanism of this reaction are interrogated through Cyclic Voltammetry studies, titration experiments, control reactions with Ni(0) and Ni(II)-complexes, and ligand optimization data. Those studies indicate that the formation of a BINAPNi(0) is minimized and the formation of an active pyridine-stabilized Ni(I) species is sustained during the reaction. Our preliminary mechanistic studies ruled out the involvement of Ni(0) species in this electrochemical cross-coupling, which is mediated by Ni(I) species via a Ni(I)-Ni(II)-Ni(III)-Ni(I) catalytic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Laudadio
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Philipp Neigenfind
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Áron Péter
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Camille Z Rubel
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Megan A Emmanuel
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Martins S Oderinde
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | - Tamara El-Hayek Ewing
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Maximilian D Palkowitz
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Research & Early Development, 250 Water Street, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA
| | - Jack L Sloane
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Research & Early Development, 250 Water Street, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA
| | - Kevin W Gillman
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Research & Early Development, 250 Water Street, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA
| | - Daniel Ridge
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, Research & Early Development, 250 Water Street, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA
| | - Michael D Mandler
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA
| | | | | | - Benxiang Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | | | - Pablo Martín-Gago
- Research and Early Development, LEO Pharma A/S, 2750, Ballerup, Denmark
| | - Pavel Mykhailiuk
- Enamine Ltd., Winston Churchill Street 78, 02094, Kyiv, Ukraine
- Chemistry Department, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Volodymyrska 64, 01601, Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Keary M Engle
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Phil S Baran
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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15
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Akana ME, Tcyrulnikov S, Akana-Schneider BD, Reyes GP, Monfette S, Sigman MS, Hansen EC, Weix DJ. Computational Methods Enable the Prediction of Improved Catalysts for Nickel-Catalyzed Cross-Electrophile Coupling. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:3043-3051. [PMID: 38276910 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Cross-electrophile coupling has emerged as an attractive and efficient method for the synthesis of C(sp2)-C(sp3) bonds. These reactions are most often catalyzed by nickel complexes of nitrogenous ligands, especially 2,2'-bipyridines. Precise prediction, selection, and design of optimal ligands remains challenging, despite significant increases in reaction scope and mechanistic understanding. Molecular parameterization and statistical modeling provide a path to the development of improved bipyridine ligands that will enhance the selectivity of existing reactions and broaden the scope of electrophiles that can be coupled. Herein, we describe the generation of a computational ligand library, correlation of observed reaction outcomes with features of the ligands, and the in silico design of improved bipyridine ligands for Ni-catalyzed cross-electrophile coupling. The new nitrogen-substituted ligands display a 5-fold increase in selectivity for product formation versus homodimerization when compared to the current state of the art. This increase in selectivity and yield was general for several cross-electrophile couplings, including the challenging coupling of an aryl chloride with an N-alkylpyridinium salt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle E Akana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Sergei Tcyrulnikov
- Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Brett D Akana-Schneider
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Giselle P Reyes
- Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Sebastien Monfette
- Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Matthew S Sigman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Eric C Hansen
- Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Daniel J Weix
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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16
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Chen W, Yu L, Pan Y, Ni S, Wang Y. Electrochemical Nickel-Catalyzed 1,2-Diarylation of 1,3-Dienes. Org Lett 2023; 25:9225-9230. [PMID: 38113061 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c03936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Due to the presence of carbon-carbon double bonds, 1,3-dienes exhibit great reactivity. A protocol for the site-selective diarylation of terminal 1,3-dienes is reported here. The transformation is facilitated by the Ni catalyst without the need for additional ligands, utilizing an electrochemical setup. Preliminary results indicate that by introducing chiral ligands moderate enantioselective diarylation products can be obtained. This method affords diversely substituted diarylated products that occur as structural motifs in various natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangzhe Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yi Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shengyang Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of High Performance Polymer Materials and Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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17
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Alam T, Patel BK. Electrochemical N-Aroylation of Sulfoximines by Using Benzoyl Hydrazines with H 2 Generation. Chemistry 2023:e202303444. [PMID: 37990751 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Developed here is a robust electrochemical cross-coupling reaction between aroyl hydrazine and NH-sulfoximine via concomitant cleavage and formation of C(sp2 )-N bonds with the evolution of H2 and N2 as innocuous by-products. This sustainable protocol avoids the use of toxic reagents and occurs at room temperature. The reaction proceeds via the generation of an aroyl and a sulfoximidoyl radical via anodic oxidation under constant current electrolysis (CCE), affording N-aroylated sulfoximine. The strategy is applied to late-stage sulfoximidation of L-menthol, (-)-borneol, D-glucose, vitamin-E derivatives, and marketed drugs such as probenecid, ibuprofen, flurbiprofen, ciprofibrate, and sulindac. In addition, the present methodology is mild, high functional group tolerance with broad substrate scope and scalable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tipu Alam
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, 781039, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Bhisma K Patel
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, 781039, Guwahati, Assam, India
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18
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Wang YZ, Sun B, Zhu XY, Gu YC, Ma C, Mei TS. Enantioselective Reductive Cross-Couplings of Olefins by Merging Electrochemistry with Nickel Catalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:23910-23917. [PMID: 37883710 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
The merger of electrochemistry and transition metal catalysis has emerged as a powerful tool to join two electrophiles in an enantioselective manner. However, the development of enantioselective electroreductive cross-couplings of olefins remains a challenge. Inspired by the advantages of the synergistic use of electrochemistry with nickel catalysis, we present here a Ni-catalyzed enantioselective electroreductive cross-coupling of acrylates with aryl halides and alkyl bromides, which affords chiral α-aryl carbonyls in good to excellent enantioselectivity. Additionally, this catalytic reaction can be applied to (hetero)aryl chlorides, which is difficult to achieve by other methods. The combination of cyclic voltammetry analysis with electrode potential studies suggests that the NiI species activates aryl halides by oxidative addition and alkyl bromides by single-electron transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Zhao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Bing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Yu Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Cheng Gu
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Berkshire RE42 6EY, United Kingdom
| | - Cong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
| | - Tian-Sheng Mei
- Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, P. R. China
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19
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Liu Y, Li P, Wang Y, Qiu Y. Electroreductive Cross-Electrophile Coupling (eXEC) Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202306679. [PMID: 37327185 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202306679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemistry utilizes electrons as a potent, controllable, and traceless alternative to chemical oxidants or reductants, and typically offers a more sustainable option for achieving selective organic synthesis. Recently, the merger of electrochemistry with readily available electrophiles has been recognized as a viable and increasingly popular methodology for efficiently constructing challenging C-C and C-heteroatom bonds in a sustainable manner for complex organic molecules. In this mini-review, we have systematically summarized the most recent advances in electroreductive cross-electrophile coupling (eXEC) reactions during the last decade. Our focus has been on readily available electrophiles, including aryl and alkyl organic (pseudo)halides, as well as small molecules such as CO2 , SO2 , and D2 O.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaowen Liu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Pengfei Li
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yanwei Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Youai Qiu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
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20
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Yang K, Feng T, Qiu Y. Organo-Mediator Enabled Electrochemical Deuteration of Styrenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202312803. [PMID: 37698174 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite widespread use of the deuterium isotope effect, selective deuterium labeling of chemical molecules remains a major challenge. Herein, a facile and general electrochemically driven, organic mediator enabled deuteration of styrenes with deuterium oxide (D2 O) as the economical deuterium source was reported. Importantly, this transformation could be suitable for various electron rich styrenes mediated by triphenylphosphine (TPP). The reaction proceeded under mild conditions without transition-metal catalysts, affording the desired products in good yields with excellent D-incorporation (D-inc, up to >99 %). Mechanistic investigations by means of isotope labeling experiments and cyclic voltammetry tests provided sufficient support for this transformation. Notably, this method proved to be a powerful tool for late-stage deuteration of biorelevant compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keming Yang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Tian Feng
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Youai Qiu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
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21
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Twilton J, Johnson MR, Sidana V, Franke MC, Bottecchia C, Lehnherr D, Lévesque F, Knapp SMM, Wang L, Gerken JB, Hong CM, Vickery TP, Weisel MD, Strotman NA, Weix DJ, Root TW, Stahl SS. Quinone-mediated hydrogen anode for non-aqueous reductive electrosynthesis. Nature 2023; 623:71-76. [PMID: 37604186 PMCID: PMC10777621 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06534-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical synthesis can provide more sustainable routes to industrial chemicals1-3. Electrosynthetic oxidations may often be performed 'reagent-free', generating hydrogen (H2) derived from the substrate as the sole by-product at the counter electrode. Electrosynthetic reductions, however, require an external source of electrons. Sacrificial metal anodes are commonly used for small-scale applications4, but more sustainable options are needed at larger scale. Anodic water oxidation is an especially appealing option1,5,6, but many reductions require anhydrous, air-free reaction conditions. In such cases, H2 represents an ideal alternative, motivating the growing interest in the electrochemical hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) under non-aqueous conditions7-12. Here we report a mediated H2 anode that achieves indirect electrochemical oxidation of H2 by pairing thermal catalytic hydrogenation of an anthraquinone mediator with electrochemical oxidation of the anthrahydroquinone. This quinone-mediated H2 anode is used to support nickel-catalysed cross-electrophile coupling (XEC), a reaction class gaining widespread adoption in the pharmaceutical industry13-15. Initial validation of this method in small-scale batch reactions is followed by adaptation to a recirculating flow reactor that enables hectogram-scale synthesis of a pharmaceutical intermediate. The mediated H2 anode technology disclosed here offers a general strategy to support H2-driven electrosynthetic reductions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Twilton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mathew R Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Vinayak Sidana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mareena C Franke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Dan Lehnherr
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | | | - Spring M M Knapp
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Luning Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - James B Gerken
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Cynthia M Hong
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Thomas P Vickery
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Mark D Weisel
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Neil A Strotman
- Process Research & Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA
| | - Daniel J Weix
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Thatcher W Root
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Shannon S Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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22
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Luo J, Davenport MT, Carter A, Ess DH, Liu TL. Mechanistic studies of Ni-catalyzed electrochemical homo-coupling reactions of aryl halides. Faraday Discuss 2023; 247:136-146. [PMID: 37492890 PMCID: PMC10630096 DOI: 10.1039/d3fd00069a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Ni-catalyzed electrochemical arylation is an attractive, emerging approach for molecular construction as it uses air-stable Ni catalysts and efficiently proceeds at room temperature. However, the homo-coupling of aryl halide substrates is one of the major side reactions. Herein, extensive experimental and computational studies were conducted to examine the mechanism of Ni-catalyzed electrochemical homo-coupling of aryl halides. The results indicate that an unstable NiII(Ar)Br intermediate formed through oxidative addition of the cathodically generated NiI species with aryl bromide and a consecutive chemical reduction step. For electron-rich aryl halides, homo-coupling reaction efficiency is limited by the oxidative addition step, which can be improved by negatively shifting the redox potential of the Ni-catalyst. DFT computational studies suggest a NiIII(Ar)Br2/NiII(Ar)Br ligand exchange pathway for the formation of a high-valent NiIII(Ar)2Br intermediate for reductive elimination and production of the biaryl product. This work reveals the reaction mechanism of Ni-catalyzed electrochemical homo-coupling of aryl halides, which may provide valuable information for developing cross-coupling reactions with high selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Luo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, USA.
| | - Michael T Davenport
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84604, USA.
| | - Arianna Carter
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84604, USA.
| | - Daniel H Ess
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah 84604, USA.
| | - T Leo Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, USA.
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23
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Li P, Kou G, Feng T, Wang M, Qiu Y. Electrochemical NiH-Catalyzed C(sp 3 )-C(sp 3 ) Coupling of Alkyl Halides and Alkyl Alkenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202311941. [PMID: 37708153 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Herein, an electrochemically driven NiH-catalyzed reductive coupling of alkyl halides and alkyl alkenes for the construction of Csp3 -Csp3 bonds is firstly reported. Notably, alkyl halides serve dual function as coupling substrates and as hydrogen sources to generate NiH species under electrochemical conditions. The tunable nature of this reaction is realized by introducing an intramolecular coordinating group to the substrate, where the product can be easily adjusted to give the desired branched products. The method proceeds under mild conditions, exhibits a broad substrate scope, and affords moderate to excellent yields with over 70 examples, including late-stage modification of natural products and drug derivatives. Mechanistic insights offer evidence for an electrochemically driven coupling process. The sp3 -carbon-halogen bonds can be activated through single electron transfer (SET) by the nickel catalyst in its low valence state, generated by cathodic reduction, and the generation of NiH species from alkyl halides is pivotal to this transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Li
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Guangsheng Kou
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Tian Feng
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Minyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, P. R. China
| | - Youai Qiu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for New Organic Matter, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, China
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24
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Gupta D, Gaur AK, Kaur R, Ashish, Kaur N, Venkataramani S. Photoswitchable Azoheteroarene-Based Chelating Ligands: Light Modulation of Properties, Aqueous Solubility and Catalysis. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301906. [PMID: 37477625 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
We report the design and synthesis of eight photoswitchable phenylazopyridine- and phenylazopyrazole-based molecular systems as chelation-type light-controllable ligands. Besides the studies on fundamental photoisomerization behaviour, the ligands were also screened for light-tuneable properties such as photochromism, phase transition, and solubility, especially in the aqueous medium. This investigation demonstrates how the modulation of aqueous solubility can be achieved through photoisomerization and can further be utilized towards controlling the amount of catalytically active Cu(I) species in the aqueous conditions. Through this approach, light control over the catalytic activity was achieved for Cu-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reactions, along with a partial recovery of the catalytically active species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debapriya Gupta
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Knowledge City, Manauli, 140 306, India
| | - Ankit Kumar Gaur
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Knowledge City, Manauli, 140 306, India
| | - Ramanpreet Kaur
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Knowledge City, Manauli, 140 306, India
| | - Ashish
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Knowledge City, Manauli, 140 306, India
| | - Navneet Kaur
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Knowledge City, Manauli, 140 306, India
| | - Sugumar Venkataramani
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali Sector 81, SAS Nagar, Knowledge City, Manauli, 140 306, India
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25
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Palkowitz MD, Emmanuel MA, Oderinde MS. A Paradigm Shift in Catalysis: Electro- and Photomediated Nickel-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:2851-2865. [PMID: 37772915 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusTransition-metal catalyzed cross-coupling reactions are fundamental reactions in organic chemistry, facilitating strategic bond formations for accessing natural products, organic materials, agrochemicals, and pharmaceuticals. Redox chemistry enables access to elusive cross-coupling mechanisms through single-electron processes as an alternative to classical two-electron strategies predominated by palladium catalysis. The seminal reports of Baran, MacMillan, Doyle, Molander, Weix, Lin, Fu, Reisman, and others in merging redox perturbation (photochemical, electrochemical, and purely chemical) with catalysis are pivotal to the current resurgence and mechanistic understanding of first-row transition metal-based catalysis. The hallmark of this redox platform is the systematic modulation of transition-metal oxidation states by a photoredox catalyst or at a heterogeneous electrode surface. Electrocatalysis and photocatalysis enhance transition metal catalysis' capacity for bond formation through electron- or energy-transfer processes that promote otherwise challenging elementary steps or elusive mechanisms. Cross-coupling conditions promoted by electrocatalysis and photocatalysis are mild, and bond formation proceeds with exceptionally high chemoselectivity and wide functional group tolerance. The interfacing of abundant first-row transition-metal catalysis with electrocatalysis and photocatalysis has brought about a paradigm shift in cross-coupling technology as practitioners are quickly applying these tools in synthesizing fine chemicals and pharmaceutically relevant motifs. In particular, the merger of Ni catalysis with electro- and photochemistry ushered in a new era for carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom cross-couplings with expanded generality compared to their thermally driven counterparts. Over the past decade, we have developed enabling photo- and electrochemical methods throughout our combined research experience in industry (BMS, AstraZeneca) and academia (Professor Baran, Scripps Research) in cross-disciplinary collaborative environments. In this Account, we will outline recent progress from our past and present laboratories in photo- and electrochemically mediated Ni-catalyzed cross-couplings. By highlighting these cross-coupling methodologies, we will also compare mechanistic features of both electro- and photochemical strategies for forging C(sp2)-C(sp3), C(sp3)-C(sp3), C-O, C-N, and C-S bonds. Through these side-by-side comparisons, we hope to demystify the subtle differences between the two complementary tools to enact redox control over transition metal catalysis. Finally, building off the collective experience of ourselves and the rest of the community, we propose a tactical user guide to photo- and electrochemically driven cross-coupling reactions to aid the practitioner in rapidly applying such tools in their synthetic designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian D Palkowitz
- Small Molecule Drug Discovery, Bristol Myers Squibb, 250 Water Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141, United States
| | - Megan A Emmanuel
- Chemical Process Development, Bristol Myers Squibb, 1 Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Martins S Oderinde
- Small Molecule Discovery Chemistry, Bristol Myers Squibb Research & Early Development, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
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26
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Sun B, Wang ZH, Wang YZ, Gu YC, Ma C, Mei TS. Parallel paired electrolysis-enabled asymmetric catalysis: simultaneous synthesis of aldehydes/aryl bromides and chiral alcohols. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2023; 68:2033-2041. [PMID: 37507259 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Metal-catalyzed asymmetric electro-reductive couplings have emerged as a powerful tool for organic synthesis, wherein a sacrificial anode is typically required. Herein, a parallel paired electrolysis (PPE)-enabled asymmetric catalysis has been developed, and the alcohols and ketones could be simultaneously converted to the corresponding aldehydes and chiral tertiary alcohols with high yields and enantioselectivity in an undivided cell. Additionally, this Ni-catalyzed asymmetric reductive coupling can well match the anodic oxidative C-H bond bromination of (hetero)arenes. This protocol opens an alternative avenue for organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhen-Hua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yun-Zhao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yu-Cheng Gu
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Berkshire RE42 6EY, UK
| | - Cong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Tian-Sheng Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
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27
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Kuzmin J, Röckl J, Schwarz N, Djossou J, Ahumada G, Ahlquist M, Lundberg H. Electroreductive Desulfurative Transformations with Thioethers as Alkyl Radical Precursors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202304272. [PMID: 37342889 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202304272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Thioethers are highly prevalent functional groups in organic compounds of natural and synthetic origin but remain remarkably underexplored as starting materials in desulfurative transformations. As such, new synthetic methods are highly desirable to unlock the potential of the compound class. In this vein, electrochemistry is an ideal tool to enable new reactivity and selectivity under mild conditions. Herein, we demonstrate the efficient use of aryl alkyl thioethers as alkyl radical precursors in electroreductive transformations, along with mechanistic details. The transformations proceed with complete selectivity for C(sp3 )-S bond cleavage, orthogonal to that of established transition metal-catalyzed two-electron routes. We showcase a hydrodesulfurization protocol with broad functional group tolerance, the first example of desulfurative C(sp3 )-C(sp3 ) bond formation in Giese-type cross-coupling and the first protocol for electrocarboxylation of synthetic relevance with thioethers as starting materials. Finally, the compound class is shown to outcompete their well-established sulfone analogues as alkyl radical precursors, demonstrating their synthetic potential for future desulfurative transformations in a one-electron manifold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius Kuzmin
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johannes Röckl
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nils Schwarz
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Djossou
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Guillermo Ahumada
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mårten Ahlquist
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helena Lundberg
- Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044, Stockholm, Sweden
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28
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Chen M, Ventura AM, Das S, Ibrahim AF, Zimmerman PM, Montgomery J. Oxidative Cross Dehydrogenative Coupling of N-Heterocycles with Aldehydes through C( sp3)-H Functionalization. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:20176-20181. [PMID: 37672664 PMCID: PMC10915535 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Existing methodologies for metal-catalyzed cross-couplings typically rely on preinstallation of reactive functional groups on both reaction partners. In contrast, C-H functionalization approaches offer promise in simplification of the requisite substrates; however, challenges from low reactivity and similar reactivity of various C-H bonds introduce considerable complexity. Herein, the oxidative cross dehydrogenative coupling of α-amino C(sp3)-H bonds and aldehydes to produce ketone derivatives is described using an unusual reaction medium that incorporates the simultaneous use of di-tert-butyl peroxide as an oxidant and zinc metal as a reductant. The method proceeds with a broad substrate scope, representing an attractive approach for accessing α-amino ketones through the formal acylation of C-H bonds α to nitrogen in N-heterocycles. A combination of experimental investigation and computational modeling provides evidence for a mechanistic pathway involving cross-selective nickel-mediated cross-coupling of α-amino radicals and acyl radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mo Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Austin M Ventura
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Soumik Das
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Ammar F Ibrahim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Paul M Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - John Montgomery
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
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29
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Newman-Stonebraker SH, Raab TJ, Roshandel H, Doyle AG. Synthesis of Nickel(I)-Bromide Complexes via Oxidation and Ligand Displacement: Evaluation of Ligand Effects on Speciation and Reactivity. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:19368-19377. [PMID: 37610310 PMCID: PMC10616978 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c06233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Nickel's +1 oxidation state has received much interest due to its varied and often enigmatic behavior in increasingly popular catalytic methods. In part, the lack of understanding about NiI results from common synthetic strategies limiting the breadth of complexes that are accessible for mechanistic study and catalyst design. We report an oxidative approach using tribromide salts that allows for the generation of a well-defined precursor, [NiI(COD)Br]2, as well as several new NiI complexes. Included among them are complexes bearing bulky monophosphines, for which structure-speciation relationships are established and catalytic reactivity in a Suzuki-Miyaura coupling (SMC) is investigated. Notably, these routes also allow for the synthesis of well-defined monomeric t-Bubpy-bound NiI complexes, which has not previously been achieved. These complexes, which react with aryl halides, can enable previously challenging mechanistic investigations and present new opportunities for catalysis and synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel H. Newman-Stonebraker
- Department of Chemistry, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - T. Judah Raab
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Hootan Roshandel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Abigail G. Doyle
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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30
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Ibrahim MS, Cumming GR, Gonzalez de Vega R, Garcia-Losada P, de Frutos O, Kappe CO, Cantillo D. Electrochemical Nickel-Catalyzed C(sp 3)-C(sp 3) Cross-Coupling of Alkyl Halides with Alkyl Tosylates. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:17023-17028. [PMID: 37494617 PMCID: PMC10416217 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c07313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Formation of new C(sp3)-C(sp3) bonds is a powerful synthetic tool to increase molecular diversity, which is highly sought after in medicinal chemistry. Traditional generation of carbon nucleophiles and more modern cross-electrophile-coupling methods typically lack sufficient selectivity when cross-coupling of analogous C(sp3)-containing reactants is attempted. Herein, we present a nickel-catalyzed, electrochemically driven method for the coupling of alkyl bromides with alkyl tosylates. Selective cross-coupling transformations were achieved even between C(sp3)-secondary bromides and tosylates. Key to achieve high selectivity was the combination of the tosylates with sodium bromide as the supporting electrolyte, gradually generating small amounts of the more reactive bromide by substitution and ensuring that one of the reaction partners in the nickel-catalyzed electroreductive process is maintained in excess during a large part of the process. The method has been demonstrated for a wide range of substrates (>30 compounds) in moderate to good yields. Further expanding the scope of electroorganic synthesis to C(sp3)-C(sp3) cross-coupling reactions is anticipated to facilitate the switch to green organic synthesis and encourage future innovative electrochemical transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malek
Y. S. Ibrahim
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Graz 8010, Austria
- Center
for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Graham R. Cumming
- Centro
de Investigación Lilly S.A., Avda. de la Industria 30, 28108 Alcobendas-Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Gonzalez de Vega
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Graz 8010, Austria
- TESLA-Analytical
Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Graz 8010, Austria
| | - Pablo Garcia-Losada
- Centro
de Investigación Lilly S.A., Avda. de la Industria 30, 28108 Alcobendas-Madrid, Spain
| | - Oscar de Frutos
- Centro
de Investigación Lilly S.A., Avda. de la Industria 30, 28108 Alcobendas-Madrid, Spain
| | - C. Oliver Kappe
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Graz 8010, Austria
- Center
for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Graz 8010, Austria
| | - David Cantillo
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, NAWI Graz, Graz 8010, Austria
- Center
for Continuous Flow Synthesis and Processing (CCFLOW), Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH (RCPE), Graz 8010, Austria
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31
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Pan S, Chen F, Zhang Y, Shao L, Chu L. Nickel-Catalyzed Markovnikov-Selective Hydrodifluoromethylation of Alkynes Using BrCF 2 H. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202305426. [PMID: 37293885 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202305426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A Markovnikov-selective hydrodifluoromethylation of alkynes with BrCF2 H via nickel catalysis is described. This protocol proceeds via a migratory insertion of nickel hydride to alkyne followed by a CF2 H-coupling, enabling straightforward access to diverse branched CF2 H-alkenes with high efficiency and exclusive regioselectivity. The mild condition applies to a wide array of aliphatic and aryl alkynes with good functional group compatibility. Mechanistic studies are presented to support the proposed pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwei Pan
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Center for Advanced Low-dimension Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Fan Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Center for Advanced Low-dimension Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Yanyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Center for Advanced Low-dimension Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Liang Shao
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Center for Advanced Low-dimension Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Lingling Chu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Center for Advanced Low-dimension Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
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32
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Fu J, Lundy W, Chowdhury R, Twitty JC, Dinh LP, Sampson J, Lam YH, Sevov CS, Watson MP, Kalyani D. Nickel-Catalyzed Electroreductive Coupling of Alkylpyridinium Salts and Aryl Halides. ACS Catal 2023; 13:9336-9345. [PMID: 38188282 PMCID: PMC10769313 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c01939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
An electrochemical, nickel-catalyzed reductive coupling of alkylpyridinium salts and aryl halides is reported. High-throughput experimentation (HTE) was employed for rapid reaction optimization and evaluation of a broad scope of pharmaceutically relevant structurally diverse aryl halides, including complex drug-like substrates. In addition, the transformation is compatible with both primary and secondary alkylpyridinium salts with distinct conditions. Mechanistic insights were critical to enhance the efficiency of coupling using secondary alkylpyridinium salts. Systematic comparisons of the electrochemical and non-electrochemical methods revealed the complementary scope and efficiency of the two approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiantao Fu
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Windsor Lundy
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Rajdip Chowdhury
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - J. Cameron Twitty
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Long P. Dinh
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Jessica Sampson
- High Throughput Experimentation Facility, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Yu-hong Lam
- Modeling & Informatics, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Christo S. Sevov
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Mary P. Watson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Dipannita Kalyani
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
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33
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Zhang W, Guan W, Martinez Alvarado JI, Novaes LFT, Lin S. Deep Electroreductive Chemistry: Harnessing Carbon- and Silicon-based Reactive Intermediates in Organic Synthesis. ACS Catal 2023; 13:8038-8048. [PMID: 38707967 PMCID: PMC11067979 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c01174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
This Viewpoint outlines our recent contribution in electroreductive synthesis. Specifically, we leveraged deeply reducing potentials provided by electrochemistry to generate radical and anionic intermediates from readily available alkyl halides and chlorosilanes. Harnessing the distinct reactivities of radicals and anions, we have achieved several challenging transformations to construct C-C, C-Si, and Si-Si bonds. We highlight the mechanistic design principle that underpinned the development of each transformation and provide a view forward on future opportunities in growing area of reductive electrosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Luiz F. T. Novaes
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Song Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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34
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Wesenberg LJ, Sivo A, Vilé G, Noël T. Ni-Catalyzed Electro-Reductive Cross-Electrophile Couplings of Alkyl Amine-Derived Radical Precursors with Aryl Iodides. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 37220023 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the "Escape-from-Flatland" trend has prompted the synthetic community to develop a set of cross-coupling strategies to introduce sp3-carbon-based fragments in organic compounds. This study presents a novel nickel-catalyzed electrochemical methodology for reductive cross-electrophile coupling. The method enables C(sp2)-C(sp3) linkages using inexpensive amine-derived radical precursors and aryl iodides. The use of electrochemistry as a power source reduces waste and avoids chemical reductants, making this approach a more sustainable alternative to traditional cross-coupling methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars J Wesenberg
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam (UvA), Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
| | - Alessandra Sivo
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, IT-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Gianvito Vilé
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta", Politecnico di Milano, IT-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Timothy Noël
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), University of Amsterdam (UvA), Amsterdam 1098 XH, The Netherlands
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35
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Gabbey AL, Scotchburn K, Rousseaux SAL. Metal-catalysed C-C bond formation at cyclopropanes. Nat Rev Chem 2023:10.1038/s41570-023-00499-6. [PMID: 37217564 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-023-00499-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Cyclopropanes are important substructures in natural products and pharmaceuticals. Although traditional methods for their incorporation rely on cyclopropanation of an existing scaffold, the advent of transition-metal catalysis has enabled installation of functionalized cyclopropanes using cross-coupling reactions. The unique bonding and structural properties of cyclopropane render it more easily functionalized in transition-metal-catalysed cross-couplings than other C(sp3) substrates. The cyclopropane coupling partner can participate in polar cross-coupling reactions either as a nucleophile (organometallic reagents) or as an electrophile (cyclopropyl halides). More recently, single-electron transformations featuring cyclopropyl radicals have emerged. This Review will provide an overview of transition-metal-catalysed C-C bond formation reactions at cyclopropane, covering both traditional and current strategies, and the benefits and limitations of each.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis L Gabbey
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Katerina Scotchburn
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sophie A L Rousseaux
- Davenport Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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36
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Douthwaite JL, Zhao R, Shim E, Mahjour B, Zimmerman PM, Cernak T. Formal Cross-Coupling of Amines and Carboxylic Acids to Form sp 3-sp 2 Carbon-Carbon Bonds. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:10930-10937. [PMID: 37184831 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Amines and carboxylic acids are abundant synthetic building blocks that are classically united to form an amide bond. To access new pockets of chemical space, we are interested in the development of amine-acid coupling reactions that complement the amide coupling. In particular, the formation of carbon-carbon bonds by formal deamination and decarboxylation would be an impactful addition to the synthesis toolbox. Here, we report a formal cross-coupling of alkyl amines and aryl carboxylic acids to form C(sp3)-C(sp2) bonds following preactivation of the amine-acid building blocks as a pyridinium salt and N-acyl-glutarimide, respectively. Under nickel-catalyzed reductive cross-coupling conditions, a diversity of simple and complex substrates are united in good to excellent yield, and numerous pharmaceuticals are successfully diversified. High-throughput experimentation was leveraged in the development of the reaction and the discovery of performance-enhancing additives such as phthalimide, RuCl3, and GaCl3. Mechanistic investigations suggest phthalimide may play a role in stabilizing productive Ni complexes rather than being involved in oxidative addition of the N-acyl-imide and that RuCl3 supports the decarbonylation event, thereby improving reaction selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Douthwaite
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Ruheng Zhao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Eunjae Shim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Babak Mahjour
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Paul M Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Tim Cernak
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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37
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Wang YZ, Wang ZH, Eshel IL, Sun B, Liu D, Gu YC, Milo A, Mei TS. Nickel/biimidazole-catalyzed electrochemical enantioselective reductive cross-coupling of aryl aziridines with aryl iodides. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2322. [PMID: 37087477 PMCID: PMC10122672 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37965-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we report an asymmetric electrochemical organonickel-catalyzed reductive cross-coupling of aryl aziridines with aryl iodides in an undivided cell, affording β-phenethylamines in good to excellent enantioselectivity with broad functional group tolerance. The combination of cyclic voltammetry analysis of the catalyst reduction potential as well as an electrode potential study provides a convenient route for reaction optimization. Overall, the high efficiency of this method is credited to the electroreduction-mediated turnover of the nickel catalyst instead of a metal reductant-mediated turnover. Mechanistic studies suggest a radical pathway is involved in the ring opening of aziridines. The statistical analysis serves to compare the different design requirements for photochemically and electrochemically mediated reactions under this type of mechanistic manifold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Zhao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhen-Hua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS, Shanghai, China
| | - Inbal L Eshel
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 841051, Israel
| | - Bing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS, Shanghai, China
| | - Dong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Cheng Gu
- Syngenta, Jealott's Hill International Research Centre, Berkshire, RE42 6EY, UK
| | - Anat Milo
- Department of Chemistry, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, 841051, Israel.
| | - Tian-Sheng Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS, Shanghai, China.
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38
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Wang M, Zhang C, Ci C, Jiang H, Dixneuf PH, Zhang M. Room Temperature Construction of Vicinal Amino Alcohols via Electroreductive Cross-Coupling of N-Heteroarenes and Carbonyls. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:10967-10973. [PMID: 37075201 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c02776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Despite the widespread applications of α-hydroxyalkyl cyclic amines, direct and diverse access to such a class of unique vicinal amino alcohols still remains, to date, a challenge. Here, through a strategy of electroreductive α-hydroxyalkylation of inactive N-heteroarenes with ketones or electron-rich arylaldehydes, we describe a room temperature approach for the direct construction of α-hydroxyalkyl cyclic amines, which features a broad substrate scope, operational simplicity, high chemoselectivity, and no need for pressurized H2 gas and transition metal catalysts. The zinc ion generated from anode oxidation plays a crucial role in the activation of both reactants by decreasing their reduction potentials. The strategy of electroreduction in combination with substrate activation by Lewis acids in this work is anticipated to develop more useful transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maorui Wang
- Key Lab of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Chengqian Zhang
- Key Lab of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Chenggang Ci
- Key Laboratory of Computational Catalytic Chemistry of Guizhou Province, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qiannan Normal University for Nationalities, Duyun 558000, China
| | - Huanfeng Jiang
- Key Lab of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | | | - Min Zhang
- Key Lab of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
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39
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He Z, Liu HL, Wang ZH, Jiao KJ, Li ZM, Li ZJ, Fang P, Mei TS. C(sp 3)-H Aerobic Alkenylation of Tetrahydroisoquinolines via Organic Electrosynthesis. J Org Chem 2023; 88:6203-6208. [PMID: 37058587 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c00223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
A method for the C(sp3)-H alkenylation of N-aryl-tetrahydroisoquinoline (THIQ) has been developed by the combination of electrooxidation and a copper catalyst. The corresponding products were obtained with good to excellent yields under mild conditions. Besides, the addition of TEMPO as an electron mediator is crucial to this transformation, since the oxidative reaction could proceed under a low electrode potential. In addition, the catalytic asymmetric variant has also been demonstrated with good enantioselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeng He
- College of Chemistry and Materials, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hui-Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhen-Hua Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ke-Jing Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zi-Meng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhang-Jian Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Ping Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
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40
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Ni P, Yang L, Yang J, Cheng R, Zhu W, Ma Y, Ye J. para-Selective, Direct C(sp 2)-H Alkylation of Electron-Deficient Arenes by the Electroreduction Process. J Org Chem 2023; 88:5248-5253. [PMID: 37023248 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Direct para-selective C(sp2)-H alkylation of electron-deficient arenes based on the electroreduction-enabled radical addition of alkyl bromides has been developed under mild conditions. In the absence of any metals and redox agents, the simple electrolysis system tolerates a variety of primary, secondary, and tertiary alkyl bromides and behaves as an important complement to the directed alkylation of the C(sp2)-H bond and the classic Friedel-Crafts alkylation. This electroreduction process provides a more straightforward, environmentally benign, and effective alkylation method for electron-deficient arenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pufan Ni
- Engineering Research Centre of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education; Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Engineering Research Centre of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education; Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jiasheng Yang
- Engineering Research Centre of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education; Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ruihua Cheng
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Weiping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Yueyue Ma
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jinxing Ye
- Engineering Research Centre of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education; Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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41
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Li Y, Wen L, Guo W. A guide to organic electroreduction using sacrificial anodes. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:1168-1188. [PMID: 36727623 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00009e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Organic electrosynthesis is a green strategy for the synthesis of valuable molecules. Electrochemical reactions using sacrificial metal anodes enable new reactivity to be uncovered that could not be achieved with traditional non-electrochemical methods. Compared with reactions using metal powder as the reducing reagent, the mild electroreduction protocols usually exhibit diverse reactivity and excellent selectivity. The inexpensive metal anodes possess low oxidation potential, which could prevent undesired overoxidation of substrates, active intermediates and products. The in situ generated metal ions from sacrificial anodes could not only serve as Lewis acids to activate the reactants but also as a promoter or mediator. This tutorial review highlights the recent achievements in this rapidly growing area within the past five years. The sacrificial anode-enabled electroreductions are discussed according to the reaction type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Li
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China.
| | - Lirong Wen
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China.
| | - Weisi Guo
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China.
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42
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Pence M, Rodríguez O, Lukhanin NG, Schroeder CM, Rodríguez-López J. Automated Measurement of Electrogenerated Redox Species Degradation Using Multiplexed Interdigitated Electrode Arrays. ACS MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AU 2023; 3:62-72. [PMID: 36817007 PMCID: PMC9936799 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.2c00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Characterizing the decomposition of electrogenerated species in solution is essential for applications involving electrosynthesis, homogeneous electrocatalysis, and energy storage with redox flow batteries. In this work, we present an automated, multiplexed, and highly robust platform for determining the rate constant of chemical reaction steps following electron transfer, known as the EC mechanism. We developed a generation-collection methodology based on microfabricated interdigitated electrode arrays (IDAs) with variable gap widths on a single device. Using a combination of finite-element simulations and statistical analysis of experimental data, our results show that the natural logarithm of collection efficiency is linear with respect to gap width, and this quantitative analysis is used to determine the decomposition rate constant of the electrogenerated species (k c). The integrated IDA method is used in a series of experiments to measure k c values between ∼0.01 and 100 s-1 in aqueous and nonaqueous solvents and at concentrations as high as 0.5 M of the redox-active species, conditions that are challenging to address using standard methods based on conventional macroelectrodes. The versatility of our approach allows for characterization of a wide range of reactions including intermolecular cyclization, hydrolysis, and the decomposition of candidate molecules for redox flow batteries at variable concentration and water content. Overall, this new experimental platform presents a straightforward automated method to assess the degradation of redox species in solution with sufficient flexibility to enable high-throughput workflows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael
A. Pence
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at
Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Joint
Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois60439, United States
| | - Oliver Rodríguez
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at
Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Joint
Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois60439, United States
| | - Nikita G. Lukhanin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at
Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Joint
Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois60439, United States
| | - Charles M. Schroeder
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Joint
Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois60439, United States
| | - Joaquín Rodríguez-López
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at
Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
- Joint
Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois60439, United States
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43
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Han D, Sun J, Jin J. Picolinamide Ligands: Nickel-Catalyzed Reductive Cross-Coupling of Aryl Bromides with Bromocyclopropane and Beyond. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202201132. [PMID: 36479828 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202201132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The arylcyclopropane motif as the combination of aryl and cyclopropyl ring systems can be found in an increasing amount of approved and investigational drugs. Herein, we have developed a mild, efficient nickel-catalyzed reductive cross-coupling protocol, featuring a simple Ni(II) precatalyst and a novel picolinamide NN2 pincer ligand. A variety of (hetero)aryl bromides could successfully couple with cyclopropyl bromide to furnish the valued arylcyclopropanes in good to excellent yields. This method is applicable to other alkyl bromides as well. Notably, the reaction is tolerant of a broad range of functionalities including free amines. Furthermore, the synthesis of several significant intermediates of bioactive molecules was achieved in grams, proving the practicability of this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyang Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jie Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jian Jin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry of Natural Substances Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
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44
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Ligand-controlled stereodivergent alkenylation of alkynes to access functionalized trans- and cis-1,3-dienes. Nat Commun 2023; 14:55. [PMID: 36599820 PMCID: PMC9813127 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35688-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Precise stereocontrol of functionalized alkenes represents a long-standing research topic in organic synthesis. Nevertheless, the development of a catalytic, easily tunable synthetic approach for the stereodivergent synthesis of both E-selective and even more challenging Z-selective highly substituted 1,3-dienes from common substrates remains underexploited. Here, we report a photoredox and nickel dual catalytic strategy for the stereodivergent sulfonylalkenylation of terminal alkynes with vinyl triflates and sodium sulfinates under mild conditions. With a judicious choice of simple nickel catalyst and ligand, this method enables efficient and divergent access to both Z- and E-sulfonyl-1,3-dienes from the same set of simple starting materials. This method features broad substrate scope, good functional compatibility, and excellent chemo-, regio-, and stereoselectivity. Experimental and DFT mechanistic studies offer insights into the observed divergent stereoselectivity controlled by ligands.
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45
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Lv Y, Su J, Gu Y, Tian B, Ma J, Zuo JL, Ding M. Atomically Precise Integration of Multiple Functional Motifs in Catalytic Metal-Organic Frameworks for Highly Efficient Nitrate Electroreduction. JACS AU 2022; 2:2765-2777. [PMID: 36590266 PMCID: PMC9795565 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia production plays a central role in modern industry and agriculture with a continuous surge in its demand, yet the current industrial Haber-Bosch process suffers from low energy efficiency and accounts for high carbon emissions. Direct electrochemical conversion of nitrate to ammonia therefore emerges as an appealing approach with satisfactory sustainability while reducing the environmental impact from nitrate pollution. To this end, electrocatalysts for efficient conversion of eight-electron nitrate to ammonia require collective contributions at least from high-density reactive sites, selective reaction pathways, efficient multielectron transfer, and multiproton transport processes. Here, we report a catalytic metal-organic framework (two-dimensional (2D) In-MOF In8) catalyst integrated with multiple functional motifs with atomic precision, including uniformly dispersed, high-density, single-atom catalytic sites, high proton conductivity (efficient proton transport channel), high electron conductivity (promoted by the redox-active ligands), and confined microporous environments. These eventually lead to a direct and efficient electrochemical reduction of nitrate to ammonia and record high yield rate, FE, and selectivity for NH3 production. A novel "dynamic ligand dissociation" mechanism provides an unprecedented working principle that allows for the use of a high-quality MOF crystalline structure to function as highly ordered, high-density, single-atom catalyst (SAC)-like catalytic systems and ensures the maximum utilization of the metal centers within the MOF structure. Further, the atomically precise assembly of multiple functional motifs within a MOF catalyst offers an effective and facile strategy for the future development of framework-based enzyme-mimic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Lv
- Key
Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Coordination
Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences,
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jian Su
- Key
Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Coordination
Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences,
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- School
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing
University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yuming Gu
- Key
Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Coordination
Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences,
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Bailin Tian
- Key
Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Coordination
Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences,
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jing Ma
- Key
Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Coordination
Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences,
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jing-Lin Zuo
- Key
Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Coordination
Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences,
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Mengning Ding
- Key
Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Coordination
Chemistry, State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences,
School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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46
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Franke MC, Longley VR, Rafiee M, Stahl SS, Hansen EC, Weix DJ. Zinc-Free, Scalable Reductive Cross-Electrophile Coupling Driven by Electrochemistry in an Undivided Cell. ACS Catal 2022; 12:12617-12626. [PMID: 37065181 PMCID: PMC10101217 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nickel-catalyzed reductive cross-electrophile coupling reactions are becoming increasingly important in organic synthesis, but application at scale is limited by three interconnected challenges: a reliance on amide solvents (complicated workup, regulated), the generation of stoichiometric Zn salts (complicated isolation, waste disposal issue), and mixing/activation challenges of zinc powder. We show here an electrochemical approach that addresses these three issues: the reaction works in acetonitrile with diisopropylethylamine as the terminal reductant in a simple undivided cell (graphite(+)/nickel foam(-)). The reaction utilizes a combination of two ligands, 4,4'-di-tert-butyl-2,2'-bipyridine and 4,4',4''-tri-tert-butyl-2,2':6',2''-terpyridine. Studies show that, alone, the bipyridine nickel catalyst predominantly forms protodehalogenated aryl and aryl dimer, whereas the terpyridine nickel catalyst predominantly forms bialkyl and product. By combining these two unselective catalysts, a tunable, general system results because excess radical formed by the terpyridine catalyst can be converted to product by the bipyridine catalyst. As the aryl bromide becomes more electron rich, the optimal ratio shifts to have more of the bipyridine nickel catalyst. Lastly, examination of a variety of flow-cell configurations establishes that batch recirculation can achieve higher productivity (mmol product/time/electrode area) than single-pass, that high flow rates are essential to maximizing current, and that two flow cells in parallel can nearly halve the reaction time. The resulting reaction is demonstrated on gram scale and should be scalable to kilogram scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareena C. Franke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Victoria R. Longley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Mohammad Rafiee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri–Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64110 USA
| | - Shannon S. Stahl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
| | - Eric C. Hansen
- Chemical Research and Development, Pfizer, Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340 USA
| | - Daniel J. Weix
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, WI 53706 USA
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47
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Hu P, Guo L, Zhao L, Yang C, Xia W. Nickel-Catalyzed Reductive Dicarbofunctionalization of Vinylarenes Enabled by Electrochemical Process. Org Lett 2022; 24:7583-7588. [PMID: 36205709 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An intermolecular alkene dicarbofunctionalization via electrochemical reduction that combines alkyl and aryl iodides with styrene derivatives was herein reported. The multicomponent reaction exhibited several synthetic advantages including simple operation, wide substrate scope, and convenience of amplification. Mechanistic investigations, including cyclic voltammetry (CV), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and radical trapping reactions, support the electrochemical nickel catalytic cycle and formation of alkyl radical species from alkyl iodides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengwei Hu
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lin Guo
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Lulu Zhao
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chao Yang
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wujiong Xia
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Science, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China.,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
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48
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Kerackian T, Bouyssi D, Pilet G, Médebielle M, Monteiro N, Vantourout JC, Amgoune A. Nickel-Catalyzed Electro-Reductive Cross-Coupling of Aliphatic N-Acyl Imides with Alkyl Halides as a Strategy for Dialkyl Ketone Synthesis: Scope and Mechanistic Investigations. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taline Kerackian
- Université Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires (ICBMS, UMR 5246 du CNRS), 1 rue Victor Grignard, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Didier Bouyssi
- Université Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires (ICBMS, UMR 5246 du CNRS), 1 rue Victor Grignard, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Guillaume Pilet
- Université Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Laboratoire des Multimatériaux et Interfaces (LMI, UMR 5615 du CNRS), 6 rue Victor Grignard, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Maurice Médebielle
- Université Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires (ICBMS, UMR 5246 du CNRS), 1 rue Victor Grignard, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Nuno Monteiro
- Université Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires (ICBMS, UMR 5246 du CNRS), 1 rue Victor Grignard, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Julien C. Vantourout
- Université Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires (ICBMS, UMR 5246 du CNRS), 1 rue Victor Grignard, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Abderrahmane Amgoune
- Université Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires (ICBMS, UMR 5246 du CNRS), 1 rue Victor Grignard, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 1 rue Descartes, 75231 Paris, France
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49
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Kumar GS, Shinde PS, Chen H, Muralirajan K, Kancherla R, Rueping M. Paired Electrolysis for Decarboxylative Cyanation: 4-CN-Pyridine, a Versatile Nitrile Source. Org Lett 2022; 24:6357-6363. [PMID: 36036921 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A decarboxylative cyanation of amino acids under paired electrochemical reaction conditions has been developed. 4-CN-pyridine was found to be a new and effective cyanation reagent under catalyst-free conditions. Mechanistic studies support a nucleophilic reaction pathway, and the cyanation protocol can be applied to diverse substrates including N,N-dialkyl aniline and indole derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gadde Sathish Kumar
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Prashant S Shinde
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Haifeng Chen
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Krishnamoorthy Muralirajan
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rajesh Kancherla
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Magnus Rueping
- KAUST Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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