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Shin Y, Lee HS, Kim JU, An YH, Kim YS, Hwang NS, Kim DH. Functional-hydrogel-based electronic-skin patch for accelerated healing and monitoring of skin wounds. Biomaterials 2024; 314:122802. [PMID: 39255530 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2024.122802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 09/01/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
Conductive hydrogels feature reasonable electrical performance as well as tissue-like mechanical softness, thus positioning them as promising material candidates for soft bio-integrated electronics. Despite recent advances in materials and their processing technologies, however, facile patterning and monolithic integration of functional hydrogels (e.g., conductive, low-impedance, adhesive, and insulative hydrogels) for all-hydrogel-based soft bioelectronics still poses significant challenges. Here, we report material design, fabrication, and integration strategies for an electronic-skin (e-skin) patch based on functional hydrogels. The e-skin patch was fabricated by using photolithography-compatible functional hydrogels, such as poly(2-hydroxyethyl acrylate) (PHEA) hydrogel (substrate), Ag flake hydrogel (interconnection; conductivity: ∼571.43 S/cm), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene:polystyrene) (PEDOT:PSS) hydrogel (working electrode; impedance: ∼69.84 Ω @ 1 Hz), polydopamine (PDA) hydrogel (tissue adhesive; shear strength: ∼725.1 kPa), and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) hydrogel (encapsulation). The properties of these functional hydrogels closely resemble those of human tissues in terms of water content and Young's modulus, enabling stable tissue-device interfacing in dynamically changing physiological environments. We demonstrated the efficacy of the e-skin patch through its application to accelerated healing and monitoring of skin wounds in mouse models - efficient fibroblast migration, proliferation, and differentiation promoted by electric field (EF) stimulation and iontophoretic drug delivery, and monitoring of the accelerated healing process through impedance mapping. The all-hydrogel-based e-skin patch is expected to create new opportunities for various clinically-relevant tissue interfacing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonsoo Shin
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea; School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Su Lee
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea; School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Uk Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hyeon An
- BioMax/N-Bio Institute, Institute of Bio Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye-Sol Kim
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Nathaniel S Hwang
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea; BioMax/N-Bio Institute, Institute of Bio Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea; Institute of Engineering Research, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dae-Hyeong Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea; School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Gao Y, Chen G, Ma B, Wang Y, Wei Y, Qian Y, Kong Z, Hu Y, Ding X, Ping Z, Zhao C, Liu H. Phase transition-driven encapsulation of biomolecules using liquid metal with on-demand release for biomedical applications. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 259:116403. [PMID: 38776802 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Robust encapsulation and controllable release of biomolecules have wide biomedical applications ranging from biosensing, drug delivery to information storage. However, conventional biomolecule encapsulation strategies have limitations in complicated operations, optical instability, and difficulty in decapsulation. Here, we report a simple, robust, and solvent-free biomolecule encapsulation strategy based on gallium liquid metal featuring low-temperature phase transition, self-healing, high hermetic sealing, and intrinsic resistance to optical damage. We sandwiched the biomolecules with the solid gallium films followed by low-temperature welding of the films for direct sealing. The gallium can not only protect DNA and enzymes from various physical and chemical damages but also allow the on-demand release of biomolecules by applying vibration to break the liquid gallium. We demonstrated that a DNA-coded image file can be recovered with up to 99.9% sequence retention after an accelerated aging test. We also showed the practical applications of the controllable release of bioreagents in a one-pot RPA-CRISPR/Cas12a reaction for SARS-COV-2 screening with a low detection limit of 10 copies within 40 min. This work may facilitate the development of robust and stimuli-responsive biomolecule capsules by using low-melting metals for biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yakun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Gangsheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Biao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
| | - Yaru Wang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Yanjie Wei
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; BGI Research, Changzhou, 213299, China
| | - Yunzhi Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Ziyan Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Yian Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Xiong Ding
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine and Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Zhi Ping
- BGI Research, Changzhou, 213299, China
| | - Chao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China
| | - Hong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, China.
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3
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Yang Z, Zhao Z, Yang D, Zhu L, Qiu Z, Wu Y, Lan C, Jiang W, Li G, Zhong B, Wei J, Liu T, Xie H. High ion barrier hydrogel with excellent toughness achieved by directional structures. RSC Adv 2024; 14:27555-27564. [PMID: 39221123 PMCID: PMC11362914 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra04822a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Owing to their nontoxicity, environmental friendliness, and high biocompatibility, physically cross-linked hydrogels have become popular research materials; however, their high water content and high free volume, along with the weak bonding interactions inherent to ordinary physically cross-linked hydrogels, limit their application in fields such as flexible devices, packaging materials, and substance transport regulation. Here, a structural barrier approach based on directional freezing-assisted salting out was proposed, and the directional structure significantly enhanced the barrier performance of the hydrogel. When the direction of substance diffusion was perpendicular to the pore channel structure of the directional freezing-PVA hydrogel (DFPVA), the Cl- transmission rate was 57.2% for the uniform freezing-PVA hydrogel (UFPVA). By adjusting the concentration of the salting-out solution and the salting-out time, the crystallinity and crystal domain size of the hydrogel could be further changed, optimizing and regulating the barrier performance of the hydrogel, with the best Cl- unit permeability being 36.02 mg mm per cm2 per day. Additionally, DFPVA had excellent mechanical properties (stress of 6.47 ± 1.04 MPa, strain of 625.85 ± 61.58%, toughness of 25.77 ± 3.72 MPa). Due to the barrier and mechanical properties of the direct structure, DFPVA is suitable as a drug carrier for slow drug release in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zezhou Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Construction and Healthy Operation, Maintenance of Deep Underground Engineering, Institute of New Energy and Low-Carbon Technology, Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 Sichuan China
| | - Zhiyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Construction and Healthy Operation, Maintenance of Deep Underground Engineering, Institute of New Energy and Low-Carbon Technology, Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 Sichuan China
| | - Dongsheng Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 Sichuan China
| | - Liangyu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation, Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu 610500 Sichuan China
| | - Zirou Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Construction and Healthy Operation, Maintenance of Deep Underground Engineering, Institute of New Energy and Low-Carbon Technology, Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 Sichuan China
| | - Yifan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Construction and Healthy Operation, Maintenance of Deep Underground Engineering, Institute of New Energy and Low-Carbon Technology, Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 Sichuan China
| | - Cheng Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Construction and Healthy Operation, Maintenance of Deep Underground Engineering, Institute of New Energy and Low-Carbon Technology, Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 Sichuan China
| | - Wenchuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Construction and Healthy Operation, Maintenance of Deep Underground Engineering, Institute of New Energy and Low-Carbon Technology, Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 Sichuan China
| | - Geng Li
- Dongfang Electric Qineng (Shenzhen) Technology Co., Ltd Shenzhen 518000 Guangzhou China
| | - Bin Zhong
- Dongfang Electric Qineng (Shenzhen) Technology Co., Ltd Shenzhen 518000 Guangzhou China
| | - Jin Wei
- Dongfang Electric Qineng (Shenzhen) Technology Co., Ltd Shenzhen 518000 Guangzhou China
| | - Tao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Construction and Healthy Operation, Maintenance of Deep Underground Engineering, Institute of New Energy and Low-Carbon Technology, Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 Sichuan China
| | - Heping Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Construction and Healthy Operation, Maintenance of Deep Underground Engineering, Institute of New Energy and Low-Carbon Technology, Sichuan University Chengdu 610065 Sichuan China
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Oh S, Lee S, Kim SW, Kim CY, Jeong EY, Lee J, Kwon DA, Jeong JW. Softening implantable bioelectronics: Material designs, applications, and future directions. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 258:116328. [PMID: 38692223 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Revised: 03/30/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Implantable bioelectronics, integrated directly within the body, represent a potent biomedical solution for monitoring and treating a range of medical conditions, including chronic diseases, neural disorders, and cardiac conditions, through personalized medical interventions. Nevertheless, contemporary implantable bioelectronics rely heavily on rigid materials (e.g., inorganic materials and metals), leading to inflammatory responses and tissue damage due to a mechanical mismatch with biological tissues. Recently, soft electronics with mechanical properties comparable to those of biological tissues have been introduced to alleviate fatal immune responses and improve tissue conformity. Despite their myriad advantages, substantial challenges persist in surgical handling and precise positioning due to their high compliance. To surmount these obstacles, softening implantable bioelectronics has garnered significant attention as it embraces the benefits of both rigid and soft bioelectronics. These devices are rigid for easy standalone implantation, transitioning to a soft state in vivo in response to environmental stimuli, which effectively overcomes functional/biological problems inherent in the static mechanical properties of conventional implants. This article reviews recent research and development in softening materials and designs for implantable bioelectronics. Examples featuring tissue-penetrating and conformal softening devices highlight the promising potential of these approaches in biomedical applications. A concluding section delves into current challenges and outlines future directions for softening implantable device technologies, underscoring their pivotal role in propelling the evolution of next-generation bioelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subin Oh
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Simok Lee
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Woo Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Choong Yeon Kim
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Young Jeong
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Juhyun Lee
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Do A Kwon
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Woong Jeong
- School of Electrical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea; KAIST Institute for Health Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Shen Y, Jin D, Li T, Yang X, Ma X. Magnetically Responsive Gallium-Based Liquid Metal: Preparation, Property and Application. ACS NANO 2024. [PMID: 39073895 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c07051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
Magnetically responsive soft smart materials have garnered significant academic attention due to their flexibility, remote controllability, and reconfigurability. However, traditional soft materials used in the construction of these magnetically responsive systems typically exhibit low density and poor thermal and electrical conductivities. These limitations result in suboptimal performance in applications such as medical radiography, high-performance electronic devices, and thermal management. To address these challenges, magnetically responsive gallium-based liquid metals have emerged as promising alternatives. In this review, we summarize the methodologies for achieving magnetically responsive liquid metals, including the integration of magnetic agents into the liquid metal matrix and the utilization of induced Lorentz forces. We then provide a comprehensive discussion of the key physicochemical properties of these materials and the factors influencing them. Additionally, we explore the advanced and potential applications of magnetically responsive liquid metals. Finally, we discuss the current challenges in this field and present an outlook on future developments and research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifeng Shen
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Integrated Circuits, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
- Center for X-Mechanics, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Dongdong Jin
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Integrated Circuits, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Tiefeng Li
- Center for X-Mechanics, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xuxu Yang
- Center for X-Mechanics, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xing Ma
- Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, School of Integrated Circuits, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
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6
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Wei Y, Bhuyan P, Kwon SJ, Kim S, Bae Y, Singh M, Thanh Tran D, Ha M, Jeong KU, Ma X, Park B, Park S. Liquid Metal Grid Patterned Thin Film Devices Toward Absorption-Dominant and Strain-Tunable Electromagnetic Interference Shielding. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2024; 16:248. [PMID: 39017957 PMCID: PMC11255180 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-024-01457-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
The demand of high-performance thin-film-shaped deformable electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding devices is increasing for the next generation of wearable and miniaturized soft electronics. Although highly reflective conductive materials can effectively shield EMI, they prevent deformation of the devices owing to rigidity and generate secondary electromagnetic pollution simultaneously. Herein, soft and stretchable EMI shielding thin film devices with absorption-dominant EMI shielding behavior is presented. The devices consist of liquid metal (LM) layer and LM grid-patterned layer separated by a thin elastomeric film, fabricated by leveraging superior adhesion of aerosol-deposited LM on elastomer. The devices demonstrate high electromagnetic shielding effectiveness (SE) (SET of up to 75 dB) with low reflectance (SER of 1.5 dB at the resonant frequency) owing to EMI absorption induced by multiple internal reflection generated in the LM grid architectures. Remarkably, the excellent stretchability of the LM-based devices facilitates tunable EMI shielding abilities through grid space adjustment upon strain (resonant frequency shift from 81.3 to 71.3 GHz @ 33% strain) and is also capable of retaining shielding effectiveness even after multiple strain cycles. This newly explored device presents an advanced paradigm for powerful EMI shielding performance for next-generation smart electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwen Wei
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Department of Nano Convergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Priyanuj Bhuyan
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Jin Kwon
- Composites Research Division, Korea Institute of Materials Science, Changwon, 51508, Republic of Korea
| | - Sihyun Kim
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Department of Nano Convergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Yejin Bae
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Department of Nano Convergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Mukesh Singh
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Duy Thanh Tran
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Department of Nano Convergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Minjeong Ha
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Un Jeong
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Department of Nano Convergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Xing Ma
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Sauvage Laboratory for Smart Materials, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Byeongjin Park
- Composites Research Division, Korea Institute of Materials Science, Changwon, 51508, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sungjune Park
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea.
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7
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Kong L, Li W, Zhang T, Ma H, Cao Y, Wang K, Zhou Y, Shamim A, Zheng L, Wang X, Huang W. Wireless Technologies in Flexible and Wearable Sensing: From Materials Design, System Integration to Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2400333. [PMID: 38652082 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202400333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Wireless and wearable sensors attract considerable interest in personalized healthcare by providing a unique approach for remote, noncontact, and continuous monitoring of various health-related signals without interference with daily life. Recent advances in wireless technologies and wearable sensors have promoted practical applications due to their significantly improved characteristics, such as reduction in size and thickness, enhancement in flexibility and stretchability, and improved conformability to the human body. Currently, most researches focus on active materials and structural designs for wearable sensors, with just a few exceptions reflecting on the technologies for wireless data transmission. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art wireless technologies and related studies on empowering wearable sensors. The emerging functional nanomaterials utilized for designing unique wireless modules are highlighted, which include metals, carbons, and MXenes. Additionally, the review outlines the system-level integration of wireless modules with flexible sensors, spanning from novel design strategies for enhanced conformability to efficient transmitting data wirelessly. Furthermore, the review introduces representative applications for remote and noninvasive monitoring of physiological signals through on-skin and implantable wireless flexible sensing systems. Finally, the challenges, perspectives, and unprecedented opportunities for wireless and wearable sensors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyan Kong
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Weiwei Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Tinghao Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Huihui Ma
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Yunqiang Cao
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Kexin Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Yilin Zhou
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Atif Shamim
- IMPACT Lab, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering (CEMSE) Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Lu Zheng
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Xuewen Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE) and Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics(KLoFE)and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), Nanjing, 211800, China
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8
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Dominguez‐Alfaro A, Mitoudi‐Vagourdi E, Dimov I, Picchio ML, Lopez‐Larrea N, de Lacalle JL, Tao X, Serrano RR, Gallastegui A, Vassardanis N, Mecerreyes D, Malliaras GG. Light-Based 3D Multi-Material Printing of Micro-Structured Bio-Shaped, Conducting and Dry Adhesive Electrodes for Bioelectronics. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2306424. [PMID: 38251224 PMCID: PMC11251555 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202306424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
In this work, a new method of multi-material printing in one-go using a commercially available 3D printer is presented. The approach is simple and versatile, allowing the manufacturing of multi-material layered or multi-material printing in the same layer. To the best of the knowledge, it is the first time that 3D printed Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) micro-patterns combining different materials are reported, overcoming mechanical stability issues. Moreover, the conducting ink is engineered to obtain stable in-time materials while retaining sub-100 µm resolution. Micro-structured bio-shaped protuberances are designed and 3D printed as electrodes for electrophysiology. Moreover, these microstructures are combined with polymerizable deep eutectic solvents (polyDES) as functional additives, gaining adhesion and ionic conductivity. As a result of the novel electrodes, low skin impedance values showed suitable performance for electromyography recording on the forearm. Finally, this concluded that the use of polyDES conferred stability over time, allowing the usability of the electrode 90 days after fabrication without losing its performance. All in all, this demonstrated a very easy-to-make procedure that allows printing PEDOT:PSS on soft, hard, and/or flexible functional substrates, opening up a new paradigm in the manufacturing of conducting multi-functional materials for the field of bioelectronics and wearables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Dominguez‐Alfaro
- Electrical Engineering DivisionDepartment of EngineeringUniversity of Cambridge9 JJ Thomson AveCambridgeCB3 0FAUK
- POLYMATUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHUAvenida Tolosa 72Donostia‐San SebastiánGipuzkoa20018Spain
| | - Eleni Mitoudi‐Vagourdi
- Electrical Engineering DivisionDepartment of EngineeringUniversity of Cambridge9 JJ Thomson AveCambridgeCB3 0FAUK
| | - Ivan Dimov
- Electrical Engineering DivisionDepartment of EngineeringUniversity of Cambridge9 JJ Thomson AveCambridgeCB3 0FAUK
| | - Matias L. Picchio
- POLYMATUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHUAvenida Tolosa 72Donostia‐San SebastiánGipuzkoa20018Spain
| | - Naroa Lopez‐Larrea
- POLYMATUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHUAvenida Tolosa 72Donostia‐San SebastiánGipuzkoa20018Spain
| | - Jon Lopez de Lacalle
- POLYMATUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHUAvenida Tolosa 72Donostia‐San SebastiánGipuzkoa20018Spain
| | - Xudong Tao
- Electrical Engineering DivisionDepartment of EngineeringUniversity of Cambridge9 JJ Thomson AveCambridgeCB3 0FAUK
| | - Ruben Ruiz‐Mateos Serrano
- Electrical Engineering DivisionDepartment of EngineeringUniversity of Cambridge9 JJ Thomson AveCambridgeCB3 0FAUK
| | - Antonela Gallastegui
- POLYMATUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHUAvenida Tolosa 72Donostia‐San SebastiánGipuzkoa20018Spain
| | | | - David Mecerreyes
- POLYMATUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHUAvenida Tolosa 72Donostia‐San SebastiánGipuzkoa20018Spain
- IKERBASQUEBasque Foundation for ScienceBilbao48009Spain
| | - George G. Malliaras
- Electrical Engineering DivisionDepartment of EngineeringUniversity of Cambridge9 JJ Thomson AveCambridgeCB3 0FAUK
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9
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Zhang Y, Zhu H, An S, Xing W, Fu B, Tao P, Shang W, Wu J, Dickey MD, Song C, Deng T. Chameleon-inspired tunable multi-layered infrared-modulating system via stretchable liquid metal microdroplets in elastomer film. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5395. [PMID: 38926423 PMCID: PMC11208509 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49849-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This report presents liquid metal-based infrared-modulating materials and systems with multiple modes to regulate the infrared reflection. Inspired by the brightness adjustment in chameleon skin, shape-morphing liquid metal droplets in silicone elastomer (Ecoflex) matrix are used to resemble the dispersed "melanophores". In the system, Ecoflex acts as hormone to drive the deformation of liquid metal droplets. Both total and specular reflectance-based infrared camouflage are achieved. Typically, the total and specular reflectances show change of ~44.8% and 61.2%, respectively, which are among the highest values reported for infrared camouflage. Programmable infrared encoding/decoding is explored by adjusting the concentration of liquid metal and applying areal strains. By introducing alloys with different melting points, temperature-dependent infrared painting/writing can be achieved. Furthermore, the multi-layered structure of infrared-modulating system is designed, where the liquid metal-based infrared modulating materials are integrated with an evaporated metallic film for enhanced performance of such system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingyue Zhang
- The State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
- Center of Hydrogen Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Hanrui Zhu
- The State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
- Center of Hydrogen Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Shun An
- The State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
- Center of Hydrogen Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Wenkui Xing
- The State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
- Center of Hydrogen Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Benwei Fu
- The State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
- National Engineering Research Center of Special Equipment and Power System for Ship and Marine Engineering, 10 Heng Shan Road, Shanghai, 200030, PR China
| | - Peng Tao
- The State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
- National Engineering Research Center of Special Equipment and Power System for Ship and Marine Engineering, 10 Heng Shan Road, Shanghai, 200030, PR China
| | - Wen Shang
- The State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
- Center of Hydrogen Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Jianbo Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
- Center of Hydrogen Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Michael D Dickey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, 911 Partners Way, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
| | - Chengyi Song
- The State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, PR China.
- Center of Hydrogen Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, PR China.
- National Engineering Research Center of Special Equipment and Power System for Ship and Marine Engineering, 10 Heng Shan Road, Shanghai, 200030, PR China.
| | - Tao Deng
- The State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, PR China.
- Center of Hydrogen Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, PR China.
- National Engineering Research Center of Special Equipment and Power System for Ship and Marine Engineering, 10 Heng Shan Road, Shanghai, 200030, PR China.
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10
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Ma J, Sa Z, Zhang H, Feng J, Wen J, Wang S, Tian Y. Microconfined Assembly of High-Resolution and Mechanically Robust EGaIn Liquid Metal Stretchable Electrodes for Wearable Electronic Systems. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024:e2402818. [PMID: 38898769 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202402818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Stretchable electrodes based on liquid metals (LM) are widely used in human-machine interfacing, wearable bioelectronics, and other emerging technologies. However, realizing the high-precision patterning and mechanical stability remains challenging due to the poor wettability of LM. Herein, a method is reported to fabricate LM-based multilayer solid-liquid electrodes (m-SLE) utilizing electrohydrodynamic (EHD) printed confinement template. In these electrodes, LM self-assembled onto these high-resolution templates, assisted by selective wetting on the electrodeposited Cu layer. This study shows that a m-SLE composed of PDMS/Ag/Cu/EGaIn exhibits line width of ≈20 µm, stretchability of ≈100%, mechanical stability ≈10 000 times (stretch/relaxation cycles), and recyclability. The multi-layer structure of m-SLE enables the adjustability of strain sensing, in which the strain-sensitive Ag part can be used for non-distributed detection in human health monitoring and the strain-insensitive EGaIn part can be used as interconnects. In addition, this study demonstrates that near field communication (NFC) devices and multilayer displays integrated by m-SLEs exhibit stable wireless signal transmission capability and stretchability, suggesting its applicability in creating highly-integrated, large-scale commercial, and recyclable wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxuan Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Precision Welding & Joining of Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Zicheng Sa
- National Key Laboratory of Precision Welding & Joining of Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - He Zhang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
- Advanced Biomedical Instrumentation Centre Limited, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Jiayun Feng
- National Key Laboratory of Precision Welding & Joining of Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Jiayue Wen
- Zhengzhou Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450041, China
| | - Shang Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Precision Welding & Joining of Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
- Zhengzhou Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450041, China
| | - Yanhong Tian
- National Key Laboratory of Precision Welding & Joining of Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China
- Zhengzhou Research Institute, Harbin Institute of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450041, China
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11
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Nam S, Cha GD, Sunwoo SH, Jeong JH, Kang H, Park OK, Lee KY, Oh S, Hyeon T, Choi SH, Lee SP, Kim DH. Needle-Like Multifunctional Biphasic Microfiber for Minimally Invasive Implantable Bioelectronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024:e2404101. [PMID: 38842504 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202404101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Implantable bioelectronics has attracted significant attention in electroceuticals and clinical medicine for precise diagnosis and efficient treatment of target diseases. However, conventional rigid implantable devices face challenges such as poor tissue-device interface and unavoidable tissue damage during surgical implantation. Despite continuous efforts to utilize various soft materials to address such issues, their practical applications remain limited. Here, a needle-like stretchable microfiber composed of a phase-convertible liquid metal (LM) core and a multifunctional nanocomposite shell for minimally invasive soft bioelectronics is reported. The sharp tapered microfiber can be stiffened by freezing akin to a conventional needle to penetrate soft tissue with minimal incision. Once implanted in vivo where the LM melts, unlike conventional stiff needles, it regains soft mechanical properties, which facilitate a seamless tissue-device interface. The nanocomposite incorporating with functional nanomaterials exhibits both low impedance and the ability to detect physiological pH, providing biosensing and stimulation capabilities. The fluidic LM embedded in the nanocomposite shell enables high stretchability and strain-insensitive electrical properties. This multifunctional biphasic microfiber conforms to the surfaces of the stomach, muscle, and heart, offering a promising approach for electrophysiological recording, pH sensing, electrical stimulation, and radiofrequency ablation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonghyeon Nam
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi Doo Cha
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Ansung, 17546, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hyuk Sunwoo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi, 39177, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hwan Jeong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Hyejeong Kang
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok Kyu Park
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong-Yeon Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Seil Oh
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeghwan Hyeon
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hong Choi
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Radiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Pyo Lee
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae-Hyeong Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
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12
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Liu Q, Yu Z, Zhang B. Tackling the Challenges of Aqueous Zn-Ion Batteries via Polymer-Derived Strategies. SMALL METHODS 2024; 8:e2300255. [PMID: 37417207 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Zn-ion batteries (ZIBs) have gathered unprecedented interest recently benefiting from their intrinsic safety, affordability, and environmental benignity. Nevertheless, their practical implementation is hampered by low rate performance, inferior Zn2+ diffusion kinetics, and undesired parasitic reactions. Innovative solutions are put forth to address these issues by optimizing the electrodes, separators, electrolytes, and interfaces. Remarkably, polymers with inherent properties of low-density, high processability, structural flexibility, and superior stability show great promising in tackling the challenges. Herein, the recent progress in the synthesis and customization of functional polymers in aqueous ZIBs is outlined. The recent implementations of polymers into each component are summarized, with a focus on the inherent mechanisms underlying their unique functions. The challenges of incorporating polymers into practical ZIBs are also discussed and possible solutions to circumvent them are proposed. It is hoped that such a deep analysis could accelerate the design of polymer-derived approaches to boost the performance of ZIBs and other aqueous battery systems as they share similarities in many aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Liu
- Department of Applied Physics and Research Institute for Smart Energy, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Zhenlu Yu
- Department of Applied Physics and Research Institute for Smart Energy, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Biao Zhang
- Department of Applied Physics and Research Institute for Smart Energy, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Hong Kong, 999077, China
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13
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Cao C, Ji S, Jiang Y, Su J, Xia H, Li H, Tian C, Wong YJ, Feng X, Chen X. Mitigating the Overheat of Stretchable Electronic Devices Via High-Enthalpy Thermal Dissipation of Hydrogel Encapsulation. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2401875. [PMID: 38598692 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202401875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
The practical application of flexible and stretchable electronics is significantly influenced by their thermal and chemical stability. Elastomer substrates and encapsulation, due to their soft polymer chains and high surface-area-to-volume ratio, are particularly susceptible to high temperatures and flame. Excessive heat poses a severe threat of damage and decomposition to these elastomers. By leveraging water as a high enthalpy dissipating agent, here, a hydrogel encapsulation strategy is proposed to enhance the flame retardancy and thermal stability of stretchable electronics. The hydrogel-based encapsulation provides thermal protection against flames for more than 10 s through the evaporation of water. Further, the stretchability and functions automatically recover by absorbing air moisture. The incorporation of hydrogel encapsulation enables stretchable electronics to maintain their functions and perform complex tasks, such as fire saving in soft robotics and integrated electronics sensing. With high enthalpy heat dissipation, encapsulated soft electronic devices are effectively shielded and retain their full functionality. This strategy offers a universal method for flame retardant encapsulation of stretchable electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Cao
- Institute of Flexible Electronics Technology of THU, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, 314000, China
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Laboratory for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Shaobo Ji
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Laboratory for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Ying Jiang
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Laboratory for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Jiangtao Su
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Laboratory for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Huarong Xia
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Laboratory for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Haicheng Li
- Institute of Flexible Electronics Technology of THU, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, 314000, China
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Changhao Tian
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Laboratory for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Yi Jing Wong
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Laboratory for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore, 138634, Singapore
| | - Xue Feng
- Institute of Flexible Electronics Technology of THU, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, 314000, China
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Laboratory for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- Institute for Digital Molecular Analytics and Science (IDMxS), Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
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14
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Shi Y, Zhao J, Zhang B, Qin J, Hu X, Cheng Y, Yu J, Jie J, Zhang X. Freestanding Serpentine Silicon Strips with Ultrahigh Stretchability over 300% for Wearable Electronics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2313603. [PMID: 38489559 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202313603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Well-functionalized electronic materials, such as silicon, in a stretchable format are desirable for high-performance wearable electronics. However, obtaining Si materials that meet the required stretchability of over 100% for wearable applications remains a significant challenge. Herein, a rational design strategy is proposed to achieve freestanding serpentine Si strips (FS-Si strips) with ultrahigh stretchability, fulfilling wearable requirements. The self-supporting feature makes the strips get rid of excessive constraints from substrates and enables them to deform with the minimum strain energy. Micrometer-scale thicknesses enhance robustness, and large diameter-to-width ratios effectively reduce strain concentration. Consequently, the FS-Si strips with the optimum design could withstand 300% stretch, bending, and torsion without fracturing, even under rough manual operation. They also exhibit excellent stability and durability over 50,000 cycles of 100% stretching cycles. For wearable applications, the FS-Si strips can maintain conformal contact with the skin and have a maximum stretchability of 120%. Moreover, they are electrically insensitive to large deformations, which ensure signal stability during their daily use. Combined with mature processing techniques and the excellent semiconductor properties of Si, FS-Si strips are promising core stretchable electronic materials for wearable electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihao Shi
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jianzhong Zhao
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Bingchang Zhang
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Manufacturing Technologies of Jiangsu Province, Key Laboratory of Modern Optical Technologies of Education Ministry of China, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, P. R. China
| | - Jiahao Qin
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
- Suzhou Industrial Park Monash Research Institute of Science and Technology, Monash University, Suzhou, 215000, P. R. China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Xinyue Hu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Cheng
- Suzhou Industrial Park Monash Research Institute of Science and Technology, Monash University, Suzhou, 215000, P. R. China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Jia Yu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jiansheng Jie
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohong Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
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15
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Sun Y, Cui J, Feng S, Cui J, Guo Y, Liang C, Gao W, Lu Z, Liu F, Zhang B. Projection Stereolithography 3D Printing High-Conductive Hydrogel for Flexible Passive Wireless Sensing. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2400103. [PMID: 38573809 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202400103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Hydrogel-based electronics have inherent similarities to biological tissues and hold potential for wearable applications. However, low conductivity, poor stretchability, nonpersonalizability, and uncontrollable dehydration during use limit their further development. In this study, projection stereolithography 3D printing high-conductive hydrogel for flexible passive wireless sensing is reported. The prepared photocurable silver-based hydrogel is rapidly planarized into antenna shapes on substrates using surface projection stereolithography. After partial dehydration, silver flakes within the circuits form sufficient conductive pathways to achieve high conductivity (387 S cm-1). By sealing the circuits to prevent further dehydration, the resistance remains stable when tensile strain is less than 100% for at least 30 days. Besides, the sealing materials provide versatile functionalities, such as stretchability and shape memory property. Customized flexible radio frequency identification tags are fabricated by integrating with commercial chips to complete the accurate recognition of eye movement, realizing passive wireless sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongding Sun
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Jin Cui
- School of Information and Science Technology, Northwest University, 1 Xuefu Street, Xi'an, 710127, China
| | - Shiwei Feng
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Jingjing Cui
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Yunlong Guo
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Chen Liang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Weizi Gao
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Zhe Lu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Fukang Liu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
| | - Biao Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
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16
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Zeng Z, Wang C, Zeng M, Fu L. Gallium-Based Liquid Metals in Rechargeable Batteries: From Properties to Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2311099. [PMID: 38282054 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202311099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Gallium-based (Ga-based) liquid metals have attracted considerable interest due to their low melting points, enabling them to feature both liquid properties and metallic properties at room temperature. In light of this, Ga-based liquid metals also possess excellent deformability, high electrical and thermal conductivity, superior metal affinity, and unique self-limited surface oxide, making them popular functional materials in energy storage. This provides a possibility to construct high-performance rechargeable batteries that are deformable, free of dendrite growth, and so on. This review primarily starts with the property of Ga-based liquid metal, and then focuses on the potential applications in rechargeable batteries by exploiting these advantages, aiming to construct the correlation between properties and structures. The glorious applications contain interface protection, self-healing electrode construction, thermal management, and flexible batteries. Finally, the opportunities and obstacles for the applications of liquid metal in batteries are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyue Zeng
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Chenyang Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Mengqi Zeng
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Lei Fu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
- Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 410013, China
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17
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Wang H, Yuan B, Zhu X, Shan X, Chen S, Ding W, Cao Y, Dong K, Zhang X, Guo R, Yao Y, Wang B, Tang J, Liu J. Multi-stimulus perception and visualization by an intelligent liquid metal-elastomer architecture. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadp5215. [PMID: 38787948 PMCID: PMC11122678 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adp5215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Multi-stimulus responsive soft materials with integrated functionalities are elementary blocks for building soft intelligent systems, but their rational design remains challenging. Here, we demonstrate an intelligent soft architecture sensitized by magnetized liquid metal droplets that are dispersed in a highly stretchable elastomer network. The supercooled liquid metal droplets serve as microscopic latent heat reservoirs, and their controllable solidification releases localized thermal energy/information flows for enabling programmable visualization and display. This allows the perception of a variety of information-encoded contact (mechanical pressing, stretching, and torsion) and noncontact (magnetic field) stimuli as well as the visualization of dynamic phase transition and stress evolution processes, via thermal and/or thermochromic imaging. The liquid metal-elastomer architecture offers a generic platform for designing soft intelligent sensing, display, and information encryption systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongzhang Wang
- Institute of Materials Research, Center of Double Helix, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Bo Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Xiyu Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohui Shan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Sen Chen
- Key Laboratory for Intelligent Nano Materials and Devices of Ministry of Education, and Institute for Frontier Science, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, P. R. China
| | - Wenbo Ding
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Institute of Data and Information, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
| | - Yingjie Cao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Kaichen Dong
- Institute of Materials Research, Center of Double Helix, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
- Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Institute of Data and Information, Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
| | - Xudong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cryogenic Science and Technology, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Rui Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yuchen Yao
- Key Laboratory of Cryogenic Science and Technology, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P. R. China
| | - Jianbo Tang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Kensington, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Cryogenic Science and Technology, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
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18
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Papani R, Li Y, Wang S. Soft mechanical sensors for wearable and implantable applications. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 16:e1961. [PMID: 38723798 PMCID: PMC11108230 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Wearable and implantable sensing of biomechanical signals such as pressure, strain, shear, and vibration can enable a multitude of human-integrated applications, including on-skin monitoring of vital signs, motion tracking, monitoring of internal organ condition, restoration of lost/impaired mechanoreception, among many others. The mechanical conformability of such sensors to the human skin and tissue is critical to enhancing their biocompatibility and sensing accuracy. As such, in the recent decade, significant efforts have been made in the development of soft mechanical sensors. To satisfy the requirements of different wearable and implantable applications, such sensors have been imparted with various additional properties to make them better suited for the varied contexts of human-integrated applications. In this review, focusing on the four major types of soft mechanical sensors for pressure, strain, shear, and vibration, we discussed the recent material and device design innovations for achieving several important properties, including flexibility and stretchability, bioresorbability and biodegradability, self-healing properties, breathability, transparency, wireless communication capabilities, and high-density integration. We then went on to discuss the current research state of the use of such novel soft mechanical sensors in wearable and implantable applications, based on which future research needs were further discussed. This article is categorized under: Diagnostic Tools > Biosensing Diagnostic Tools > Diagnostic Nanodevices Implantable Materials and Surgical Technologies > Nanomaterials and Implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rithvik Papani
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Yang Li
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Sihong Wang
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Nanoscience and Technology Division and Center for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, United States
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19
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Sun L, Wang J, Matsui H, Lee S, Wang W, Guo S, Chen H, Fang K, Ito Y, Inoue D, Hashizume D, Mori K, Takakuwa M, Lee S, Zhou Y, Yokota T, Fukuda K, Someya T. All-solution-processed ultraflexible wearable sensor enabled with universal trilayer structure for organic optoelectronic devices. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadk9460. [PMID: 38598623 PMCID: PMC11006222 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk9460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
All-solution-processed organic optoelectronic devices can enable the large-scale manufacture of ultrathin wearable electronics with integrated diverse functions. However, the complex multilayer-stacking device structure of organic optoelectronics poses challenges for scalable production. Here, we establish all-solution processes to fabricate a wearable, self-powered photoplethysmogram (PPG) sensor. We achieve comparable performance and improved stability compared to complex reference devices with evaporated electrodes by using a trilayer device structure applicable to organic photovoltaics, photodetectors, and light-emitting diodes. The PPG sensor array based on all-solution-processed organic light-emitting diodes and photodetectors can be fabricated on a large-area ultrathin substrate to achieve long storage stability. We integrate it with a large-area, all-solution-processed organic solar module to realize a self-powered health monitoring system. We fabricate high-throughput wearable electronic devices with complex functions on large-area ultrathin substrates based on organic optoelectronics. Our findings can advance the high-throughput manufacture of ultrathin electronic devices integrating complex functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Sun
- Thin-Film Device Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Jiachen Wang
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Matsui
- Research Center for Organic Electronics (ROEL), Yamagata University, 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Shinyoung Lee
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Wenqing Wang
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Shuyang Guo
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hongting Chen
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kun Fang
- Nano Medical Engineering Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ito
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Nano Medical Engineering Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Daishi Inoue
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Daisuke Hashizume
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kazuma Mori
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Masahito Takakuwa
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Institute of Engineering Innovation, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Sunghoon Lee
- Thin-Film Device Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Yinhua Zhou
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Tomoyuki Yokota
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Institute of Engineering Innovation, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Kenjiro Fukuda
- Thin-Film Device Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takao Someya
- Thin-Film Device Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Emergent Matter Science (CEMS), 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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Zhu J, Li J, Tong Y, Hu T, Chen Z, Xiao Y, Zhang S, Yang H, Gao M, Pan T, Cheng H, Lin Y. Recent progress in multifunctional, reconfigurable, integrated liquid metal-based stretchable sensors and standalone systems. PROGRESS IN MATERIALS SCIENCE 2024; 142:101228. [PMID: 38745676 PMCID: PMC11090487 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmatsci.2023.101228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Possessing a unique combination of properties that are traditionally contradictory in other natural or synthetical materials, Ga-based liquid metals (LMs) exhibit low mechanical stiffness and flowability like a liquid, with good electrical and thermal conductivity like metal, as well as good biocompatibility and room-temperature phase transformation. These remarkable properties have paved the way for the development of novel reconfigurable or stretchable electronics and devices. Despite these outstanding properties, the easy oxidation, high surface tension, and low rheological viscosity of LMs have presented formidable challenges in high-resolution patterning. To address this challenge, various surface modifications or additives have been employed to tailor the oxidation state, viscosity, and patterning capability of LMs. One effective approach for LM patterning is breaking down LMs into microparticles known as liquid metal particles (LMPs). This facilitates LM patterning using conventional techniques such as stencil, screening, or inkjet printing. Judiciously formulated photo-curable LMP inks or the introduction of an adhesive seed layer combined with a modified lift-off process further provide the micrometer-level LM patterns. Incorporating porous and adhesive substrates in LM-based electronics allows direct interfacing with the skin for robust and long-term monitoring of physiological signals. Combined with self-healing polymers in the form of substrates or composites, LM-based electronics can provide mechanical-robust devices to heal after damage for working in harsh environments. This review provides the latest advances in LM-based composites, fabrication methods, and their novel and unique applications in stretchable or reconfigurable sensors and resulting integrated systems. It is believed that the advancements in LM-based material preparation and high-resolution techniques have opened up opportunities for customized designs of LM-based stretchable sensors, as well as multifunctional, reconfigurable, highly integrated, and even standalone systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhu
- School of Material and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Jiaying Li
- School of Material and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Yao Tong
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Suzhou 215011, PR China
| | - Taiqi Hu
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, P. R. China
| | - Ziqi Chen
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China
| | - Yang Xiao
- School of Material and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Senhao Zhang
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Suzhou 215011, PR China
| | - Hongbo Yang
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Suzhou 215011, PR China
| | - Min Gao
- School of Material and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Taisong Pan
- School of Material and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Huanyu Cheng
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
| | - Yuan Lin
- School of Material and Energy, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
- Medico-Engineering Cooperation on Applied Medicine Research Center, University of Electronics Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
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21
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Qi J, Yang S, Jiang Y, Cheng J, Wang S, Rao Q, Jiang X. Liquid Metal-Polymer Conductor-Based Conformal Cyborg Devices. Chem Rev 2024; 124:2081-2137. [PMID: 38393351 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Gallium-based liquid metal (LM) exhibits exceptional properties such as high conductivity and biocompatibility, rendering it highly valuable for the development of conformal bioelectronics. When combined with polymers, liquid metal-polymer conductors (MPC) offer a versatile platform for fabricating conformal cyborg devices, enabling functions such as sensing, restoration, and augmentation within the human body. This review focuses on the synthesis, fabrication, and application of MPC-based cyborg devices. The synthesis of functional materials based on LM and the fabrication techniques for MPC-based devices are elucidated. The review provides a comprehensive overview of MPC-based cyborg devices, encompassing their applications in sensing diverse signals, therapeutic interventions, and augmentation. The objective of this review is to serve as a valuable resource that bridges the gap between the fabrication of MPC-based conformal devices and their potential biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Qi
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering. Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088, Xueyuan Rd, Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 511436, P. R. China
| | - Shuaijian Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering. Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088, Xueyuan Rd, Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
| | - Yizhou Jiang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering. Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088, Xueyuan Rd, Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100037, P. R. China
| | - Jinhao Cheng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering. Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088, Xueyuan Rd, Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
| | - Saijie Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering. Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088, Xueyuan Rd, Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
| | - Qingyan Rao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering. Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088, Xueyuan Rd, Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
| | - Xingyu Jiang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering. Southern University of Science and Technology, No. 1088, Xueyuan Rd, Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, P. R. China
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22
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Lu G, Ni E, Jiang Y, Wu W, Li H. Room-Temperature Liquid Metals for Flexible Electronic Devices. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2304147. [PMID: 37875665 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202304147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Room-temperature gallium-based liquid metals (RT-GaLMs) have garnered significant interest recently owing to their extraordinary combination of fluidity, conductivity, stretchability, self-healing performance, and biocompatibility. They are ideal materials for the manufacture of flexible electronics. By changing the composition and oxidation of RT-GaLMs, physicochemical characteristics of the liquid metal can be adjusted, especially the regulation of rheological, wetting, and adhesion properties. This review highlights the advancements in the liquid metals used in flexible electronics. Meanwhile related characteristics of RT-GaLMs and underlying principles governing their processing and applications for flexible electronics are elucidated. Finally, the diverse applications of RT-GaLMs in self-healing circuits, flexible sensors, energy harvesting devices, and epidermal electronics, are explored. Additionally, the challenges hindering the progress of RT-GaLMs are discussed, while proposing future research directions and potential applications in this emerging field. By presenting a concise and critical analysis, this paper contributes to the advancement of RT-GaLMs as an advanced material applicable for the new generation of flexible electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guixuan Lu
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250061, China
| | - Erli Ni
- The Institute for Advanced Studies of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China
| | - Yanyan Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250061, China
| | - Weikang Wu
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250061, China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250061, China
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23
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Ding Y, Jiang J, Wu Y, Zhang Y, Zhou J, Zhang Y, Huang Q, Zheng Z. Porous Conductive Textiles for Wearable Electronics. Chem Rev 2024; 124:1535-1648. [PMID: 38373392 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
Over the years, researchers have made significant strides in the development of novel flexible/stretchable and conductive materials, enabling the creation of cutting-edge electronic devices for wearable applications. Among these, porous conductive textiles (PCTs) have emerged as an ideal material platform for wearable electronics, owing to their light weight, flexibility, permeability, and wearing comfort. This Review aims to present a comprehensive overview of the progress and state of the art of utilizing PCTs for the design and fabrication of a wide variety of wearable electronic devices and their integrated wearable systems. To begin with, we elucidate how PCTs revolutionize the form factors of wearable electronics. We then discuss the preparation strategies of PCTs, in terms of the raw materials, fabrication processes, and key properties. Afterward, we provide detailed illustrations of how PCTs are used as basic building blocks to design and fabricate a wide variety of intrinsically flexible or stretchable devices, including sensors, actuators, therapeutic devices, energy-harvesting and storage devices, and displays. We further describe the techniques and strategies for wearable electronic systems either by hybridizing conventional off-the-shelf rigid electronic components with PCTs or by integrating multiple fibrous devices made of PCTs. Subsequently, we highlight some important wearable application scenarios in healthcare, sports and training, converging technologies, and professional specialists. At the end of the Review, we discuss the challenges and perspectives on future research directions and give overall conclusions. As the demand for more personalized and interconnected devices continues to grow, PCT-based wearables hold immense potential to redefine the landscape of wearable technology and reshape the way we live, work, and play.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichun Ding
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P. R. China
- Fujian Science & Technology Innovation Laboratory for Optoelectronic Information of China, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, P. R. China
| | - Jinxing Jiang
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
| | - Yingsi Wu
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
| | - Yaokang Zhang
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
| | - Junhua Zhou
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
| | - Yufei Zhang
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
| | - Qiyao Huang
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
- Research Institute for Intelligent Wearable Systems, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
| | - Zijian Zheng
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Science, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
- Research Institute for Intelligent Wearable Systems, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
- Research Institute for Smart Energy, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
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24
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Xu H, Lu J, Xi Y, Wang X, Liu J. Liquid metal biomaterials: translational medicines, challenges and perspectives. Natl Sci Rev 2024; 11:nwad302. [PMID: 38213519 PMCID: PMC10776368 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwad302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Until now, significant healthcare challenges and growing urgent clinical requirements remain incompletely addressed by presently available biomedical materials. This is due to their inadequate mechanical compatibility, suboptimal physical and chemical properties, susceptibility to immune rejection, and concerns about long-term biological safety. As an alternative, liquid metal (LM) opens up a promising class of biomaterials with unique advantages like biocompatibility, flexibility, excellent electrical conductivity, and ease of functionalization. However, despite the unique advantages and successful explorations of LM in biomedical fields, widespread clinical translations and applications of LM-based medical products remain limited. This article summarizes the current status and future prospects of LM biomaterials, interprets their applications in healthcare, medical imaging, bone repair, nerve interface, and tumor therapy, etc. Opportunities to translate LM materials into medicine and obstacles encountered in practices are discussed. Following that, we outline a blueprint for LM clinics, emphasizing their potential in making new-generation artificial organs. Last, the core challenges of LM biomaterials in clinical translation, including bio-safety, material stability, and ethical concerns are also discussed. Overall, the current progress, translational medicine bottlenecks, and perspectives of LM biomaterials signify their immense potential to drive future medical breakthroughs and thus open up novel avenues for upcoming clinical practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanchi Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084,China
- Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing102218, China
| | - Jincheng Lu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084,China
- Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing102218, China
| | - Yikuang Xi
- Shanghai World Foreign Language Academy, Shanghai200233, China
| | - Xuelin Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering Medicine, Beihang University, Beijing100191, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing100084,China
- Beijing Key Lab of Cryo-Biomedical Engineering and Key Lab of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing100190, China
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25
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Zhang P, Hao Y, Shi H, Lu J, Liu Y, Ming X, Wang Y, Fang W, Xia Y, Chen Y, Li P, Wang Z, Su Q, Lv W, Zhou J, Zhang Y, Lai H, Gao W, Xu Z, Gao C. Highly Thermally Conductive and Structurally Ultra-Stable Graphitic Films with Seamless Heterointerfaces for Extreme Thermal Management. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2023; 16:58. [PMID: 38112845 PMCID: PMC10730789 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01277-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Highly thermally conductive graphitic film (GF) materials have become a competitive solution for the thermal management of high-power electronic devices. However, their catastrophic structural failure under extreme alternating thermal/cold shock poses a significant challenge to reliability and safety. Here, we present the first investigation into the structural failure mechanism of GF during cyclic liquid nitrogen shocks (LNS), which reveals a bubbling process characterized by "permeation-diffusion-deformation" phenomenon. To overcome this long-standing structural weakness, a novel metal-nanoarmor strategy is proposed to construct a Cu-modified graphitic film (GF@Cu) with seamless heterointerface. This well-designed interface ensures superior structural stability for GF@Cu after hundreds of LNS cycles from 77 to 300 K. Moreover, GF@Cu maintains high thermal conductivity up to 1088 W m-1 K-1 with degradation of less than 5% even after 150 LNS cycles, superior to that of pure GF (50% degradation). Our work not only offers an opportunity to improve the robustness of graphitic films by the rational structural design but also facilitates the applications of thermally conductive carbon-based materials for future extreme thermal management in complex aerospace electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peijuan Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials and Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Hao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials and Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Hang Shi
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials and Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiahao Lu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials and Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingjun Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials and Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China.
- Shanxi-Zheda Institute of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan, 030032, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xin Ming
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials and Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ya Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials and Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China
- International Research Center for X Polymers, International Campus, Zhejiang University, Haining, 314400, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenzhang Fang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials and Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxing Xia
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials and Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Yance Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials and Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials and Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziqiu Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials and Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingyun Su
- Beijing Spacecrafts Manufacturing Co., Ltd, Beijing Friendship Road 104, Haidian District, Beijing, 100094, People's Republic of China
| | - Weidong Lv
- Beijing Institute of Space Mechanics and Electricity, Beijing Friendship Road 104, Haidian District, Beijing, 100094, People's Republic of China
| | - Ji Zhou
- Beijing Institute of Space Mechanics and Electricity, Beijing Friendship Road 104, Haidian District, Beijing, 100094, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Zhang
- China Academy of Aerospace Aerodynamics, Beijing, 100074, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiwen Lai
- Hangzhou Gaoxi Technol Co., Ltd, Hangzhou, 311113, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiwei Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials and Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China
- Shanxi-Zheda Institute of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan, 030032, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhen Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials and Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China.
- Shanxi-Zheda Institute of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan, 030032, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chao Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Adsorption and Separation Materials and Technologies of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University, 38 Zheda Road, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China.
- Shanxi-Zheda Institute of Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan, 030032, People's Republic of China.
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26
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Chen F, Zhuang Q, Ding Y, Zhang C, Song X, Chen Z, Zhang Y, Mei Q, Zhao X, Huang Q, Zheng Z. Wet-Adaptive Electronic Skin. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2305630. [PMID: 37566544 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202305630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Skin electronics provides remarkable opportunities for non-invasive and long-term monitoring of a wide variety of biophysical and physiological signals that are closely related to health, medicine, and human-machine interactions. Nevertheless, conventional skin electronics fabricated on elastic thin films are difficult to adapt to the wet microenvironments of the skin: Elastic thin films are non-permeable, which block the skin perspiration; Elastic thin films are difficult to adhere to wet skin; Most skin electronics are difficult to work underwater. Here, a Wet-Adaptive Electronic Skin (WADE-skin) is reported, which consists of a next-to-skin wet-adhesive fibrous layer, a next-to-air waterproof fibrous layer, and a stretchable and permeable liquid metal electrode layer. While the electronic functionality is determined by the electrode design, this WADE-skin simultaneously offers superb stretchability, wet adhesion, permeability, biocompatibility, and waterproof property. The WADE-skin can rapidly adhere to human skin after contact for a few seconds and stably maintain the adhesion over weeks even under wet conditions, without showing any negative effect to the skin health. The use of WADE-skin is demonstrated for the stable recording of electrocardiogram during intensive sweating as well as underwater activities, and as the strain sensor for the underwater operation of virtual reality-mediated human-machine interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Chen
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Qiuna Zhuang
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Yichun Ding
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Xian Song
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Zijian Chen
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Yaokang Zhang
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Quanjin Mei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Qiyao Huang
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
- Research Institute for Intelligent Wearable Systems, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Zijian Zheng
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
- Research Institute for Intelligent Wearable Systems, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
- Research Institute for Smart Energy, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
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27
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Ma Z, Lu S, Wu Y, Zhang X, Wei Y, Mawignon FJ, Qin L, Shan L. Pressure-Activatable Liquid Metal Composites Flexible Sensor with Antifouling and Drag Reduction Functional Surface. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:54952-54965. [PMID: 37966900 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c12910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
Flexible sensors produced through three-dimensional (3D) printing have exhibited promising results in the context of underwater sensing detection (for applications in navigational vehicles and human activities). However, underwater vehicles and activities such as swimming and diving are highly susceptible to drag, which can cause negative impacts such as reduced speed and increased energy consumption. Additionally, microbial adhesion can shorten the service life of these vehicles. However, natural organisms are able to circumvent such problems, with shark skin offering excellent barrier properties and ruffled papillae providing effective protection against fouling. Here, we show that a sandwich system consisting of a spraying layer, conductive elastomer composite, and encapsulation layer can be printed for multifunctional integrated underwater sensors. The modulated viscoelastic properties of liquid metal form the foundation for printing features, while its pressure-activated properties offer the potential for switchable sensors. An integrated drag reduction and antifouling layer were created by combining the shark skin surface shield scale structure with the lotus leaf surface papillae structure. A 3D-printed flexible sensor was designed using our approach to monitor attitude changes and strain in underwater environments, showcasing its capabilities. Our printed sensors can reduce biological attachment density by more than 50% and reduce underwater drag by 8.6-10.3%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Ma
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Modern Design and Rotor-Bearing System, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
| | - Shan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Modern Design and Rotor-Bearing System, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
| | - Yuhao Wu
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Modern Design and Rotor-Bearing System, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Modern Design and Rotor-Bearing System, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
| | - Yufan Wei
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Modern Design and Rotor-Bearing System, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
| | - Fagla Jules Mawignon
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Modern Design and Rotor-Bearing System, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
| | - Liguo Qin
- Key Laboratory of Education Ministry for Modern Design and Rotor-Bearing System, School of Mechanical Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
| | - Lei Shan
- AVIC Xi'an Flight Automatic Control Research Institute, Xi'an 710065, P. R. China
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28
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Truong VK, Hayles A, Bright R, Luu TQ, Dickey MD, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Vasilev K. Gallium Liquid Metal: Nanotoolbox for Antimicrobial Applications. ACS NANO 2023; 17:14406-14423. [PMID: 37506260 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c06486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
The proliferation of drug resistance in microbial pathogens poses a significant threat to human health. Hence, treatment measures are essential to surmount this growing problem. In this context, liquid metal nanoparticles are promising. Gallium, a post-transition metal notable for being a liquid at physiological temperature, has drawn attention for its distinctive properties, high antimicrobial efficacy, and low toxicity. Moreover, gallium nanoparticles demonstrate anti-inflammatory properties in immune cells. Gallium can alloy with other metals and be prepared in various composites to modify and tailor its characteristics and functionality. More importantly, the bactericidal mechanism of gallium liquid metal could sidestep the threat of emerging drug resistance mechanisms. Building on this rationale, gallium-based liquid metal nanoparticles can enable impactful and innovative strategic pathways in the battle against antimicrobial resistance. This review outlines the characteristics of gallium-based liquid metals at the nanoscale and their corresponding antimicrobial mechanisms to provide a comprehensive yet succinct overview of their current antimicrobial applications. In addition, challenges and opportunities that require further research efforts have been identified and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vi Khanh Truong
- Biomedical Nanoengineering Laboratory, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Andrew Hayles
- Biomedical Nanoengineering Laboratory, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Richard Bright
- Biomedical Nanoengineering Laboratory, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Trong Quan Luu
- Biomedical Nanoengineering Laboratory, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Michael D Dickey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Kourosh Kalantar-Zadeh
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Krasimir Vasilev
- Biomedical Nanoengineering Laboratory, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
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29
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Faiz S, Kim HW, Oh J, Veerapandian S, Jeong U. High-Precision Stretchable Ionic Temperature Sensor Passivated with a Liquid Metal/Block Copolymer Multilayer Film. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37267117 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c03811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Moisture barriers are essential for ionic sensors because moisture has a direct impact on the stability and reliability of electrochemical properties. So far, stretchable moisture barriers that can maximize the advantage of using deformable ion gel as the active material have been rarely investigated and remain as a technological challenge. This study proposes a four-layer (4L) stretchable moisture barrier alternatively composed of a poly(styrene-isobutylene-styrene) copolymer (SiBS) film (2 μm in thickness) and a eutectic gallium-indium liquid metal (LM) film (1 μm in thickness). This multilayer barrier has a low water permeability of 9.09 × 10-20 m2/Pa s at 50% uniaxial strain (ε) and retains the barrier properties at repeated stretchable cycles at ε = 50%. This study demonstrates a skin-attached precise ion gel-based temperature sensor that is independent of moisture change (even dipping in water) and body motions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salma Faiz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Woo Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Joosung Oh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Selvaraj Veerapandian
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Unyong Jeong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
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30
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Zhao Q, Pan Z, Liu B, Bao C, Liu X, Sun J, Xie S, Wang Q, Wang J, Gao Y. Electrochromic-Induced Rechargeable Aqueous Batteries: An Integrated Multifunctional System for Cross-Domain Applications. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2023; 15:87. [PMID: 37029252 PMCID: PMC10082149 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-023-01056-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Multifunctional electrochromic-induced rechargeable aqueous batteries (MERABs) integrate electrochromism and aqueous ion batteries into one platform, which is able to deliver the conversion and storage of photo-thermal-electrochemical sources. Aqueous ion batteries compensate for the drawbacks of slow kinetic reactions and unsatisfied storage capacities of electrochromic devices. On the other hand, electrochromic technology can enable dynamically regulation of solar light and heat radiation. However, MERABs still face several technical issues, including a trade-off between electrochromic and electrochemical performance, low conversion efficiency and poor service life. In this connection, novel device configuration and electrode materials, and an optimized compatibility need to be considered for multidisciplinary applications. In this review, the unique advantages, key challenges and advanced applications are elucidated in a timely and comprehensive manner. Firstly, the prerequisites for effective integration of the working mechanism and device configuration, as well as the choice of electrode materials are examined. Secondly, the latest advances in the applications of MERABs are discussed, including wearable, self-powered, integrated systems and multisystem conversion. Finally, perspectives on the current challenges and future development are outlined, highlighting the giant leap required from laboratory prototypes to large-scale production and eventual commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117574, Singapore
| | - Zhenghui Pan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Binbin Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117574, Singapore
| | - Changyuan Bao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117574, Singapore
| | - Ximeng Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117574, Singapore
| | - Jianguo Sun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117574, Singapore.
| | - Shaorong Xie
- Department of Computer Engineering and Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117574, Singapore
| | - John Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117574, Singapore.
- National University of Singapore (Chongqing) Research Institute, Chongqing, 401120, People's Republic of China.
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*Star, Singapore, 138634, Singapore.
| | - Yanfeng Gao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive and Highly Efficient Utilization of Salt Lake Resources, Qinghai Institute of Salt Lakes, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810008, People's Republic of China.
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31
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Gu Y, Huo Y. Advanced Electronic Packaging Technology: From Hard to Soft. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:2346. [PMID: 36984224 PMCID: PMC10051394 DOI: 10.3390/ma16062346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Packaging is a pivotal step in electronic device manufacturing, determining the translational performance of bare chips [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Gu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Yongjun Huo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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