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Tamuli B, Sharma S, Patkar M, Biswas S. Key players of immunosuppression in epithelial malignancies: Tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells and γδ T cells. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2024; 7:e2066. [PMID: 38703051 PMCID: PMC11069128 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.2066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tumor microenvironment of solid tumors governs the differentiation of otherwise non-immunosuppressive macrophages and gamma delta (γδ) T cells into strong immunosuppressors while promoting suppressive abilities of known immunosuppressors such as myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) upon infiltration into the tumor beds. RECENT FINDINGS In epithelial malignancies, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs), precursor monocytic MDSCs (M-MDSCs), and gamma delta (γδ) T cells often acquire strong immunosuppressive abilities that dampen spontaneous immune responses by tumor-infiltrating T cells and B lymphocytes against cancer. Both M-MDSCs and γδ T cells have been associated with worse prognosis for multiple epithelial cancers. CONCLUSION Here we discuss recent discoveries on how tumor-associated macrophages and precursor M-MDSCs as well as tumor associated-γδ T cells acquire immunosuppressive abilities in the tumor beds, promote cancer metastasis, and perspectives on how possible novel interventions could restore the effective adaptive immune responses in epithelial cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baishali Tamuli
- Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC)Tata Memorial CentreKharghar, Navi MumbaiIndia
| | - Sakshi Sharma
- Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC)Tata Memorial CentreKharghar, Navi MumbaiIndia
| | - Meena Patkar
- Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC)Tata Memorial CentreKharghar, Navi MumbaiIndia
| | - Subir Biswas
- Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy, Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research and Education in Cancer (ACTREC)Tata Memorial CentreKharghar, Navi MumbaiIndia
- Homi Bhabha National InstituteMumbaiIndia
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2
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Chen Y, Wang J, Huang Y, Wu J, Wang Y, Chen A, Guo Q, Zhang Y, Zhang S, Wang L, Zou X, Li X. An oncolytic system produces oxygen selectively in pancreatic tumor cells to alleviate hypoxia and improve immune activation. Pharmacol Res 2024; 199:107053. [PMID: 38176529 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.107053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hypoxia is one of the important reasons for the poor therapeutic efficacy of current pancreatic cancer treatment, and the dense stroma of pancreatic cancer restricts the diffusion of oxygen within the tumor. METHODS A responsive oxygen-self-supplying adv-miRT-CAT-KR (adv-MCK) cascade reaction system to improve hypoxia in pancreatic cancer is constructed. We utilized various experiments at multiple levels (cells, organoids, in vivo) to investigate its effect on pancreatic cancer and analyzed the role of immune microenvironment changes in it through high-throughput sequencing. RESULTS The adv-MCK system is an oncolytic adenovirus system expressing three special components of genes. The microRNA (miRNA) targets (miRTs) enable adv-MCK to selectively replicate in pancreatic cancer cells. Catalase catalyzes the overexpressed hydrogen peroxide in pancreatic cancer cells to generate endogenous oxygen, which is catalyzed by killerRed to generate singlet oxygen (1O2) and further to enhance the oncolytic effect. Meanwhile, the adv-MCK system can specifically improve hypoxia in pancreatic cancer, exert antitumor effects in combination with photodynamic therapy, and activate antitumor immunity, especially by increasing the level of γδ T cells in the tumor microenvironment. CONCLUSION The responsive oxygen-self-supplying adv-MCK cascade reaction system combined with photodynamic therapy can improve the hypoxic microenvironment of pancreatic cancer and enhance antitumor immunity, which provides a promising alternative treatment strategy for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Jialun Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Pain, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Jianzhuang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Aotian Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Qiyuan Guo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Jiangsu University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yixuan Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Xiaoping Zou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Xihan Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, China; School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China.
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3
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Courtney AN, Tian G, Metelitsa LS. Natural killer T cells and other innate-like T lymphocytes as emerging platforms for allogeneic cancer cell therapy. Blood 2023; 141:869-876. [PMID: 36347021 PMCID: PMC10023720 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2022016201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells expressing chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) have achieved major clinical success in patients with hematologic malignancies. However, these treatments remain largely ineffective for solid cancers and require significant time and resources to be manufactured in an autologous setting. Developing alternative immune effector cells as cancer immunotherapy agents that can be employed in allogeneic settings is crucial for the advancement of cell therapy. Unlike T cells, Vα24-invariant natural killer T cells (NKTs) are not alloreactive and can therefore be generated from allogeneic donors for rapid infusion into numerous patients without the risk of graft-versus-host disease. Additionally, NKT cells demonstrate inherent advantages over T-cell products, including the ability to traffic to tumor tissues, target tumor-associated macrophages, transactivate NK cells, and cross-prime tumor-specific CD8 T cells. Both unmodified NKTs, which specifically recognize CD1d-bound glycolipid antigens expressed by certain types of tumors, and CAR-redirected NKTs are being developed as the next generation of allogeneic cell therapy products. In this review, we describe studies on the biology of NKTs and other types of innate-like T cells and summarize the clinical experiences of unmodified and CAR-redirected NKTs, including recent interim reports on allogeneic NKTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy N. Courtney
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Advanced Innate Cell Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Gengwen Tian
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Advanced Innate Cell Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Leonid S. Metelitsa
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Advanced Innate Cell Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
- Dan L Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
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4
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Human Vδ2 T Cells and Their Versatility for Immunotherapeutic Approaches. Cells 2022; 11:cells11223572. [PMID: 36429001 PMCID: PMC9688761 DOI: 10.3390/cells11223572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma/delta (γδ) T cells are innate-like immune effectors that are a critical component linking innate and adaptive immune responses. They are recognized for their contribution to tumor surveillance and fight against infectious diseases. γδ T cells are excellent candidates for cellular immunotherapy due to their unique properties to recognize and destroy tumors or infected cells. They do not depend on the recognition of a single antigen but rather a broad-spectrum of diverse ligands through expression of various cytotoxic receptors. In this manuscript, we review major characteristics of the most abundant circulating γδ subpopulation, Vδ2 T cells, their immunotherapeutic potential, recent advances in expansion protocols, their preclinical and clinical applications for several infectious diseases and malignancies, and how additional modulation could enhance their therapeutic potential.
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Jhita N, Raikar SS. Allogeneic gamma delta T cells as adoptive cellular therapy for hematologic malignancies. EXPLORATION OF IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 2:334-350. [PMID: 35783107 PMCID: PMC9249101 DOI: 10.37349/ei.2022.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy, especially T-cell driven targeting, has significantly evolved and improved over the past decade, paving the way to treat previously refractory cancers. Hematologic malignancies, given their direct tumor accessibility and less immunosuppressive microenvironment compared to solid tumors, are better suited to be targeted by cellular immunotherapies. Gamma delta (γδ) T cells, with their unique attributes spanning the entirety of the immune system, make a tantalizing therapeutic platform for cancer immunotherapy. Their inherent anti-tumor properties, ability to act like antigen-presenting cells, and the advantage of having no major histocompatibility complex (MHC) restrictions, allow for greater flexibility in their utility to target tumors, compared to their αβ T cell counterpart. Their MHC-independent anti-tumor activity, coupled with their ability to be easily expanded from peripheral blood, enhance their potential to be used as an allogeneic product. In this review, the potential of utilizing γδ T cells to target hematologic malignancies is described, with a specific focus on their applicability as an allogeneic adoptive cellular therapy product.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sunil S. Raikar
- Correspondence: Sunil S. Raikar, Cell and Gene Therapy Program, Department of Pediatrics, Aflac Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Emory University School of Medicine, 1760 Haygood Drive NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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6
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Abdolahi S, Ghazvinian Z, Muhammadnejad S, Ahmadvand M, Aghdaei HA, Ebrahimi-Barough S, Ai J, Zali MR, Verdi J, Baghaei K. Adaptive NK Cell Therapy Modulated by Anti-PD-1 Antibody in Gastric Cancer Model. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:733075. [PMID: 34588986 PMCID: PMC8473695 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.733075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, adaptive NK cell therapy has become a promising treatment but has limited efficacy as a monotherapy. The identification of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) molecules has opened a new horizon of immunotherapy. Herein, we aimed to demonstrate the cytotoxic effects of a polytherapy consisting of ex vivo expanded IL-2-activated NK cells combined with human anti-PD-1 antibody as an important checkpoint molecule in a xenograft gastric cancer mouse model. EBV-LCL cell is used as a feeder to promote NK cell proliferation with a purity of 93.4%. Mice (NOG, female, 6–8 weeks old) with xenograft gastric tumors were treated with PBS, ex vivo IL-2-activated NK cells, IL-2-activated NK cell along with human anti-PD-1 (Nivolumab), and IL-2-activated pretreated NK cells with anti-PD-1 antibody. The cytotoxicity of ex vivo expanded NK cells against MKN-45 cells was assessed by a lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay. Tumor volume was evaluated for morphometric properties, and tumor-infiltrating NK cells were assessed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and quantified by flow cytometry. Pathologic responses were considered by H and E staining. Ex vivo LDH evaluation showed the cytotoxic potential of treated NK cells against gastric cancer cell line. We indicated that the adoptive transfer of ex vivo IL-2-activated NK cells combined with anti-PD-1 resulted in tumor growth inhibition in a xenograft gastric cancer model. Mitotic count was significantly decreased (*p < 0.05), and the tumor was associated with improved infiltration of NK cells in the NK-anti-PD-1 pretreated group (*p < 0.05). In conclusion, the combination approach of activated NK cells and anti-PD-1 therapy results in tumor growth inhibition, accompanied by tumor immune cell infiltration in the gastric tumor model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahrokh Abdolahi
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeinab Ghazvinian
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samad Muhammadnejad
- Cell-Based Therapies Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ahmadvand
- Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Hematology and Applied Cell Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Asadzadeh Aghdaei
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayeh Ebrahimi-Barough
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jafar Ai
- Department of Tissue Engineering, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Zali
- Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Verdi
- Department of Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kaveh Baghaei
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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7
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Desimio MG, Finocchi A, Di Matteo G, Di Cesare S, Giancotta C, Conti F, Chessa L, Piane M, Montin D, Dellepiane M, Rossi P, Cancrini C, Doria M. Altered NK-cell compartment and dysfunctional NKG2D/NKG2D-ligand axis in patients with ataxia-telangiectasia. Clin Immunol 2021; 230:108802. [PMID: 34298181 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2021.108802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) is a multisystem disorder caused by biallelic pathogenic variants in the gene encoding A-T mutated (ATM) kinase, a master regulator of the DNA damage response (DDR) pathway. Most A-T patients show cellular and/or humoral immunodeficiency that has been associated with cancer risk and reduced survival, but NK cells have not been thoroughly studied. Here we investigated NK cells of A-T patients with a special focus on the NKG2D receptor that triggers cytotoxicity upon engagement by its ligands (NKG2DLs) commonly induced via the DDR pathway on infected, transformed, and variously stressed cells. Using flow cytometry, we examined the phenotype and function of NK cells in 6 A-T patients as compared with healthy individuals. NKG2D expression was evaluated also by western blotting and RT-qPCR; plasma soluble NKG2DLs (sMICA, sMICB, sULBP1, ULBP2) were measured by ELISA. Results showed that A-T NK cells were skewed towards the CD56neg anergic phenotype and displayed decreased expression of NKG2D and perforin. NKG2D was reduced at the protein but not at the mRNA level and resulted in impaired NKG2D-mediated cytotoxicity in 4/6 A-T patients. Moreover, in A-T plasma we found 24-fold and 2-fold increase of sMICA and sULBP1, respectively, both inversely correlated with NKG2D expression. Overall, NK cells are disturbed in A-T patients showing reduced NKG2D expression, possibly caused by persistent engagement of its ligands, that may contribute to susceptibility to cancer and infections and represent novel targets for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Giovanna Desimio
- Research Unit of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Finocchi
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Gigliola Di Matteo
- Research Unit of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Di Cesare
- Research Unit of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Carmela Giancotta
- Research Unit of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Conti
- Research Unit of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Maria Piane
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Davide Montin
- Pediatric Immunology and Rheumatology, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Marta Dellepiane
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Paolo Rossi
- Research Unit of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Cancrini
- Research Unit of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy; Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Margherita Doria
- Research Unit of Primary Immunodeficiencies, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
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Current Perspectives on the Use of off the Shelf CAR-T/NK Cells for the Treatment of Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13081926. [PMID: 33923528 PMCID: PMC8074108 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13081926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary CAR T cells are a type of immunotherapy whereby a patient’s own cells are genetically modified to recognise and kill the patient’s own cancer cells. Currently, each patient has CAR T cells made from their own blood cells. This type of therapy has had a big impact on the treatment of blood cancers, however making an individual treatment from each patient is expensive and labour intensive. This review discusses the potential of making CAR T cells more widely available by producing them in large numbers from healthy donors. Abstract CAR T cells have revolutionised the treatment of haematological malignancies. Despite this, several obstacles still prohibit their widespread use and efficacy. One of these barriers is the use of autologous T cells as the carrier of the CAR. The individual production of CAR T cells results in large variation in the product, greater wait times for treatment and higher costs. To overcome this several novel approaches have emerged that utilise allogeneic cells, so called “off the shelf” CAR T cells. In this Review, we describe the different approaches that have been used to produce allogeneic CAR T to date, as well as their current pre-clinical and clinical progress.
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9
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Park JH, Lee HK. Function of γδ T cells in tumor immunology and their application to cancer therapy. Exp Mol Med 2021; 53:318-327. [PMID: 33707742 PMCID: PMC8080836 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-021-00576-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells of the γδ lineage are unconventional T cells with functions not restricted to MHC-mediated antigen presentation. Because of their broad antigen specificity and NK-like cytotoxicity, γδ T-cell importance in tumor immunology has been emphasized. However, some γδ T-cell subsets, especially those expressing IL-17, are immunosuppressive or tumor-promoting cells. Their cytokine profile and cytotoxicity are seemingly determined by cross-talk with microenvironment components, not by the γδTCR chain. Furthermore, much about the TCR antigen of γδ T cells remains unknown compared with the extreme diversity of their TCR chain pairs. Thus, the investigation and application of γδ T cells have been relatively difficult. Nevertheless, γδ T cells remain attractive targets for antitumor therapy because of their independence from MHC molecules. Because tumor cells have the ability to evade the immune system through MHC shedding, heterogeneous antigens, and low antigen spreading, MHC-independent γδ T cells represent good alternative targets for immunotherapy. Therefore, many approaches to using γδ T cells for antitumor therapy have been attempted, including induction of endogenous γδ T cell activation, adoptive transfer of expanded cells ex vivo, and utilization of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells. Here, we discuss the function of γδ T cells in tumor immunology and their application to cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jang Hyun Park
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Heung Kyu Lee
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Denaeghel S, De Pelsmaeker S, Van Waesberghe C, Favoreel HW. Pseudorabies Virus Infection Causes Downregulation of Ligands for the Activating NK Cell Receptor NKG2D. Viruses 2021; 13:266. [PMID: 33572245 PMCID: PMC7915010 DOI: 10.3390/v13020266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses display a complex and carefully balanced interaction with important players in the antiviral immune response of immunocompetent natural hosts, including natural killer (NK) cells. With regard to NK cells, this delicate balance is illustrated on the one hand by severe herpesvirus disease reported in individuals with NK cell deficiencies and on the other hand by several NK cell evasion strategies described for herpesviruses. In the current study, we report that porcine cells infected with the porcine alphaherpesvirus pseudorabies virus (PRV) display a rapid and progressive downregulation of ligands for the major activating NK cell receptor NKG2D. This downregulation consists both of a downregulation of NKG2D ligands that are already expressed on the cell surface of an infected cell and an inhibition of cell surface expression of newly expressed NKG2D ligands. Flow cytometry and RT-qPCR assays showed that PRV infection results in downregulation of the porcine NKG2D ligand pULBP1 from the cell surface and a very substantial suppression of mRNA expression of pULBP1 and of another potential NKG2D ligand, pMIC2. Furthermore, PRV-induced NKG2D ligand downregulation was found to be independent of late viral gene expression. In conclusion, we report that PRV infection of host cells results in a very pronounced downregulation of ligands for the activating NK cell receptor NKG2D, representing an additional NK evasion strategy of PRV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Herman W. Favoreel
- Laboratory of Immunology, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium; (S.D.); (S.D.P.); (C.V.W.)
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11
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Partanen J, Hyvärinen K, Bickeböller H, Bogunia-Kubik K, Crossland RE, Ivanova M, Perutelli F, Dressel R. Review of Genetic Variation as a Predictive Biomarker for Chronic Graft-Versus-Host-Disease After Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:575492. [PMID: 33193367 PMCID: PMC7604383 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.575492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGvHD) is one of the major complications of allogeneic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). cGvHD is an autoimmune-like disorder affecting multiple organs and involves a dermatological rash, tissue inflammation and fibrosis. The incidence of cGvHD has been reported to be as high as 30% to 60% and there are currently no reliable tools for predicting the occurrence of cGvHD. There is therefore an important unmet clinical need for predictive biomarkers. The present review summarizes the state of the art for genetic variation as a predictive biomarker for cGvHD. We discuss three different modes of action for genetic variation in transplantation: genetic associations, genetic matching, and pharmacogenetics. The results indicate that currently, there are no genetic polymorphisms or genetic tools that can be reliably used as validated biomarkers for predicting cGvHD. A number of recommendations for future studies can be drawn. The majority of studies to date have been under-powered and included too few patients and genetic markers. Like in all complex multifactorial diseases, large collaborative genome-level studies are now needed to achieve reliable and unbiased results. Some of the candidate genes, in particular, CTLA4, HSPE, IL1R1, CCR6, FGFR1OP, and IL10, and some non-HLA variants in the HLA gene region have been replicated to be associated with cGvHD risk in independent studies. These associations should now be confirmed in large well-characterized cohorts with fine mapping. Some patients develop cGvHD despite very extensive immunosuppression and other treatments, indicating that the current therapeutic regimens may not always be effective enough. Hence, more studies on pharmacogenetics are also required. Moreover, all of these studies should be adjusted for diagnostic and clinical features of cGvHD. We conclude that future studies should focus on modern genome-level tools, such as machine learning, polygenic risk scores and genome-wide association study-transcription meta-analyses, instead of focusing on just single variants. The risk of cGvHD may be related to the summary level of immunogenetic differences, or whole genome histocompatibility between each donor-recipient pair. As the number of genome-wide analyses in HSCT is increasing, we are approaching an era where there will be sufficient data to incorporate these approaches in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jukka Partanen
- Finnish Red Cross Blood Service, Research and Development, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kati Hyvärinen
- Finnish Red Cross Blood Service, Research and Development, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heike Bickeböller
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katarzyna Bogunia-Kubik
- Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Rachel E Crossland
- Haematological Sciences, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Milena Ivanova
- Medical University, University Hospital Alexandrovska, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Francesca Perutelli
- Haematological Sciences, Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,Section of Hematology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ralf Dressel
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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12
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Krebs K, Bovijn J, Zheng N, Lepamets M, Censin JC, Jürgenson T, Särg D, Abner E, Laisk T, Luo Y, Skotte L, Geller F, Feenstra B, Wang W, Auton A, Raychaudhuri S, Esko T, Metspalu A, Laur S, Roden DM, Wei WQ, Holmes MV, Lindgren CM, Phillips EJ, Mägi R, Milani L, Fadista J. Genome-wide Study Identifies Association between HLA-B ∗55:01 and Self-Reported Penicillin Allergy. Am J Hum Genet 2020; 107:612-621. [PMID: 32888428 PMCID: PMC7536643 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2020.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypersensitivity reactions to drugs are often unpredictable and can be life threatening, underscoring a need for understanding their underlying mechanisms and risk factors. The extent to which germline genetic variation influences the risk of commonly reported drug allergies such as penicillin allergy remains largely unknown. We extracted data from the electronic health records of more than 600,000 participants from the UK, Estonian, and Vanderbilt University Medical Center's BioVU biobanks to study the role of genetic variation in the occurrence of self-reported penicillin hypersensitivity reactions. We used imputed SNP to HLA typing data from these cohorts to further fine map the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) association and replicated our results in 23andMe's research cohort involving a total of 1.12 million individuals. Genome-wide meta-analysis of penicillin allergy revealed two loci, including one located in the HLA region on chromosome 6. This signal was further fine-mapped to the HLA-B∗55:01 allele (OR 1.41 95% CI 1.33-1.49, p value 2.04 × 10-31) and confirmed by independent replication in 23andMe's research cohort (OR 1.30 95% CI 1.25-1.34, p value 1.00 × 10-47). The lead SNP was also associated with lower lymphocyte counts and in silico follow-up suggests a potential effect on T-lymphocytes at HLA-B∗55:01. We also observed a significant hit in PTPN22 and the GWAS results correlated with the genetics of rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis. We present robust evidence for the role of an allele of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) I gene HLA-B in the occurrence of penicillin allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristi Krebs
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Jonas Bovijn
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; Big Data Institute at the Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Neil Zheng
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Maarja Lepamets
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Jenny C Censin
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; Big Data Institute at the Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Tuuli Jürgenson
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Dage Särg
- Institute of Computer Science, University of Tartu, Tartu 51009, Estonia
| | - Erik Abner
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Triin Laisk
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Yang Luo
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Center for Data Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Line Skotte
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen 2300, Denmark
| | - Frank Geller
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen 2300, Denmark
| | - Bjarke Feenstra
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen 2300, Denmark
| | - Wei Wang
- 23andMe, Inc., Sunnyvale, CA 94086, USA
| | | | - Soumya Raychaudhuri
- Division of Rheumatology, Inflammation and Immunity, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biomedical Informatics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Center for Data Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Centre for Genetics and Genomics Versus Arthritis, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Andres Metspalu
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Sven Laur
- Institute of Computer Science, University of Tartu, Tartu 51009, Estonia; STACC, Tartu 51009, Estonia
| | - Dan M Roden
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, TN 37232, USA
| | - Wei-Qi Wei
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Michael V Holmes
- Big Data Institute at the Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK; National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK; Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit (CTSU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK; Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit (MRC PHRU), Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Cecilia M Lindgren
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK; Big Data Institute at the Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK; National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Phillips
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, TN 37232, USA; Institute for Immunology & Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia
| | - Lili Milani
- Estonian Genome Center, Institute of Genomics, University of Tartu, Tartu 51010, Estonia.
| | - João Fadista
- Department of Epidemiology Research, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen 2300, Denmark; Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre, 214 28 Malmö, Sweden; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
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13
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Plasil M, Wijkmark S, Elbers JP, Oppelt J, Burger PA, Horin P. The major histocompatibility complex of Old World camelids: Class I and class I-related genes. HLA 2020; 93:203-215. [PMID: 30828986 DOI: 10.1111/tan.13510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The genomic structure of the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) region and variation in selected MHC class I related genes in Old World camels, Camelus bactrianus and Camelus dromedaries were studied. The overall genomic organization of the camel MHC region follows a general pattern observed in other mammalian species and individual MHC loci appear to be well conserved. Selected MHC class I genes B-67 and BL3-7 exhibited unexpectedly low variability, even when compared to other camel MHC class I related genes MR1 and MICA. Interspecific SNP and allele sharing are relatively common, and frequencies of heterozygotes are usually low. Such a low variation in a genomic region generally considered as one of the most polymorphic in vertebrate genomes is unusual. Evolutionary relationships between MHC class I related genes and their counterparts from other species seem to be rather complex. Often, they do not follow the general evolutionary history of the species concerned. Close evolutionary relationships of individual MHC class I loci between camels, humans and dogs were observed. Based on the results of this study and on our data on MHC class II genes, the extent and the pattern of polymorphism of the MHC region of Old World camelids differed from most mammalian groups studied so far. Camels thus seem to be an important model for our understanding of the role of genetic diversity in immune functions, especially in the context of unique features of their immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Plasil
- Department of Animal Genetics, Veterinary and Pharmaceutical University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Ceitec VFU, RG Animal Immunogenomics, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sofia Wijkmark
- Department of Animal Genetics, Veterinary and Pharmaceutical University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jean P Elbers
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, Department of Integrative Biology and Evolution, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jan Oppelt
- Ceitec MU, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pamela A Burger
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, Department of Integrative Biology and Evolution, Vienna, Austria
| | - Petr Horin
- Department of Animal Genetics, Veterinary and Pharmaceutical University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Ceitec VFU, RG Animal Immunogenomics, Brno, Czech Republic
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14
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Dorsch M, Urlaub D, Bönnemann V, Bröde P, Sandusky M, Watzl C. Quantitative analysis of human NK cell reactivity using latex beads coated with defined amounts of antibodies. Eur J Immunol 2020; 50:656-665. [PMID: 32027754 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201948344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cell responses are regulated by a variety of different surface receptors. While we can determine the overall positive or negative effect of a given receptor on NK cell functions, investigating NK cell regulation in a quantitative way is challenging. To quantitatively investigate individual receptors for their effect on NK cell activation, we chose to functionalize latex beads that have approximately the same size as lymphocytes with defined amounts of specific antibodies directed against distinct activating receptors. This enabled us to investigate NK cell reactivity in a defined, clean, and controllable system. Only CD16 and NKp30 could activate the degranulation of resting human NK cells. CD16, NKG2D, NKp30, NKp44, and NKp46 were able to activate cultured NK cells. NK cell activation resulted in the induction of polyfunctional cells that degranulated and produced IFN-γ and MIP-1β. Interestingly, polyfunctional NK cells were only induced by triggering ITAM-coupled receptors. NKp44 showed a very sensitive response pattern, where a small increase in receptor stimulation caused maximal NK cell activity. In contrast, stimulation of 2B4 induced very little NK cell degranulation, while providing sufficient signal for NK cell adhesion. Our data demonstrate that activating receptors differ in their effectiveness to stimulate NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine Dorsch
- Department for Immunology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo) at TU Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Doris Urlaub
- Department for Immunology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo) at TU Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Vivian Bönnemann
- Department for Immunology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo) at TU Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Peter Bröde
- Department for Immunology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo) at TU Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Mina Sandusky
- Department for Immunology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo) at TU Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Carsten Watzl
- Department for Immunology, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo) at TU Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
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15
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Suzuki K, Nishiwaki K, Gunji T, Katori M, Masuoka H, Yano S. Elevated eosinophil level predicted long time to next treatment in relapsed or refractory myeloma patients treated with lenalidomide. Cancer Med 2020; 9:1694-1702. [PMID: 31950647 PMCID: PMC7050101 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.2828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Lenalidomide is an immunomodulatory drug that is administered commonly in patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM). Eosinophils have immunological functions, for instance, in allergic diseases and asthma. The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical significance of elevated eosinophil levels in patients with RRMM treated with lenalidomide. A total of 59 patients were included. Elevated eosinophil level was defined as an increase in the eosinophil count of ≥250/µL from the eosinophil count on day 1 during the first cycle. The percentage of patients with elevated eosinophil levels was 22.0%. The overall response ratio in the elevated eosinophil group and nonelevated eosinophil group was 84.6% and 63.0% (P = .189), respectively. The median time to next treatment (TTNT) in the elevated eosinophil group was significantly longer than that in the nonelevated group (40.3 months vs 8.4 months; P = .017). Additionally, TTNT in the elevated eosinophil group with partial response (PR) or better was significantly longer than that in the nonelevated eosinophil group with PR or better (40.3 months vs 11.9 months; P = .021). We concluded that elevated eosinophil levels were frequently observed and might predict a longer TTNT in patients with RRMM treated with lenalidomide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhito Suzuki
- Division of Clinical Oncology and Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Clinical Oncology and Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University Kashiwa Hospital, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Kaichi Nishiwaki
- Division of Clinical Oncology and Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Clinical Oncology and Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University Kashiwa Hospital, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tadahiro Gunji
- Division of Clinical Oncology and Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuji Katori
- Division of Clinical Oncology and Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Clinical Oncology and Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University Kashiwa Hospital, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Masuoka
- Division of Clinical Oncology and Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Division of Clinical Oncology and Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University Kashiwa Hospital, Kashiwa, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shingo Yano
- Division of Clinical Oncology and Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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16
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Ciccarese S, Burger PA, Ciani E, Castelli V, Linguiti G, Plasil M, Massari S, Horin P, Antonacci R. The Camel Adaptive Immune Receptors Repertoire as a Singular Example of Structural and Functional Genomics. Front Genet 2019; 10:997. [PMID: 31681428 PMCID: PMC6812646 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The adaptive immune receptors repertoire is highly plastic, with its ability to produce antigen-binding molecules and select those with high affinity for their antigen. Species have developed diverse genetic and structural strategies to create their respective repertoires required for their survival in the different environments. Camelids, until now, considered as a case of evolutionary innovation because of their only heavy-chain antibodies, represent a new mammalian model particularly useful for understanding the role of diversity in the immune system function. Here, we review the structural and functional characteristics and the current status of the genomic organization of camel immunoglobulins (IG) or antibodies, α/ß and γ/δ T cell receptors (TR), and major histocompatibility complex (MHC). In camelid humoral response, in addition to the conventional antibodies, there are IG with “only-heavy-chain” (no light chain, and two identical heavy gamma chains lacking CH1 and with a VH domain designated as VHH). The unique features of these VHH offer advantages in biotechnology and for clinical applications. The TRG and TRD rearranged variable domains of Camelus dromedarius (Arabian camel) display somatic hypermutation (SHM), increasing the intrinsic structural stability in the γ/δ heterodimer and influencing the affinity maturation to a given antigen similar to immunoglobulin genes. The SHM increases the dromedary γ/δ repertoire diversity. In Camelus genus, the general structural organization of the TRB locus is similar to that of the other artiodactyl species, with a pool of TRBV genes positioned at the 5’ end of three in tandem D-J-C clusters, followed by a single TRBV gene with an inverted transcriptional orientation located at the 3’ end. At the difference of TRG and TRD, the diversity of the TRB variable domains is not shaped by SHM and depends from the classical combinatorial and junctional diversity. The MHC locus is located on chromosome 20 in Camelus dromedarius. Cytogenetic and comparative whole genome analyses revealed the order of the three major regions “Centromere-ClassII-ClassIII-ClassI”. Unexpectedly low extent of polymorphisms and haplotypes was observed in all Old World camels despite different geographic origins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pamela A Burger
- Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, Vetmeduni Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Elena Ciani
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Biopharmaceutics, University of Bari "Aldo Moro," Bari, Italy
| | - Vito Castelli
- Department of Biology, University of Bari "Aldo Moro," Bari, Italy
| | | | - Martin Plasil
- Department of Animal Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czechia.,CEITEC-VFU, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, RG Animal Immunogenomics, Brno, Czechia
| | - Serafina Massari
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technologies, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - Petr Horin
- Department of Animal Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czechia.,CEITEC-VFU, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, RG Animal Immunogenomics, Brno, Czechia
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17
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Abstract
The recent successes of chimeric antigen receptor T cells in the treatment of hematological malignancies have clearly led to an explosion in the field of adoptive cell therapy for cancer. Current efforts are focused on the translation of this exciting technology to the treatment of solid tumors and the development of allogeneic ‘off-the-shelf’ therapies. γδ T cells are currently gaining considerable attention in this field as their unique biology and established role in cancer immunosurveillance place them in a unique position to potentially overcome these challenges in adoptive cell therapy. Here, we review the relevant aspects of the function of γδ T cells in cancer immunity, and summarize clinical observations and clinical trial results that highlight their emerging role as a platform for the development of safe and effective cancer immunotherapies. γδ T cells are a unique subset of T cells combining innate and adaptive features. Tissue-resident γδ T cells have important functions in tissue and cancer immunosurveillance. γδ T cells are being exploited increasingly for cancer immunotherapy.
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18
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Raam L, Kaleviste E, Šunina M, Vaher H, Saare M, Prans E, Pihlap M, Abram K, Karelson M, Peterson P, Rebane A, Kisand K, Kingo K. Lymphoid Stress Surveillance Response Contributes to Vitiligo Pathogenesis. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2707. [PMID: 30515176 PMCID: PMC6255962 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitiligo is a chronic multifactorial depigmentation disorder characterized by the destruction and functional loss of melanocytes. Although a direct cytotoxic T cell attack is thought to be responsible for melanocyte damage, the events leading to the loss of self-tolerance toward melanocytic antigens are not understood. This research aimed to identify novel cellular and molecular factors that participate in vitiligo pathogenesis through the application of gene expression and immunofluorescence analysis of skin biopsy samples along with immunophenotyping of circulating cells. Our study provides insights into the mechanisms involved in melanocyte destruction. The upregulation of stress-ligand MICA/MICB, recognized by activating receptors on innate and innate-like T cells, imply involvement of lymphoid stress surveillance responses in vitiligo lesions. A simultaneous increase in the expression of transcription factor EOMES that is characteristic for innate-like virtual memory T cells, suggest a similar scenario. Local lymphoid stress surveillance has been previously associated with the amplification of systemic humoral responses that were mirrored in our study by increased T follicular helper cells and switched memory B cell proportions in patients with active vitiligo. In addition, microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 staining was compatible with the activation of autophagy in keratinocytes and in the remaining melanocytes of vitiligo lesional skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liisi Raam
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Dermatology Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Epp Kaleviste
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Marina Šunina
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Helen Vaher
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Mario Saare
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ele Prans
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Maire Pihlap
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kristi Abram
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Dermatology Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Maire Karelson
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Dermatology Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Pärt Peterson
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Ana Rebane
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kai Kisand
- Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Külli Kingo
- Department of Dermatology, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.,Dermatology Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
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19
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Hellesen A, Bratland E. The potential role for infections in the pathogenesis of autoimmune Addison's disease. Clin Exp Immunol 2018; 195:52-63. [PMID: 30144040 DOI: 10.1111/cei.13207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune Addison's disease (AAD), or primary adrenocortical insufficiency, is a classical organ-specific autoimmune disease with 160 years of history. AAD is remarkably homogeneous with one major dominant self-antigen, the cytochrome P450 21-hydroxylase enzyme, which is targeted by both autoantibodies and autoreactive T cells. Like most autoimmune diseases, AAD is thought to be caused by an unfortunate combination of genetic and environmental factors. While the number of genetic associations with AAD is increasing, almost nothing is known about environmental factors. A major environmental factor commonly proposed for autoimmune diseases, based partly on experimental and clinical data and partly on shared pathways between anti-viral immunity and autoimmunity, is viral infections. However, there are few reports associating viral infections to AAD, and it has proved difficult to establish which immunological processes that could link any viral infection with the initiation or progression of AAD. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge on the underlying mechanisms of AAD and take a closer look on the potential involvement of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hellesen
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,K.G. Jebsen Senter for Autoimmune Sykdommer, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - E Bratland
- Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,K.G. Jebsen Senter for Autoimmune Sykdommer, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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20
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Zuo J, Mohammed F, Moss P. The Biological Influence and Clinical Relevance of Polymorphism Within the NKG2D Ligands. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1820. [PMID: 30166984 PMCID: PMC6105697 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
NKG2D is a major regulator of the activity of cytotoxic cells and interacts with eight different ligands (NKG2DL) from two families of MIC and ULBP proteins. The selective forces that drove evolution of NKG2DL are uncertain, but are likely to have been dominated by infectious disease and cancer. Of interest, NKG2DL are some of the most polymorphic genes outside the MHC locus and the study of these is uncovering a range of novel observations regarding the structure and function of NKG2DL. Polymorphism is present within all NKG2DL members and varies markedly within different populations. Allelic variation influences functional responses through three major mechanisms. First, it may drive differential levels of protein expression, modulate subcellular trafficking, or regulate release of soluble isoforms. In addition, it may alter the affinity of interaction with NKG2D or modulate cytotoxic activity from the target cell. In particular, ligands with high affinity for NKG2D are associated with down regulation of this protein on the effector cell, effectively limiting cytotoxic activity in a negative-feedback circuit. Given these observations, it is not surprising that NKG2DL alleles are associated with relative risk for development of several clinical disorders and the critical role of the NKG2D:NKG2DL interaction is demonstrated in many murine models. Increased understanding of the biophysical and functional consequences of this polymorphism is likely to provide insights into novel immunotherapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Zuo
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Fiyaz Mohammed
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Moss
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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21
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Hoeres T, Smetak M, Pretscher D, Wilhelm M. Improving the Efficiency of Vγ9Vδ2 T-Cell Immunotherapy in Cancer. Front Immunol 2018; 9:800. [PMID: 29725332 PMCID: PMC5916964 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing immunological knowledge and advances in techniques lay the ground for more efficient and broader application of immunotherapies. gamma delta (γδ) T-cells possess multiple favorable anti-tumor characteristics, making them promising candidates to be used in cellular and combination therapies of cancer. They recognize malignant cells, infiltrate tumors, and depict strong cytotoxic and pro-inflammatory activity. Here, we focus on human Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells, the most abundant γδ T-cell subpopulation in the blood, which are able to inhibit cancer progression in various models in vitro and in vivo. For therapeutic use they can be cultured and manipulated ex vivo and in the following adoptively transferred to patients, as well as directly stimulated to propagate in vivo. In clinical studies, Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells repeatedly demonstrated a low toxicity profile but hitherto only the modest therapeutic efficacy. This review provides a comprehensive summary of established and newer strategies for the enhancement of Vγ9Vδ2 T-cell anti-tumor functions. We discuss data of studies exploring methods for the sensitization of malignant cells, the improvement of recognition mechanisms and cytotoxic activity of Vγ9Vδ2 T-cells. Main aspects are the tumor cell metabolism, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, antibody constructs, as well as activating and inhibitory receptors like NKG2D and immune checkpoint molecules. Several concepts show promising results in vitro, now awaiting translation to in vivo models and clinical studies. Given the array of research and encouraging findings in this area, this review aims at optimizing future investigations, specifically targeting the unanswered questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timm Hoeres
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Manfred Smetak
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Dominik Pretscher
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Martin Wilhelm
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Paracelsus Medical University, Nuremberg, Germany
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22
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Saifuddin SR, Devlies W, Santaolalla A, Cahill F, George G, Enting D, Rudman S, Cathcart P, Challacombe B, Dasgupta P, Galustian C, Chandra A, Chowdhury S, Gillett C, Van Hemelrijck M. King's Health Partners' Prostate Cancer Biobank (KHP PCaBB). BMC Cancer 2017; 17:784. [PMID: 29166865 PMCID: PMC5700705 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3773-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The KHP PCaBB was established in 2013 and recruits donors from the Urology or Oncology Departments at Guy's Hospital in London (UK). Prostate cancer patients may be approached to give their consent for biobanking at any point in their treatment pathway, which allows residual material from their earlier diagnosis to be transferred and used by the Biobank. Currently, patients are specifically asked to donate samples of blood and surplus prostate tissue as well as permitting access to their clinical and pathological data that continues to be added throughout the course of their disease. Between 2013 and 2015, 549 prostate cancer patients gave their consent to the biobank and, the tissue repository collected 489 blood samples, 120 frozen prostate tissue samples and 1064 formalin fixed paraffin embedded diagnostic blocks.Prostate cancer has become a chronic disease in a large proportion of men, with many men receiving multiple subsequent treatments, and their treatment trajectory often spanning over decades. Therefore, this resource aims to provide an ideal research platform to explore potential variations in treatment response as well as disease markers in the different risk categories for prostate cancer.A recent audit of the KHP PCaBB revealed that between 2013 and 2015, 1796 patients were diagnosed with prostate cancer at King's Health Partners (KHP), out of which 549 (30.6%) gave their consent to KHP PCaBB. Comparisons between demographic and clinical characteristics of patients who had consented compared to the total patient population revealed that the KHP PCaBB is demographically representative of the total prostate cancer patient population seen in Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust (GSTT). We observed no differences in distribution of ethnicity (p = 0.507) and socioeconomic status (p = 0.097). Some differences were observed in clinical characteristics, specifically with treatment type - which differed significantly between the patients who had given consent and total patient population.The KHP PCaBB has thereby amassed a rich data and tissue repository that is largely reflective of both the demographic and clinical diversity within the total prostate cancer patient population seen at KHP, making it an ideal platform for prostate cancer research.
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Affiliation(s)
- S R Saifuddin
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Translational Oncology & Urology Research, King's College London, London, UK
| | - W Devlies
- Faculty of Medicine, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Oncology Department, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - A Santaolalla
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Translational Oncology & Urology Research, King's College London, London, UK
| | - F Cahill
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Translational Oncology & Urology Research, King's College London, London, UK
| | - G George
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Translational Oncology & Urology Research, King's College London, London, UK
| | - D Enting
- Oncology Department, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - S Rudman
- Oncology Department, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - P Cathcart
- Urology Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - B Challacombe
- Urology Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - P Dasgupta
- Urology Centre, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - C Galustian
- MRC Centre for Transplantation, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - A Chandra
- Pathology Department, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - S Chowdhury
- Oncology Department, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - C Gillett
- King's Health Partners Cancer Biobank, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - M Van Hemelrijck
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Translational Oncology & Urology Research, King's College London, London, UK.
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23
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Antonangeli F, Soriani A, Cerboni C, Sciumè G, Santoni A. How Mucosal Epithelia Deal with Stress: Role of NKG2D/NKG2D Ligands during Inflammation. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1583. [PMID: 29209320 PMCID: PMC5701928 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal epithelia encounter both physicochemical and biological stress during their life and have evolved several mechanisms to deal with them, including regulation of immune cell functions. Stressed and damaged cells need to be cleared to control local inflammation and trigger tissue healing. Engagement of the activating NKG2D receptor is one of the most direct mechanisms involved in the recognition of stressed cells by the immune system. Indeed, injured cells promptly express NKG2D ligands that in turn mediate the activation of lymphocytes of both innate and adaptive arms of the immune system. This review focuses on different conditions that are able to modulate NKG2D ligand expression on the epithelia. Special attention is given to the mechanisms of immunosurveillance mediated by natural killer cells, which are finely tuned by NKG2D. Different types of stress, including viral and bacterial infections, chronic inflammation, and cigarette smoke exposure, are discussed as paradigmatic conditions for NKG2D ligand modulation, and the implications for tissue homeostasis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Antonangeli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Soriani
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristina Cerboni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Sciumè
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Santoni
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Laboratory Affiliated to Istituto Pasteur Italia - Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, Rome, Italy.,Neuromed I.R.C.C.S. - Istituto Neurologico Mediterraneo, Pozzilli, Italy
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24
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Zuo J, Willcox BE, Moss P. ULBPs: regulators of human lymphocyte stress recognition. Oncotarget 2017; 8:106157-106158. [PMID: 29290930 PMCID: PMC5739715 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Zuo
- Jianmin Zuo: Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Benjamin E Willcox
- Jianmin Zuo: Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Paul Moss
- Jianmin Zuo: Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
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25
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Zuo J, Willcox CR, Mohammed F, Davey M, Hunter S, Khan K, Antoun A, Katakia P, Croudace J, Inman C, Parry H, Briggs D, Malladi R, Willcox BE, Moss P. A disease-linked ULBP6 polymorphism inhibits NKG2D-mediated target cell killing by enhancing the stability of NKG2D ligand binding. Sci Signal 2017; 10:10/481/eaai8904. [PMID: 28559451 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aai8904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
NKG2D (natural killer group 2, member D) is an activating receptor found on the surface of immune cells, including natural killer (NK) cells, which regulates innate and adaptive immunity through recognition of the stress-induced ligands ULBP1 (UL16 binding protein 1) to ULBP6 and MICA/B. Similar to class I human leukocyte antigen (HLA), these NKG2D ligands have a major histocompatibility complex-like fold and exhibit pronounced polymorphism, which influences human disease susceptibility. However, whereas class I HLA polymorphisms occur predominantly in the α1α2 groove and affect antigen binding, the effects of most NKG2D ligand polymorphisms are unclear. We studied the molecular and functional consequences of the two major alleles of ULBP6, the most polymorphic ULBP gene, which are associated with autoimmunity and relapse after stem cell transplantation. Surface plasmon resonance and crystallography studies revealed that the arginine-to-leucine polymorphism within ULBP0602 affected the NKG2D-ULBP6 interaction by generating an energetic hotspot. This resulted in an NKG2D-ULBP0602 affinity of 15.5 nM, which is 10- to 1000-fold greater than the affinities of other ULBP-NKG2D interactions and limited NKG2D-mediated activation. In addition, soluble ULBP0602 exhibited high-affinity competitive binding for NKG2D and partially suppressed NKG2D-mediated activation of NK cells by other NKG2D ligands. These effects resulted in a decrease in a range of NKG2D-mediated effector functions. Our results reveal that ULBP polymorphisms affect the strength of human lymphocyte responses to cellular stress signals and may offer opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Zuo
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Carrie R Willcox
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Fiyaz Mohammed
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Martin Davey
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Stuart Hunter
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Kabir Khan
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Ayman Antoun
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Poonam Katakia
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Joanne Croudace
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Charlotte Inman
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Helen Parry
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.,Department of Haematology, University Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK
| | - David Briggs
- National Health Service Blood and Transplant, Birmingham B15 2SG, UK
| | - Ram Malladi
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.,Department of Haematology, University Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK
| | - Benjamin E Willcox
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Paul Moss
- Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy Centre, Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK. .,Department of Haematology, University Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK
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26
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Garrido-Tapia M, Hernández CJ, Ascui G, Kramm K, Morales M, Ga Rate V, Zúñiga R, Bustamante M, Aguillón JC, Catala N D, Ribeiro CH, Molina MAC. STAT3 inhibition by STA21 increases cell surface expression of MICB and the release of soluble MICB by gastric adenocarcinoma cells. Immunobiology 2017; 222:1043-1051. [PMID: 28578917 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2017.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
NKG2D is an activating receptor expressed on NK cells that binds to a variety of ligands, including MICA and MICB. These cell surface glycoproteins are overexpressed under cellular transformation, thus playing an important role in cell-mediated immune response to tumors. STAT3 is a transcription factor that is constitutively active in cancer. It negatively regulates MICA expression on target cells, while its inhibition enhances NK cell cytotoxicity against tumors. In this work, we aimed to describe the effect of STAT3 signaling inhibition by STA21 on the regulation of MICB expression in gastric adenocarcinoma cells and its effect on the cytotoxic function of NK cells. Treatment of gastric adenocarcinoma cells with STA21 induced an increase in MICB expression and soluble MICB secretion, as well as a variable pattern on effector cell degranulation. Soluble MICB secretion by gastric adenocarcinoma cells was not affected by metalloprotease inhibition. We also observed that primary gastric adenocarcinoma tissue released soluble MICB into the extracellular milieu. Recombinant MICB induced a significant decrease in the levels of NKG2D receptor on effector NK and CD8+ T cells, which correlated with an impaired cytotoxic function. Altogether, our data provide evidence that STAT3 signaling pathway regulates MICB expression on gastric adenocarcinoma cells and that recombinant soluble MICB compromises the cytolytic activity of NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macarena Garrido-Tapia
- Laboratorio de Anticuerpos Recombinantes e Inmunoterapia anti tumoral. Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile.
| | - Carolina J Hernández
- Departamento de Tecnología Médica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile.
| | - Gabriel Ascui
- Laboratorio de Inmunoedición del Cáncer, Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile.
| | - Karina Kramm
- Laboratorio de Anticuerpos Recombinantes e Inmunoterapia anti tumoral. Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile.
| | - Marcela Morales
- Laboratorio de Anticuerpos Recombinantes e Inmunoterapia anti tumoral. Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile.
| | - Valentina Ga Rate
- Laboratorio de Anticuerpos Recombinantes e Inmunoterapia anti tumoral. Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile.
| | - Roberto Zúñiga
- Centro de Inmunobiotecnología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile; Programa de Doctorado en Química, Universidad de la República Oriental de Uruguay, Uruguay.
| | - Marco Bustamante
- Departamento de Cirugía Digestiva, Hospital del Salvador, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile.
| | - Juan Carlos Aguillón
- Laboratorio de Enfermedades Autoinmunes e Inflamatorias, Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile.
| | - Diego Catala N
- Laboratorio de Inmunoregulación, Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile.
| | - Carolina H Ribeiro
- Laboratorio de Inmunoedición del Cáncer, Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile.
| | - Mari A Carmen Molina
- Laboratorio de Anticuerpos Recombinantes e Inmunoterapia anti tumoral. Programa Disciplinario de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile; Centro de Inmunobiotecnología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas (ICBM), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Chile.
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27
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Gam R, Shah P, Crossland RE, Norden J, Dickinson AM, Dressel R. Genetic Association of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation Outcome beyond Histocompatibility Genes. Front Immunol 2017; 8:380. [PMID: 28421078 PMCID: PMC5377073 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The outcome of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is controlled by genetic factors among which the leukocyte antigen human leukocyte antigen (HLA) matching is most important. In addition, minor histocompatibility antigens and non-HLA gene polymorphisms in genes controlling immune responses are known to contribute to the risks associated with HSCT. Besides single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in protein coding genes, SNPs in regulatory elements such as microRNAs (miRNAs) contribute to these genetic risks. However, genetic risks require for their realization the expression of the respective gene or miRNA. Thus, gene and miRNA expression studies may help to identify genes and SNPs that indeed affect the outcome of HSCT. In this review, we summarize gene expression profiling studies that were performed in recent years in both patients and animal models to identify genes regulated during HSCT. We discuss SNP–mRNA–miRNA regulatory networks and their contribution to the risks associated with HSCT in specific examples, including forkheadbox protein 3 and regulatory T cells, the role of the miR-155 and miR-146a regulatory network for graft-versus-host disease, and the function of MICA and its receptor NKG2D for the outcome of HSCT. These examples demonstrate how SNPs affect expression or function of proteins that modulate the alloimmune response and influence the outcome of HSCT. Specific miRNAs targeting these genes and directly affecting expression of mRNAs are identified. It might be valuable in the future to determine SNPs and to analyze miRNA and mRNA expression in parallel in cohorts of HSCT patients to further elucidate genetic risks of HSCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rihab Gam
- Hematological Sciences, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Pranali Shah
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Rachel E Crossland
- Hematological Sciences, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Jean Norden
- Hematological Sciences, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Anne M Dickinson
- Hematological Sciences, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ralf Dressel
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Centre Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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28
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Implication of combined PD-L1/PD-1 blockade with cytokine-induced killer cells as a synergistic immunotherapy for gastrointestinal cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 7:10332-44. [PMID: 26871284 PMCID: PMC4891123 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokine-induced killer (CIK) cells represent a realistic approach in cancer immunotherapy with confirmed survival benefits in the context of metastatic solid tumors. However, therapeutic effects are limited to a fraction of patients. In this study, immune-resistance elements and ideal combination therapies were explored. Initially, phenotypic analysis was performed to document CD3, CD56, NKG2D, DNAM-1, PD-L1, PD-1, CTLA-4, TIM-3, 2B4, and LAG-3 on CIK cells. Upon engagement of CIK cells with the tumor cells, expression of PD-1 on CIK cells and PD-L1 on both cells were up-regulated. Over-expression of PD-L1 levels on tumor cells via lentiviral transduction inhibited tumoricidal activity of CIK cells, and neutralizing of PD-L1/PD-1 signaling axis could enhance their tumor-killing effect. Conversely, blockade of NKG2D, a major activating receptor of CIK cells, largely caused dysfunction of CIK cells. Functional study showed an increase of NKG2D levels along with PD-L1/PD-1 blockade in the presence of other immune effector molecule secretion. Additionally, combined therapy of CIK infusion and PD-L1/PD-1 blockade caused a delay of in vivo tumor growth and exhibited a survival advantage over untreated mice. These results provide a preclinical proof-of-concept for simultaneous PD-L1/PD-1 pathways blockade along with CIK infusion as a novel immunotherapy for unresectable cancers.
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29
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Huang WC, Easom NJ, Tang XZ, Gill US, Singh H, Robertson F, Chang C, Trowsdale J, Davidson BR, Rosenberg WM, Fusai G, Toubert A, Kennedy PT, Peppa D, Maini MK. T Cells Infiltrating Diseased Liver Express Ligands for the NKG2D Stress Surveillance System. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 198:1172-1182. [PMID: 28031333 PMCID: PMC5253436 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
NK cells, which are highly enriched in the liver, are potent regulators of antiviral T cells and immunopathology in persistent viral infection. We investigated the role of the NKG2D axis in T cell/NK cell interactions in hepatitis B. Activated and hepatitis B virus (HBV)-specific T cells, particularly the CD4 fraction, expressed NKG2D ligands (NKG2DL), which were not found on T cells from healthy controls (p < 0.001). NKG2DL-expressing T cells were strikingly enriched within HBV-infected livers compared with the periphery or to healthy livers (p < 0.001). NKG2D+NK cells were also increased and preferentially activated in the HBV-infected liver (p < 0.001), in direct proportion to the percentage of MICA/B-expressing CD4 T cells colocated within freshly isolated liver tissue (p < 0.001). This suggests that NKG2DL induced on T cells within a diseased organ can calibrate NKG2D-dependent activation of local NK cells; furthermore, NKG2D blockade could rescue HBV-specific and MICA/B-expressing T cells from HBV-infected livers. To our knowledge, this is the first ex vivo demonstration that non-virally infected human T cells can express NKG2DL, with implications for stress surveillance by the large number of NKG2D-expressing NK cells sequestered in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chen Huang
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, United Kingdom.,Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Nicholas J Easom
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, United Kingdom
| | - Xin-Zi Tang
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, United Kingdom
| | - Upkar S Gill
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Bart's and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom
| | - Harsimran Singh
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, United Kingdom.,Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom
| | - Francis Robertson
- Department of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Chiwen Chang
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom; and
| | - John Trowsdale
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom; and
| | - Brian R Davidson
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom.,Department of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - William M Rosenberg
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom
| | - Giuseppe Fusai
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London NW3 2PF, United Kingdom.,Department of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Antoine Toubert
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM UMRS 1160, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris 75013, France
| | - Patrick T Kennedy
- Centre for Immunobiology, Blizard Institute, Bart's and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, United Kingdom
| | - Dimitra Peppa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, United Kingdom
| | - Mala K Maini
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London WC1E 6JF, United Kingdom;
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30
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Isernhagen A, Malzahn D, Bickeböller H, Dressel R. Impact of the MICA-129Met/Val Dimorphism on NKG2D-Mediated Biological Functions and Disease Risks. Front Immunol 2016; 7:588. [PMID: 28018354 PMCID: PMC5149524 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I chain-related A (MICA) is the most polymorphic non-classical MHC class I gene in humans. It encodes a ligand for NKG2D (NK group 2, member D), an activating natural killer (NK) receptor that is expressed mainly on NK cells and CD8+ T cells. The single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs1051792 causing a valine (Val) to methionine (Met) exchange at position 129 of the MICA protein is of specific interest. It separates MICA into isoforms that bind NKG2D with high (Met) and low affinities (Val). Therefore, this SNP has been investigated for associations with infections, autoimmune diseases, and cancer. Here, we systematically review these studies and analyze them in view of new data on the functional consequences of this polymorphism. It has been shown recently that the MICA-129Met variant elicits a stronger NKG2D signaling, resulting in more degranulation and IFN-γ production in NK cells and in a faster costimulation of CD8+ T cells than the MICA-129Val variant. However, the MICA-129Met isoform also downregulates NKG2D more efficiently than the MICA-129Val isoform. This downregulation impairs NKG2D-mediated functions at high expression intensities of the MICA-Met variant. These features of the MICA-129Met/Val dimorphism need to be considered when interpreting disease association studies. Particularly, in the field of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, they help to explain the associations of the SNP with outcome including graft-versus-host disease and relapse of malignancy. Implications for future disease association studies of the MICA-129Met/Val dimorphism are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Isernhagen
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Göttingen , Göttingen , Germany
| | - Dörthe Malzahn
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, University Medical Center Göttingen , Göttingen , Germany
| | - Heike Bickeböller
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, University Medical Center Göttingen , Göttingen , Germany
| | - Ralf Dressel
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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31
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Pereira BI, Akbar AN. Convergence of Innate and Adaptive Immunity during Human Aging. Front Immunol 2016; 7:445. [PMID: 27867379 PMCID: PMC5095488 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is associated with profound changes in the human immune system, a phenomenon referred to as immunosenescence. This complex immune remodeling affects the adaptive immune system and the CD8+ T cell compartment in particular, leading to the accumulation of terminally differentiated T cells, which can rapidly exert their effector functions at the expenses of a limited proliferative potential. In this review, we will discuss evidence suggesting that senescent αβCD8+ T cells acquire the hallmarks of innate-like T cells and use recently acquired NK cell receptors as an alternative mechanism to mediate rapid effector functions. These cells concomitantly lose expression of co-stimulatory receptors and exhibit decreased T cell receptor signaling, suggesting a functional shift away from antigen-specific activation. The convergence of innate and adaptive features in senescent T cells challenges the classic division between innate and adaptive immune systems. Innate-like T cells are particularly important for stress and tumor surveillance, and we propose a new role for these cells in aging, where the acquisition of innate-like functions may represent a beneficial adaptation to an increased burden of malignancy with age, although it may also pose a higher risk of autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Branca I Pereira
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London , London , UK
| | - Arne N Akbar
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London , London , UK
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32
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Saddawi-Konefka R, Seelige R, Gross ETE, Levy E, Searles SC, Washington A, Santosa EK, Liu B, O'Sullivan TE, Harismendy O, Bui JD. Nrf2 Induces IL-17D to Mediate Tumor and Virus Surveillance. Cell Rep 2016; 16:2348-58. [PMID: 27545889 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.07.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells undergoing xenobiotic or oxidative stress activate the transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2 (Nrf2), which initiates an intrinsic "stress surveillance" pathway. We recently found that the cytokine IL-17D effects a form of extrinsic stress surveillance by inducing antitumor immunity, but how IL-17D is regulated remains unknown. Here, we show that Nrf2 induced IL-17D in cancer cell lines. Moreover, both Nrf2 and IL-17D were induced in primary tumors as well as during viral infection in vivo. Expression of IL-17D in tumors and virally infected cells is essential for optimal protection of the host as il17d(-/-) mice experienced a higher incidence of tumors and exacerbated viral infections compared to wild-type (WT) animals. Moreover, activating Nrf2 to induce IL-17D in established tumors led to natural killer cell-dependent tumor regression. These data demonstrate that Nrf2 can initiate both intrinsic and extrinsic stress surveillance pathways and highlight the use of Nrf2 agonists as immune therapies for cancer and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ruth Seelige
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Emilie T E Gross
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Eric Levy
- Moores Cancer Center Oncogenomics Laboratory, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Stephen C Searles
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Allen Washington
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Endi K Santosa
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Beichen Liu
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Timothy E O'Sullivan
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Olivier Harismendy
- Moores Cancer Center Oncogenomics Laboratory, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jack D Bui
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
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33
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Isernhagen A, Malzahn D, Viktorova E, Elsner L, Monecke S, von Bonin F, Kilisch M, Wermuth JM, Walther N, Balavarca Y, Stahl-Hennig C, Engelke M, Walter L, Bickeböller H, Kube D, Wulf G, Dressel R. The MICA-129 dimorphism affects NKG2D signaling and outcome of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. EMBO Mol Med 2016; 7:1480-502. [PMID: 26483398 PMCID: PMC4644379 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201505246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The MHC class I chain-related molecule A (MICA) is a highly polymorphic ligand for the activating natural killer (NK)-cell receptor NKG2D. A single nucleotide polymorphism causes a valine to methionine exchange at position 129. Presence of a MICA-129Met allele in patients (n = 452) undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) increased the chance of overall survival (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.77, P = 0.0445) and reduced the risk to die due to acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) (odds ratio [OR] = 0.57, P = 0.0400) although homozygous carriers had an increased risk to experience this complication (OR = 1.92, P = 0.0371). Overall survival of MICA-129Val/Val genotype carriers was improved when treated with anti-thymocyte globulin (HR = 0.54, P = 0.0166). Functionally, the MICA-129Met isoform was characterized by stronger NKG2D signaling, triggering more NK-cell cytotoxicity and interferon-γ release, and faster co-stimulation of CD8+ T cells. The MICA-129Met variant also induced a faster and stronger down-regulation of NKG2D on NK and CD8+ T cells than the MICA-129Val isoform. The reduced cell surface expression of NKG2D in response to engagement by MICA-129Met variants appeared to reduce the severity of aGVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Isernhagen
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dörthe Malzahn
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Elena Viktorova
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Leslie Elsner
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Monecke
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Frederike von Bonin
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Markus Kilisch
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Janne Marieke Wermuth
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Neele Walther
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yesilda Balavarca
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Michael Engelke
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Walter
- Primate Genetics Laboratory, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Heike Bickeböller
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dieter Kube
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gerald Wulf
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ralf Dressel
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Sub-apoptotic dosages of pro-oxidant vitamin cocktails sensitize human melanoma cells to NK cell lysis. Oncotarget 2016; 6:31039-49. [PMID: 26427039 PMCID: PMC4741587 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Alpha-tochopheryl succinate (αTOS), vitamin K3 (VK3) and vitamin C (ascorbic acid, AA) were previously shown to synergistically promote different death pathways in carcinoma cells, depending on their concentrations and combinations. Similar effects were observed herein in melanoma cells, although αTOS behaved as an antagonist. Interestingly, suboptimal cell death-inducing concentrations (1.5 μM αTOS/20 μM AA/0.2 μM VK3) effectively up-regulated activating Natural Killer (NK) cell ligands, including MICA (the stress-signaling ligand of the NKG2D receptor), and/or the ligands of at least one of the natural cytotoxicity receptors (NKp30, NKp44 and NKp46) in 5/6 melanoma cell lines. Only an isolated MICA down-regulation was seen. HLA class I, HLA class II, ULBP1, ULBP2, ULBP3, Nectin-2, and PVR displayed little, if any, change in expression. Ligand up-regulation resulted in improved lysis by polyclonal NK cells armed with the corresponding activating receptors. These results provide the first evidence for concerted induction of cell death by cell-autonomous and extrinsic (immune) mechanisms. Alarming the immune system much below the cell damage threshold may have evolved as a sensitive readout of neoplastic transformation and oxidative stress. Cocktails of vitamin analogues at slightly supra-physiological dosages may find application as mild complements of melanoma treatment, and in chemoprevention.
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Abstract
Human and mouse NKG2D ligands (NKG2DLs) are absent or only poorly expressed by most normal cells but are upregulated by cell stress, hence, alerting the immune system in case of malignancy or infection. Although these ligands are numerous and highly variable (at genetic, genomic, structural, and biochemical levels), they all belong to the major histocompatibility complex class I gene superfamily and bind to a single, invariant, receptor: NKG2D. NKG2D (CD314) is an activating receptor expressed on NK cells and subsets of T cells that have a key role in the recognition and lysis of infected and tumor cells. Here, we review the molecular diversity of NKG2DLs, discuss the increasing appreciation of their roles in a variety of medical conditions, and propose several explanations for the evolutionary force(s) that seem to drive the multiplicity and diversity of NKG2DLs while maintaining their interaction with a single invariant receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Carapito
- ImmunoRhumatologie Moléculaire, INSERM UMR_S1109, LabEx TRANSPLANTEX, Centre de Recherche d'Immunologie et d'Hématologie, Faculté de Médecine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Laboratoire International Associé (LIA) INSERM, Strasbourg (France) - Nagano (Japan), Strasbourg, France.,Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire (FHU) OMICARE, Strasbourg, France
| | - Seiamak Bahram
- ImmunoRhumatologie Moléculaire, INSERM UMR_S1109, LabEx TRANSPLANTEX, Centre de Recherche d'Immunologie et d'Hématologie, Faculté de Médecine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France.,Laboratoire International Associé (LIA) INSERM, Strasbourg (France) - Nagano (Japan), Strasbourg, France.,Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire (FHU) OMICARE, Strasbourg, France.,Laboratoire Central d'Immunologie, Pôle de Biologie, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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36
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Isernhagen A, Schilling D, Monecke S, Shah P, Elsner L, Walter L, Multhoff G, Dressel R. The MICA-129Met/Val dimorphism affects plasma membrane expression and shedding of the NKG2D ligand MICA. Immunogenetics 2015; 68:109-23. [PMID: 26585323 PMCID: PMC4728179 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-015-0884-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The MHC class I chain-related molecule A (MICA) is a ligand for the activating natural killer (NK) cell receptor NKG2D. A polymorphism causing a valine to methionine exchange at position 129 affects binding to NKG2D, cytotoxicity, interferon-γ release by NK cells and activation of CD8+ T cells. It is known that tumors can escape NKG2D-mediated immune surveillance by proteolytic shedding of MICA. Therefore, we investigated whether this polymorphism affects plasma membrane expression (pmMICA) and shedding of MICA. Expression of pmMICA was higher in a panel of tumor (n = 16, P = 0.0699) and melanoma cell lines (n = 13, P = 0.0429) carrying the MICA-129Val/Val genotype. MICA-129Val homozygous melanoma cell lines released more soluble MICA (sMICA) by shedding (P = 0.0015). MICA-129Met or MICA-129Val isoforms differing only in this amino acid were expressed in the MICA-negative melanoma cell line Malme, and clones with similar pmMICA expression intensity were selected. The MICA-129Met clones released more sMICA (P = 0.0006), and a higher proportion of the MICA-129Met than the MICA-129Val variant was retained in intracellular compartments (P = 0.0199). The MICA-129Met clones also expressed more MICA messenger RNA (P = 0.0047). The latter phenotype was also observed in mouse L cells transfected with the MICA expression constructs (P = 0.0212). In conclusion, the MICA-129Met/Val dimorphism affects the expression density of MICA on the plasma membrane. More of the MICA-129Met variants were retained intracellularly. If expressed at the cell surface, the MICA-129Met isoform was more susceptible to shedding. Both processes appear to limit the cell surface expression of MICA-129Met variants that have a high binding avidity to NKG2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Isernhagen
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Humboldtallee 34, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Daniela Schilling
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany.,Institute of Innovative Radiotherapy (iRT), Radiation Immune Biology, Department of Radiation Sciences (DRS), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Monecke
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Humboldtallee 34, 37073, Göttingen, Germany.,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Pranali Shah
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Humboldtallee 34, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Leslie Elsner
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Humboldtallee 34, 37073, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Walter
- Primate Genetics Laboratory, German Primate Center, Göttingen, Germany.,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gabriele Multhoff
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München (TUM), Munich, Germany.,Institute of Innovative Radiotherapy (iRT), Radiation Immune Biology, Department of Radiation Sciences (DRS), Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Ralf Dressel
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Humboldtallee 34, 37073, Göttingen, Germany. .,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
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37
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García-Cuesta EM, López-Cobo S, Álvarez-Maestro M, Esteso G, Romera-Cárdenas G, Rey M, Cassady-Cain RL, Linares A, Valés-Gómez A, Reyburn HT, Martínez-Piñeiro L, Valés-Gómez M. NKG2D is a Key Receptor for Recognition of Bladder Cancer Cells by IL-2-Activated NK Cells and BCG Promotes NK Cell Activation. Front Immunol 2015; 6:284. [PMID: 26106390 PMCID: PMC4459093 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Intravesical instillation of bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) is used to treat superficial bladder cancer, either papillary tumors (after transurethral resection) or high-grade flat carcinomas (carcinoma in situ), reducing recurrence in about 70% of patients. Initially, BCG was proposed to work through an inflammatory response, mediated by phagocytic uptake of mycobacterial antigens and cytokine release. More recently, other immune effectors such as monocytes, natural killer (NK), and NKT cells have been suggested to play a role in this immune response. Here, we provide a comprehensive study of multiple bladder cancer cell lines as putative targets for immune cells and evaluated their recognition by NK cells in the presence and absence of BCG. We describe that different bladder cancer cells can express multiple activating and inhibitory ligands for NK cells. Recognition of bladder cancer cells depended mainly on NKG2D, with a contribution from NKp46. Surprisingly, exposure to BCG did not affect the immune phenotype of bladder cells nor increased NK cell recognition of purified IL-2-activated cell lines. However, NK cells were activated efficiently when BCG was included in mixed lymphocyte cultures, suggesting that NK activation after mycobacteria treatment requires the collaboration of various immune cells. We also analyzed the percentage of NK cells in peripheral blood of a cohort of bladder cancer patients treated with BCG. The total numbers of NK cells did not vary during treatment, indicating that a more detailed study of NK cell activation in the tumor site will be required to evaluate the response in each patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva María García-Cuesta
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Centre for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Sheila López-Cobo
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Centre for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC) , Madrid , Spain
| | | | - Gloria Esteso
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Centre for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Gema Romera-Cárdenas
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Centre for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Mercedes Rey
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Centre for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC) , Madrid , Spain
| | | | - Ana Linares
- Urology Unit, Infanta Sofía Hospital , Madrid , Spain
| | | | - Hugh Thomson Reyburn
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Centre for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC) , Madrid , Spain
| | | | - Mar Valés-Gómez
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, National Centre for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC) , Madrid , Spain
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38
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Petrushkin H, Hasan MS, Stanford MR, Fortune F, Wallace GR. Behçet's Disease: Do Natural Killer Cells Play a Significant Role? Front Immunol 2015; 6:134. [PMID: 25852697 PMCID: PMC4371743 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Behçet's disease (BD) is a complex inflammatory disease, of unknown etiology. While disease pathogenesis remains unclear, a strong relationship between BD and HLA-B*51 has been established over the last 30 years. A number of theories exist regarding the cause of BD; however, few are able to account for the increased rates of HLA-B*51 positive individuals, particularly around the Mediterranean basin and Middle-East where the prevalence is highest. This review outlines current immunogenetic data on BD and the immunoregulatory role natural killer cells may play. It also describes the interaction of the killer immunoglobulin-like receptor - KIR3DL1 with its ligand Bw4, which is found on HLA-B51. Finally, CD94/NKG2D, MICA, and ERAP are outlined with regard to their potential roles in BD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Petrushkin
- Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Queen Mary University of London , London , UK
| | - Md Samiul Hasan
- Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Queen Mary University of London , London , UK
| | - Miles R Stanford
- Academic Unit of Ophthalmology, St Thomas's Hospital , London , UK
| | - Farida Fortune
- Clinical and Diagnostic Oral Sciences, Queen Mary University of London , London , UK
| | - Graham R Wallace
- Centre for Translational Inflammation Research, University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
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39
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40
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Corthay A. Does the immune system naturally protect against cancer? Front Immunol 2014; 5:197. [PMID: 24860567 PMCID: PMC4026755 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of the immune system in conferring protection against pathogens like viruses, bacteria, and parasitic worms is well established. In contrast, there is a long-lasting debate on whether cancer prevention is a primary function of the immune system. The concept of immunological surveillance of cancer was developed by Lewis Thomas and Frank Macfarlane Burnet more than 50 years ago. We are still lacking convincing data illustrating immunological eradication of precancerous lesions in vivo. Here, I present eight types of evidence in support of the cancer immunosurveillance hypothesis. First, primary immunodeficiency in mice and humans is associated with increased cancer risk. Second, organ transplant recipients, who are treated with immunosuppressive drugs, are more prone to cancer development. Third, acquired immunodeficiency due to infection by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) leads to elevated risk of cancer. Fourth, the quantity and quality of the immune cell infiltrate found in human primary tumors represent an independent prognostic factor for patient survival. Fifth, cancer cells harbor mutations in protein-coding genes that are specifically recognized by the adaptive immune system. Sixth, cancer cells selectively accumulate mutations to evade immune destruction (“immunoediting”). Seventh, lymphocytes bearing the NKG2D receptor are able to recognize and eliminate stressed premalignant cells. Eighth, a promising strategy to treat cancer consists in potentiating the naturally occurring immune response of the patient, through blockade of the immune checkpoint molecules CTLA-4, PD-1, or PD-L1. Thus, there are compelling pieces of evidence that a primary function of the immune system is to confer protection against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Corthay
- Tumor Immunology Group, Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet , Oslo , Norway ; Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway ; Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
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41
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Vantourout P, Willcox C, Turner A, Swanson C, Haque Y, Sobolev O, Grigoriadis A, Tutt A, Hayday A. Immunological visibility: posttranscriptional regulation of human NKG2D ligands by the EGF receptor pathway. Sci Transl Med 2014; 6:231ra49. [PMID: 24718859 PMCID: PMC3998197 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3007579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Human cytolytic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells can limit tumor growth and are being increasingly harnessed for tumor immunotherapy. One way cytolytic lymphocytes recognize tumor cells is by engagement of their activating receptor, NKG2D, by stress antigens of the MICA/B and ULBP families. This study shows that surface up-regulation of NKG2D ligands by human epithelial cells in response to ultraviolet irradiation, osmotic shock, oxidative stress, and growth factor provision is attributable to activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). EGFR activation causes intracellular relocalization of AUF1 proteins that ordinarily destabilize NKG2D ligand mRNAs by targeting an AU-rich element conserved within the 3' ends of most human, but not murine, NKG2D ligand genes. Consistent with these findings, NKG2D ligand expression by primary human carcinomas positively correlated with EGFR expression, which is commonly hyperactivated in such tumors, and was reduced by clinical EGFR inhibitors. Therefore, stress-induced activation of EGFR not only regulates cell growth but also concomitantly regulates the cells' immunological visibility. Thus, therapeutics designed to limit cancer cell growth should also be considered in terms of their impact on immunosurveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Vantourout
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King’s College London, London, UK
- London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, London, UK
| | - Carrie Willcox
- Birmingham Cancer Research UK Cancer Centre, School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Andrea Turner
- Children’s Services, Colchester General Hospital, Colchester, UK
| | - Chad Swanson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Yasmin Haque
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King’s College London, London, UK
- London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, London, UK
| | - Olga Sobolev
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King’s College London, London, UK
- London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, London, UK
| | - Anita Grigoriadis
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Guy’s Hospital, London, UK
- Department of Research Oncology, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew Tutt
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, Guy’s Hospital, London, UK
- Department of Research Oncology, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Adrian Hayday
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King’s College London, London, UK
- London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, London, UK
- Medical Research Council Centre for Transplantation Biology, London, UK
- Comprehensive Biomedical Research Centre of Guy’s and St Thomas’ Hospitals and King’s College London, London, UK
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Markle JG, Mortin-Toth S, Wong AS, Geng L, Hayday A, Danska JS. γδ T cells are essential effectors of type 1 diabetes in the nonobese diabetic mouse model. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2013; 190:5392-401. [PMID: 23626013 PMCID: PMC3836168 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
γδ T cells, a lineage of innate-like lymphocytes, are distinguished from conventional αβ T cells in their Ag recognition, cell activation requirements, and effector functions. γδ T cells have been implicated in the pathology of several human autoimmune and inflammatory diseases and their corresponding mouse models, but their specific roles in these diseases have not been elucidated. We report that γδ TCR(+) cells, including both the CD27(-)CD44(hi) and CD27(+)CD44(lo) subsets, infiltrate islets of prediabetic NOD mice. Moreover, NOD CD27(-)CD44(hi) and CD27(+)CD44(lo) γδ T cells were preprogrammed to secrete IL-17, or IFN-γ upon activation. Adoptive transfer of type 1 diabetes (T1D) to T and B lymphocyte-deficient NOD recipients was greatly potentiated when γδ T cells, and specifically the CD27(-) γδ T cell subset, were included compared with transfer of αβ T cells alone. Ab-mediated blockade of IL-17 prevented T1D transfer in this setting. Moreover, introgression of genetic Tcrd deficiency onto the NOD background provided robust T1D protection, supporting a nonredundant, pathogenic role of γδ T cells in this model. The potent contributions of CD27(-) γδ T cells and IL-17 to islet inflammation and diabetes reported in this study suggest that these mechanisms may also underlie human T1D.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Dosage
- Genotype
- Humans
- Hyaluronan Receptors/metabolism
- Interleukin-17/metabolism
- Islets of Langerhans/immunology
- Islets of Langerhans/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, SCID
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 7/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet G.M. Markle
- Programme in Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto
| | - Steve Mortin-Toth
- Programme in Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto Canada
| | - Andrea S.L. Wong
- Programme in Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto
| | - Liping Geng
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King’s College London at Guy’s Hospital, London, UK, SE1 9RT
| | - Adrian Hayday
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, King’s College London at Guy’s Hospital, London, UK, SE1 9RT
- Immune Surveillance Laboratory; London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK, London, WC2, UK
| | - Jayne S. Danska
- Programme in Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Canada
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Tonnerre P, Gérard N, Chatelais M, Poli C, Allard S, Cury S, Bressollette C, Cesbron-Gautier A, Charreau B. MICA variant promotes allosensitization after kidney transplantation. J Am Soc Nephrol 2013; 24:954-66. [PMID: 23539759 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2012080814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
MHC class I-related chain A (MICA) antigens are surface glycoproteins strongly implicated in innate immunity, and the MICA gene is highly polymorphic. Clinical observations suggest a role for donor MICA antigens expressed on transplant endothelial cells in the alloimmune response, but the effect of MICA genotype is not well understood. Here, we investigated the immunologic effect of the A5.1 mutation, related to the common MICA*008 allele. Compared with wild-type endothelial cells (ECs), homozygosity for MICA A5.1 associated with an endothelial phenotype characterized by 7- to 10-fold higher levels of MICA mRNA and MICA proteins at the cell surface, as well as exclusive release in exosomes instead of enzymatic cleavage. Mechanistically, we did not detect quantitative changes in regulatory microRNAs. Functionally, A5.1 ECs enhanced NKG2D interaction and natural killer cell activation, promoting NKG2D-dependent lysis of ECs. In kidney transplant recipients, polyreactive anti-MICA sera bound preferentially to ECs from MICA A5.1 donors, suggesting that MICA*008(A5.1) molecules are the preferential antigenic determinants on ECs of grafts. Furthermore, the incidence of MICA A5.1 mismatch revealed a statistically significant association between donor MICA A5.1 and both anti-MICA sensitization and increased proteinuria in kidney recipients. Taken together, these results identify the A5.1 mutation as an immunodominant factor and a potential risk factor for transplant survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Tonnerre
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, LabEx Transplantex, Nantes, France
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Matusali G, Tchidjou HK, Pontrelli G, Bernardi S, D'Ettorre G, Vullo V, Buonomini AR, Andreoni M, Santoni A, Cerboni C, Doria M. Soluble ligands for the NKG2D receptor are released during HIV-1 infection and impair NKG2D expression and cytotoxicity of NK cells. FASEB J 2013; 27:2440-50. [PMID: 23395909 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-223057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
In humans, the interaction of the natural killer group 2 member D (NKG2D)-activating receptor on natural killer (NK) and CD8(+) T cells with its major histocompatibility complex class I-related chain (MIC) and UL16 binding protein (ULBP) ligands (NKG2DLs) promotes recognition and elimination of stressed cells, such as tumor or infected cells. Here, we investigated the capacity of HIV-1 to modulate NKG2DL expression and escape NGK2D-mediated immunosurveillance. In CD4(+) T lymphocytes, both cell surface expression and release of MICA, MICB, and ULBP2 were up-regulated >2-fold by HIV-1 infection. In HIV-infected CD4(+) T lymphocytes or Jurkat T-cell lines, increased shedding of soluble NKG2DLs (sNKG2DLs) was impaired by a matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor (MMPI). Moreover, naive HIV(+) patients displayed increased plasma sMICA and sULBP2 levels and reduced NKG2D expression on NK and CD8(+) T cells compared to patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) or healthy donors. In individual patients, HAART uptake resulted in the drop of sNKG2DL and recovery of NKG2D expression. Finally, sNKG2DLs in patients' plasma down-regulated NKG2D on NK and CD8(+) T cells and impaired NKG2D-mediated cytotoxicity of NK cells. Thus, NKG2D detuning by sNKG2DLs may promote HIV-1 immune evasion and compromise host resistance to opportunistic infections, but HAART and MMPI have the potential to avoid such immune dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Matusali
- Laboratory of Immunoinfectivology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy
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Clinical regressions and broad immune activation following combination therapy targeting human NKT cells in myeloma. Blood 2012; 121:423-30. [PMID: 23100308 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2012-06-435503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer T (iNKT) cells can help mediate immune surveillance against tumors in mice. Prior studies targeting human iNKT cells were limited to therapy of advanced cancer and led to only modest activation of innate immunity. Clinical myeloma is preceded by an asymptomatic precursor phase. Lenalidomide was shown to mediate antigen-specific costimulation of human iNKT cells. We treated 6 patients with asymptomatic myeloma with 3 cycles of combination of α-galactosylceramide-loaded monocyte-derived dendritic cells and low-dose lenalidomide. Therapy was well tolerated and led to reduction in tumor-associated monoclonal immunoglobulin in 3 of 4 patients with measurable disease. Combination therapy led to activation-induced decline in measurable iNKT cells and activation of NK cells with an increase in NKG2D and CD56 expression. Treatment also led to activation of monocytes with an increase in CD16 expression. Each cycle of therapy was associated with induction of eosinophilia as well as an increase in serum soluble IL2 receptor. Clinical responses correlated with pre-existing or treatment-induced antitumor T-cell immunity. These data demonstrate synergistic activation of several innate immune cells by this combination and the capacity to mediate tumor regression. Combination therapies targeting iNKT cells may be of benefit toward prevention of cancer in humans.
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Defining the nature of human γδ T cells: a biographical sketch of the highly empathetic. Cell Mol Immunol 2012; 10:21-9. [PMID: 23085947 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2012.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The elusive task of defining the character of γδ T cells has been an evolving process for immunologists since stumbling upon their existence during the molecular characterization of the α and β T cell receptor genes of their better understood brethren. Defying the categorical rules used to distinctly characterize lymphocytes as either innate or adaptive in nature, γδ T cells inhabit a hybrid world of their own. At opposing ends of the simplified spectrum of modes of antigen recognition used by lymphocytes, natural killer and αβ T cells are particularly well equipped to respond to the 'missing self' and the 'dangerous non-self', respectively. However, between these two reductive extremes, we are chronically faced with the challenge of making peace with the 'safe non-self' and dealing with the inevitable 'distressed self', and it is within this more complex realm γδ T cells excel thanks to their highly empathetic nature. This review gives an overview of the latest insights revealing the unfolding story of human γδ T cells, providing a biographical sketch of these unique lymphocytes in an attempt to capture the essence of their fundamental nature and events that influence their life trajectory. What hangs in their balance is their nuanced ability to differentiate the friends from the foe and the pathological from the benign to help us adapt swiftly and efficiently to life's many stresses.
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Matusali G, Pacciani V, Angelini F, Moschese V, Chini L, Doria M. Plasma levels of soluble MICA and ULBP2 are increased in children allergic to dust mites. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012; 130:1003-5. [PMID: 22921872 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Revised: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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