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Amontree J, Chen K, Varillas J, Fan ZH. A Capillary-Force-Driven, Single-Cell Transfer Method for Studying Rare Cells. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:542. [PMID: 38927778 PMCID: PMC11200440 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11060542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The characterization of individual cells within heterogeneous populations (e.g., rare tumor cells in healthy blood cells) has a great impact on biomedical research. To investigate the properties of these specific cells, such as genetic biomarkers and/or phenotypic characteristics, methods are often developed for isolating rare cells among a large number of background cells before studying their genetic makeup and others. Prior to using real-world samples, these methods are often evaluated and validated by spiking cells of interest (e.g., tumor cells) into a sample matrix (e.g., healthy blood) as model samples. However, spiking tumor cells at extremely low concentrations is challenging in a standard laboratory setting. People often circumvent the problem by diluting a solution of high-concentration cells, but the concentration becomes inaccurate after series dilution due to the fact that a cell suspension solution can be inhomogeneous, especially when the cell concentration is very low. We report on an alternative method for low-cost, accurate, and reproducible low-concentration cell spiking without the use of external pumping systems. By inducing a capillary force from sudden pressure drops, a small portion of the cellular membrane was aspirated into the reservoir tip, allowing for non-destructive single-cell transfer. We investigated the surface membrane tensions induced by cellular aspiration and studied a range of tip/tumor cell diameter combinations, ensuring that our method does not affect cell viability. In addition, we performed single-cell capture and transfer control experiments using human acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells (CCRF-CEM) to develop calibrated data for the general production of low-concentration samples. Finally, we performed affinity-based tumor cell isolation using this method to generate accurate concentrations ranging from 1 to 15 cells/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Amontree
- Interdisciplinary Microsystems Group (IMG), Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
| | - Kangfu Chen
- Interdisciplinary Microsystems Group (IMG), Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Jose Varillas
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
| | - Z. Hugh Fan
- Interdisciplinary Microsystems Group (IMG), Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA;
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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2
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Rodems TS, Heninger E, Stahlfeld CN, Gilsdorf CS, Carlson KN, Kircher MR, Singh A, Krueger TEG, Beebe DJ, Jarrard DF, McNeel DG, Haffner MC, Lang JM. Reversible epigenetic alterations regulate class I HLA loss in prostate cancer. Commun Biol 2022; 5:897. [PMID: 36050516 PMCID: PMC9437063 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03843-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Downregulation of HLA class I (HLA-I) impairs immune recognition and surveillance in prostate cancer and may underlie the ineffectiveness of checkpoint blockade. However, the molecular mechanisms regulating HLA-I loss in prostate cancer have not been fully explored. Here, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of HLA-I genomic, epigenomic and gene expression alterations in primary and metastatic human prostate cancer. Loss of HLA-I gene expression was associated with repressive chromatin states including DNA methylation, histone H3 tri-methylation at lysine 27, and reduced chromatin accessibility. Pharmacological DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) and histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition decreased DNA methylation and increased H3 lysine 27 acetylation and resulted in re-expression of HLA-I on the surface of tumor cells. Re-expression of HLA-I on LNCaP cells by DNMT and HDAC inhibition increased activation of co-cultured prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA)27-38-specific CD8+ T-cells. HLA-I expression is epigenetically regulated by functionally reversible DNA methylation and chromatin modifications in human prostate cancer. Methylated HLA-I was detected in HLA-Ilow circulating tumor cells (CTCs), which may serve as a minimally invasive biomarker for identifying patients who would benefit from epigenetic targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara S Rodems
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Erika Heninger
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53705, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Charlotte N Stahlfeld
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Cole S Gilsdorf
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Kristin N Carlson
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Madison R Kircher
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Anupama Singh
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53705, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Timothy E G Krueger
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - David J Beebe
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53705, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53705, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 3170 UW Medical Foundation Centennial Building, 1685 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - David F Jarrard
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53705, USA.,Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Douglas G McNeel
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Michael C Haffner
- Divisions of Human Biology and Clinical Research, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 1100 Fairview Ave, N., Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific St., Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.,Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 600N Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Joshua M Lang
- University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53705, USA. .,Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI, 53705, USA.
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3
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Castaño N, Kim S, Martin AM, Galli SJ, Nadeau KC, Tang SKY. Exponential magnetophoretic gradient for the direct isolation of basophils from whole blood in a microfluidic system. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:1690-1701. [PMID: 35438713 PMCID: PMC9080715 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00154c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Despite their rarity in peripheral blood, basophils play important roles in allergic disorders and other diseases including sepsis and COVID-19. Existing basophil isolation methods require many manual steps and suffer from significant variability in purity and recovery. We report an integrated basophil isolation device (i-BID) in microfluidics for negative immunomagnetic selection of basophils directly from 100 μL of whole blood within 10 minutes. We use a simulation-driven pipeline to design a magnetic separation module to apply an exponentially increasing magnetic force to capture magnetically tagged non-basophils flowing through a microtubing sandwiched between magnetic flux concentrators sweeping across a Halbach array. The exponential profile captures non-basophils effectively while preventing their excessive initial buildup causing clogging. The i-BID isolates basophils with a mean purity of 93.9% ± 3.6% and recovery of 95.6% ± 3.4% without causing basophil degradation or unintentional activation. Our i-BID has the potential to enable basophil-based point-of-care diagnostics such as rapid allergy assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Castaño
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, USA.
| | - Sungu Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, USA.
| | - Adrian M Martin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, USA.
| | - Stephen J Galli
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, USA
| | - Kari C Nadeau
- Department of Medicine and Pediatrics, with courtesy in Otolaryngology and in Population Science and Epidemiology, Stanford University, USA.
- Sean N. Parker Center for Allergy and Asthma Research, Stanford University, USA
| | - Sindy K Y Tang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, USA.
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4
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Wang L, Abdulla A, Wang A, Warden AR, Ahmad KZ, Xin Y, Ding X. Sickle-like Inertial Microfluidic System for Online Rare Cell Separation and Tandem Label-Free Quantitative Proteomics (Orcs-Proteomics). Anal Chem 2022; 94:6026-6035. [PMID: 35380437 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c00679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Label-free proteomics with trace clinical samples provides a wealth of actionable insights for personalized medicine. Clinically acquired primary cells, such as circulating tumor cells (CTCs), are usually with low abundance that is prohibitive for conventional label-free proteomics analysis. Here, we present a sickle-like inertial microfluidic system for online rare cell separation and tandem label-free proteomics (namely, Orcs-proteomics). Orcs-proteomics adopts a buffer system with 0.1% N-dodecyl β-d-maltoside (DDM), 1 mM Tris (2-carboxyethyl) phosphine (TCEP), and 2 mM 2-chloroacetamide (CAA) for cell lysis and reductive alkylation. We demonstrate the application of Orcs-proteomics with 293T cells and manage to identify 913, 1563, 2271, and 2770 protein groups with 4, 13, 68, and 119 cells, respectively. We then spike MCF7 cells with white blood cells (WBCs) to simulate the patient's blood sample. Orcs-proteomics identifies more than 2000 protein groups with an average of 61 MCF7 cells. We further recruit two advanced breast cancer patients and collect 5 and 7 CTCs from each patient through minimally invasive blood drawing. Orcs-proteomics manages to identify 973 and 1135 protein groups for each patient. Therefore, Orcs-proteomics empowers rare cells simultaneously to be separated and counted for proteomics and provides technical support for personalized treatment decision making with rare primary patient samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Wang
- Institute for Personalized Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Aynur Abdulla
- Institute for Personalized Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Aiting Wang
- Institute for Personalized Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Antony R Warden
- Institute for Personalized Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Khan Zara Ahmad
- Institute for Personalized Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Yufang Xin
- Institute for Personalized Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Xianting Ding
- Institute for Personalized Medicine, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
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5
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Zhang Y, Wang C, Li W, Tian W, Tang C, Xue L, Lin Z, Liu G, Liu D, Zhou Y, Wang Q, Wang X, Birnbaumer L, Yang Y, Li X, Ju C, Zhang C. Neutrophil Cyto-Pharmaceuticals Suppressing Tumor Metastasis via Inhibiting Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α in Circulating Breast Cancer Cells. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2101761. [PMID: 34811972 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202101761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are reported as the precursor of tumor metastases, implying that stifling CTCs would be beneficial for metastasis prevention. However, challenges remain for the application of therapies that aim at CTCs due to lack of effective CTC-targeting strategy and sensitive therapeutic agents. Herein, a general CTC-intervention strategy based on neutrophil cyto-pharmaceuticals is proposed for suppressing CTC colonization and metastasis formation. Breast cancer 4T1 cells are infused as the mimic CTCs, and 4T1 cells trapped are first elucidated in neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) expressing high levels of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) due to NET formation and thus promoting tumor cell colonization through enhanced migration, invasion and stemness. After verifying HIF-1α as a potential target for metastasis prevention, living neutrophil cyto-pharmaceuticals (CytPNEs) loaded with HIF-1α inhibitor are fabricated to therapeutically inhibit HIF-1α. It is demonstrated that CytPNEs can specially convey the HIF-1α inhibitor to 4T1 cells according to the inflammatory chemotaxis of neutrophils and down-regulate HIF-1α, thereby inhibiting metastasis and prolonging the median survival of mice bearing breast cancer lung metastasis. The research offers a new perspective for understanding the mechanism of CTC colonization, and puts forward the strategy of targeted intervention of CTCs as a meaningful treatment for tumor metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
| | - Cong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
| | - Weishuo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
| | - Wei Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
| | - Chunming Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
| | - Lingjing Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
| | - Ziming Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
| | - Guilai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
| | - Dongfei Liu
- School of Pharmacy China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
| | - Ying Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
| | - Xu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
| | - Lutz Birnbaumer
- Neurobiology Laboratory National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Research Triangle Park NC 27709 USA
- Institue of Biomedical Research (BIOMED) School of Medical Sciences Catholic University of Argentina Buenos Aires C1107AFF Argentina
| | - Yong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
| | - Xianjing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines Center for New Drug Safety Evaluation and Research China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
| | - Caoyun Ju
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
| | - Can Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines Center of Advanced Pharmaceuticals and Biomaterials China Pharmaceutical University Nanjing 210009 P. R. China
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6
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Akpe V, Kim TH, Brown CL, Cock IE. Circulating tumour cells: a broad perspective. J R Soc Interface 2020; 17:20200065. [PMCID: PMC7423436 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2020.0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumour cells (CTCs) have recently been identified as valuable biomarkers for diagnostic and prognostic evaluations, as well for monitoring therapeutic responses to treatments. CTCs are rare cells which may be present as one CTC surrounded by approximately 1 million white blood cells and 1 billion red blood cells per millilitre of peripheral blood. Despite the various challenges in CTC detection, considerable progress in detection methods have been documented in recent times, particularly for methodologies incorporating nanomaterial-based platforms and/or integrated microfluidics. Herein, we summarize the importance of CTCs as biological markers for tumour detection, highlight their mechanism of cellular invasion and discuss the various challenges associated with CTC research, including vulnerability, heterogeneity, phenotypicity and size differences. In addition, we describe nanomaterial agents used for electrochemistry and surface plasmon resonance applications, which have recently been used to selectively capture cancer cells and amplify signals for CTC detection. The intrinsic properties of nanomaterials have also recently been exploited to achieve photothermal destruction of cancer cells. This review describes recent advancements and future perspectives in the CTC field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Akpe
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Queensland 4111, Australia
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Tak H. Kim
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Queensland 4111, Australia
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Christopher L. Brown
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Queensland 4111, Australia
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Ian E. Cock
- School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Queensland 4111, Australia
- Environmental Futures Research Institute, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Queensland 4111, Australia
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7
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Xiao Y, Lin L, Shen M, Shi X. Design of DNA Aptamer-Functionalized Magnetic Short Nanofibers for Efficient Capture and Release of Circulating Tumor Cells. Bioconjug Chem 2020; 31:130-138. [PMID: 31855600 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The isolation of viable circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from blood is of paramount significance for early stage detection and individualized therapy of cancer. Currently, CTCs isolated by conventional magnetic separation methods are tightly coated with magnetic materials even after attempted coating removal treatments, which is not conducive for subsequent analysis of CTCs. Herein, we developed DNA aptamer-functionalized magnetic short nanofibers (aptamer-MSNFs) for efficient capture and release of CTCs. In our work, polyethylenimine (PEI)-stabilized Fe3O4 nanoparticles with a mean diameter of 22.6 nm were first synthesized and encapsulated within PEI/poly(vinyl alcohol) nanofibers via a blended electrospinning process. After a homogenization treatment to acquire the MSNFs, surface conjugation of the DNA aptamer was performed through thiol-maleimide coupling. The formed aptamer-MSNFs, with a mean diameter of 350 nm and an average length of 9.6 μm, display a saturated magnetization of 12.3 emu g-1, are capable of specifically capturing cancer cells with an efficiency of 87%, and enable the nondestructive release of cancer cells with a release efficiency of 91% after nuclease treatment. In particular, the prepared aptamer-MSNFs displayed a significantly higher release efficiency than commercial magnetic beads. The designed aptamer-MSNFs may hold great promise for CTC capture and release as well as for other cell sorting applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunchao Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology , Donghua University , Shanghai 201620 , P. R. China
| | - Lizhou Lin
- Department of Ultrasound, Shanghai General Hospital , Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine , Shanghai 200080 , P. R. China
| | - Mingwu Shen
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology , Donghua University , Shanghai 201620 , P. R. China
| | - Xiangyang Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology , Donghua University , Shanghai 201620 , P. R. China
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8
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Zhang Y, Ouyang M, Ray A, Liu T, Kong J, Bai B, Kim D, Guziak A, Luo Y, Feizi A, Tsai K, Duan Z, Liu X, Kim D, Cheung C, Yalcin S, Ceylan Koydemir H, Garner OB, Di Carlo D, Ozcan A. Computational cytometer based on magnetically modulated coherent imaging and deep learning. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2019; 8:91. [PMID: 31645935 PMCID: PMC6804677 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-019-0203-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Detecting rare cells within blood has numerous applications in disease diagnostics. Existing rare cell detection techniques are typically hindered by their high cost and low throughput. Here, we present a computational cytometer based on magnetically modulated lensless speckle imaging, which introduces oscillatory motion to the magnetic-bead-conjugated rare cells of interest through a periodic magnetic force and uses lensless time-resolved holographic speckle imaging to rapidly detect the target cells in three dimensions (3D). In addition to using cell-specific antibodies to magnetically label target cells, detection specificity is further enhanced through a deep-learning-based classifier that is based on a densely connected pseudo-3D convolutional neural network (P3D CNN), which automatically detects rare cells of interest based on their spatio-temporal features under a controlled magnetic force. To demonstrate the performance of this technique, we built a high-throughput, compact and cost-effective prototype for detecting MCF7 cancer cells spiked in whole blood samples. Through serial dilution experiments, we quantified the limit of detection (LoD) as 10 cells per millilitre of whole blood, which could be further improved through multiplexing parallel imaging channels within the same instrument. This compact, cost-effective and high-throughput computational cytometer can potentially be used for rare cell detection and quantification in bodily fluids for a variety of biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Zhang
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Mengxing Ouyang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Aniruddha Ray
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606 USA
| | - Tairan Liu
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Janay Kong
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Bijie Bai
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Donghyuk Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Alexander Guziak
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Yi Luo
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Alborz Feizi
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510 USA
| | - Katherine Tsai
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Zhuoran Duan
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Xuewei Liu
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Danny Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Chloe Cheung
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Sener Yalcin
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Hatice Ceylan Koydemir
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Omai B. Garner
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Dino Di Carlo
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
| | - Aydogan Ozcan
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095 USA
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9
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Chen K, Dopico P, Varillas J, Zhang J, George TJ, Fan ZH. Integration of Lateral Filter Arrays with Immunoaffinity for Circulating-Tumor-Cell Isolation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:7606-7610. [PMID: 30958635 PMCID: PMC6534423 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201901412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are an important biomarker for cancer prognosis and treatment monitoring. However, the heterogeneity of the physical and biological properties of CTCs limits the efficiency of various approaches used to isolate small numbers of CTCs from billions of normal blood cells. To address this challenge, we developed a lateral filter array microfluidic (LFAM) device to integrate size-based separation with immunoaffinity-based CTC isolation. The LFAM device consists of a serpentine main channel, through which most of a sample passes, and an array of lateral filters for CTC isolation. The unique device design produces a two-dimensional flow, which reduces nonspecific, geometric capture of normal cells as typically observed in vertical filters. The LFAM device was further functionalized by immobilizing antibodies that are specific to the target cells. The resulting devices captured pancreatic cancer cells spiked in blood samples with (98.7±1.2) % efficiency and were used to isolate CTCs from patients with metastatic colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangfu Chen
- Interdisciplinary Microsystems Group (IMG), Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, P.O. BOX 116250, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Pablo Dopico
- Interdisciplinary Microsystems Group (IMG), Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, P.O. BOX 116250, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Jose Varillas
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Jinling Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Microsystems Group (IMG), Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, P.O. BOX 116250, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Thomas J George
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Z Hugh Fan
- Interdisciplinary Microsystems Group (IMG), Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida, P.O. BOX 116250, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
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10
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Chen K, Dopico P, Varillas J, Zhang J, George TJ, Fan ZH. Integration of Lateral Filter Arrays with Immunoaffinity for Circulating‐Tumor‐Cell Isolation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201901412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kangfu Chen
- Interdisciplinary Microsystems Group (IMG)Department of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringUniversity of Florida P.O. BOX 116250 Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Pablo Dopico
- Interdisciplinary Microsystems Group (IMG)Department of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringUniversity of Florida P.O. BOX 116250 Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Jose Varillas
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Jinling Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Microsystems Group (IMG)Department of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringUniversity of Florida P.O. BOX 116250 Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Thomas J. George
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Florida Gainesville FL 32610 USA
| | - Z. Hugh Fan
- Interdisciplinary Microsystems Group (IMG)Department of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringUniversity of Florida P.O. BOX 116250 Gainesville FL 32611 USA
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of Florida Gainesville FL 32611 USA
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11
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Kuo CW, Chueh DY, Chen P. Real-time in vivo imaging of subpopulations of circulating tumor cells using antibody conjugated quantum dots. J Nanobiotechnology 2019; 17:26. [PMID: 30728024 PMCID: PMC6364392 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-019-0453-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The detection of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) is very important for cancer diagnosis. CTCs can travel from primary tumors through the circulation to form secondary tumor colonies via bloodstream extravasation. The number of CTCs has been used as an indicator of cancer progress. However, the population of CTCs is very heterogeneous. It is very challenging to identify CTC subpopulations such as cancer stem cells (CSCs) with high metastatic potential, which are very important for cancer diagnostic management. RESULTS We report a study of real-time CTC and CSC imaging in the bloodstreams of living animals using multi-photon microscopy and antibody conjugated quantum dots. We have developed a cancer model for noninvasive imaging wherein pancreatic cancer cells expressing fluorescent proteins were subcutaneously injected into the earlobes of mice and then formed solid tumors. When the cancer cells broke away from the solid tumor, CTCs with fluorescent proteins in the bloodstream at different stages of development could be monitored noninvasively in real time. The number of CTCs observed in the blood vessels could be correlated to the tumor size in the first month and reached a maximum value of approximately 100 CTCs/min after 5 weeks of tumor inoculation. To observe CTC subpopulations, conjugated quantum dots were used. It was found that cluster of differentiation (CD)24+ CTCs can move along the blood vessel walls and migrate to peripheral tissues. CD24+ cell accumulation on the solid tumors' sides was observed, which may provide valuable insight for designing new drugs to target cancer subpopulations with high metastatic potential. We also demonstrated that our system is capable of imaging a minor population of cancer stem cells, CD133+ CTCs, which are found in 0.7% of pancreatic cancer cells and 1%-3% of solid tumors in patients. CONCLUSIONS With the help of quantum dots, CTCs with higher metastatic potential, such as CD24+ and CD133+ CTCs, have been identified in living animals. Using our approach, it may be possible to investigate detailed metastatic mechanism such as tumor cell extravasation to the blood vessels. In addition, the number of observed CTCs in the blood stream could be correlated with tumor stage in the early stage of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiung Wen Kuo
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Di-Yen Chueh
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Peilin Chen
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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12
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Emamekhoo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Joshua M Lang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, Wisconsin
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13
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Pezzi HM, Guckenberger DJ, Schehr JL, Rothbauer J, Stahlfeld C, Singh A, Horn S, Schultz ZD, Bade RM, Sperger JM, Berry SM, Lang JM, Beebe DJ. Versatile exclusion-based sample preparation platform for integrated rare cell isolation and analyte extraction. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:3446-3458. [PMID: 30334061 PMCID: PMC6402328 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00620b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Rare cell populations provide a patient-centric tool to monitor disease treatment, response, and resistance. However, understanding rare cells is a complex problem, which requires cell isolation/purification and downstream molecular interrogation - processes challenged by non-target populations, which vary patient-to-patient and change with disease. As such, cell isolation platforms must be amenable to a range of sample types while maintaining high efficiency and purity. The multiplexed technology for automated extraction (mTAE) is a versatile magnetic bead-based isolation platform that facilitates positive, negative, and combinatorial selection with integrated protein staining and nucleic acid isolation. mTAE is validated by isolating circulating tumor cells (CTCs) - a model rare cell population - from breast and prostate cancer patient samples. Negative selection yielded high efficiency capture of CTCs while positive selection yielded higher purity with an average of only 95 contaminant cells captured per milliliter of processed whole blood. With combinatorial selection, an overall increase in capture efficiency was observed, highlighting the potential significance of integrating multiple capture approaches on a single platform. Following capture (and staining), on platform nucleic acid extraction enabled the detection of androgen receptor-related transcripts from CTCs isolated from prostate cancer patients. The flexibility (e.g. negative, positive, combinatorial selection) and capabilities (e.g. isolation, protein staining, and nucleic acid extraction) of mTAE enable users to freely interrogate specific cell populations, a capability required to understand the potential of emerging rare cell populations and readily adapt to the heterogeneity presented across clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah M Pezzi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1111 Highland Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53705, USA
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14
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Highly efficient capture of cancer cells expressing EGFR by microfluidic methods based on antigen-antibody association. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12005. [PMID: 30104638 PMCID: PMC6089922 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30511-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) was evaluated as a target antigen for cancer cell capture by microfluidic methods based on antigen-antibody association. A polymer CTC-chip microfluidic device was surface-functionalized with three different anti-EGFR antibodies and used to capture EGFR-expressing cancer cells. Capture efficacy depended on the type of antibody used, and cetuximab efficiently captured cancer cell lines that had a wide range of EGFR expression. Capture efficiency was analyzed from the viewpoint of antigen-antibody association in a kinetic process, i.e., cell rolling well-known in leukocyte adhesion, and antibodies with a smaller dissociation constant were shown to result in more efficient capture. Moreover, a lower limit of cellular EGFR expression level for the capture was estimated and methods to decrease the limit were discussed based on densities of anti-EGFR antibody on the device surface.
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15
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Lee CH, Lee SJ, Choi SH, Ahn SH, Son BH, Lee JW, Yu JH, Kwon NJ, Lee WC, Yang KS, Lee DH, Han DY, Choi MS, Park PS, Lee HK, Kim MS, Lee J, Jeon BH. Cancer panel analysis of circulating tumor cells in patients with breast cancer. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:612-618. [PMID: 29928447 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Liquid biopsy using circulating tumor cells (CTCs) is a noninvasive and repeatable procedure, and is therefore useful for molecular assays. However, the rarity of CTCs remains a challenge. To overcome this issue, our group developed a novel technology for the isolation of CTCs on the basis of cell size difference. The present study isolated CTCs from patients with breast cancer using this method, and then used these cells for cancer gene panel analysis. Blood samples from eight patients with breast cancer were collected, and CTCs were enriched using size-based filtration. Enriched CTCs were counted using immunofluorescent staining with an epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) and CD45 antibodies. CTC genomic DNA was extracted, amplified, and screened for mutations in 400 genes using the Ion AmpliSeq Comprehensive Cancer Panel. White blood cells (WBCs) from the same patient served as a negative control, and mutations in CTCs and WBCs were compared. EpCAM+ cells were detected in seven out of eight patients, and the average number of EpCAM+ cells was 8.6. The average amount of amplified DNA was 32.7 µg, and the percentage of reads mapped to any targeted region relative to all reads mapped to the reference was 98.6%. The detection rate of CTC-specific mutations was 62.5%. The CTC-specific mutations were enhancer of zeste polycomb repressive complex 2 subunit, notch 1, AT-rich interaction domain 1A, serine/threonine kinase 11, fms related tyrosine kinase 3, MYCN proto-oncogene, bHLH transcription factor, APC, WNT signaling pathway regulator, and phosphatase and tensin homolog. The technique used by the present study was demonstrated to be effective at isolating CTCs at a sufficiently high purity for genomic analysis, and supported the use of comprehensive cancer panel analysis as a potential application for precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sei Hyun Ahn
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan and Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Ho Son
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan and Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Won Lee
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan and Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Han Yu
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Ulsan and Asan Medical Center, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | - Du Yeol Han
- Cytogen, Inc., Seoul 05838, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi So Choi
- Cytogen, Inc., Seoul 05838, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | - Jinseon Lee
- Cytogen, Inc., Seoul 05838, Republic of Korea
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16
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Labib M, Mohamadi RM, Poudineh M, Ahmed SU, Ivanov I, Huang CL, Moosavi M, Sargent EH, Kelley SO. Single-cell mRNA cytometry via sequence-specific nanoparticle clustering and trapping. Nat Chem 2018; 10:489-495. [PMID: 29610463 PMCID: PMC5910253 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-018-0025-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cell-to-cell variation in gene expression creates a need for techniques that characterize expression at the level of individual cells. This is particularly true for rare circulating tumor cells (CTCs), in which subtyping and drug resistance are of intense interest. Here we describe a method for cell analysis – single-cell mRNA cytometry – that enables the isolation of rare cells from whole blood as a function of target mRNA sequences. This approach uses two classes of magnetic particles that are labelled to selectively hybridize with different regions of the target mRNA. Hybridization leads to the formation of large magnetic clusters that remain localized within the cells of interest, thereby enabling the cells to be magnetically separated. Targeting specific intracellular mRNAs enables sorting of CTCs from normal hematopoietic cells. No PCR amplification is required to determine RNA expression levels and genotype at the single-cell level, and minimal cell manipulation is required. To demonstrate this approach we use single-cell mRNA cytometry to detect clinically-important sequences in prostate cancer specimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Labib
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Reza M Mohamadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mahla Poudineh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sharif U Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ivaylo Ivanov
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ching-Lung Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Maral Moosavi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Edward H Sargent
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Shana O Kelley
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Institute for Biomedical and Biomaterials Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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17
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Ko J, Bhagwat N, Yee SS, Ortiz N, Sahmoud A, Black T, Aiello NM, McKenzie L, O'Hara M, Redlinger C, Romeo J, Carpenter EL, Stanger BZ, Issadore D. Combining Machine Learning and Nanofluidic Technology To Diagnose Pancreatic Cancer Using Exosomes. ACS NANO 2017; 11:11182-11193. [PMID: 29019651 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b05503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Circulating exosomes contain a wealth of proteomic and genetic information, presenting an enormous opportunity in cancer diagnostics. While microfluidic approaches have been used to successfully isolate cells from complex samples, scaling these approaches for exosome isolation has been limited by the low throughput and susceptibility to clogging of nanofluidics. Moreover, the analysis of exosomal biomarkers is confounded by substantial heterogeneity between patients and within a tumor itself. To address these challenges, we developed a multichannel nanofluidic system to analyze crude clinical samples. Using this platform, we isolated exosomes from healthy and diseased murine and clinical cohorts, profiled the RNA cargo inside of these exosomes, and applied a machine learning algorithm to generate predictive panels that could identify samples derived from heterogeneous cancer-bearing individuals. Using this approach, we classified cancer and precancer mice from healthy controls, as well as pancreatic cancer patients from healthy controls, in blinded studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jina Ko
- Department of Bioengineering and ∥Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Division of Gastroenterology and §Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine and ⊥Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Neha Bhagwat
- Department of Bioengineering and ∥Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Division of Gastroenterology and §Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine and ⊥Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Stephanie S Yee
- Department of Bioengineering and ∥Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Division of Gastroenterology and §Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine and ⊥Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Natalia Ortiz
- Department of Bioengineering and ∥Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Division of Gastroenterology and §Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine and ⊥Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Amine Sahmoud
- Department of Bioengineering and ∥Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Division of Gastroenterology and §Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine and ⊥Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Taylor Black
- Department of Bioengineering and ∥Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Division of Gastroenterology and §Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine and ⊥Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Nicole M Aiello
- Department of Bioengineering and ∥Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Division of Gastroenterology and §Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine and ⊥Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Lydie McKenzie
- Department of Bioengineering and ∥Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Division of Gastroenterology and §Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine and ⊥Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Mark O'Hara
- Department of Bioengineering and ∥Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Division of Gastroenterology and §Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine and ⊥Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Colleen Redlinger
- Department of Bioengineering and ∥Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Division of Gastroenterology and §Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine and ⊥Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Janae Romeo
- Department of Bioengineering and ∥Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Division of Gastroenterology and §Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine and ⊥Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Erica L Carpenter
- Department of Bioengineering and ∥Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Division of Gastroenterology and §Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine and ⊥Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Ben Z Stanger
- Department of Bioengineering and ∥Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Division of Gastroenterology and §Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine and ⊥Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - David Issadore
- Department of Bioengineering and ∥Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
- Division of Gastroenterology and §Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine and ⊥Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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18
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Sun YF, Guo W, Xu Y, Shi YH, Gong ZJ, Ji Y, Du M, Zhang X, Hu B, Huang A, Chen GG, Lai PBS, Cao Y, Qiu SJ, Zhou J, Yang XR, Fan J. Circulating Tumor Cells from Different Vascular Sites Exhibit Spatial Heterogeneity in Epithelial and Mesenchymal Composition and Distinct Clinical Significance in Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 24:547-559. [PMID: 29070526 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-1063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: The spatial heterogeneity of phenotypic and molecular characteristics of CTCs within the circulatory system remains unclear. Herein, we mapped the distribution and characterized biological features of CTCs along the transportation route in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).Experimental Design: In 73 localized HCC patients, blood was drawn from peripheral vein (PV), peripheral artery (PA), hepatic veins (HV), infrahepatic inferior vena cava (IHIVC), and portal vein (PoV) before tumor resection. Epithelial and mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenotype in CTCs were analyzed by a 4-channel immunofluorescence CellSearch assay and microfluidic quantitative RT-PCR. The clinical significance of CTCs from different vascular sites was evaluated.Results: The CTC number and size gradient between tumor efferent vessels and postpulmonary peripheral vessels was marked. Tracking the fate of CTC clusters revealed that CTCs displayed an aggregated-singular-aggregated manner of spreading. Single-cell characterization demonstrated that EMT status of CTCs was heterogeneous across different vascular compartments. CTCs were predominantly epithelial at release, but switched to EMT-activated phenotype during hematogeneous transit via Smad2 and β-catenin related signaling pathways. EMT activation in primary tumor correlated with total CTC number at HV, rather than epithelial or EMT-activated subsets of CTCs. Follow-up analysis suggested that CTC and circulating tumor microemboli burden in hepatic veins and peripheral circulation prognosticated postoperative lung metastasis and intrahepatic recurrence, respectively.Conclusions: The current data suggested that a profound spatial heterogeneity in cellular distribution and biological features existed among CTCs during circulation. Multivascular measurement of CTCs could help to reveal novel mechanisms of metastasis and facilitate prediction of postoperative relapse or metastasis pattern in HCC. Clin Cancer Res; 24(3); 547-59. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Fan Sun
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Wei Guo
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yang Xu
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yin-Hong Shi
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Zi-Jun Gong
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Ji
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Min Du
- Department of Pathology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Ao Huang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - George G Chen
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
| | - Paul B S Lai
- Department of Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ya Cao
- Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Changsha, China
| | - Shuang-Jian Qiu
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, P.R. China.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xin-Rong Yang
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, P.R. China.
| | - Jia Fan
- Department of Liver Surgery, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, P.R. China. .,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
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19
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Poudineh M, Aldridge PM, Ahmed S, Green BJ, Kermanshah L, Nguyen V, Tu C, Mohamadi RM, Nam RK, Hansen A, Sridhar SS, Finelli A, Fleshner NE, Joshua AM, Sargent EH, Kelley SO. Tracking the dynamics of circulating tumour cell phenotypes using nanoparticle-mediated magnetic ranking. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 12:274-281. [PMID: 27870841 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2016.239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Profiling the heterogeneous phenotypes of rare circulating tumour cells (CTCs) in whole blood is critical to unravelling the complex and dynamic properties of these potential clinical markers. This task is challenging because these cells are present at parts per billion levels among normal blood cells. Here we report a new nanoparticle-enabled method for CTC characterization, called magnetic ranking cytometry, which profiles CTCs on the basis of their surface expression phenotype. We achieve this using a microfluidic chip that successfully processes whole blood samples. The approach classifies CTCs with single-cell resolution in accordance with their expression of phenotypic surface markers, which is read out using magnetic nanoparticles. We deploy this new technique to reveal the dynamic phenotypes of CTCs in unprocessed blood from mice as a function of tumour growth and aggressiveness. We also test magnetic ranking cytometry using blood samples collected from cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahla Poudineh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Peter M Aldridge
- Institute for Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Sharif Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Brenda J Green
- Institute for Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Leyla Kermanshah
- Institute for Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Vivian Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Carmen Tu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Reza M Mohamadi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
| | - Robert K Nam
- Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Aaron Hansen
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Srikala S Sridhar
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Antonio Finelli
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Neil E Fleshner
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Anthony M Joshua
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Edward H Sargent
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Shana O Kelley
- Institute for Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
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20
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Abstract
The ultimate goal of developing sensors for biomolecular analytes is to offer new tools for the analysis of clinical specimens for biomarkers of disease. It is thus important to understand the types of samples that are routinely used in the clinic for specific indications, and what the typical levels of relevant analytes are in these specimens. This Sensor Issues article summarizes information concerning levels of target molecules and cells that are of interest for the development of new diagnostics for infectious disease and cancer. Having this information in hand helps better define the "needle-in-a-haystack" challenge associated with developing robust sensors with the needed levels of sensitivity and specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shana O. Kelley
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, ‡Department of Pharmaceutical
Science, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, §Institute for Biomaterials and Biomedical
Engineering, and ∥Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada
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21
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Yan S, Zhang X, Dai X, Feng X, Du W, Liu BF. Rhipsalis (Cactaceae)-like Hierarchical Structure Based Microfluidic Chip for Highly Efficient Isolation of Rare Cancer Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:33457-33463. [PMID: 27960420 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b11673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The circulating tumor cells (CTCs), originating from the primary tumor, play a vital role in cancer diagnosis, prognosis, disease monitoring, and precise therapy. However, the CTCs are extremely rare in the peripheral bloodstream and hard to be isolated. To overcome current limitations associated with CTC capture and analysis, the strategy incorporating nanostructures with microfluidic devices receives wide attention. Here, we demonstrated a three-dimensional microfluidic device (Rm-chip) for capturing cancer cells with high efficiency by integrating a novel hierarchical structure, the "Rhipsalis (Cactaceae)"-like micropillar array, into the Rm-chip. The PDMS micropillar array was fabricated by soft-lithography and rapid prototyping method, which was then conformally plated with a thin gold layer through electroless plating. EpCAM antibody was modified onto the surface of the micropillars through the thiol-oligonucleotide linkers in order to release captured cancer cells by DNase I treatment. The antibody-functionalized device achieved an average capture efficiency of 88% in PBS and 83.7% in whole blood samples. We believe the Rm-chip provided a convenient, economical, and versatile approach for cell analysis with wide potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangqian Yan
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics - Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics - Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiaofang Dai
- Cancer Center, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiaojun Feng
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics - Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Wei Du
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics - Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Bi-Feng Liu
- The Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics of MOE at Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics - Hubei Bioinformatics & Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, Systems Biology Theme, Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, China
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22
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Dendrimer-assisted hydrophilic magnetic nanoparticles as sensitive substrates for rapid recognition and enhanced isolation of target tumor cells. Talanta 2016; 161:925-931. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.08.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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23
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Poudineh M, Labib M, Ahmed S, Nguyen LNM, Kermanshah L, Mohamadi RM, Sargent EH, Kelley SO. Profiling Functional and Biochemical Phenotypes of Circulating Tumor Cells Using a Two‐Dimensional Sorting Device. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201608983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahla Poudineh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
| | - Mahmoud Labib
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
| | - Sharif Ahmed
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
| | | | - Leyla Kermanshah
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
| | - Reza M. Mohamadi
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
| | - Edward H. Sargent
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
| | - Shana O. Kelley
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
- Department of Biochemistry University of Toronto Toronto ON Canada
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24
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Poudineh M, Labib M, Ahmed S, Nguyen LNM, Kermanshah L, Mohamadi RM, Sargent EH, Kelley SO. Profiling Functional and Biochemical Phenotypes of Circulating Tumor Cells Using a Two-Dimensional Sorting Device. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 56:163-168. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201608983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahla Poudineh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
| | - Mahmoud Labib
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
| | - Sharif Ahmed
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
| | | | - Leyla Kermanshah
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
| | - Reza M. Mohamadi
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
| | - Edward H. Sargent
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
| | - Shana O. Kelley
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
- Department of Biochemistry; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
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25
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Ko J, Yelleswarapu V, Singh A, Shah N, Issadore D. Magnetic Nickel iron Electroformed Trap (MagNET): a master/replica fabrication strategy for ultra-high throughput (>100 mL h(-1)) immunomagnetic sorting. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:3049-57. [PMID: 27170379 PMCID: PMC4970905 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00487c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic devices can sort immunomagnetically labeled cells with sensitivity and specificity much greater than that of conventional methods, primarily because the size of microfluidic channels and micro-scale magnets can be matched to that of individual cells. However, these small feature sizes come at the expense of limited throughput (ϕ < 5 mL h(-1)) and susceptibility to clogging, which have hindered current microfluidic technology from processing relevant volumes of clinical samples, e.g. V > 10 mL whole blood. Here, we report a new approach to micromagnetic sorting that can achieve highly specific cell separation in unprocessed complex samples at a throughput (ϕ > 100 mL h(-1)) 100× greater than that of conventional microfluidics. To achieve this goal, we have devised a new approach to micromagnetic sorting, the magnetic nickel iron electroformed trap (MagNET), which enables high flow rates by having millions of micromagnetic traps operate in parallel. Our design rotates the conventional microfluidic approach by 90° to form magnetic traps at the edges of pores instead of in channels, enabling millions of the magnetic traps to be incorporated into a centimeter sized device. Unlike previous work, where magnetic structures were defined using conventional microfabrication, we take inspiration from soft lithography and create a master from which many replica electroformed magnetic micropore devices can be economically manufactured. These free-standing 12 μm thick permalloy (Ni80Fe20) films contain micropores of arbitrary shape and position, allowing the device to be tailored for maximal capture efficiency and throughput. We demonstrate MagNET's capabilities by fabricating devices with both circular and rectangular pores and use these devices to rapidly (ϕ = 180 mL h(-1)) and specifically sort rare tumor cells from white blood cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jina Ko
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - Venkata Yelleswarapu
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - Anup Singh
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - Nishal Shah
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - David Issadore
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. and Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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26
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Sperger JM, Strotman LN, Welsh A, Casavant BP, Chalmers Z, Horn S, Heninger E, Thiede SM, Tokar J, Gibbs BK, Guckenberger DJ, Carmichael L, Dehm SM, Stephens PJ, Beebe DJ, Berry SM, Lang JM. Integrated Analysis of Multiple Biomarkers from Circulating Tumor Cells Enabled by Exclusion-Based Analyte Isolation. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 23:746-756. [PMID: 27401243 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-1021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE There is a critical clinical need for new predictive and pharmacodynamic biomarkers that evaluate pathway activity in patients treated with targeted therapies. A microscale platform known as VERSA (versatile exclusion-based rare sample analysis) was developed to integrate readouts across protein, mRNA, and DNA in circulating tumor cells (CTC) for a comprehensive analysis of the androgen receptor (AR) signaling pathway. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Utilizing exclusion-based sample preparation principles, a handheld chip was developed to perform CTC capture, enumeration, quantification, and subcellular localization of proteins and extraction of mRNA and DNA. This technology was validated across integrated endpoints in cell lines and a cohort of patients with castrate-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) treated with AR-targeted therapies and chemotherapies. RESULTS The VERSA was validated in cell lines to analyze AR protein expression, nuclear localization, and gene expression targets. When applied to a cohort of patients, radiographic progression was predicted by the presence of multiple AR splice variants and activity in the canonical AR signaling pathway. AR protein expression and nuclear localization identified phenotypic heterogeneity. Next-generation sequencing with the FoundationOne panel detected copy number changes and point mutations. Longitudinal analysis of CTCs identified acquisition of multiple AR variants during targeted treatments and chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS Complex mechanisms of resistance to AR-targeted therapies, across RNA, DNA, and protein endpoints, exist in patients with CRPC and can be quantified in CTCs. Interrogation of the AR signaling pathway revealed distinct patterns relevant to tumor progression and can serve as pharmacodynamic biomarkers for targeted therapies. Clin Cancer Res; 1-11. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie M Sperger
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Lindsay N Strotman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | | | - Benjamin P Casavant
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | | | - Sacha Horn
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Erika Heninger
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Stephanie M Thiede
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Jacob Tokar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Benjamin K Gibbs
- Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - David J Guckenberger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Lakeesha Carmichael
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Scott M Dehm
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | - David J Beebe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin.,Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Scott M Berry
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Joshua M Lang
- Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin. .,Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
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27
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Zhao W, Cheng R, Miller JR, Mao L. Label-Free Microfluidic Manipulation of Particles and Cells in Magnetic Liquids. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2016; 26:3916-3932. [PMID: 28663720 PMCID: PMC5487005 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201504178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Manipulating particles and cells in magnetic liquids through so-called "negative magnetophoresis" is a new research field. It has resulted in label-free and low-cost manipulation techniques in microfluidic systems and many exciting applications. It is the goal of this review to introduce the fundamental principles of negative magnetophoresis and its recent applications in microfluidic manipulation of particles and cells. We will first discuss the theoretical background of three commonly used specificities of manipulation in magnetic liquids, which include the size, density and magnetic property of particles and cells. We will then review and compare the media used in negative magnetophoresis, which include paramagnetic salt solutions and ferrofluids. Afterwards, we will focus on reviewing existing microfluidic applications of negative magnetophoresis, including separation, focusing, trapping and concentration of particles and cells, determination of cell density, measurement of particles' magnetic susceptibility, and others. We will also examine the need for developing biocompatible magnetic liquids for live cell manipulation and analysis, and its recent progress. Finally, we will conclude this review with a brief outlook for this exciting research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wujun Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Rui Cheng
- College of Engineering, The University of Georgia, 220 Riverbend Road, Room 166, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Joshua R Miller
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Leidong Mao
- College of Engineering, The University of Georgia, 220 Riverbend Road, Room 166, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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28
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Wu J, Wei X, Gan J, Huang L, Shen T, Lou J, Liu B, Zhang JX, Qian K. Multifunctional Magnetic Particles for Combined Circulating Tumor Cells Isolation and Cellular Metabolism Detection. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2016; 26:4016-4025. [PMID: 27524958 PMCID: PMC4978350 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201504184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We for the first time demonstrate multi-functional magnetic particles based rare cell isolation combined with the downstream laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (LDI-MS) to measure the metabolism of enriched circulating tumor cells (CTCs). The characterization of CTCs metabolism plays a significant role in understanding the tumor microenvironment, through exploring the diverse cellular process. However, characterizing cell metabolism is still challenging due to the low detection sensitivity, high sample complexity, and tedious preparation procedures, particularly for rare cells analysis in clinical study. Here we conjugate ferric oxide magnetic particles with anti-EpCAM on the surface for specific, efficient enrichment of CTCs from PBS and whole blood with cells concentration of 6-100 cells per mL. Moreover, these hydrophilic particles as matrix enable sensitive and selective LDI-MS detection of small metabolites (MW<500 Da) in complex bio-mixtures and can be further coupled with isotopic quantification to monitor selected molecules metabolism of ~50 CTCs. Our unique approach couples the immunomagnetic separation of CTCs and LDI-MS based metabolic analysis, which represents a key step forward for downstream metabolites analysis of rare cells to investigate the biological features of CTCs and their cellular responses in both pathological and physiological phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Wu
- Center for Bio-Nano-Chips and Diagnostics in Translational Medicine (CBD), School of Biomedical Engineering, Med-X Research Institute and Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Xiang Wei
- Center for Bio-Nano-Chips and Diagnostics in Translational Medicine (CBD), School of Biomedical Engineering, Med-X Research Institute and Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Jinrui Gan
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and State Key Lab of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Lin Huang
- Center for Bio-Nano-Chips and Diagnostics in Translational Medicine (CBD), School of Biomedical Engineering, Med-X Research Institute and Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Ting Shen
- NanoLite Systems, Austin, TX 78795, USA
| | - Jiatao Lou
- Center for Bio-Nano-Chips and Diagnostics in Translational Medicine (CBD), School of Biomedical Engineering, Med-X Research Institute and Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Baohong Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and State Key Lab of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - John X.J. Zhang
- Thayer School of Engineering, Dartmouth College, NH 03755, USA
| | - Kun Qian
- Center for Bio-Nano-Chips and Diagnostics in Translational Medicine (CBD), School of Biomedical Engineering, Med-X Research Institute and Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
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29
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Functional dendrimer modified ultra-hydrophilic trapping copolymer network towards highly efficient cell capture. Talanta 2016; 153:366-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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30
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Li SP, Guan QL, Zhao D, Pei GJ, Su HX, Du LN, He JX, Liu ZC. Detection of Circulating Tumor Cells by Fluorescent Immunohistochemistry in Patients with Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Potential Clinical Applications. Med Sci Monit 2016; 22:1654-62. [PMID: 27184872 PMCID: PMC4918518 DOI: 10.12659/msm.898335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are tumor cells that leave the primary tumor site and enter the bloodstream, where they can spread to other organs; they are very important in the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of malignant tumors. However, few studies have investigated CTCs in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). The aim of this study was to investigate the CTCs in blood of ESCC patients and its potential relevance to clinicopathological features and prognosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS CTCs were acquired by a negative enrichment method that used magnetic activated cell sorting (MACSTM). Fluorescent immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to identify the CTCs. Then, the positive CTC patients with ESCC were analyzed, after which the relationship between CTCs and clinicopathologic features was evaluated. RESULTS In the present study, 62 out of 140 (44.3%) patients with ESCC were positive for CTCs. The positive rate of CTCs was significantly related with stage of ESCC patients (P=0.013). However, there was no relationship between CTC status and age, sex, smoking tumor history, tumor location, differentiation of tumor, lymphatic invasion, or lymph venous invasion (P>0.05). Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that patients positive for CTCs had significantly shorter survival time than patients negative for CTCs. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that stage and CTC status were significant prognostic factors for patients with ESCC. CONCLUSIONS CTCs positivity is an independent prognostic biomarker that indicates a worse prognosis for patients with ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Ping Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China (mainland)
| | - Quan-Lin Guan
- Department of Oncology, First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China (mainland)
| | - Da Zhao
- Department of Oncology, First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China (mainland)
| | - Guang-Jun Pei
- Department of Radiation Oncology, First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China (mainland)
| | - Hong-Xin Su
- Department of Radiation Oncology, First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China (mainland)
| | - Lan-Ning Du
- Department of Radiation Oncology, First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China (mainland)
| | - Jin-Xiang He
- Department of Radiation Oncology, First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China (mainland)
| | - Zhao-Chen Liu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China (mainland)
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31
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Forte VA, Barrak DK, Elhodaky M, Tung L, Snow A, Lang JE. The potential for liquid biopsies in the precision medical treatment of breast cancer. Cancer Biol Med 2016; 13:19-40. [PMID: 27144060 PMCID: PMC4850125 DOI: 10.28092/j.issn.2095-3941.2016.0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently the clinical management of breast cancer relies on relatively few prognostic/predictive clinical markers (estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, HER2), based on primary tumor biology. Circulating biomarkers, such as circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) or circulating tumor cells (CTCs) may enhance our treatment options by focusing on the very cells that are the direct precursors of distant metastatic disease, and probably inherently different than the primary tumor's biology. To shift the current clinical paradigm, assessing tumor biology in real time by molecularly profiling CTCs or ctDNA may serve to discover therapeutic targets, detect minimal residual disease and predict response to treatment. This review serves to elucidate the detection, characterization, and clinical application of CTCs and ctDNA with the goal of precision treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A Forte
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Dany K Barrak
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Department of Surgery, Division of Breast, Endocrine and Soft Tissue Surgery, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Mostafa Elhodaky
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Lily Tung
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Department of Surgery, Division of Breast, Endocrine and Soft Tissue Surgery, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Anson Snow
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Southern California (USC), Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Julie E Lang
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA; Department of Surgery, Division of Breast, Endocrine and Soft Tissue Surgery, USC, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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32
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Ko J, Carpenter E, Issadore D. Detection and isolation of circulating exosomes and microvesicles for cancer monitoring and diagnostics using micro-/nano-based devices. Analyst 2016; 141:450-460. [PMID: 26378496 PMCID: PMC4881422 DOI: 10.1039/c5an01610j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
In the last several years, nanoscale vesicles that originate from tumor cells and which can be found circulating in the blood (i.e. exosomes and microvesicles) have been discovered to contain a wealth of proteomic and genetic information to monitor cancer progression, metastasis, and drug efficacy. However, the use of exosomes and microvesicles as biomarkers to improve patient care has been limited by their small size (30 nm-1 μm) and the extensive sample preparation required for their isolation and measurement. In this Critical Review, we explore the emerging use of micro and nano-technology to isolate and detect exosomes and microvesicles in clinical samples and the application of this technology to the monitoring and diagnosis of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jina Ko
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Erica Carpenter
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David Issadore
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Electrical and Systems engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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33
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Leong SM, Tan KML, Chua HW, Tan D, Fareda D, Osmany S, Li MH, Tucker S, Koay ESC. Sampling circulating tumor cells for clinical benefits: how frequent? J Hematol Oncol 2015; 8:75. [PMID: 26108208 PMCID: PMC4488127 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-015-0174-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are cells shed from tumors or metastatic sites and are a potential biomarker for cancer diagnosis, management, and prognostication. The majority of current studies use single or infrequent CTC sampling points. This strategy assumes that changes in CTC number, as well as phenotypic and molecular characteristics, are gradual with time. In reality, little is known today about the actual kinetics of CTC dissemination and phenotypic and molecular changes in the blood of cancer patients. Herein, we show, using clinical case studies and hypothetical simulation models, how sub-optimal CTC sampling may result in misleading observations with clinical consequences, by missing out on significant CTC spikes that occur in between sampling times. Initial studies using highly frequent CTC sampling are necessary to understand the dynamics of CTC dissemination and phenotypic and molecular changes in the blood of cancer patients. Such an improved understanding will enable an optimal, study-specific sampling frequency to be assigned to individual research studies and clinical trials and better inform practical clinical decisions on cancer management strategies for patient benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Mun Leong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National University Hospital, Level 3 NUH Main Building, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119074, Singapore
| | - Karen M L Tan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National University Hospital, Level 3 NUH Main Building, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119074, Singapore.
| | - Hui Wen Chua
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National University Hospital, Level 3 NUH Main Building, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119074, Singapore
| | - Doreen Tan
- Tucker Medical, Novena Specialist Center, 8 Sinaran Drive #04-03, Singapore, 307470, Singapore
| | - Delly Fareda
- Tucker Medical, Novena Specialist Center, 8 Sinaran Drive #04-03, Singapore, 307470, Singapore
| | - Saabry Osmany
- Radlink PET and Cardiac Imaging Center, 290 Orchard Road, #08-06 Paragon Medical, Singapore, 238859, Singapore
| | - Mo-Huang Li
- CellSievo Private Limited Singapore, Block 289A, Bukit Batok St. 25, #15-218, Singapore, 650289, Singapore
| | - Steven Tucker
- Tucker Medical, Novena Specialist Center, 8 Sinaran Drive #04-03, Singapore, 307470, Singapore
| | - Evelyn S C Koay
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National University Hospital, Level 3 NUH Main Building, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119074, Singapore.,Department of Pathology, National University of Singapore, Level 3 NUH Main Building, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119074, Singapore
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34
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Abstract
The sparse cells that are shed from tumors into peripheral circulation are an increasingly promising resource for noninvasive monitoring of cancer progression, early diagnosis of disease, and serve as a tool for improving our understanding of cancer metastasis. However, the extremely sparse concentration of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) in blood (~1-100 CTC in 7.5 mL of blood) as well as their heterogeneous biomarker expression has limited their detection using conventional laboratory techniques. To overcome these challenges, we have developed a microfluidic chip-based micro-Hall detector (μHD), which can directly measure single, immunomagnetically tagged cells in whole blood. The μHD can detect individual cells even in the presence of vast numbers of blood cells and unbound reactants, and does not require any washing or purification steps. Furthermore, this cost-effective, single-cell analytical technique is well suited for miniaturization into a mobile platform for low-cost point-of-care use. In this chapter, we describe the methodology used to design, fabricate, and apply these chips to cancer diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Issadore
- University of Pennsylvania, 210 South 33rd Street, Suite 240 Skirkanich Hall, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6321, USA,
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35
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Meseure D, Drak Alsibai K, Nicolas A. Pivotal role of pervasive neoplastic and stromal cells reprogramming in circulating tumor cells dissemination and metastatic colonization. CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL CANCER MICROENVIRONMENT SOCIETY 2014; 7:95-115. [PMID: 25523234 PMCID: PMC4275542 DOI: 10.1007/s12307-014-0158-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Reciprocal interactions between neoplastic cells and their microenvironment are crucial events in carcinogenesis and tumor progression. Pervasive stromal reprogramming and remodeling that transform a normal to a tumorigenic microenvironment modify numerous stromal cells functions, status redox, oxidative stress, pH, ECM stiffness and energy metabolism. These environmental factors allow selection of more aggressive cancer cells that develop important adaptive strategies. Subpopulations of cancer cells acquire new properties associating plasticity, stem-like phenotype, unfolded protein response, metabolic reprogramming and autophagy, production of exosomes, survival to anoikis, invasion, immunosuppression and therapeutic resistance. Moreover, by inducing vascular transdifferentiation of cancer cells and recruiting endothelial cells and pericytes, the tumorigenic microenvironment induces development of tumor-associated vessels that allow invasive cells to gain access to the tumor vessels and to intravasate. Circulating cancer cells can survive in the blood stream by interacting with the intravascular microenvironment, extravasate through the microvasculature and interact with the metastatic microenvironment of target organs. In this review, we will focus on many recent paradigms involved in the field of tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Meseure
- Platform of Investigative Pathology and Department of Biopathology, Curie Institute, 26 rue d'Ulm, 75248, Paris, Cedex 05, France,
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Bidard FC, Weigelt B, Reis-Filho JS. Going with the flow: from circulating tumor cells to DNA. Sci Transl Med 2014; 5:207ps14. [PMID: 24132635 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3006305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Molecular analyses of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) in plasma from cancer patients have the potential to deliver minimally invasive diagnostic and disease-monitoring biomarkers. Drawing from experience gained through the translation of circulating tumor cell detection to clinical tests, we discuss ctDNA as a source of tumor material for biomarker development.
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Moussavi-Harami SF, Wisinski KB, Beebe DJ. Circulating Tumor Cells in Metastatic Breast Cancer: A Prognostic and Predictive Marker. J Patient Cent Res Rev 2014; 1:85-92. [PMID: 25914894 DOI: 10.17294/2330-0698.1017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) as a marker for disease progression in metastatic cancer is controversial. The current review will serve to summarize the evidence on CTCs as a marker of disease progression in patients with metastatic breast cancer. The immunohistochemistry(IHC)-based CellSearch® is the only FDA-approved isolation technique for quantifying CTCs in patients with metastatic breast cancer. We searched PubMed and Web of Knowledge for clinical studies that assessed the prognostic and predictive value of CTCs using IHC-based isolation. The patient outcomes reported include median and Cox-proportional hazard ratios for overall-survival (OS) and progression-free-survival (PFS). All studies reported shorter OS for CTC-positive patients versus CTC-negative. A subset of the selected trials reported significant lower median PFS for CTC-positive patients. The reported trials support the utility of CTC enumeration for patient prognosis. But further studies are required to determine the utility of CTC enumeration for guiding patient therapy. There are three clinical trials ongoing to test this hypothesis. These studies, and others, will further establish the role of CTCs in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayyed Farshid Moussavi-Harami
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI ; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI
| | | | - David J Beebe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI ; University of Wisconsin Carbone Cancer Center, Madison, WI
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Muluneh M, Issadore D. Microchip-based detection of magnetically labeled cancer biomarkers. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 66:101-9. [PMID: 24099664 PMCID: PMC4418637 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2013.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Micro-magnetic sensing and actuation have emerged as powerful tools for the diagnosis and monitoring of cancer. These technologies can be miniaturized and integrated onto compact, microfluidic platforms, enabling molecular diagnostics to be performed in practical clinical settings. Molecular targets tagged with magnetic nanoparticles can be detected with high sensitivity directly in unprocessed clinical samples (e.g. blood, sputum) due to the inherently negligible magnetic susceptibility of biological material. As a result, magnetic microchip-based diagnostics have been applied with great success to the isolation and detection of rare cells and the measurement of sparse soluble proteins. In this paper, we review recent advances in microchip-based detection of magnetically labeled biomarkers and their translation to clinical applications in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melaku Muluneh
- University of Pennsylvania, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Department of Bioengineering
| | - David Issadore
- University of Pennsylvania, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Department of Bioengineering and Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering.
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King JD, Casavant BP, Lang JM. Rapid translation of circulating tumor cell biomarkers into clinical practice: technology development, clinical needs and regulatory requirements. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:24-31. [PMID: 24190548 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc50741f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The great hope in circulating tumor cell (CTC) research lies in the use of these rare cells as an accessible "fluid biopsy" that would permit frequent, minimally invasive sampling of tumor cells for similar molecular assays that are performed on traditional biopsies. Given the rarity of CTCs in peripheral circulation, microscale methods show great promise and superiority to capture and analyze these cells from patients with solid tumors. Novel technologies that produce validated CTC biomarkers may finally provide medical oncologists the tools needed to provide precise, personalized medical care for patients with advanced cancer. However, few CTC technologies demonstrate both experimental and clinical evidence of an accurate, reliable and reproducible assay that also meets the regulatory requirements to enter routine clinical practice. Many opportunities exist to incorporate clinical needs and regulatory benchmarks into technology development to more quickly garner FDA approval to direct decisions on patient care. This review will address: 1) device development tailored to address predictive, prognostic and/or therapeutic needs across the multitude of malignancies and disease stages; 2) validation benchmarks for clinical assay development; 3) early establishment of standard operating procedures for sample acquisition and analysis; 4) demonstration of clinical utility; 5) clinical qualification of a novel biomarker; and 6) integration of a newly validated and qualified technology into routine clinical practice. Early understanding and incorporation of these regulatory requirements into assay development can simplify and speed the integration of these novel technologies into patient care. Meeting these benchmarks will lead to the true personalization of cancer therapies, directing initial and subsequent treatments for each individual based on initial tumor characteristics while monitoring for emerging mechanisms of resistance in these continually evolving tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D King
- Department of Medicine, Wisconsin Institutes for Medical Research, University of Wisconsin, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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Luo J, Guo XR, Tang XJ, Sun XY, Yang ZS, Zhang Y, Dai LJ, Warnock GL. Intravital biobank and personalized cancer therapy: the correlation with omics. Int J Cancer 2013; 135:1511-6. [PMID: 24285244 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 11/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Biobanks have played a decisive role in all aspects of the field of cancer, including pathogenesis, diagnosis, prognosis and treatment. The significance of cancer biobanks is epitomized through the appropriate application of various "-omic" techniques (omics). The mutually motivated relationship between biobanks and omics has intensified the development of cancer research. Human cancer tissues that are maintained in intravital biobanks (or living tissue banks) retain native tumor microenvironment, tissue architecture, hormone responsiveness and cell-to-cell signalling properties. Intravital biobanks replicate the structural complexity and heterogeneity of human cancers, making them an ideal platform for preclinical studies. The application of omics with intravital biobanks renders them more active, which makes it possible for the cancer-related evaluations to be dynamically monitored on a real-time basis. Integrating intravital biobank and modern omics will provide a useful tool for the discovery and development of new drugs or novel therapeutic strategies. More importantly, intravital biobanks may play an essential role in the creation of meaningful patient-tailored therapies as for personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Luo
- Department of Surgery, Hubei Key Laboratory of Stem Cell Research, Taihe Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, 442000, China
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Ozkumur E, Shah AM, Ciciliano JC, Emmink BL, Miyamoto DT, Brachtel E, Yu M, Chen PI, Morgan B, Trautwein J, Kimura A, Sengupta S, Stott SL, Karabacak NM, Barber TA, Walsh JR, Smith K, Spuhler PS, Sullivan JP, Lee RJ, Ting DT, Luo X, Shaw AT, Bardia A, Sequist LV, Louis DN, Maheswaran S, Kapur R, Haber DA, Toner M. Inertial focusing for tumor antigen-dependent and -independent sorting of rare circulating tumor cells. Sci Transl Med 2013; 5:179ra47. [PMID: 23552373 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3005616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 773] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are shed into the bloodstream from primary and metastatic tumor deposits. Their isolation and analysis hold great promise for the early detection of invasive cancer and the management of advanced disease, but technological hurdles have limited their broad clinical utility. We describe an inertial focusing-enhanced microfluidic CTC capture platform, termed "CTC-iChip," that is capable of sorting rare CTCs from whole blood at 10(7) cells/s. Most importantly, the iChip is capable of isolating CTCs using strategies that are either dependent or independent of tumor membrane epitopes, and thus applicable to virtually all cancers. We specifically demonstrate the use of the iChip in an expanded set of both epithelial and nonepithelial cancers including lung, prostate, pancreas, breast, and melanoma. The sorting of CTCs as unfixed cells in solution allows for the application of high-quality clinically standardized morphological and immunohistochemical analyses, as well as RNA-based single-cell molecular characterization. The combination of an unbiased, broadly applicable, high-throughput, and automatable rare cell sorting technology with generally accepted molecular assays and cytology standards will enable the integration of CTC-based diagnostics into the clinical management of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emre Ozkumur
- Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Engineering in Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Ghazani AA, McDermott S, Pectasides M, Sebas M, Mino-Kenudson M, Lee H, Weissleder R, Castro CM. Comparison of select cancer biomarkers in human circulating and bulk tumor cells using magnetic nanoparticles and a miniaturized micro-NMR system. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2013; 9:1009-17. [PMID: 23570873 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2013.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Circulating tumor cells (CTC) harvested from peripheral blood have received significant interest as sources for serial sampling to gauge treatment efficacy. Nanotechnology and microfluidic based approaches are emerging to facilitate such analyses. While of considerable clinical importance, there is little information on how similar or different CTCs are from their shedding bulk tumors. In this clinical study, paired tumor fine needle aspirate and peripheral blood samples were obtained from cancer patients during image-guided biopsy. Using targeted magnetic nanoparticles and a point-of-care micro-NMR system, we compared selected biomarkers (EpCAM, EGFR, HER-2 and vimentin) in both CTC and fine needle biopsies of solid epithelial cancers. We show a weak correlation between each paired sample, suggesting that use of CTC as "liquid biopsies" and proxies to metastatic solid lesions could be misleading. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR In this clinical study, paired tumor fine needle aspirate and peripheral blood samples were obtained from patients with solid epithelial cancers during image-guided biopsy. Using targeted magnetic nanoparticles and a point-of-care micro-NMR system, the authors compared selected biomarkers in both circulating tumor cells (CTC) and fine needle biopsies, demonstrating a weak correlation between each paired sample, suggesting that use of CTC could be misleading in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezou A Ghazani
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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Chung J, Issadore D, Ullal A, Lee K, Weissleder R, Lee H. Rare cell isolation and profiling on a hybrid magnetic/size-sorting chip. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2013; 7:54107. [PMID: 24404070 PMCID: PMC3790798 DOI: 10.1063/1.4821923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
We present a hybrid magnetic/size-sorting (HMSS) chip for isolation and molecular analyses of circulating tumor cells (CTCs). The chip employs both negative and positive cell selection in order to provide high throughput, unbiased CTC enrichment. Specifically, the system utilizes a self-assembled magnet to generate high magnetic forces and a weir-style structure for cell sorting. The resulting device thus can perform multiple functions, including magnetic depletion, size-selective cell capture, and on-chip molecular staining. With such capacities, the HMSS device allowed one-step CTC isolation and single cell detection from whole blood, tested with spiked cancer cells. The system further facilitated the study of individual CTCs for heterogeneity in molecular marker expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaehoon Chung
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge St., CPZN 5206, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - David Issadore
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge St., CPZN 5206, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Adeeti Ullal
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge St., CPZN 5206, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Kyungheon Lee
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge St., CPZN 5206, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge St., CPZN 5206, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA ; Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Hakho Lee
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge St., CPZN 5206, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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