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Klenchin VA, Clark NM, Keles NK, Capuano S, Mason R, Gao G, Broman A, Kose E, Immonen TT, Fennessey CM, Keele BF, Lifson JD, Roederer M, Gardner MR, Evans DT. Adeno-associated viral delivery of Env-specific antibodies prevents SIV rebound after discontinuing antiretroviral therapy. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.30.593694. [PMID: 38895320 PMCID: PMC11185534 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.30.593694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
An alternative to lifelong antiretroviral therapy (ART) is needed to achieve durable control of HIV-1. Here we show that adeno-associated virus (AAV)-delivery of two rhesus macaque antibodies to the SIV envelope glycoprotein (Env) with potent neutralization and antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity can prevent viral rebound in macaques infected with barcoded SIVmac239M after discontinuing suppressive ART. Following AAV administration, sustained antibody expression with minimal anti-drug antibody responses was achieved in all but one animal. After ART withdrawal, SIV replication rebounded within two weeks in all of the control animals but remained below the threshold of detection in plasma (<15 copies/mL) for more than a year in four of the eight animals that received AAV vectors encoding Env-specific antibodies. Viral sequences from animals with delayed rebound exhibited restricted barcode diversity and antibody escape. Thus, sustained expression of antibodies with potent antiviral activity can afford durable, ART-free containment of pathogenic SIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim A. Klenchin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Natasha M. Clark
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Nida K. Keles
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Saverio Capuano
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison, WI, 53715, USA
| | - Rosemarie Mason
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Guangping Gao
- Deparment of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School; Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Aimee Broman
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison, WI, 53705, USA
| | - Emek Kose
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research; Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Taina T. Immonen
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research; Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Christine M. Fennessey
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research; Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Brandon F. Keele
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research; Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research; Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Mario Roederer
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health; Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
| | - Matthew R. Gardner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University; Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30329, USA
| | - David T Evans
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison, WI, 53705, USA
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison; Madison, WI, 53715, USA
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Pan A, Bailey CC, Ou T, Xu J, Liu X, Hu B, Crynen G, Skamangas N, Bronkema N, Tran M, Mu H, Zhang X, Yin Y, Alpert MD, He W, Farzan M. In vivo affinity maturation of the HIV-1 Env-binding domain of CD4. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-3922904. [PMID: 38405717 PMCID: PMC10889057 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3922904/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Many human proteins have been repurposed as biologics for clinical use. These proteins have been engineered with in vitro techniques that improve affinity for their ligands. However, these approaches do not select against properties that impair efficacy such as protease sensitivity or self-reactivity. Here we engineer the B-cell receptor of primary murine B cells to express a human protein biologic without disrupting their ability to affinity mature. Specifically, CD4 domains 1 and 2 (D1D2) of a half-life enhanced-HIV-1 entry inhibitor CD4-Ig (CD4-Ig-v0) were introduced into the heavy-chain loci of murine B cells, which were then adoptively transferred to wild-type mice. After immunization, transferred B cells proliferated, class switched, affinity matured, and efficiently produced D1D2-presenting antibodies. Somatic hypermutations found in the D1D2-encoding region of engrafted B cells improved binding affinity of CD4-Ig-v0 for the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) and the neutralization potency of CD4-Ig-v0 by more than ten-fold across a global panel of HIV-1 isolates, without impairing its pharmacokinetic properties. Thus, affinity maturation of non-antibody protein biologics in vivo can guide development of more effective therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andi Pan
- Skaggs Graduate School, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- The Center for Integrated Solutions to Infectious Diseases, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Division of Infectious Disease, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Charles C. Bailey
- The Center for Integrated Solutions to Infectious Diseases, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Tianling Ou
- The Center for Integrated Solutions to Infectious Diseases, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Division of Infectious Disease, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jinge Xu
- The Center for Integrated Solutions to Infectious Diseases, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Division of Infectious Disease, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xin Liu
- The Center for Integrated Solutions to Infectious Diseases, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Division of Infectious Disease, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Baodan Hu
- The Center for Integrated Solutions to Infectious Diseases, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Gogce Crynen
- The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Nickolas Skamangas
- Division of Infectious Disease, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Naomi Bronkema
- Skaggs Graduate School, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- The Center for Integrated Solutions to Infectious Diseases, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Division of Infectious Disease, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mai Tran
- Division of Infectious Disease, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Huihui Mu
- Division of Infectious Disease, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xia Zhang
- The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Yiming Yin
- Division of Infectious Disease, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Wenhui He
- The Center for Integrated Solutions to Infectious Diseases, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Division of Infectious Disease, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael Farzan
- Skaggs Graduate School, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- The Center for Integrated Solutions to Infectious Diseases, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Division of Infectious Disease, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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3
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Pan A, Bailey CC, Ou T, Xu J, Liu X, Hu B, Crynen G, Skamangas N, Bronkema N, Tran M, Mu H, Zhang X, Yin Y, Alpert MD, He W, Farzan M. In vivo affinity maturation of the HIV-1 Env-binding domain of CD4. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.03.578630. [PMID: 38370774 PMCID: PMC10871246 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.03.578630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Many human proteins have been repurposed as biologics for clinical use. These proteins have been engineered with in vitro techniques that improve affinity for their ligands. However, these approaches do not select against properties that impair efficacy such as protease sensitivity or self-reactivity. Here we engineer the B-cell receptor of primary murine B cells to express a human protein biologic without disrupting their ability to affinity mature. Specifically, CD4 domains 1 and 2 (D1D2) of a half-life enhanced-HIV-1 entry inhibitor CD4-Ig (CD4-Ig-v0) were introduced into the heavy-chain loci of murine B cells, which were then adoptively transferred to wild-type mice. After immunization, transferred B cells proliferated, class switched, affinity matured, and efficiently produced D1D2-presenting antibodies. Somatic hypermutations found in the D1D2-encoding region of engrafted B cells improved binding affinity of CD4-Ig-v0 for the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein (Env) and the neutralization potency of CD4-Ig-v0 by more than ten-fold across a global panel of HIV-1 isolates, without impairing its pharmacokinetic properties. Thus, affinity maturation of non-antibody protein biologics in vivo can guide development of more effective therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andi Pan
- Skaggs Graduate School, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- The Center for Integrated Solutions to Infectious Diseases, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Division of Infectious Disease, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Charles C. Bailey
- The Center for Integrated Solutions to Infectious Diseases, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Tianling Ou
- The Center for Integrated Solutions to Infectious Diseases, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Division of Infectious Disease, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jinge Xu
- The Center for Integrated Solutions to Infectious Diseases, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Division of Infectious Disease, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xin Liu
- The Center for Integrated Solutions to Infectious Diseases, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Division of Infectious Disease, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Baodan Hu
- The Center for Integrated Solutions to Infectious Diseases, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Gogce Crynen
- The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Nickolas Skamangas
- Division of Infectious Disease, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Naomi Bronkema
- Skaggs Graduate School, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- The Center for Integrated Solutions to Infectious Diseases, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Division of Infectious Disease, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mai Tran
- Division of Infectious Disease, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Huihui Mu
- Division of Infectious Disease, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Xia Zhang
- The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, FL 33458, USA
| | - Yiming Yin
- Division of Infectious Disease, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Wenhui He
- The Center for Integrated Solutions to Infectious Diseases, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Division of Infectious Disease, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Michael Farzan
- Skaggs Graduate School, Scripps Research, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- The Center for Integrated Solutions to Infectious Diseases, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Division of Infectious Disease, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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4
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Campbell ESB, Goens MM, Cao W, Thompson B, Susta L, Banadyga L, Wootton SK. Recent Advancements in AAV-Vectored Immunoprophylaxis in the Nonhuman Primate Model. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2223. [PMID: 37626720 PMCID: PMC10452516 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11082223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are important treatment modalities for preventing and treating infectious diseases, especially for those lacking prophylactic vaccines or effective therapies. Recent advances in mAb gene cloning from naturally infected or immunized individuals has led to the development of highly potent human mAbs against a wide range of human and animal pathogens. While effective, the serum half-lives of mAbs are quite variable, with single administrations usually resulting in short-term protection, requiring repeated doses to maintain therapeutic concentrations for extended periods of time. Moreover, due to their limited time in circulation, mAb therapies are rarely given prophylactically; instead, they are generally administered therapeutically after the onset of symptoms, thus preventing mortality, but not morbidity. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors have an established record of high-efficiency in vivo gene transfer in a variety of animal models and humans. When delivered to post-mitotic tissues such as skeletal muscle, brain, and heart, or to organs in which cells turn over slowly, such as the liver and lungs, AAV vector genomes assume the form of episomal concatemers that direct transgene expression, often for the lifetime of the cell. Based on these attributes, many research groups have explored AAV-vectored delivery of highly potent mAb genes as a strategy to enable long-term expression of therapeutic mAbs directly in vivo following intramuscular or intranasal administration. However, clinical trials in humans and studies in nonhuman primates (NHPs) indicate that while AAVs are a powerful and promising platform for vectored immunoprophylaxis (VIP), further optimization is needed to decrease anti-drug antibody (ADA) and anti-capsid antibody responses, ultimately leading to increased serum transgene expression levels and improved therapeutic efficacy. The following review will summarize the current landscape of AAV VIP in NHP models, with an emphasis on vector and transgene design as well as general delivery system optimization. In addition, major obstacles to AAV VIP, along with implications for clinical translation, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melanie M. Goens
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Wenguang Cao
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
| | | | - Leonardo Susta
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Logan Banadyga
- Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3R2, Canada
| | - Sarah K. Wootton
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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Joshi LR, Gálvez NM, Ghosh S, Weiner DB, Balazs AB. Delivery platforms for broadly neutralizing antibodies. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2023; 18:191-208. [PMID: 37265268 PMCID: PMC10247185 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Passive administration of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) is being evaluated as a therapeutic approach to prevent or treat HIV infections. However, a number of challenges face the widespread implementation of passive transfer for HIV. To reduce the need of recurrent administrations of bNAbs, gene-based delivery approaches have been developed which overcome the limitations of passive transfer. RECENT FINDINGS The use of DNA and mRNA for the delivery of bNAbs has made significant progress. DNA-encoded monoclonal antibodies (DMAbs) have shown great promise in animal models of disease and the underlying DNA-based technology is now being tested in vaccine trials for a variety of indications. The COVID-19 pandemic greatly accelerated the development of mRNA-based technology to induce protective immunity. These advances are now being successfully applied to the delivery of monoclonal antibodies using mRNA in animal models. Delivery of bNAbs using viral vectors, primarily adeno-associated virus (AAV), has shown great promise in preclinical animal models and more recently in human studies. Most recently, advances in genome editing techniques have led to engineering of monoclonal antibody expression from B cells. These efforts aim to turn B cells into a source of evolving antibodies that can improve through repeated exposure to the respective antigen. SUMMARY The use of these different platforms for antibody delivery has been demonstrated across a wide range of animal models and disease indications, including HIV. Although each approach has unique strengths and weaknesses, additional advances in efficiency of gene delivery and reduced immunogenicity will be necessary to drive widespread implementation of these technologies. Considering the mounting clinical evidence of the potential of bNAbs for HIV treatment and prevention, overcoming the remaining technical challenges for gene-based bNAb delivery represents a relatively straightforward path towards practical interventions against HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lok R. Joshi
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Nicolás M.S. Gálvez
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Sukanya Ghosh
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, PA 19104, USA
| | - David B. Weiner
- Vaccine and Immunotherapy Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alejandro B. Balazs
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Davis-Gardner ME, Weber JA, Xie J, Pekrun K, Alexander EA, Weisgrau KL, Furlott JR, Rakasz EG, Kay MA, Gao G, Farzan M, Gardner MR. A strategy for high antibody expression with low anti-drug antibodies using AAV9 vectors. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1105617. [PMID: 37153616 PMCID: PMC10161250 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1105617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Use of adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors is complicated by host immune responses that can limit transgene expression. Recent clinical trials using AAV vectors to deliver HIV broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) by intramuscular administration resulted in poor expression with anti-drug antibodies (ADA) responses against the bNAb. Methods Here we compared the expression of, and ADA responses against, an anti-SIV antibody ITS01 when delivered by five different AAV capsids. We first evaluated ITS01 expression from AAV vectors three different 2A peptides. Rhesus macaques were selected for the study based on preexisiting neutralizing antibodies by evaluating serum samples in a neutralization assay against the five capsids used in the study. Macaques were intramuscularly administered AAV vectors at a 2.5x10^12 vg/kg over eight administration sites. ITS01 concentrations and anti-drug antibodies (ADA) were measured by ELISA and a neutralization assay was conducted to confirm ex vivo antibody potency. Results We observed that ITS01 expressed three-fold more efficiently in mice from AAV vectors in which heavy and light-chain genes were separated by a P2A ribosomal skipping peptide, compared with those bearing F2A or T2A peptides. We then measured the preexisting neutralizing antibody responses against three traditional AAV capsids in 360 rhesus macaques and observed that 8%, 16%, and 42% were seronegative for AAV1, AAV8, and AAV9, respectively. Finally, we compared ITS01 expression in seronegative macaques intramuscularly transduced with AAV1, AAV8, or AAV9, or with the synthetic capsids AAV-NP22 or AAV-KP1. We observed at 30 weeks after administration that AAV9- and AAV1-delivered vectors expressed the highest concentrations of ITS01 (224 µg/mL, n=5, and 216 µg/mL, n=3, respectively). The remaining groups expressed an average of 35-73 µg/mL. Notably, ADA responses against ITS01 were observed in six of the 19 animals. Lastly, we demonstrated that the expressed ITS01 retained its neutralizing activity with nearly the same potency of purified recombinant protein. Discussion Overall, these data suggest that the AAV9 capsid is a suitable choice for intramuscular expression of antibodies in nonhuman primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meredith E. Davis-Gardner
- Center for Childhood Infections and Vaccines of Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Department of Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jesse A. Weber
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Florida (UF) Scripps Biomedical Research, University of Florida, Jupiter, FL, United States
| | - Jun Xie
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Katja Pekrun
- Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Eric A. Alexander
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Madison-Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Kim L. Weisgrau
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Madison-Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Jessica R. Furlott
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Madison-Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Eva G. Rakasz
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Madison-Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Mark A. Kay
- Departments of Pediatrics and Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Guangping Gao
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Michael Farzan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Florida (UF) Scripps Biomedical Research, University of Florida, Jupiter, FL, United States
| | - Matthew R. Gardner
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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Li C, Anderson AK, Wang H, Gil S, Kim J, Huang L, Germond A, Baldessari A, Nelson V, Bar KJ, Peterson CW, Bui J, Kiem HP, Lieber A. Stable HIV decoy receptor expression after in vivo HSC transduction in mice and NHPs: Safety and efficacy in protection from SHIV. Mol Ther 2023; 31:1059-1073. [PMID: 36760126 PMCID: PMC10124088 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We aim to develop an in vivo hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) gene therapy approach for persistent control/protection of HIV-1 infection based on the stable expression of a secreted decoy protein for HIV receptors CD4 and CCR5 (eCD4-Ig) from blood cells. HSCs in mice and a rhesus macaque were mobilized from the bone marrow and transduced by an intravenous injection of HSC-tropic, integrating HDAd5/35++ vectors expressing rhesus eCD4-Ig. In vivo HSC transduction/selection resulted in stable serum eCD4-Ig levels of ∼100 μg/mL (mice) and >20 μg/mL (rhesus) with half maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50s) of 1 μg/mL measured by an HIV neutralization assay. After simian-human-immunodeficiency virus D (SHIV.D) challenge of rhesus macaques injected with HDAd-eCD4-Ig or a control HDAd5/35++ vector, peak plasma viral load levels were ∼50-fold lower in the eCD4-Ig-expressing animal. Furthermore, the viral load was lower in tissues with the highest eCD4-Ig expression, specifically the spleen and lymph nodes. SHIV.D challenge triggered a selective expansion of transduced CD4+CCR5+ cells, thereby increasing serum eCD4-Ig levels. The latter, however, broke immune tolerance and triggered anti-eCD4-Ig antibody responses, which could have contributed to the inability to eliminate SHIV.D. Our data will guide us in the improvement of the in vivo approach. Clearly, our conclusions need to be validated in larger animal cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Anna Kate Anderson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Hongjie Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Sucheol Gil
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jiho Kim
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Lishan Huang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Audrey Germond
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Division of Regenerative Medicine and Gene Therapy, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Audrey Baldessari
- Washington National Primate Research Center, Division of Regenerative Medicine and Gene Therapy, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Veronica Nelson
- Stem and Gene Therapy Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Katharine J Bar
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Christopher W Peterson
- Stem and Gene Therapy Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Washington National Primate Research Center, Division of Regenerative Medicine and Gene Therapy, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - John Bui
- Stem and Gene Therapy Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Infection Diseases, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Hans-Peter Kiem
- Stem and Gene Therapy Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Washington National Primate Research Center, Division of Regenerative Medicine and Gene Therapy, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - André Lieber
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Genetics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Washington National Primate Research Center, Division of Regenerative Medicine and Gene Therapy, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
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8
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Vamva E, Ozog S, Leaman DP, Yu-Hong Cheng R, Irons NJ, Ott A, Stoffers C, Khan I, Goebrecht GK, Gardner MR, Farzan M, Rawlings DJ, Zwick MB, James RG, Torbett BE. A lentiviral vector B cell gene therapy platform for the delivery of the anti-HIV-1 eCD4-Ig-knob-in-hole-reversed immunoadhesin. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2023; 28:366-384. [PMID: 36879849 PMCID: PMC9984920 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2023.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Barriers to effective gene therapy for many diseases include the number of modified target cells required to achieve therapeutic outcomes and host immune responses to expressed therapeutic proteins. As long-lived cells specialized for protein secretion, antibody-secreting B cells are an attractive target for foreign protein expression in blood and tissue. To neutralize HIV-1, we developed a lentiviral vector (LV) gene therapy platform for delivery of the anti-HIV-1 immunoadhesin, eCD4-Ig, to B cells. The EμB29 enhancer/promoter in the LV limited gene expression in non-B cell lineages. By engineering a knob-in-hole-reversed (KiHR) modification in the CH3-Fc eCD4-Ig domain, we reduced interactions between eCD4-Ig and endogenous B cell immunoglobulin G proteins, which improved HIV-1 neutralization potency. Unlike previous approaches in non-lymphoid cells, eCD4-Ig-KiHR produced in B cells promoted HIV-1 neutralizing protection without requiring exogenous TPST2, a tyrosine sulfation enzyme required for eCD4-Ig-KiHR function. This finding indicated that B cell machinery is well suited to produce therapeutic proteins. Lastly, to overcome the inefficient transduction efficiency associated with VSV-G LV delivery to primary B cells, an optimized measles pseudotyped LV packaging methodology achieved up to 75% transduction efficiency. Overall, our findings support the utility of B cell gene therapy platforms for therapeutic protein delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Vamva
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stosh Ozog
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Daniel P. Leaman
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Rene Yu-Hong Cheng
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nicholas J. Irons
- Department of Statistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andee Ott
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Claire Stoffers
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Iram Khan
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Matthew R. Gardner
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Michael Farzan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - David J. Rawlings
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael B. Zwick
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Richard G. James
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Bruce E. Torbett
- Center for Immunity and Immunotherapies, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
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9
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Hahn PA, Martins MA. Adeno-associated virus-vectored delivery of HIV biologics: the promise of a "single-shot" functional cure for HIV infection. J Virus Erad 2023; 9:100316. [PMID: 36915910 PMCID: PMC10005911 DOI: 10.1016/j.jve.2023.100316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability of immunoglobulin-based HIV biologics (Ig-HIV), including broadly neutralizing antibodies, to suppress viral replication in pre-clinical and clinical studies illustrates how these molecules can serve as alternatives or adjuncts to antiretroviral therapy for treating HIV infection. However, the current paradigm for delivering Ig-HIVs requires repeated passive infusions, which faces both logistical and economic challenges to broad-scale implementation. One promising way to overcome these obstacles and achieve sustained expression of Ig-HIVs in vivo involves the transfer of Ig-HIV genes to host cells utilizing adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors. Because AAV vectors are non-pathogenic and their genomes persist in the cell nucleus as episomes, transgene expression can last for as long as the AAV-transduced cell lives. Given the long lifespan of myocytes, skeletal muscle is a preferred tissue for AAV-based immunotherapies aimed at achieving persistent delivery of Ig-HIVs. Consistent with this idea, recent studies suggest that lifelong immunity against HIV can be achieved from a one-time intramuscular dose of AAV/Ig-HIV vectors. However, realizing the promise of this approach faces significant hurdles, including the potential of AAV-delivered Ig-HIVs to induce anti-drug antibodies and the high AAV seroprevalence in the human population. Here we describe how these host immune responses can hinder AAV/Ig-HIV therapies and review current strategies for overcoming these barriers. Given the potential of AAV/Ig-HIV therapy to maintain ART-free virologic suppression and prevent HIV reinfection in people living with HIV, optimizing this strategy should become a greater priority in HIV/AIDS research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A. Hahn
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
- The Skaggs Graduate School, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
| | - Mauricio A. Martins
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Herbert Wertheim UF Scripps Institute for Biomedical Innovation & Technology, Jupiter, FL, 33458, USA
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10
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Zhao F, Berndsen ZT, Pedreño-Lopez N, Burns A, Allen JD, Barman S, Lee WH, Chakraborty S, Gnanakaran S, Sewall LM, Ozorowski G, Limbo O, Song G, Yong P, Callaghan S, Coppola J, Weisgrau KL, Lifson JD, Nedellec R, Voigt TB, Laurino F, Louw J, Rosen BC, Ricciardi M, Crispin M, Desrosiers RC, Rakasz EG, Watkins DI, Andrabi R, Ward AB, Burton DR, Sok D. Molecular insights into antibody-mediated protection against the prototypic simian immunodeficiency virus. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5236. [PMID: 36068229 PMCID: PMC9446601 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32783-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
SIVmac239 infection of macaques is a favored model of human HIV infection. However, the SIVmac239 envelope (Env) trimer structure, glycan occupancy, and the targets and ability of neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) to protect against SIVmac239 remain unknown. Here, we report the isolation of SIVmac239 nAbs that recognize a glycan hole and the V1/V4 loop. A high-resolution structure of a SIVmac239 Env trimer-nAb complex shows many similarities to HIV and SIVcpz Envs, but with distinct V4 features and an extended V1 loop. Moreover, SIVmac239 Env has a higher glycan shield density than HIV Env that may contribute to poor or delayed nAb responses in SIVmac239-infected macaques. Passive transfer of a nAb protects macaques from repeated intravenous SIVmac239 challenge at serum titers comparable to those described for protection of humans against HIV infection. Our results provide structural insights for vaccine design and shed light on antibody-mediated protection in the SIV model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangzhu Zhao
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Zachary T Berndsen
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Nuria Pedreño-Lopez
- Department of Pathology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20037, USA
| | - Alison Burns
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Joel D Allen
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Shawn Barman
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Wen-Hsin Lee
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Srirupa Chakraborty
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Sandrasegaram Gnanakaran
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA
| | - Leigh M Sewall
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Gabriel Ozorowski
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Oliver Limbo
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- IAVI, New York, NY, 10004, USA
| | - Ge Song
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Peter Yong
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Sean Callaghan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Jessica Coppola
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Kim L Weisgrau
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53715, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, 21701, USA
| | - Rebecca Nedellec
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Thomas B Voigt
- Department of Pathology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20037, USA
| | - Fernanda Laurino
- Department of Pathology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20037, USA
| | - Johan Louw
- Department of Pathology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20037, USA
| | - Brandon C Rosen
- Department of Pathology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20037, USA
- Department of Pathology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Michael Ricciardi
- Department of Pathology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20037, USA
| | - Max Crispin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Ronald C Desrosiers
- Department of Pathology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Eva G Rakasz
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53715, USA
| | - David I Watkins
- Department of Pathology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20037, USA
| | - Raiees Andrabi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
| | - Andrew B Ward
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
| | - Dennis R Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Devin Sok
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
- IAVI Neutralizing Antibody Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (CHAVD), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
- IAVI, New York, NY, 10004, USA.
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11
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Stewart V, Ronald PC. Sulfotyrosine residues: interaction specificity determinants for extracellular protein-protein interactions. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102232. [PMID: 35798140 PMCID: PMC9372746 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine sulfation, a post-translational modification, can determine and often enhance protein–protein interaction specificity. Sulfotyrosyl residues (sTyrs) are formed by the enzyme tyrosyl-protein sulfotransferase during protein maturation in the Golgi apparatus and most often occur singly or as a cluster within a six-residue span. With both negative charge and aromatic character, sTyr facilitates numerous atomic contacts as visualized in binding interface structural models, thus there is no discernible binding site consensus. Found exclusively in secreted proteins, in this review, we discuss the four broad sequence contexts in which sTyr has been observed: first, a solitary sTyr has been shown to be critical for diverse high-affinity interactions, such as between peptide hormones and their receptors, in both plants and animals. Second, sTyr clusters within structurally flexible anionic segments are essential for a variety of cellular processes, including coreceptor binding to the HIV-1 envelope spike protein during virus entry, chemokine interactions with receptors, and leukocyte rolling cell adhesion. Third, a subcategory of sTyr clusters is found in conserved acidic sequences termed hirudin-like motifs that enable proteins to interact with thrombin; consequently, many proven and potential therapeutic proteins derived from blood-consuming invertebrates depend on sTyrs for their activity. Finally, several proteins that interact with collagen or similar proteins contain one or more sTyrs within an acidic residue array. Refined methods to direct sTyr incorporation in peptides synthesized both in vitro and in vivo, together with continued advances in mass spectrometry and affinity detection, promise to accelerate discoveries of sTyr occurrence and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valley Stewart
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Davis, USA.
| | - Pamela C Ronald
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, USA; Genome Center, University of California, Davis, USA.
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12
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Gardner MR, Mendes DE, Muniz CP, Martinez-Navio JM, Fuchs SP, Gao G, Desrosiers RC. High concordance of ELISA and neutralization assays allows for the detection of antibodies to individual AAV serotypes. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2022; 24:199-206. [PMID: 35141348 PMCID: PMC8800062 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2022.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Prescreening of participants in clinical trials that use adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors is required to identify naive participants, as preexisting neutralizing antibodies can limit the efficacy of AAV gene therapies. The presence of antibodies to individual AAV serotypes is typically detected by neutralization assay. To streamline the screening process, we compared an ELISA-based screening method with a neutralization assay for the detection of antibodies against AAV1, AAV8, and AAV9 in a collection of 50 rhesus macaque sera and 20 human sera. We observed a high level of concordance between the two assays (Pearson r > 0.8) for all three serotypes in both sample sets. We thus investigated pre- vs post-vector inoculation sera samples from rhesus macaques that received AAV1 or AAV8 vector inoculations for cross-reactive anti-AAV antibodies. All 12 macaques seroconverted to the vector they received, but many also reacted to the other serotypes. Our results validate an easy-to-use ELISA for reliable detection of antibodies to individual serotypes of AAV. Our results also demonstrate that an antibody response post-AAV inoculation may partially cross-react with other AAV serotypes. Overall, these results suggest that either assay can be used by academic labs for prescreening samples for preexisting anti-AAV antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Gardner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Desiree E. Mendes
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Claudia P. Muniz
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - José M. Martinez-Navio
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Sebastian P. Fuchs
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Guangping Gao
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Ronald C. Desrosiers
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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13
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Optogenetics for Understanding and Treating Brain Injury: Advances in the Field and Future Prospects. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031800. [PMID: 35163726 PMCID: PMC8836693 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Optogenetics is emerging as an ideal method for controlling cellular activity. It overcomes some notable shortcomings of conventional methods in the elucidation of neural circuits, promotion of neuroregeneration, prevention of cell death and treatment of neurological disorders, although it is not without its own limitations. In this review, we narratively review the latest research on the improvement and existing challenges of optogenetics, with a particular focus on the field of brain injury, aiming at advancing optogenetics in the study of brain injury and collating the issues that remain. Finally, we review the most current examples of research, applying photostimulation in clinical treatment, and we explore the future prospects of these technologies.
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14
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Wang H, Li C, Obadan A, Frizzell H, Hsiang TY, Gil S, Germond A, Fountain C, Baldessari A, Roffler S, Kiem HP, Fuller D, Lieber A. In vivo HSC gene therapy for SARS-CoV2 infection using a decoy receptor. Hum Gene Ther 2022; 33:389-403. [PMID: 35057635 PMCID: PMC9063208 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2021.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
While SARS-CoV2 vaccines have shown an unprecedented success, the ongoing emergence of new variants and necessity to adjust vaccines justify the development of alternative prophylaxis and therapy approaches. Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) gene therapy using a secreted CoV2 decoy receptor protein (sACE2-Ig) would involve a one-time intervention resulting in long-term protection against airway infection, viremia, and extrapulmonary symptoms. We recently developed a technically simple and portable in vivo hematopoietic HSC transduction approach that involves HSC mobilization from the bone marrow into the peripheral blood stream and the intravenous injection of an integrating, helper-dependent adenovirus (HDAd5/35++) vector system. Considering the abundance of erythrocytes, in this study, we directed sACE2-Ig expression to erythroid cells using strong β-globin transcriptional regulatory elements. We performed in vivo HSC transduction of CD46-transgenic mice with an HDAd-sACE2-Ig vector. Serum sACE2-Ig levels reached 500–1,300 ng/mL after in vivo selection. At 22 weeks, we used genetically modified HSCs from these mice to substitute the hematopoietic system in human ACE2-transgenic mice, thus creating a model that is susceptible to SARS-CoV2 infection. Upon challenge with a lethal dose of CoV2 (WA-1), sACE2-Ig expressed from erythroid cells of test mice diminishes infection sequelae. Treated mice lost significantly less weight, had less viremia, and displayed reduced cytokine production and lung pathology. The second objective of this study was to assess the safety of in vivo HSC transduction and long-term sACE2-Ig expression in a rhesus macaque. With appropriate cytokine prophylaxis, intravenous injection of HDAd-sACE2-Ig into the mobilized animal was well tolerated. In vivo transduced HSCs preferentially localized to and survived in the spleen. sACE2-Ig expressed from erythroid cells did not affect erythropoiesis and the function of erythrocytes. While these pilot studies are promising, the antiviral efficacy of the approach has to be improved, for example, by using of decoy receptors with enhanced neutralizing capacity and/or expression of multiple antiviral effector proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjie Wang
- University of Washington, 7284, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - chang Li
- University of Washington, 7284, Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific Street, HSB K-263, Box357720, Seattle, Washington, United States, 98195
| | - Adebimpe Obadan
- University of Washington, 7284, Department of Microbiology, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Hannah Frizzell
- University of Washington, 7284, Department of Microbiology, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Tien-Ying Hsiang
- University of Washington, 7284, Department of Immunology, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Sucheol Gil
- University of Washington, 7284, Department of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Audrey Germond
- University of Washington, 7284, Washington National Primate Research Center , Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Connie Fountain
- University of Washington, 7284, WaNPRC, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Audrey Baldessari
- University of Washington, 7284, WaNPRC, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Steve Roffler
- Academia Sinica Division Of Humanities and Social Sciences, 485001, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan,
| | - Hans-Peter Kiem
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, 7286, Clinical Research Division, 1100 Fairview Avenue N, D1-100, Seattle, Washington, United States, 98109-1024
- University of Washington School of Medicine, 12353, Seattle, United States, 98195-6340
| | - Deborah Fuller
- University of Washington, 7284, Department of Microbiology, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Andre Lieber
- University of Washington, 7284, Department of Medicine, Box 357720, Seattle, Washington, United States, 98195
- University of Washington
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15
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Goyal A, Gardner M, Mayer BT, Jerome KR, Farzan M, Schiffer JT, Cardozo-Ojeda EF. Estimation of the in vivo neutralization potency of eCD4Ig and conditions for AAV-mediated production for SHIV long-term remission. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabj5666. [PMID: 35020436 PMCID: PMC8754410 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj5666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The engineered protein eCD4Ig has emerged as a promising approach to achieve HIV remission in the absence of antiviral therapy. eCD4Ig neutralizes nearly all HIV-1 isolates and induces antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) in vitro. To characterize the in vivo antiviral neutralization and possible ADCC effects of eCD4Ig, we fit mathematical models to eCD4Ig, anti–eCD4Ig-drug antibody (ADA), and viral load kinetics from healthy and simian-human immunodeficiency virus AD8 (SHIV-AD8) infected nonhuman primates that were treated with single or sequentially dosed eCD4Ig passive administrations. Our model predicts that eCD4Ig transiently decreases SHIV viral loads due to neutralization only with an in vivo IC50 of ~25 μg/ml but with limited effect due to ADA. Simulations suggest that endogenous, continuous expression of eCD4Ig at levels greater than 105 μg/day, as is possible with Adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector-based production, could overcome the diminishing effects of ADA and allow for long-term remission of SHIV viremia in nonhuman primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashish Goyal
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Bryan T. Mayer
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Keith R. Jerome
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael Farzan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research Institute, Florida Campus, Jupiter, FL, USA
| | - Joshua T. Schiffer
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - E. Fabian Cardozo-Ojeda
- Vaccine and Infectious Diseases Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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16
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Khan MS, Yousafi Q, Bibi S, Azhar M, Ihsan A. Bioinformatics-Based Approaches to Study Virus-Host Interactions During SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2452:197-212. [PMID: 35554909 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2111-0_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
As the knowledge of biomolecules is increasing from the last decades, it is helping the researchers to understand the unsolved issues regarding virology. Recent technologies in high-throughput sequencing are providing the swift generation of SARS-CoV-2 genomic data with the basic inside of viral infection. Owing to various virus-host protein interactions, high-throughput technologies are unable to provide complete details of viral pathogenesis. Identifying the virus-host protein interactions using bioinformatics approaches can assist in understanding the mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 infection and pathogenesis. In this chapter, recent integrative bioinformatics approaches are discussed to help the virologists and computational biologists in the identification of structurally similar proteins of human and SARS-CoV-2 virus, and to predict the potential of virus-host interactions. Considering experimental and time limitations for effective viral drug development, computational aided drug design (CADD) can reduce the gap between drug prediction and development. More research with respect to evolutionary solutions could be helpful to make a new pipeline for virus-host protein-protein interactions and provide more understanding to disclose the cases of host switch, and also expand the virulence of the pathogen and host range in developing viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Saad Khan
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal, Pakistan
| | - Qudsia Yousafi
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal, Pakistan
| | - Shabana Bibi
- Yunnan Herbal Laboratory, School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Muhammad Azhar
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal, Pakistan
| | - Awais Ihsan
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal, Pakistan.
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17
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Deeks SG, Archin N, Cannon P, Collins S, Jones RB, de Jong MAWP, Lambotte O, Lamplough R, Ndung'u T, Sugarman J, Tiemessen CT, Vandekerckhove L, Lewin SR. Research priorities for an HIV cure: International AIDS Society Global Scientific Strategy 2021. Nat Med 2021; 27:2085-2098. [PMID: 34848888 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-021-01590-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite the success of antiretroviral therapy (ART) for people living with HIV, lifelong treatment is required and there is no cure. HIV can integrate in the host genome and persist for the life span of the infected cell. These latently infected cells are not recognized as foreign because they are largely transcriptionally silent, but contain replication-competent virus that drives resurgence of the infection once ART is stopped. With a combination of immune activators, neutralizing antibodies, and therapeutic vaccines, some nonhuman primate models have been cured, providing optimism for these approaches now being evaluated in human clinical trials. In vivo delivery of gene-editing tools to either target the virus, boost immunity or protect cells from infection, also holds promise for future HIV cure strategies. In this Review, we discuss advances related to HIV cure in the last 5 years, highlight remaining knowledge gaps and identify priority areas for research for the next 5 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven G Deeks
- University of California San Francisco, San Fransisco, CA, USA.
| | - Nancie Archin
- UNC HIV Cure Center, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Paula Cannon
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - R Brad Jones
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Olivier Lambotte
- University Paris Saclay, AP-HP, Bicêtre Hospital, UMR1184 INSERM CEA, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, Paris, France
| | | | - Thumbi Ndung'u
- Africa Health Research Institute and University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- University College London, London, UK
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jeremy Sugarman
- Berman Institute of Bioethics and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Caroline T Tiemessen
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases and Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Sharon R Lewin
- Victorian Infectious Diseases Service, The Royal Melbourne Hospital at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia.
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia.
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18
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Umotoy JC, de Taeye SW. Antibody Conjugates for Targeted Therapy Against HIV-1 as an Emerging Tool for HIV-1 Cure. Front Immunol 2021; 12:708806. [PMID: 34276704 PMCID: PMC8282362 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.708806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Although advances in antiretroviral therapy (ART) have significantly improved the life expectancy of people living with HIV-1 (PLWH) by suppressing HIV-1 replication, a cure for HIV/AIDS remains elusive. Recent findings of the emergence of drug resistance against various ART have resulted in an increased number of treatment failures, thus the development of novel strategies for HIV-1 cure is of immediate need. Antibody-based therapy is a well-established tool in the treatment of various diseases and the engineering of new antibody derivatives is expanding the realms of its application. An antibody-based carrier of anti-HIV-1 molecules, or antibody conjugates (ACs), could address the limitations of current HIV-1 ART by decreasing possible off-target effects, reduce toxicity, increasing the therapeutic index, and lowering production costs. Broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) with exceptional breadth and potency against HIV-1 are currently being explored to prevent or treat HIV-1 infection in the clinic. Moreover, bNAbs can be engineered to deliver cytotoxic or immune regulating molecules as ACs, further increasing its therapeutic potential for HIV-1 cure. ACs are currently an important component of anticancer treatment with several FDA-approved constructs, however, to date, no ACs are approved to treat viral infections. This review aims to outline the development of AC for HIV-1 cure, examine the variety of carriers and payloads used, and discuss the potential of ACs in the current HIV-1 cure landscape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey C Umotoy
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Steven W de Taeye
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center (UMC), Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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19
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Guo Y, He W, Mou H, Zhang L, Chang J, Peng S, Ojha A, Tavora R, Parcells MS, Luo G, Li W, Zhong G, Choe H, Farzan M, Quinlan BD. An Engineered Receptor-Binding Domain Improves the Immunogenicity of Multivalent SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines. mBio 2021; 12:mBio.00930-21. [PMID: 33975938 DOI: 10.1101/2020.04.10.036418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spike (S) protein mediates viral entry into cells expressing angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). The S protein engages ACE2 through its receptor-binding domain (RBD), an independently folded 197-amino-acid fragment of the 1,273-amino-acid S-protein protomer. The RBD is the primary SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing epitope and a critical target of any SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Here, we show that this RBD conjugated to each of two carrier proteins elicited more potent neutralizing responses in immunized rodents than did a similarly conjugated proline-stabilized S-protein ectodomain. Nonetheless, the native RBD is expressed inefficiently, limiting its usefulness as a vaccine antigen. However, we show that an RBD engineered with four novel glycosylation sites (gRBD) is expressed markedly more efficiently and generates a more potent neutralizing responses as a DNA vaccine antigen than the wild-type RBD or the full-length S protein, especially when fused to multivalent carriers, such as a Helicobacter pylori ferritin 24-mer. Further, gRBD is more immunogenic than the wild-type RBD when administered as a subunit protein vaccine. Our data suggest that multivalent gRBD antigens can reduce costs and doses, and improve the immunogenicity, of all major classes of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines.IMPORTANCE All available vaccines for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) express or deliver the full-length SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein. We show that this antigen is not optimal, consistent with observations that the vast majority of the neutralizing response to the virus is focused on the S-protein receptor-binding domain (RBD). However, this RBD is not expressed well as an independent domain, especially when expressed as a fusion protein with a multivalent scaffold. We therefore engineered a more highly expressed form of the SARS-CoV-2 RBD by introducing four glycosylation sites into a face of the RBD normally occluded in the full S protein. We show that this engineered protein, gRBD, is more immunogenic than the wild-type RBD or the full-length S protein in both genetic and protein-delivered vaccines.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/genetics
- Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/immunology
- Animals
- Binding Sites
- COVID-19 Vaccines/chemistry
- COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology
- Female
- Genetic Engineering
- Glycosylation
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Models, Molecular
- Protein Domains
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Coronavirus/genetics
- Receptors, Coronavirus/immunology
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
- Vaccines, Conjugate/genetics
- Vaccines, Conjugate/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/chemistry
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Guo
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Wenhui He
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Huihui Mou
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Lizhou Zhang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Jing Chang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Shoujiao Peng
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Amrita Ojha
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Rubens Tavora
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Mark S Parcells
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Guangxiang Luo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Wenhui Li
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Tsinghua Institute of Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Guocai Zhong
- Scripps Research SZBL Chemical Biology Institute, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen, China
- School of Chemical Biology and Biotechnology, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hyeryun Choe
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Michael Farzan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
| | - Brian D Quinlan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, USA
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20
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Zhan W, Muhuri M, Tai PWL, Gao G. Vectored Immunotherapeutics for Infectious Diseases: Can rAAVs Be The Game Changers for Fighting Transmissible Pathogens? Front Immunol 2021; 12:673699. [PMID: 34046041 PMCID: PMC8144494 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.673699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Conventional vaccinations and immunotherapies have encountered major roadblocks in preventing infectious diseases like HIV, influenza, and malaria. These challenges are due to the high genomic variation and immunomodulatory mechanisms inherent to these diseases. Passive transfer of broadly neutralizing antibodies may offer partial protection, but these treatments require repeated dosing. Some recombinant viral vectors, such as those based on lentiviruses and adeno-associated viruses (AAVs), can confer long-term transgene expression in the host after a single dose. Particularly, recombinant (r)AAVs have emerged as favorable vectors, given their high in vivo transduction efficiency, proven clinical efficacy, and low immunogenicity profiles. Hence, rAAVs are being explored to deliver recombinant antibodies to confer immunity against infections or to diminish the severity of disease. When used as a vaccination vector for the delivery of antigens, rAAVs enable de novo synthesis of foreign proteins with the conformation and topology that resemble those of natural pathogens. However, technical hurdles like pre-existing immunity to the rAAV capsid and production of anti-drug antibodies can reduce the efficacy of rAAV-vectored immunotherapies. This review summarizes rAAV-based prophylactic and therapeutic strategies developed against infectious diseases that are currently being tested in pre-clinical and clinical studies. Technical challenges and potential solutions will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhan
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
- VIDE Program, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Manish Muhuri
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
- VIDE Program, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Phillip W. L. Tai
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
- VIDE Program, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Guangping Gao
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
- VIDE Program, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Physiological Systems, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
- Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
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21
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Lai YT. Small Molecule HIV-1 Attachment Inhibitors: Discovery, Mode of Action and Structural Basis of Inhibition. Viruses 2021; 13:v13050843. [PMID: 34066522 PMCID: PMC8148533 DOI: 10.3390/v13050843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral entry into host cells is a critical step in the viral life cycle. HIV-1 entry is mediated by the sole surface envelope glycoprotein Env and is initiated by the interaction between Env and the host receptor CD4. This interaction, referred to as the attachment step, has long been considered an attractive target for inhibitor discovery and development. Fostemsavir, recently approved by the FDA, represents the first-in-class drug in the attachment inhibitor class. This review focuses on the discovery of temsavir (the active compound of fostemsavir) and analogs, mechanistic studies that elucidated the mode of action, and structural studies that revealed atomic details of the interaction between HIV-1 Env and attachment inhibitors. Challenges associated with emerging resistance mutations to the attachment inhibitors and the development of next-generation attachment inhibitors are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Ting Lai
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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22
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Pauza CD, Huang K, Bordon J. Advances in cell and gene therapy for HIV disease: it is good to be specific. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2021; 16:83-87. [PMID: 33625039 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Tremendous advances in cell and gene therapy may soon realize the goal of treating and possibly curing HIV disease. These advances rely on new technologies for cell engineering and new strategies for product manufacturing that are targeting the most important immune deficits in HIV and promising to reconstitute protective, antiviral immunity and achieve natural suppression of HIV disease. RECENT FINDINGS We summarize important advances in vectored passive immunity, e.g., directing in vivo expression of protective antibodies or antiviral proteins, B cell engineering to overcome the inadequate humoral immune response to HIV, and T cell engineering that is breaking new ground using viral vector modification of HIV specific T cells. These innovative approaches build on a substantial history of gene and cell therapy research in HIV disease. SUMMARY Cell and gene therapy for HIV disease has been an area of tremendous innovation during the nearly two decades since early reports showed evidence for modulating disease. Recent efforts are building on the early experiences, closing gaps in previous approaches, and moving closer to effective treatment. Products approaching or already in clinical trials hold great promise for achieving durable suppression of HIV that will revolutionize therapy and offering hope to infected individuals that disease may be controlled without lifelong dependence on antiretroviral medications. VIDEO ABSTRACT http://links.lww.com/COHA/A15.
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Affiliation(s)
- C David Pauza
- American Gene Technologies International, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Kelly Huang
- American Gene Technologies International, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Jose Bordon
- Washington Health Institute and George Washington School of Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
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23
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Honarmand Ebrahimi K. Ferritin as a Platform for Creating Antiviral Mosaic Nanocages: Prospects for Treating COVID-19. Chembiochem 2020; 22:1371-1378. [PMID: 33350032 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases are a continues threat to human health and the economy worldwide. The latest example is the global pandemic of COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2. Antibody therapy and vaccines are promising approaches to treat the disease; however, they have bottlenecks: they might have low efficacy or narrow breadth due to the continuous emergence of new strains of the virus or antibodies could cause antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) of infection. To address these bottlenecks, I propose the use of 24-meric ferritin for the synthesis of mosaic nanocages to deliver a cocktail of antibodies or nanobodies alone or in combination with another therapeutic, like a nucleotide analogue, to mimic the viral entry process and deceive the virus, or to develop mosaic vaccines. I argue that available data showing the effectiveness of ferritin-antibody conjugates in targeting specific cells and ferritin-haemagglutinin nanocages in developing influenza vaccines strongly support my proposals.
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24
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McCune JM, Turner EH, Jiang A, Doehle BP. Bringing Gene Therapies for HIV Disease to Resource-Limited Parts of the World. Hum Gene Ther 2020; 32:21-30. [PMID: 32998595 PMCID: PMC10112459 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2020.252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M McCune
- HIV Frontiers, Global Health Innovative Technology Solutions, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Emily H Turner
- HIV Frontiers, Global Health Innovative Technology Solutions, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Adam Jiang
- HIV Frontiers, Global Health Innovative Technology Solutions, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Brian P Doehle
- HIV Frontiers, Global Health Innovative Technology Solutions, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J DeKosky
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Chemical Engineering, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66044, USA.
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26
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Opening the HIV envelope: potential of CD4 mimics as multifunctional HIV entry inhibitors. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2020; 15:300-308. [PMID: 32769632 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Close to 2 million individuals globally become infected with HIV-1 each year and just over two-thirds will have access to life-prolonging antivirals. However, the rapid development of drug resistance creates challenges, such that generation of more effective therapies is not only warranted but a necessary endeavour. This review discusses a group of HIV-1 entry inhibitors known as CD4 mimics which exploit the highly conserved relationship between the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein and the receptor, CD4. RECENT FINDINGS We review the structure/function guided evolution of these inhibitors, vital mechanistic insights that underpin broad and potent functional antagonism, recent evidence of utility demonstrated in animal and physiologically relevant in-vitro models, and current progress towards effective new-generation inhibitors. SUMMARY The current review highlights the promising potential of CD4 mimetics as multifunctional therapeutics.
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27
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Gardner MR. Promise and Progress of an HIV-1 Cure by Adeno-Associated Virus Vector Delivery of Anti-HIV-1 Biologics. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:176. [PMID: 32391289 PMCID: PMC7190809 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the success of antiretroviral therapy (ART) at suppressing HIV-1 infection, a cure that eradicates all HIV-1-infected cells has been elusive. The latent viral reservoir remains intact in tissue compartments that are not readily targeted by the host immune response that could accelerate the rate of reservoir decline during ART. However, over the past decade, numerous broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) have been discovered and characterized. These bNAbs have also given rise to engineered antibody-like inhibitors that are just as or more potent than bNAbs themselves. The question remains whether bNAbs and HIV-1 inhibitors will be the effective “kill” to a shock-and-kill approach to eliminate the viral reservoir. Additional research over the past few years has sought to develop recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors to circumvent the need for continual administration of bNAbs and maintain persistent expression in a host. This review discusses the advancements made in using rAAV vectors for the delivery of HIV-1 bNAbs and inhibitors and the future of this technology in HIV-1 cure research. Numerous groups have demonstrated with great efficacy that rAAV vectors can successfully express protective concentrations of bNAbs and HIV-1 inhibitors. Yet, therapeutic concentrations, especially in non-human primate (NHP) models, are not routinely achieved. As new studies have been reported, more challenges have been identified for utilizing rAAV vectors, specifically how the host immune response limits the attainable concentrations of bNAbs and inhibitors. The next few years should provide improvements to rAAV vector delivery that will ultimately show whether they can be used for expressing bNAbs and HIV-1 inhibitors to eliminate the HIV-1 viral reservoir.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Gardner
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, United States
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28
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Martinez-Navio JM, Fuchs SP, Mendes DE, Rakasz EG, Gao G, Lifson JD, Desrosiers RC. Long-Term Delivery of an Anti-SIV Monoclonal Antibody With AAV. Front Immunol 2020; 11:449. [PMID: 32256496 PMCID: PMC7089924 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term delivery of anti-HIV monoclonal antibodies using adeno-associated virus (AAV) holds promise for the prevention and treatment of HIV infection. We previously reported that after receiving a single administration of AAV vector coding for anti-SIV antibody 5L7, monkey 84-05 achieved high levels of AAV-delivered 5L7 IgG1 in vivo which conferred sterile protection against six successive, escalating dose, intravenous challenges with highly infectious, highly pathogenic SIVmac239, including a final challenge with 10 animal infectious doses (1). Here we report that monkey 84-05 has successfully maintained 240-350 μg/ml of anti-SIV antibody 5L7 for over 6 years. Approximately 2% of the circulating IgG in this monkey is this one monoclonal antibody. This monkey generated little or no anti-drug antibodies (ADA) to the AAV-delivered antibody for the duration of the study. Due to the nature of the high-dose challenge used and in order to rule out a potential low-level infection not detected by regular viral loads, we have used ultrasensitive techniques to detect cell-associated viral DNA and RNA in PBMCs from this animal. In addition, we have tested serum from 84-05 by ELISA against overlapping peptides spanning the whole envelope sequence for SIVmac239 (PepScan) and against recombinant p27 and gp41 proteins. No reactivity has been detected in the ELISAs indicating the absence of naturally arising anti-SIV antibodies; moreover, the ultrasensitive cell-associated viral tests yielded no positive reaction. We conclude that macaque 84-05 was effectively protected and remained uninfected. Our data show that durable, continuous antibody expression can be achieved after one single administration of AAV and support the potential for lifelong protection against HIV from a single vector administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M. Martinez-Navio
- Department of Pathology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Sebastian P. Fuchs
- Department of Pathology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Desiree E. Mendes
- Department of Pathology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Eva G. Rakasz
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Guangping Gao
- Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Ronald C. Desrosiers
- Department of Pathology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
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29
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Pedreño-Lopez N, Dang CM, Rosen BC, Ricciardi MJ, Bailey VK, Gutman MJ, Gonzalez-Nieto L, Pauthner MG, Le K, Song G, Andrabi R, Weisgrau KL, Pomplun N, Martinez-Navio JM, Fuchs SP, Wrammert J, Rakasz EG, Lifson JD, Martins MA, Burton DR, Watkins DI, Magnani DM. Induction of Transient Virus Replication Facilitates Antigen-Independent Isolation of SIV-Specific Monoclonal Antibodies. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2020; 16:225-237. [PMID: 32083148 PMCID: PMC7021589 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Structural characterization of the HIV-1 Envelope (Env) glycoprotein has facilitated the development of Env probes to isolate HIV-specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). However, preclinical studies have largely evaluated these virus-specific mAbs against chimeric viruses, which do not naturally infect non-human primates, in contrast to the unconstrained simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)mac239 clone. Given the paucity of native-like reagents for the isolation of SIV-specific B cells, we examined a method to isolate SIVmac239-specific mAbs without using Env probes. We first activated virus-specific B cells by inducing viral replication after the infusion of a CD8β-depleting mAb or withdrawal of antiretroviral therapy in SIVmac239-infected rhesus macaques. Following the rise in viremia, we observed 2- to 4-fold increases in the number of SIVmac239 Env-reactive plasmablasts in circulation. We then sorted these activated B cells and obtained 206 paired Ab sequences. After expressing 122 mAbs, we identified 14 Env-specific mAbs. While these Env-specific mAbs bound to both the SIVmac239 SOSIP.664 trimer and to infected primary rhesus CD4+ T cells, five also neutralized SIVmac316. Unfortunately, none of these mAbs neutralized SIVmac239. Our data show that this method can be used to isolate virus-specific mAbs without antigenic probes by inducing bursts of contemporary replicating viruses in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Pedreño-Lopez
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Christine M. Dang
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Brandon C. Rosen
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Michael J. Ricciardi
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Varian K. Bailey
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Martin J. Gutman
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Lucas Gonzalez-Nieto
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Matthias G. Pauthner
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (Scripps CHAVI-ID), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Khoa Le
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (Scripps CHAVI-ID), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ge Song
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Raiees Andrabi
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kim L. Weisgrau
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Nicholas Pomplun
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - José M. Martinez-Navio
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Sebastian P. Fuchs
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Jens Wrammert
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30317, USA
| | - Eva G. Rakasz
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Lifson
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21701, USA
| | - Mauricio A. Martins
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Dennis R. Burton
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Consortium for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Development (Scripps CHAVI-ID), The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - David I. Watkins
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Diogo M. Magnani
- Department of Pathology, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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Xu X, Mee T, Jia X. New era of optogenetics: from the central to peripheral nervous system. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 55:1-16. [PMID: 32070147 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2020.1726279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Optogenetics has recently gained recognition as a biological technique to control the activity of cells using light stimulation. Many studies have applied optogenetics to cell lines in the central nervous system because it has the potential to elucidate neural circuits, treat neurological diseases and promote nerve regeneration. There have been fewer studies on the application of optogenetics in the peripheral nervous system. This review introduces the basic principles and approaches of optogenetics and summarizes the physiology and mechanism of opsins and how the technology enables bidirectional control of unique cell lines with superior spatial and temporal accuracy. Further, this review explores and discusses the therapeutic potential for the development of optogenetics and its capacity to revolutionize treatment for refractory epilepsy, depression, pain, and other nervous system disorders, with a focus on neural regeneration, especially in the peripheral nervous system. Additionally, this review synthesizes the latest preclinical research on optogenetic stimulation, including studies on non-human primates, summarizes the challenges, and highlights future perspectives. The potential of optogenetic stimulation to optimize therapy for peripheral nerve injuries (PNIs) is also highlighted. Optogenetic technology has already generated exciting, preliminary evidence, supporting its role in applications to several neurological diseases, including PNIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Thomas Mee
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xiaofeng Jia
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Orthopedics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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31
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Titanji B, Kelley CF. What's Hot in HIV in 2019-A Basic and Translational Science Summary for Clinicians From IDWeek 2019. Open Forum Infect Dis 2020; 7:ofaa053. [PMID: 32154324 PMCID: PMC7052744 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofaa053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of HIV research is constantly evolving, and every year brings advances that draw us closer to ending the HIV epidemic. Here, we present a nonexhaustive overview of select notable studies in HIV prevention, cure, and treatment, published in the last year as presented at IDWeek 2019: What’s Hot in HIV Basic Science. The past year brought interesting results on the use of broadly neutralizing antibodies for treatment and prevention, gene-editing approaches to HIV cure, and new ways to measure the HIV reservoir. We also saw encouraging results on novel HIV vaccine delivery strategies and how these may influence effective immune responses. Lastly, in the area of inflammation, some mechanistic insights were made into the contribution of cotrimoxazole prophylaxis and potential new targets to reduce HIV-associated chronic inflammation. The future from where we stand is bright for HIV research, with much more to look forward to in 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boghuma Titanji
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Colleen F Kelley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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32
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Kruse RL. Therapeutic strategies in an outbreak scenario to treat the novel coronavirus originating in Wuhan, China. F1000Res 2020; 9:72. [PMID: 32117569 PMCID: PMC7029759 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.22211.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) originating in Wuhan, China presents a potential respiratory viral pandemic to the world population. Current efforts are focused on containment and quarantine of infected individuals. Ultimately, the outbreak could be controlled with a protective vaccine to prevent 2019-nCoV infection. While vaccine research should be pursued intensely, there exists today no therapy to treat 2019-nCoV upon infection, despite an urgent need to find options to help these patients and preclude potential death. Herein, I review the potential options to treat 2019-nCoV in patients, with an emphasis on the necessity for speed and timeliness in developing new and effective therapies in this outbreak. I consider the options of drug repurposing, developing neutralizing monoclonal antibody therapy, and an oligonucleotide strategy targeting the viral RNA genome, emphasizing the promise and pitfalls of these approaches. Finally, I advocate for the fastest strategy to develop a treatment now, which could be resistant to any mutations the virus may have in the future. The proposal is a biologic that blocks 2019-nCoV entry using a soluble version of the viral receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), fused to an immunoglobulin Fc domain (ACE2-Fc), providing a neutralizing antibody with maximal breath to avoid any viral escape, while also helping to recruit the immune system to build lasting immunity. The ACE2-Fc therapy would also supplement decreased ACE2 levels in the lungs during infection, thereby directly treating acute respiratory distress pathophysiology as a third mechanism of action. The sequence of the ACE2-Fc protein is provided to investigators, allowing its possible use in recombinant protein expression systems to start producing drug today to treat patients under compassionate use, while formal clinical trials are later undertaken. Such a treatment could help infected patients before a protective vaccine is developed and widely available in the coming months to year(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Kruse
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, 21287, USA
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33
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Abstract
A novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) originating in Wuhan, China presents a potential respiratory viral pandemic to the world population. Current efforts are focused on containment and quarantine of infected individuals. Ultimately, the outbreak could be controlled with a protective vaccine to prevent 2019-nCoV infection. While vaccine research should be pursued intensely, there exists today no therapy to treat 2019-nCoV upon infection, despite an urgent need to find options to help these patients and preclude potential death. Herein, I review the potential options to treat 2019-nCoV in patients, with an emphasis on the necessity for speed and timeliness in developing new and effective therapies in this outbreak. I consider the options of drug repurposing, developing neutralizing monoclonal antibody therapy, and an oligonucleotide strategy targeting the viral RNA genome, emphasizing the promise and pitfalls of these approaches. Finally, I advocate for the fastest strategy to develop a treatment now, which could be resistant to any mutations the virus may have in the future. The proposal is a biologic that blocks 2019-nCoV entry using a soluble version of the viral receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), fused to an immunoglobulin Fc domain, providing a neutralizing antibody with maximal breath to avoid any viral escape, while also helping to recruit the immune system to build lasting immunity. The sequence of the ACE2-Fc protein is provided to investigators, allowing its possible use in recombinant protein expression systems to start producing drug today to treat patients under compassionate use, while formal clinical trials are later undertaken. Such a treatment could help infected patients before a protective vaccine is developed and widely available in the coming months to year(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Kruse
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, 21287, USA
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34
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Fuchs SP, Martinez-Navio JM, Rakasz EG, Gao G, Desrosiers RC. Liver-Directed but Not Muscle-Directed AAV-Antibody Gene Transfer Limits Humoral Immune Responses in Rhesus Monkeys. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2019; 16:94-102. [PMID: 31890736 PMCID: PMC6923507 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2019.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A number of publications have described the use of adeno-associated virus (AAV) for the delivery of anti-HIV and anti-simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to rhesus monkeys. Anti-drug antibodies (ADAs) have been frequently observed, and long-term AAV-mediated delivery has been inconsistent. Here, we investigated different AAV vector strategies and delivery schemes to rhesus monkeys using the rhesus monkey mAb 4L6. We compared 4L6 immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) delivery using the AAV1 versus the AAV8 serotype with a cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter and the use of a muscle-specific versus a liver-specific promoter. Long-term expression levels of 4L6 IgG1 following AAV8-mediated gene transfer were comparable to those following AAV1-mediated gene transfer. AAV1-mediated gene transfer, using a muscle-specific promoter, showed robust ADAs and transiently low 4L6 IgG1 levels that ultimately declined to below detectable levels. Intravenous AAV8-mediated gene transfer, using a liver-specific promoter, also resulted in low levels of delivered 4L6 IgG1, but those low levels were maintained in the absence of any detectable ADAs. Booster injections using AAV1-CMV allowed for increased 4L6 IgG1 serum levels in animals that were primed with AAV8 but not with AAV1. Our results suggest that liver-directed expression may help to limit ADAs and that re-administration of AAV of a different serotype can result in successful long-term delivery of an immunogenic antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian P Fuchs
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - José M Martinez-Navio
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Eva G Rakasz
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Guangping Gao
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Ronald C Desrosiers
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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