1
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Moreno-Manuel AI, Macías Á, Cruz FM, Gutiérrez LK, Martínez F, González-Guerra A, Martínez Carrascoso I, Bermúdez-Jimenez FJ, Sánchez-Pérez P, Vera-Pedrosa ML, Ruiz-Robles JM, Bernal JA, Jalife J. The Kir2.1E299V mutation increases atrial fibrillation vulnerability while protecting the ventricles against arrhythmias in a mouse model of short QT syndrome type 3. Cardiovasc Res 2024; 120:490-505. [PMID: 38261726 PMCID: PMC11060485 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvae019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS Short QT syndrome type 3 (SQTS3) is a rare arrhythmogenic disease caused by gain-of-function mutations in KCNJ2, the gene coding the inward rectifier potassium channel Kir2.1. We used a multidisciplinary approach and investigated arrhythmogenic mechanisms in an in-vivo model of de-novo mutation Kir2.1E299V identified in a patient presenting an extremely abbreviated QT interval and paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. METHODS AND RESULTS We used intravenous adeno-associated virus-mediated gene transfer to generate mouse models, and confirmed cardiac-specific expression of Kir2.1WT or Kir2.1E299V. On ECG, the Kir2.1E299V mouse recapitulated the QT interval shortening and the atrial-specific arrhythmia of the patient. The PR interval was also significantly shorter in Kir2.1E299V mice. Patch-clamping showed extremely abbreviated action potentials in both atrial and ventricular Kir2.1E299V cardiomyocytes due to a lack of inward-going rectification and increased IK1 at voltages positive to -80 mV. Relative to Kir2.1WT, atrial Kir2.1E299V cardiomyocytes had a significantly reduced slope conductance at voltages negative to -80 mV. After confirming a higher proportion of heterotetrameric Kir2.x channels containing Kir2.2 subunits in the atria, in-silico 3D simulations predicted an atrial-specific impairment of polyamine block and reduced pore diameter in the Kir2.1E299V-Kir2.2WT channel. In ventricular cardiomyocytes, the mutation increased excitability by shifting INa activation and inactivation in the hyperpolarizing direction, which protected the ventricle against arrhythmia. Moreover, Purkinje myocytes from Kir2.1E299V mice manifested substantially higher INa density than Kir2.1WT, explaining the abbreviation in the PR interval. CONCLUSION The first in-vivo mouse model of cardiac-specific SQTS3 recapitulates the electrophysiological phenotype of a patient with the Kir2.1E299V mutation. Kir2.1E299V eliminates rectification in both cardiac chambers but protects against ventricular arrhythmias by increasing excitability in both Purkinje-fiber network and ventricles. Consequently, the predominant arrhythmias are supraventricular likely due to the lack of inward rectification and atrial-specific reduced pore diameter of the Kir2.1E299V-Kir2.2WT heterotetramer.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Humans
- Mice
- Action Potentials
- Arrhythmias, Cardiac/genetics
- Arrhythmias, Cardiac/physiopathology
- Arrhythmias, Cardiac/metabolism
- Atrial Fibrillation/genetics
- Atrial Fibrillation/physiopathology
- Atrial Fibrillation/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Heart Rate/genetics
- Heart Ventricles/metabolism
- Heart Ventricles/physiopathology
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mutation
- Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism
- Myocytes, Cardiac/pathology
- Phenotype
- Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying/genetics
- Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I Moreno-Manuel
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Álvaro Macías
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco M Cruz
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Lilian K Gutiérrez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Martínez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrés González-Guerra
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel Martínez Carrascoso
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco José Bermúdez-Jimenez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves, 18014 Granada, Spain
| | - Patricia Sánchez-Pérez
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Juan Manuel Ruiz-Robles
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan A Bernal
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
| | - José Jalife
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC), Melchor Fernández Almagro 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- CIBER de Enfermedades Cardiovasculares (CIBERCV), Madrid, Spain
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Molecular and Integrative Physiology, Center for Arrhythmia Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 4810, USA
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2
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Palomba M, Vecchio D, Allavena G, Capaccio V, De Mei C, Scarpelli R, Grimaldi B. Identification of a Dual Autophagy and REV-ERB Inhibitor with in Vivo Anticancer Efficacy. J Med Chem 2024; 67:349-379. [PMID: 38117953 PMCID: PMC10788905 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
The autophagy process appears as a promising target for anticancer interventions. Chloroquine (CQ) and its derivative hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) are the only FDA-approved autophagy flux inhibitors. Although diverse anticancer clinical trials are providing encouraging results, several limitations associated with the need of high dosage and long-term administration of these autophagy inhibitors are also emerging. We showed that the inhibition of REV-ERB, a nuclear receptor regulating circadian rhythm and metabolism, enhances CQ-mediated cancer cell death and identified a class of dual inhibitors of autophagy and REV-ERB displaying an in vitro anticancer activity against diverse tumor cells greatly higher than CQ. Herein, we describe our lead optimization strategy that led to the identification of compound 24 as a dual autophagy and REV-ERB inhibitor, showing improved potency in blocking autophagy, enhanced toxicity against cancer cells, optimal drug-like properties, and efficacy in a mouse xenograft model of melanoma as a single anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Palomba
- Molecular
Medicine, Medicinal Chemistry and Technologies for Drug Discovery and Delivery
Facility, Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications, Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Donatella Vecchio
- Molecular
Medicine, Medicinal Chemistry and Technologies for Drug Discovery and Delivery
Facility, Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications, Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Giulia Allavena
- Molecular
Medicine, Medicinal Chemistry and Technologies for Drug Discovery and Delivery
Facility, Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications, Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Vito Capaccio
- Molecular
Medicine, Medicinal Chemistry and Technologies for Drug Discovery and Delivery
Facility, Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications, Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Claudia De Mei
- Molecular
Medicine, Medicinal Chemistry and Technologies for Drug Discovery and Delivery
Facility, Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications, Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Rita Scarpelli
- Molecular
Medicine, Medicinal Chemistry and Technologies for Drug Discovery and Delivery
Facility, Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications, Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Benedetto Grimaldi
- Molecular
Medicine, Medicinal Chemistry and Technologies for Drug Discovery and Delivery
Facility, Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications, Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, I-16163 Genova, Italy
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3
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Loachamin-Gualotuña K, Spencer LM, Rodriguez H, Montero-Calderon A, Pernia B, Coro J, Suarez M, Tingo-Jácome FJ, Rodriguez-Parra ZJ, Lozano JM, Cortés-Vecino JA. Antimalarial evaluation of alkyl-linked bis-thiadiazine derivatives in murine model infected with two Plasmodium strains. ADMET AND DMPK 2023; 12:343-358. [PMID: 38720925 PMCID: PMC11075161 DOI: 10.5599/admet.2105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Purpose Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax are responsible for most malaria cases in humans in the African Region and the Americas; these parasites have developed resistance to classic antimalarial drugs. On the other hand, previous investigations of the alkyl-linked bis tetrahydro-(2H)-1,3,5-thiadiazine-2-thione (bis-THTT) derivatives compounds show satisfactory results against protozoan parasites such as Trypanosoma cruzi, Trypanosoma vaginalis, Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and Leishmania donovani. Therefore, it is possible to see some effect of bis-THTT derivatives on other protozoan parasites, such as Plasmodium. Experimental Approach This study aimed to perform an in vivo biological evaluation of bis-THTT (JH1 to JH6) derivatives compounds as possible anti-malaria drugs in BALB/c mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA and Plasmodium yoelii 17XL strains. In this work, we evaluated the compounds as potential antimalarial drugs in BALB/c mice infected with Plasmodium strains. Key Results For each compound, we assess the percentages of parasitemia by smears from tail blood and the humoral response by indirect ELISA test using each compound as an antigen. We also evaluated the B lymphocyte response and the cytotoxicity of the bis-THTT derivatives compounds with MTT cell proliferation assays. Conclusions Our results show that the bis-THTT derivatives JH2 and JH4 presented effective parasitemia control in mice infected with P. berghei; JH5 and JH6 compounds have similar infection control results as chloroquine in mice infected P. yoelii strain. The evaluation of bis-THTT derivatives compounds in a model of BALB/c mice infected with P. berghei and P. yoelii allowed us to conclude that some of them have an antimalarial effect; however, none of the tested compounds exceeded the efficiency of chloroquine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Loachamin-Gualotuña
- School of Biological Sciences and Engineering, University of Investigation and Experimental Technology Yachay, 100650, Ecuador
| | - Lilian M. Spencer
- School of Biological Sciences and Engineering, University of Investigation and Experimental Technology Yachay, 100650, Ecuador
- Simón Bolívar University, Valle de Sartenejas, Cell Biology Department, Venezuela
| | - Hortensia Rodriguez
- School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, University of Investigation and Experimental Technology Yachay, 100650, Ecuador
| | - Abigail Montero-Calderon
- School of Agricultural and Agro-industrial Sciences, University of Investigation and Experimental Technology Yachay, 100650, Ecuador
| | - Beatriz Pernia
- University of Guayaquil, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Julieta Coro
- Laboratorio de Síntesis Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de La Habana, 10400, Cuba
| | - Margarita Suarez
- Laboratorio de Síntesis Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de La Habana, 10400, Cuba
| | | | - Zully J. Rodriguez-Parra
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Departamento de Farmacia, Mimetismo Molecular de los Agentes Infecciosos, Colombia
| | - José Manuel Lozano
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Departamento de Farmacia, Mimetismo Molecular de los Agentes Infecciosos, Colombia
| | - Jesús A. Cortés-Vecino
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Departamento de Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Colombia
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4
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Basilico N, Parapini S, D'Alessandro S, Misiano P, Romeo S, Dondio G, Yardley V, Vivas L, Nasser S, Rénia L, Russell BM, Suwanarusk R, Nosten F, Sparatore A, Taramelli D. Favorable Preclinical Pharmacological Profile of a Novel Antimalarial Pyrrolizidinylmethyl Derivative of 4-amino-7-chloroquinoline with Potent In Vitro and In Vivo Activities. Biomolecules 2023; 13:biom13050836. [PMID: 37238706 DOI: 10.3390/biom13050836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The 4-aminoquinoline drugs, such as chloroquine (CQ), amodiaquine or piperaquine, are still commonly used for malaria treatment, either alone (CQ) or in combination with artemisinin derivatives. We previously described the excellent in vitro activity of a novel pyrrolizidinylmethyl derivative of 4-amino-7-chloroquinoline, named MG3, against P. falciparum drug-resistant parasites. Here, we report the optimized and safer synthesis of MG3, now suitable for a scale-up, and its additional in vitro and in vivo characterization. MG3 is active against a panel of P. vivax and P. falciparum field isolates, either alone or in combination with artemisinin derivatives. In vivo MG3 is orally active in the P. berghei, P. chabaudi, and P. yoelii models of rodent malaria with efficacy comparable, or better, than that of CQ and of other quinolines under development. The in vivo and in vitro ADME-Tox studies indicate that MG3 possesses a very good pre-clinical developability profile associated with an excellent oral bioavailability, and low toxicity in non-formal preclinical studies on rats, dogs, and non-human primates (NHP). In conclusion, the pharmacological profile of MG3 is in line with those obtained with CQ or the other quinolines in use and seems to possess all the requirements for a developmental candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Basilico
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Chirurgiche e Odontoiatriche (DiSBIOC), Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Parapini
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche per la Salute, Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Sarah D'Alessandro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (DISFEB), Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Misiano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (DISFEB), Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Sergio Romeo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche (DISFARM), Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giulio Dondio
- Aphad Srl, Via della Resistenza 65, Buccinasco, 20090 Milan, Italy
| | - Vanessa Yardley
- Department of Immunology Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Livia Vivas
- Department of Immunology Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Shereen Nasser
- Department of Immunology Biology, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (LSHTM), Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Laurent Rénia
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 308232, Singapore
- A*STAR Infectious Diseases Labs, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Bruce M Russell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Rossarin Suwanarusk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - François Nosten
- Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Mae Sot 63110, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Anna Sparatore
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche (DISFARM), Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Mangiagalli 25, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Donatella Taramelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari (DISFEB), Università Degli Studi di Milano, Via Pascal 36, 20133 Milan, Italy
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5
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Macrophage-evading and tumor-specific apoptosis inducing nanoparticles for targeted cancer therapy. Acta Pharm Sin B 2023; 13:327-343. [PMID: 36815044 PMCID: PMC9939305 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2022.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Extended circulation of anticancer nanodrugs in blood stream is essential for their clinical applications. However, administered nanoparticles are rapidly sequestered and cleared by cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS). In this study, we developed a biomimetic nanosystem that is able to efficiently escape MPS and target tumor tissues. The fabricated nanoparticles (TM-CQ/NPs) were coated with fibroblast cell membrane expressing tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL). Coating with this functionalized membrane reduced the endocytosis of nanoparticles by macrophages, but increased the nanoparticle uptake in tumor cells. Importantly, this membrane coating specifically induced tumor cell apoptosis via the interaction of TRAIL and its cognate death receptors. Meanwhile, the encapsulated chloroquine (CQ) further suppressed the uptake of nanoparticles by macrophages, and synergized with TRAIL to induce tumor cell apoptosis. The vigorous antitumor efficacy in two mice tumor models confirmed our nanosystem was an effective approach to address the MPS challenge for cancer therapy. Together, our TM-CQ/NPs nanosystem provides a feasible approach to precisely target tumor tissues and improve anticancer efficacy.
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6
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Drug Repurposing in Chagas Disease: Chloroquine Potentiates Benznidazole Activity against Trypanosoma cruzi
In Vitro
and
In Vivo. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2022; 66:e0028422. [PMID: 36314800 PMCID: PMC9664849 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00284-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug combinations and drug repurposing have emerged as promising strategies to develop novel treatments for infectious diseases, including Chagas disease. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether the repurposed drugs chloroquine (CQ) and colchicine (COL), known to inhibit
Trypanosoma cruzi
infection in host cells, could boost the anti-
T. cruzi
effect of the trypanocidal drug benznidazole (BZN), increasing its therapeutic efficacy while reducing the dose needed to eradicate the parasite. The combination of BZN and COL exhibited cytotoxicity to infected cells and low antiparasitic activity.
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7
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Sousa CC, Dziwornu GA, Quadros HC, Araujo-Neto JH, Chibale K, Moreira DRM. Antimalarial Pyrido[1,2- a]benzimidazoles Exert Strong Parasiticidal Effects by Achieving High Cellular Uptake and Suppressing Heme Detoxification. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:1700-1710. [PMID: 35848708 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pyrido[1,2-a]benzimidazoles (PBIs) are synthetic antiplasmodium agents with potent activity and are structurally differentiated from benchmark antimalarials. To study the cellular uptake of PBIs and understand the underlying phenotype of their antiplasmodium activity, their antiparasitic activities were examined in chloroquine (CQ)-susceptible and CQ-resistant Plasmodium falciparum in vitro. Moreover, drug uptake and heme detoxification suppression were examined in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice. The in vitro potency of PBIs is comparable to most 4-aminoquinolines. They have a speed of action in vitro that is superior to that of atovaquone and an ability to kill rings and trophozoites. The antiparasitic effects observed for the PBIs in cell culture and in infected mice are similar in terms of potency and efficacy and are comparable to CQ but with the added advantage of demonstrating equipotency against both CQ susceptible and resistant parasite strains. PBIs have a high rate of uptake by parasite cells and, conversely, a limited rate of uptake by host cells. The mechanism of cellular uptake of the PBIs differs from the ion-trap mechanism typically observed for 4-aminoquinolines, although they share key structural features. The high cellular uptake, attractive parasiticidal profile, and susceptibility of resistant strains to PBIs are desirable characteristics for new antimalarial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline C Sousa
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Salvador, 40296-710 Bahia, Brazil
| | - Godwin Akpeko Dziwornu
- South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Helenita C Quadros
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Salvador, 40296-710 Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Kelly Chibale
- South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
| | - Diogo R M Moreira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (Fiocruz), Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Salvador, 40296-710 Bahia, Brazil
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8
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Heriot W, Wong VH, He Z, Hoang A, Lim JK, Nishimura T, Zhao D, Metha AB, Bui BV. Effect of hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine and short wavelength light on in vivo retinal function and structure in mouse eyes. Clin Exp Optom 2022:1-9. [PMID: 35483117 DOI: 10.1080/08164622.2022.2067471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
CLINICAL RELEVANCE The use of chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine can lead to both acute and chronic changes to both retinal structure and function. BACKGROUND Chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) have the potential for retina toxicity. The acute impact of short-term drug exposure (2-4 weeks) on in vivo retinal structure and function and assess whether short wavelength light exposure further exacerbates any structural and functional changes was assessed in a murine model. METHODS Adult C57BL/6 J mice received intraperitoneal injection of vehicle or hydroxychloroquine (10 mg/kg) 3 times per week for 2 or 4 weeks, or chloroquine for 4 weeks (10 mg/kg). Over this period, animals were exposed to room light (8 hours) or short-wavelength light 4 hours per day (4 hours of normal room light) for 5 days each week. Retinal changes were assessed using electroretinography (ERG), in vivo optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging. RESULTS Short-term low-dose HCQ and CQ treatment led to RPE thickening and elongation of photoreceptors. These structural changes were associated with a no dysfunction in the case of HCQ treatments and widespread functional changes (photoreceptor sensitivity, bipolar cell amplitude and oscillatory potential amplitude) in the case of CQ treatment. Exposure to low intensity short-wavelength light does not appear to alter the effect of HCQ or CQ. CONCLUSIONS HCQ and CQ treatment has acute effects on both retinal structure and function, effects that were not exacerbated by short wavelength light exposure. Whether chronic short wavelength light exposure exacerbates these changes require further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson Heriot
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vickie Hy Wong
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Zheng He
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Anh Hoang
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jeremiah Kh Lim
- Optometry and Vision Science, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Australia
| | - Tomoharu Nishimura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dokkyo Medical University Saitama Medical Center, Koshigaya, Japan
| | - Da Zhao
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew B Metha
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bang V Bui
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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9
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Liu M, Liao MJ, Fisher CJ, Vicetti Miguel RD, Cherpes TL. Methodology to streamline flow cytometric-based detection of early stage Plasmodium parasitemia in mice. J Microbiol Methods 2022; 195:106439. [PMID: 35248600 PMCID: PMC9007886 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2022.106439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Murine infection models are needed to develop therapeutics and vaccines to combat the Plasmodium parasites causing malaria. Herein, we describe an easy to perform flow cytometry-based methodology for detecting green fluorescent protein-expressing Plasmodium berghei in the peripheral red blood cells (RBC) of mice. This methodology uses one-step staining and simplified gating strategies to streamline the process of Plasmodium quantification and can detect parasitemia at an earlier time point after infection compared to traditional light microscopy-based techniques.
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10
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Zhao H, Yuen KY. Broad-spectrum Respiratory Virus Entry Inhibitors. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1366:137-153. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-8702-0_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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11
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Alam I, Gerard-O'Riley RL, Acton D, Hardman SL, Hong JM, Bruzzaniti A, Econs MJ. Chloroquine increases osteoclast activity in vitro but does not improve the osteopetrotic bone phenotype of ADO2 mice. Bone 2021; 153:116160. [PMID: 34464779 PMCID: PMC8478870 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2021.116160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Autosomal Dominant Osteopetrosis type II (ADO2) is a bone disease of impaired osteoclastic bone resorption that usually results from heterozygous missense mutations in the chloride channel 7 (CLCN7) gene. We created mouse models of ADO2 by introducing a knock-in (p.G213R) mutation in the Clcn7 gene, which is analogous to one of the common mutations (G215R) found in humans. The mutation leads to severe osteopetrosis and lethality in homozygous mice but produces substantial phenotypic variability in heterozygous mice on different genetic backgrounds that phenocopy the human disease of ADO2. ADO2 is an osteoclast-intrinsic disease, and lysosomal enzymes and proteins are critical for osteoclast activity. Chloroquine (CQ) is known to affect lysosomal trafficking, intracellular signaling and the lysosomal and vesicular pH, suggesting it might improve ADO2 osteoclast function. We tested this hypothesis in cell culture studies using osteoclasts derived from wild-type (WT or ADO2+/+) and ADO2 heterozygous (ADO2+/-) mice and found that CQ and its metabolite desethylchloroquine (DCQ), significantly increased ADO2+/- osteoclasts bone resorption activity in vitro, whereas bone resorption of ADO2+/+ osteoclasts was increased only by DCQ. In addition, we exploited our unique animal model of ADO2 on 129 background to identify the effect of CQ for the treatment of ADO2. Female ADO2 mice at 8 weeks of age were treated with 5 doses of CQ (1, 2.5, 5, 7.5 and 10 mg/kg BW/day) via drinking water for 6 months. Bone mineral density and bone micro-architecture were analyzed by longitudinal in vivo DXA and micro-CT at baseline, 3 and 6 months. Serum bone biomarkers (CTX, TRAP and P1NP) were also analyzed at these time points. CQ treatment at the doses tested failed to produce any significant changes of aBMD, BMC (whole body, femur and spine) and trabecular BV/TV (distal femur) in ADO2 mice compared to the control group (water only). Further, levels of bone biomarkers were not significantly changed due to CQ treatment in these mice. Our findings indicate that while CQ increased osteoclast activity in vitro, it did not improve the osteopetrotic bone phenotypes in ADO2 heterozygous mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imranul Alam
- Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, IN 46202, USA.
| | | | - Dena Acton
- Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, IN 46202, USA
| | - Sara L Hardman
- Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, IN 46202, USA
| | - Jung Min Hong
- Biomedical Sciences and Comprehensive Care, Indiana University School of Dentistry, IN 46202, USA
| | - Angela Bruzzaniti
- Biomedical Sciences and Comprehensive Care, Indiana University School of Dentistry, IN 46202, USA.
| | - Michael J Econs
- Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, IN 46202, USA; Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, IN 46202, USA
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12
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Studies of Potency and Efficacy of an Optimized Artemisinin-Quinoline Hybrid against Multiple Stages of the Plasmodium Life Cycle. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14111129. [PMID: 34832911 PMCID: PMC8620906 DOI: 10.3390/ph14111129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A recently developed artemisinin-quinoline hybrid, named 163A, has been shown to display potent activity against the asexual blood stage of Plasmodium, the malaria parasite. In this study, we determined its in vitro cytotoxicity to mammalian cells, its potency to suppress P. berghei hepatic infection and to decrease the viability of P. falciparum gametocytes, in addition to determining whether the drug exhibits efficacy of a P. berghei infection in mice. This hybrid compound has a low level of cytotoxicity to mammalian cells and, conversely, a high level of selectivity. It is potent in the prevention of hepatic stage development as well as in killing gametocytes, denoting a potential blockage of malaria transmission. The hybrid presents a potent inhibitory activity for beta-hematin crystal formation, in which subsequent assays revealed that its endoperoxide component undergoes bioactivation by reductive reaction with ferrous heme towards the formation of heme-drug adducts; in parallel, the 7-chloroquinoline component has binding affinity for ferric hemin. Both structural components of the hybrid co-operate to enhance the inhibition of beta-hematin, and this bitopic ligand property is essential for arresting the growth of asexual blood parasites. We demonstrated the in vivo efficacy of the hybrid as an erythrocytic schizonticide agent in comparison to a chloroquine/artemisinin combination therapy. Collectively, the findings suggest that the bitopic property of the hybrid is highly operative on heme detoxification suppression, and this provides compelling evidence for explaining the action of the hybrid on the asexual blood stage. For sporozoite and gametocyte stages, the hybrid conserves the potency typically observed for endoperoxide drugs, and this is possibly achieved due to the redox chemistry of endoperoxide components with ferrous heme.
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13
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Aminoquinolines as Translational Models for Drug Repurposing: Anticancer Adjuvant Properties and Toxicokinetic-Related Features. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2021; 2021:3569349. [PMID: 34527050 PMCID: PMC8437624 DOI: 10.1155/2021/3569349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The indiscriminate consumption of antimalarials against coronavirus disease-2019 emphasizes the longstanding clinical weapons of medicines. In this work, we conducted a review on the antitumor mechanisms of aminoquinolines, focusing on the responses and differences of tumor histological tissues and toxicity related to pharmacokinetics. This well-defined analysis shows similar mechanistic forms triggered by aminoquinolines in different histological tumor tissues and under coexposure conditions, although different pharmacological potencies also occur. These molecules are lysosomotropic amines that increase the antiproliferative action of chemotherapeutic agents, mainly by cell cycle arrest, histone acetylation, physiological changes in tyrosine kinase metabolism, inhibition of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathways, cyclin D1, E2F1, angiogenesis, ribosome biogenesis, triggering of ATM-ATR/p53/p21 signaling, apoptosis, and presentation of tumor peptides. Their chemo/radiotherapy sensitization effects may be an adjuvant option against solid tumors, since 4-aminoquinolines induce lysosomal-mediated programmed cytotoxicity of cancer cells and accumulation of key markers, predominantly, LAMP1, p62/SQSTM1, LC3 members, GAPDH, beclin-1/Atg6, α-synuclein, and granules of lipofuscin. Adverse effects are dose-dependent, though most common with chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, amodiaquine, and other aminoquinolines are gastrointestinal changes, blurred vision ventricular arrhythmias, cardiac arrest, QTc prolongation, severe hypoglycemia with loss of consciousness, and retinopathy, and they are more common with chloroquine than with hydroxychloroquine and amodiaquine due to pharmacokinetic features. Additionally, psychological/neurological effects were also detected during acute or chronic use, but aminoquinolines do not cross the placenta easily and low quantity is found in breast milk despite their long mean residence times, which depends on the coexistence of hepatic diseases (cancer-related or not), first pass metabolism, and comedications. The low cost and availability on the world market have converted aminoquinolines into “star drugs” for pharmaceutical repurposing, but a continuous pharmacovigilance is necessary because these antimalarials have multiple modes of action/unwanted targets, relatively narrow therapeutic windows, recurrent adverse effects, and related poisoning self-treatment. Therefore, their use must obey strict rules, ethical and medical prescriptions, and clinical and laboratory monitoring.
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14
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Sinha S, Prakash A, Medhi B, Sehgal A, Batovska DI, Sehgal R. Pharmacokinetic evaluation of Chalcone derivatives with antimalarial activity in New Zealand White Rabbits. BMC Res Notes 2021; 14:264. [PMID: 34238361 PMCID: PMC8268181 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-021-05684-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Malaria is a major global health concern with the urgent need for new treatment alternatives due to the alarming increase of drug-resistant Plasmodium strains. Chalcones and its derivatives are important pharmacophores showing antimalarial activity. Determination of the pharmacokinetic variables at the preliminary step of drug development for any drug candidates is an essential component of in vivo antimalarial efficacy tests. Substandard pharmacokinetic variables are often responsible for insufficient therapeutic effect. Therefore, three chalcone derivatives, 1, 2, and 3, having antimalarial potency were studied further for potential therapeutic efficacy. Results In vivo pharmacokinetic studies of these three derivatives were performed on New Zealand White rabbits. The three derivatives were administered intra-peritoneally or orally at effective dose concentration and blood samples at different time points were collected. The determination of drug concentration was done through reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography. The peak plasma concentration of derivative 1, 2, and 3 were 1.96 ± 0.46 µg/mL (intraperitoneal route), 69.89 ± 5.49 µg/mL (oral route), and 3.74 ± 1.64 µg/mL (oral route). The results indicate a very low bioavailability of these derivatives. The present study gives a benchmark to advance the investigation of more derivatives in order to revamp the pharmacokinetic variables while maintaining both potency and metabolic constancy. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13104-021-05684-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Sinha
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India
| | - Ajay Prakash
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Bikash Medhi
- Department of Pharmacology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Alka Sehgal
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Government Medical College & Hospital Sector 32, Chandigarh, India
| | - Daniela I Batovska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry With Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Rakesh Sehgal
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160012, India.
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15
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Neill T, Kapoor A, Xie C, Buraschi S, Iozzo RV. A functional outside-in signaling network of proteoglycans and matrix molecules regulating autophagy. Matrix Biol 2021; 100-101:118-149. [PMID: 33838253 PMCID: PMC8355044 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Proteoglycans and selected extracellular matrix constituents are emerging as intrinsic and critical regulators of evolutionarily conversed, intracellular catabolic pathways. Often, these secreted molecules evoke sustained autophagy in a variety of cell types, tissues, and model systems. The unique properties of proteoglycans have ushered in a paradigmatic shift to broaden our understanding of matrix-mediated signaling cascades. The dynamic cellular pathway controlling autophagy is now linked to an equally dynamic and fluid signaling network embedded in a complex meshwork of matrix molecules. A rapidly emerging field of research encompasses multiple matrix-derived candidates, representing a menagerie of soluble matrix constituents including decorin, biglycan, endorepellin, endostatin, collagen VI and plasminogen kringle 5. These matrix constituents are pro-autophagic and simultaneously anti-angiogenic. In contrast, perlecan, laminin α2 chain, and lumican have anti-autophagic functions. Mechanistically, each matrix constituent linked to intracellular catabolic events engages a specific cell surface receptor that often converges on a common core of the autophagic machinery including AMPK, Peg3 and Beclin 1. We consider this matrix-evoked autophagy as non-canonical given that it occurs in an allosteric manner and is independent of nutrient availability or prevailing bioenergetics control. We propose that matrix-regulated autophagy is an important outside-in signaling mechanism for proper tissue homeostasis that could be therapeutically leveraged to combat a variety of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Neill
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, and the Translational Cellular Oncology Program, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - Aastha Kapoor
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, and the Translational Cellular Oncology Program, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christopher Xie
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, and the Translational Cellular Oncology Program, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Simone Buraschi
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, and the Translational Cellular Oncology Program, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Renato V Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, and the Translational Cellular Oncology Program, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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16
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Fetz AE, Wallace SE, Bowlin GL. Electrospun Polydioxanone Loaded With Chloroquine Modulates Template-Induced NET Release and Inflammatory Responses From Human Neutrophils. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:652055. [PMID: 33987174 PMCID: PMC8111017 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.652055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The implantation of a biomaterial quickly initiates a tissue repair program initially characterized by a neutrophil influx. During the acute inflammatory response, neutrophils release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and secrete soluble signals to modulate the tissue environment. In this work, we evaluated chloroquine diphosphate, an antimalarial with immunomodulatory and antithrombotic effects, as an electrospun biomaterial additive to regulate neutrophil-mediated inflammation. Electrospinning of polydioxanone was optimized for rapid chloroquine elution within 1 h, and acute neutrophil-biomaterial interactions were evaluated in vitro with fresh human peripheral blood neutrophils at 3 and 6 h before quantifying the release of NETs and secretion of inflammatory and regenerative factors. Our results indicate that chloroquine suppresses NET release in a biomaterial surface area–dependent manner at the early time point, whereas it modulates signal secretion at both early and late time points. More specifically, chloroquine elution down-regulates interleukin 8 (IL-8) and matrix metalloproteinase nine secretion while up-regulating hepatocyte growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor A, and IL-22 secretion, suggesting a potential shift toward a resolving neutrophil phenotype. Our novel repurposing of chloroquine as a biomaterial additive may therefore have synergistic, immunomodulatory effects that are advantageous for biomaterial-guided in situ tissue regeneration applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison E Fetz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Shannon E Wallace
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Gary L Bowlin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, United States
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17
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Imanova Yaghji N, Kan EK, Akcan S, Colak R, Atmaca A. Hydroxychloroquine Sulfate Related Hypoglycemia In A Non-Diabetic COVİD-19 Patient: A Case Report and Literature Review. Postgrad Med 2021; 133:548-551. [PMID: 33583332 DOI: 10.1080/00325481.2021.1889820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Objective: Hypoglycemia is a serious adverse effect of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) which is very rare in non-diabetic patients. This case report describes a non-diabetic patient without any other chronic diseases, who experienced mild hypoglycemia related to HCQ used for COVID-19 treatment.Methods: All etiologies causing hypoglycemia were investigated and a 72-hour fast test was performed.Results: A 34-year-old male patient was admitted to our hospital with a high fever, cough, and chest pain. The result of his COVID-19 PCR test was positive. He received HCQ for 10 days for the treatment of COVID-19 infection. He experienced fatigue, dizziness, severe headache, weakness and feeling of hunger after discontinuation of HCQ during his isolation at home. Before COVID-19 infection, he never experienced hypoglycemia symptoms. He did not have a history of chronic diseases, drug use, alcohol consumption, or smoking. A 72-hour fasting test was performed. He complained about headache and weakness during the 72-hour test period. The PG level was determined as 49 mg/dl during these symptoms. Concurrent insulin and C-peptide levels were <2 mU/mL and 0.553 ng/mL, respectively. ACTH, cortisol, growth hormones, liver and kidney function tests were normal. HbA1c level was 4.7% (28 mmol/mol) (Normal Range %4,5-5,7).Conclusion: Hypoglycemia may be observed as an adverse effect of HCQ used for COVID-19 infection even in patients without chronic diseases and comorbidities. We must be careful while using HCQ for these patients and must warn them about this effect. The warning about hypoglycemia effect of HCQ must be added to COVID-19 treatment guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narimana Imanova Yaghji
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Elif Kilic Kan
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Songul Akcan
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Ramis Colak
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Aysegul Atmaca
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey
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18
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Devarajan A, Vaseghi M. Hydroxychloroquine can potentially interfere with immune function in COVID-19 patients: Mechanisms and insights. Redox Biol 2021; 38:101810. [PMID: 33360293 PMCID: PMC7704069 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent global pandemic due to COVID-19 is caused by a type of coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2). Despite rigorous efforts worldwide to control the spread and human to human transmission of this virus, incidence and death due to COVID-19 continue to rise. Several drugs have been tested for treatment of COVID-19, including hydroxychloroquine. While a number of studies have shown that hydroxychloroquine can prolong QT interval, potentially increasing risk of ventricular arrhythmias and Torsade de Pointes, its effects on immune cell function have not been extensively examined. In the current review, an overview of coronaviruses, viral entry and pathogenicity, immunity upon coronavirus infection, and current therapy options for COVID-19 are briefly discussed. Further based on preclinical studies, we provide evidences that i) hydroxychloroquine impairs autophagy, which leads to accumulation of damaged/oxidized cytoplasmic constituents and interferes with cellular homeostasis, ii) this impaired autophagy in part reduces antigen processing and presentation to immune cells and iii) inhibition of endosome-lysosome system acidification by hydroxychloroquine not only impairs the phagocytosis process, but also potentially alters pulmonary surfactant in the lungs. Therefore, it is likely that hydroxychloroquine treatment may in fact impair host immunity in response to SARS-CoV-2, especially in elderly patients or those with co-morbidities. Further, this review provides a rationale for developing and selecting antiviral drugs and includes a brief review of traditional strategies combined with new drugs to combat COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asokan Devarajan
- UCLA Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Neurocardiology Research Center of Excellence, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Marmar Vaseghi
- UCLA Cardiac Arrhythmia Center, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Neurocardiology Research Center of Excellence, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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19
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Liu X, Jusko WJ. Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetics of Lysosomotropic Chloroquine in Rat and Human. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2020; 376:261-272. [PMID: 33277347 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.120.000385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A semimechanistic physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model for chloroquine (CQ), a highly lysosomotropic weak base, was applied to digitized rat and human concentration versus time data. The PBPK model in rat featured plasma and red blood cell (RBC) concentrations, extensive and apparent nonlinear tissue distribution, fitted hepatic and renal intrinsic clearances, and a plasma half-life of about 1 day. Tissue-to-plasma CQ ratios at 50 hours after dosing were highest in lung, kidney, liver, and spleen (182-318) and lower in heart, muscle, brain, eye, and skin (11-66). The RBC-to-plasma ratio of 11.6 was assumed to reflect cell lipid partitioning. A lysosome-based extended model was used to calculate subcellular CQ concentrations based on tissue mass balances, fitted plasma, interstitial and free cytosol concentrations, and literature-based pH and pKa values. The CQ tissue component concentrations ranked as follows: lysosome > > acidic phospholipid > plasma = interstitial = cytosol ≥ neutral lipids. The extensive lysosome sequestration appeared to change over time and was attributed to lowering pH values caused by proton pump influx of hydrogen ions. The human-to-rat volume of distribution (Vss) ratio of 7 used to scale rat tissue partitioning to human along with estimation of hepatic clearance allowed excellent fitting of oral-dose PK (150-600 mg) of CQ with a 50-day half-life in humans. The prolonged PK of chloroquine was well characterized for rat and human with this PBPK model. The calculated intratissue concentrations and lysosomal effects have therapeutic relevance for CQ and other cationic drugs. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Sequestration in lysosomes is a major factor controlling the pharmacokinetics and pharmacology of chloroquine and other cationic drugs. This report provides comprehensive physiologic modeling of chloroquine distribution in tissues and overall disposition in rat and human that reveals expected complexities and inferences related to its subcellular association with various tissue components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - William J Jusko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
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20
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Collins KP, Witta S, Coy JW, Pang Y, Gustafson DL. Lysosomal Biogenesis and Implications for Hydroxychloroquine Disposition. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2020; 376:294-305. [PMID: 33172973 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.120.000309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes act as a cellular drug sink for weakly basic, lipophilic (lysosomotropic) xenobiotics, with many instances of lysosomal trapping associated with multiple drug resistance. Lysosomotropic agents have also been shown to activate master lysosomal biogenesis transcription factor EB (TFEB) and ultimately lysosomal biogenesis. We investigated the role of lysosomal biogenesis in the disposition of hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), a hallmark lysosomotropic agent, and observed that modulating the lysosomal volume of human breast cancer cell lines can account for differences in disposition of HCQ. Through use of an in vitro pharmacokinetic (PK) model, we characterized total cellular uptake of HCQ within the duration of static equilibrium (1 hour), as well as extended exposure to HCQ that is subject to dynamic equilibrium (>1 hour), wherein HCQ increases the size of the lysosomal compartment through swelling and TFEB-induced lysosomal biogenesis. In addition, we observe that pretreatment of cell lines with TFEB-activating agent Torin1 contributed to an increase of whole-cell HCQ concentrations by 1.4- to 1.6-fold, which were also characterized by the in vitro PK model. This investigation into the role of lysosomal volume dynamics in lysosomotropic drug disposition, including the ability of HCQ to modify its own disposition, advances our understanding of how chemically similar agents may distribute on the cellular level and examines a key area of lysosomal-mediated multiple drug resistance and drug-drug interaction. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Hydroxychloroquine is able to modulate its own cellular pharmacokinetic uptake by increasing the cellular lysosomal volume fraction through activation of lysosomal biogenesis master transcription factor EB and through lysosomal swelling. This concept can be applied to many other lysosomotropic drugs that activate transcription factor EB, such as doxorubicin and other tyrosine kinase inhibitor drugs, as these drugs may actively increase their own sequestration within the lysosome to further exacerbate multiple drug resistance and lead to potential acquired resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keagan P Collins
- Colorado State University, School of Biomedical Engineering (K.P.C., S.W., D.L.G.) and Department of Clinical Sciences (D.L.G., J.W.C.), Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; University of Colorado Cancer Center, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado (D.L.G.); and University of Akron, Department of Chemistry, Akron, Ohio (Y.P.)
| | - Sandra Witta
- Colorado State University, School of Biomedical Engineering (K.P.C., S.W., D.L.G.) and Department of Clinical Sciences (D.L.G., J.W.C.), Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; University of Colorado Cancer Center, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado (D.L.G.); and University of Akron, Department of Chemistry, Akron, Ohio (Y.P.)
| | - Jonathan W Coy
- Colorado State University, School of Biomedical Engineering (K.P.C., S.W., D.L.G.) and Department of Clinical Sciences (D.L.G., J.W.C.), Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; University of Colorado Cancer Center, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado (D.L.G.); and University of Akron, Department of Chemistry, Akron, Ohio (Y.P.)
| | - Yi Pang
- Colorado State University, School of Biomedical Engineering (K.P.C., S.W., D.L.G.) and Department of Clinical Sciences (D.L.G., J.W.C.), Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; University of Colorado Cancer Center, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado (D.L.G.); and University of Akron, Department of Chemistry, Akron, Ohio (Y.P.)
| | - Daniel L Gustafson
- Colorado State University, School of Biomedical Engineering (K.P.C., S.W., D.L.G.) and Department of Clinical Sciences (D.L.G., J.W.C.), Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado; University of Colorado Cancer Center, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado (D.L.G.); and University of Akron, Department of Chemistry, Akron, Ohio (Y.P.)
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21
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Krishnan K, Ziniel P, Li H, Huang X, Hupalo D, Gombakomba N, Guerrero SM, Dotrang T, Lu X, Caridha D, Sternberg AR, Hughes E, Sun W, Bargieri DY, Roepe PD, Sciotti RJ, Wilkerson MD, Dalgard CL, Tawa GJ, Wang AQ, Xu X, Zheng W, Sanderson PE, Huang W, Williamson KC. Torin 2 Derivative, NCATS-SM3710, Has Potent Multistage Antimalarial Activity through Inhibition of P. falciparum Phosphatidylinositol 4-Kinase ( Pf PI4KIIIβ). ACS Pharmacol Transl Sci 2020; 3:948-964. [PMID: 33073193 DOI: 10.1021/acsptsci.0c00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Drug resistance is a constant threat to malaria control efforts making it important to maintain a good pipeline of new drug candidates. Of particular need are compounds that also block transmission by targeting sexual stage parasites. Mature sexual stages are relatively resistant to all currently used antimalarials except the 8-aminoquinolines that are not commonly used due to potential side effects. Here, we synthesized a new Torin 2 derivative, NCATS-SM3710 with increased aqueous solubility and specificity for Plasmodium and demonstrate potent in vivo activity against all P. berghei life cycle stages. NCATS-SM3710 also has low nanomolar EC50s against in vitro cultured asexual P. falciparum parasites (0.38 ± 0.04 nM) and late stage gametocytes (5.77 ± 1 nM). Two independent NCATS-SM3710/Torin 2 resistant P. falciparum parasite lines produced by growth in sublethal Torin 2 concentrations both had genetic changes in PF3D7_0509800, annotated as a phosphatidylinositol 4 kinase (Pf PI4KIIIβ). One line had a point mutation in the putative active site (V1357G), and the other line had a duplication of a locus containing Pf PI4KIIIβ. Both lines were also resistant to other Pf PI4K inhibitors. In addition NCATS-SM3710 inhibited purified Pf PI4KIIIβ with an IC50 of 2.0 ± 0.30 nM. Together the results demonstrate that Pf PI4KIIIβ is the target of Torin 2 and NCATS-SM3710 and provide new options for potent multistage drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Krishnan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, United States
| | - Peter Ziniel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, United States
| | - Hao Li
- National Center for Advancing Translational Science, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Xiuli Huang
- National Center for Advancing Translational Science, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Daniel Hupalo
- Collaborative Health Initiative Research Program, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, United States
| | - Nita Gombakomba
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, United States
| | - Sandra Mendoza Guerrero
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, United States
| | - Thoai Dotrang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, United States
| | - Xiao Lu
- National Center for Advancing Translational Science, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Diana Caridha
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
| | - Anna R Sternberg
- Departments of Chemistry and of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States
| | - Emma Hughes
- National Center for Advancing Translational Science, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Wei Sun
- National Center for Advancing Translational Science, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Daniel Y Bargieri
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, 05508, Brazil
| | - Paul D Roepe
- Departments of Chemistry and of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, United States
| | - Richard J Sciotti
- Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, Maryland 20910, United States
| | - Matthew D Wilkerson
- Collaborative Health Initiative Research Program, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, United States
| | - Clifton L Dalgard
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, United States.,The American Genome Center, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, United States
| | - Gregory J Tawa
- National Center for Advancing Translational Science, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Amy Q Wang
- National Center for Advancing Translational Science, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Xin Xu
- National Center for Advancing Translational Science, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Wei Zheng
- National Center for Advancing Translational Science, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Philip E Sanderson
- National Center for Advancing Translational Science, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Wenwei Huang
- National Center for Advancing Translational Science, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Kim C Williamson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, United States
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22
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Tripathy S, Dassarma B, Roy S, Chabalala H, Matsabisa MG. A review on possible modes of action of chloroquine/hydroxychloroquine: repurposing against SAR-CoV-2 (COVID-19) pandemic. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2020; 56:106028. [PMID: 32450198 PMCID: PMC7243790 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.106028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Chloroquine (CQ) has diverse modes of action against viral infections. CQ may interfere with SARS-CoV-2 attachment to the host ACE2 receptor. CQ may hamper the STING pathway to attenuate the pro-inflammatory response. Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) might be a logical approach in the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Large clinical trials are needed before clinical recommendations of HCQ against COVID-19.
Chloroquine (CQ) and its analogue hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) have long been used worldwide as frontline drugs for the treatment and prophylaxis of human malaria. Since the first reported cases in Wuhan, China, in late December 2019, humans have been under threat from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (previously known as 2019-nCoV), subsequently declared a pandemic. While the world is searching for expedited approval for a vaccine, which may be only preventative and not a cure, physicians and country leaders are considering several concerted clinical trials suggesting that the age-old antimalarial drugs CQ/HCQ could be a potent therapeutic against COVID-19. Based on accumulating scientific reports, here we highlight the possible modes of action of CQ/HCQ that could justify its use against viral infections. Considering the global health crisis of the COVID-19 pandemic, the option of repurposing old drugs, e.g. CQ/HCQ, particularly HCQ, for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection could be a good choice. CQ/HCQ has diverse modes of action, including alteration of the acidic environment inside lysosomes and late endosomes, preventing endocytosis, exosome release and phagolysosomal fusion, and inhibition of the host cytokine storm. One or more diverse mechanisms might work against viral infections and reduce mortality. As there is no cure for COVID-19, clinical testing of HCQ is urgently required to determine its potency against SARS-CoV-2, as this is the currently available treatment option. There remains a need to find other innovative drug candidates as possible candidates to enter clinical evaluation and testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyajit Tripathy
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Barsha Dassarma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa
| | - Somenath Roy
- Ex-Professor, Department of Human Physiology with Community Health, Vidyasagar University, Paschim Medinipur 721102, India
| | - Hlupheka Chabalala
- IK-based Technology Innovations, Department of Science and Innovations, Brummeria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Motlalepula Gilbert Matsabisa
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa.
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23
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Alia JD, Karl S, Kelly TD. Quantum Chemical Lipophilicities of Antimalarial Drugs in Relation to Terminal Half-Life. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:6500-6515. [PMID: 32258886 PMCID: PMC7114756 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b04140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
According to the WHO, artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) have been integral to the recent reduction in deaths due to Plasmodium falciparum malaria. ACT-resistant strains are an emerging problem and have evolved altered developmental stages, reducing exposure of the most susceptible stages to artemisinin drugs in popular ACTs. Lipophilicity, log K ow, is a guide in understanding and predicting pharmacokinetic properties such as terminal half-life which alters drug exposure. Consistent log K ow values are not necessarily available for artemisinin derivatives designed to extend terminal half-life, increase bioavailability, and reduce neurotoxicity. For other drugs used in ACTs, an assortment of experimental and computational log K ow values are available in the literature and in some cases, do not account for subtle but important differences between closely related structures such as between diastereomers. Quantum chemical methods such as density functional theory (DFT) used with an implicit solvent model allow for consistent comparison of physical properties including log K ow and distinguish between closely related structures. To this end, DFT, B3LYP/6-31G(d), with an implicit solvent model (SMD) was used to compute ΔG ow o and ΔG vow o for 1-octanol-water and olive oil-water partitions, respectively, for 21 antimalarial drugs: 12 artemisinin-based, 4 4-aminoquinolines and structurally similar pyronaridine, and 4 amino alcohols. The computed ΔG ow o was close to ΔG ow o calculated from experimental log K ow values from the literature where available, with a mean signed error of 2.3 kJ/mol and mean unsigned error of 3.7 kJ/mol. The results allow assignment of log K ow for α-and β-diastereomers of arteether, and prediction of log K ow for β-DHA and five experimental drugs. Linear least square analysis of log K ow and log K vow versus terminal elimination half-life showed strong linear relationships, once the data points for the 4-aminoquinoline drugs, mefloquine and pyronaridine were found to follow their own linear relationship, which is consistent with their different plasma protein binding. The linear relationship between the computed log K vow and terminal elimination half-life was particularly strong, R 2 = 0.99 and F = 467, and can be interpreted in terms of a simple pharmacokinetic model. Terminal elimination half-life for β-DHA and four experimental artemisinin drugs were estimated based on this linear relationship between log K vow and terminal t 1/2. The computed log K ow and log K vow values for epimers α- and β-DHA and α and β-arteether provide physical data that may be helpful in understanding their different pharmacokinetics and activity based on their different molecular geometries. Relative solubility of quinine and quinidine are found to be sensitive to thermal corrections to enthalpy and to vibrational entropy and do not follow the general trend of longer terminal t 1/2 with greater predicted log K ow. Geometric relaxation of α- and β-DHA in solvent and inclusion of thermal correction for enthalpy and entropy results in correct prediction that α-DHA is favored in aqueous environments compared to β-DHA. Predictions made regarding experimental drugs have implications regarding their potential use in response to artemisinin drug-resistant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D. Alia
- Division of Science and Mathematics, University of Minnesota Morris, 600 E 4th Street, Morris, Minnesota 56267, United States
| | - Sheila Karl
- Division of Science and Mathematics, University of Minnesota Morris, 600 E 4th Street, Morris, Minnesota 56267, United States
| | - Tyler D. Kelly
- Division of Science and Mathematics, University of Minnesota Morris, 600 E 4th Street, Morris, Minnesota 56267, United States
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24
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Neill T, Chen CG, Buraschi S, Iozzo RV. Catabolic degradation of endothelial VEGFA via autophagy. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:6064-6079. [PMID: 32209654 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.012593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrix-evoked angiostasis and autophagy within the tumor microenvironment represent two critical, but unconnected, functions of the small leucine-rich proteoglycan, decorin. Acting as a partial agonist of vascular endothelial growth factor 2 (VEGFR2), soluble decorin signals via the energy sensing protein, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), in the autophagic degradation of intracellular vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA). Here, we discovered that soluble decorin evokes intracellular catabolism of endothelial VEGFA that is mechanistically independent of mTOR, but requires an autophagic regulator, paternally expressed gene 3 (PEG3). We found that administration of autophagic inhibitors such as chloroquine or bafilomycin A1, or depletion of autophagy-related 5 (ATG5), results in accumulation of intracellular VEGFA, indicating that VEGFA is a basal autophagic substrate. Mechanistically, decorin increased the VEGFA clearance rate by augmenting autophagic flux, a process that required RAB24 member RAS oncogene family (RAB24), a small GTPase that facilitates the disposal of autophagic compartments. We validated these findings by demonstrating the physiological relevance of this process in vivo Mice starved for 48 h exhibited a sharp decrease in overall cardiac and aortic VEGFA that could be blocked by systemic chloroquine treatment. Thus, our findings reveal a unified mechanism for the metabolic control of endothelial VEGFA for autophagic clearance in response to decorin and canonical pro-autophagic stimuli. We posit that the VEGFR2/AMPK/PEG3 axis integrates the anti-angiogenic and pro-autophagic bioactivities of decorin as the molecular basis for tumorigenic suppression. These results support future therapeutic use of decorin as a next-generation protein therapy to combat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Neill
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107.
| | - Carolyn G Chen
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
| | - Simone Buraschi
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
| | - Renato V Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107.
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25
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Boareto AC, Gomes C, Centeno Müller J, da Silva JG, Vergara F, Salum N, Maristany Sargaço R, de Carvalho RR, Queiroz Telles JE, Marinho CRF, Paumgartten FJR, Dalsenter PR. Maternal and fetal outcome of pregnancy in Swiss mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA GFP. Reprod Toxicol 2019; 89:107-114. [PMID: 31310803 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2019.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Malaria in pregnant women is associated with risk of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality, and there are few antimalarial drugs considered safe to treat them, so it is necessary to develop safer antimalarial medicines. The goal of this study was to develop an animal model for human malaria during pregnancy by characterizing the maternal and fetal outcomes in malaria infected Swiss mice. For that, in the present study, we evaluated the outcome of pregnancy in Swiss mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKAGFP. We observed a reduction of fetal body weight and signs of skeletal ossification retardation in the offspring of mice infected on GD 12. The group of mice infected with malaria presented premature deliveries and histopathology changes consistent with placental malaria. Our study suggests that Swiss Webster mice infected with P. berghei ANKAGFP on GD 12 might be a valuable model to investigate the safety and the efficacy of new antimalarial drugs indicated to pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Cláudia Boareto
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, Centro Politécnico, PO Box 19031, Curitiba, PR, 81531-980, Brazil.
| | - Caroline Gomes
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, Centro Politécnico, PO Box 19031, Curitiba, PR, 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Juliane Centeno Müller
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, Centro Politécnico, PO Box 19031, Curitiba, PR, 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Jonas Golart da Silva
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, Centro Politécnico, PO Box 19031, Curitiba, PR, 81531-980, Brazil; Department of Chemistry and Biology, Federal University of Technology - Paraná, Cidade Industrial, Curitiba, PR, 81020-430, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Vergara
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, Centro Politécnico, PO Box 19031, Curitiba, PR, 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Noruê Salum
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, Centro Politécnico, PO Box 19031, Curitiba, PR, 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Maristany Sargaço
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, Centro Politécnico, PO Box 19031, Curitiba, PR, 81531-980, Brazil
| | - Rosângela Ribeiro de Carvalho
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21041-210, Brazil
| | | | - Cláudio Romero Farias Marinho
- Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Butantã, São Paulo, SP, 03178-200, Brazil
| | - Francisco José Roma Paumgartten
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21041-210, Brazil
| | - Paulo Roberto Dalsenter
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, Centro Politécnico, PO Box 19031, Curitiba, PR, 81531-980, Brazil
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26
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In Vitro and In Vivo Antimalarial Activity of LZ1, a Peptide Derived from Snake Cathelicidin. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11070379. [PMID: 31262018 PMCID: PMC6669622 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11070379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimalarial drug resistance is an enormous global threat. Recently, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are emerging as a new source of antimalarials. In this study, an AMP LZ1 derived from snake cathelicidin was identified with antimalarial activity. In the in vitro antiplasmodial assay, LZ1 showed strong suppression of blood stage Plasmodium falciparum (P. falciparum) with an IC50 value of 3.045 μM. In the in vivo antiplasmodial assay, LZ1 exerted a significant antimalarial activity against Plasmodium berghei (P. berghei) in a dose- and a time- dependent manner. In addition, LZ1 exhibited anti-inflammatory effects and attenuated liver-function impairment during P. berghei infection. Furthermore, by employing inhibitors against glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation in erythrocytes, LZ1 specifically inhibited adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production in parasite-infected erythrocyte by selectively inhibiting the pyruvate kinase activity. In conclusion, the present study demonstrates that LZ1 is a potential candidate for novel antimalarials development.
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27
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Loachamin KS, Rodríguez HM. Effect of six bis-THTT derivatives in the control of parasitaemia in two rodent malaria species. BIONATURA 2019. [DOI: 10.21931/rb/cs/2019.02.01.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by parasites of the genus Plasmodium and is transmitted to humans by the bite of female mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles. WHO has reported 219 million cases of malaria and 435,000 deaths were estimated in 2017. The anti-malarial treatment more frequently used is based on Chloroquine, which has been used for several decades. This prolonged application has caused the parasite to develop resistance to the use of the mentioned drug, so it becomes necessary to search for new treatments. In addition, some tetrahydro-(2H)-1,3,5-thiadiazine-2-thione (THTT) derivatives have been previously studied as possible trypanosomicides, obtaining satisfactory results in the treatment to Trypanosoma cruzi; Trichomonas vaginalis and T. b. rhodesiense, although no studies against malaria have been reported. In the present work, six bis-THTT derivatives were evaluated as potential anti-malarial drugs (JH1, JH2, JH3, JH4, JH5, and JH6) with BALB/c mice, which were inoculated with Plasmodium berghei ANKA strain and Plasmodium yoelii 17XL strain. The percentages of parasitemia were determined for each tested compound, which was assessed daily on smears from tail blood, stained with Giemsa’s reagent and observed under light microscopy as evidence of cure. Our results showed that JH2 and JH4 presented effective parasitemia control similar to chloroquine in P. berghei. Besides, JH5 and JH6 exhibited better results than Chloroquine with P. yoelii infection. In summary, four of the six bis-THTT derivatives tested, could be considerate as potential new drugs to infection malaria rodent control. Immune response essays should be realized in order to confirm our preliminary results.
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28
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Olafuyi O, Badhan RKS. Dose Optimization of Chloroquine by Pharmacokinetic Modeling During Pregnancy for the Treatment of Zika Virus Infection. J Pharm Sci 2018; 108:661-673. [PMID: 30399360 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.10.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The insidious nature of Zika virus (ZIKV) infections can have a devastating consequence for fetal development. Recent reports have highlighted that chloroquine (CQ) is capable of inhibiting ZIKV endocytosis in brain cells. We applied pharmacokinetic modeling to develop a predictive model for CQ exposure to identify an optimal maternal/fetal dosing regimen to prevent ZIKV endocytosis in brain cells. Model validation used 13 nonpregnancy and 3 pregnancy clinical studies, and a therapeutic CQ plasma window of 0.3-2 μM was derived. Dosing regimens used in rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and malaria were assessed for their ability to target this window. Dosing regimen identified that weekly doses used in malaria were not sufficient to reach the lower therapeutic window; however, daily doses of 150 mg achieved this therapeutic window. The impact of gestational age was further assessed and culminated in a final proposed regimen of 600 mg on day 1, 300 mg on day 2 and 3, and 150 mg thereafter until the end of trimester 2, which resulted in maintaining 65% and 94% of subjects with a trough plasma concentration above the lower therapeutic window on day 6 and at term, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olusola Olafuyi
- Aston Health Research Group, Aston Pharmacy School, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
| | - Raj K S Badhan
- Aston Health Research Group, Aston Pharmacy School, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK; Aston Pharmacy School, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK.
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29
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Superior Pyronaridine Single-Dose Pharmacodynamics Compared to Artesunate, Chloroquine, and Amodiaquine in a Murine Malaria Luciferase Model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:AAC.00394-18. [PMID: 29967019 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00394-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many previous in vitro and in vivo preclinical malaria drug studies have relied on low-parasite-number drug inhibition numerically compared to the untreated controls. In contrast, human malaria drug studies measure the high-parasite-density killing near 100 million/ml. Here we compared the in vivo single-dose pharmacodynamic properties of artesunate and the 4-aminoquinolines pyronaridine, chloroquine, and amodiaquine in a Plasmodium berghei ANKA-green fluorescent protein GFP-luciferase-based murine malaria blood-stage model. Pyronaridine exhibited dose-dependent killing, achieving parasite reductions near 5 to 6 logs at 48 h, with complete cure at 10 mg/kg of body weight compared to artesunate, which exhibited a 48-h dose-dependent killing with a 2-log drop at the noncurative 250-mg/kg dose. Chloroquine, which was noncurative, and amodiaquine, which was partially curative, had nearly the same initial dose-independent killing, with a lag phase of minimal parasite reduction at all doses between 6 and 24 h, followed by a 2.5-log reduction at 48 h. In experiments with drug-treated, washed infected blood transfer to naive mice, chloroquine and amodiaquine showed fewer viable parasites at the 24-h transfer than at the 8-h transfer, measured by a prolonged return to parasitemia, despite a similar parasite log reduction at these time points, in contrast to the correlation of the parasite log reduction to viable parasites with artesunate and pyronaridine. Artesunate in combination with pyronaridine exhibited an initial parasite reduction similar to that achieved with pyronaridine, while with chloroquine or amodiaquine, the reduction was similar to that achieved with artesunate. Single-oral-dose pyronaridine was much more potent in vivo than artesunate, chloroquine, and amodiaquine during the initial decline in parasites and cure.
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30
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Chloroquine modulates antitumor immune response by resetting tumor-associated macrophages toward M1 phenotype. Nat Commun 2018; 9:873. [PMID: 29491374 PMCID: PMC5830447 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03225-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 283] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Resetting tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) is a promising strategy to ameliorate the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and improve innate and adaptive antitumor immunity. Here we show that chloroquine (CQ), a proven anti-malarial drug, can function as an antitumor immune modulator that switches TAMs from M2 to tumor-killing M1 phenotype. Mechanistically, CQ increases macrophage lysosomal pH, causing Ca2+ release via the lysosomal Ca2+ channel mucolipin-1 (Mcoln1), which induces the activation of p38 and NF-κB, thus polarizing TAMs to M1 phenotype. In parallel, the released Ca2+ activates transcription factor EB (TFEB), which reprograms the metabolism of TAMs from oxidative phosphorylation to glycolysis. As a result, CQ-reset macrophages ameliorate tumor immune microenvironment by decreasing immunosuppressive infiltration of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and Treg cells, thus enhancing antitumor T-cell immunity. These data illuminate a previously unrecognized antitumor mechanism of CQ, suggesting a potential new macrophage-based tumor immunotherapeutic modality. Tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) display an M2 phenotype that promote tumour immune escape. Here the authors show that Chloroquine (CQ), a lysosome inhibitor used against malaria, inhibits tumour growth by switching TAMs into an M1 tumor-killing phenotype by repolarizing macrophages metabolism.
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31
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Zhai K, Yang Z, Zhu X, Nyirimigabo E, Mi Y, Wang Y, Liu Q, Man L, Wu S, Jin J, Ji G. Activation of bitter taste receptors (tas2rs) relaxes detrusor smooth muscle and suppresses overactive bladder symptoms. Oncotarget 2018; 7:21156-67. [PMID: 27056888 PMCID: PMC5008275 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs) are traditionally thought to be expressed exclusively on the taste buds of the tongue. However, accumulating evidence has indicated that this receptor family performs non-gustatory functions outside the mouth in addition to taste. Here, we examined the role of TAS2Rs in human and mouse detrusor smooth muscle (DSM). We showed that mRNA for various TAS2R subtypes was expressed in both human and mouse detrusor smooth muscle (DSM) at distinct levels. Chloroquine (CLQ), an agonist for TAS2Rs, concentration-dependently relaxed carbachol- and KCl-induced contractions of human DSM strips. Moreover, 100 μM of CLQ significantly inhibited spontaneous and electrical field stimulation (EFS)-induced contractions of human DSM strips. After a slight contraction, CLQ (1 mM) entirely relaxed carbachol-induced contraction of mouse DSM strips. Furthermore, denatonium and quinine concentration-dependently decreased carbachol-induced contractions of mouse DSM strips. Finally, we demonstrated that CLQ treatment significantly suppressed the overactive bladder (OAB) symptoms of mice with partial bladder outlet obstruction (PBOO). In conclusion, we for the first time provide evidence of the existence of TAS2Rs in the urinary DSM and demonstrate that TAS2Rs may represent a potential target for OAB. These findings open a new approach to develop drugs for OAB in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Zhai
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiguang Yang
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofei Zhu
- Department of Urology, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Eric Nyirimigabo
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Mi
- Department of Urology, National Research Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Peking University First Hospital and Institute of Urology, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qinghua Liu
- Institute for Medical Biology, College of Life Sciences, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, China
| | - Libo Man
- Department of Urology, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shiliang Wu
- Department of Urology, National Research Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Peking University First Hospital and Institute of Urology, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Jin
- Department of Urology, National Research Center for Genitourinary Oncology, Peking University First Hospital and Institute of Urology, Beijing, China
| | - Guangju Ji
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Wolfram J, Nizzero S, Liu H, Li F, Zhang G, Li Z, Shen H, Blanco E, Ferrari M. A chloroquine-induced macrophage-preconditioning strategy for improved nanodelivery. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13738. [PMID: 29062065 PMCID: PMC5653759 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14221-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Site-specific localization is critical for improving the therapeutic efficacy and safety of drugs. Nanoparticles have emerged as promising tools for localized drug delivery. However, over 90% of systemically injected nanocarriers typically accumulate in the liver and spleen due to resident macrophages that form the mononuclear phagocyte system. In this study, the clinically approved antimalarial agent chloroquine was shown to reduce nanoparticle uptake in macrophages by suppressing endocytosis. Pretreatment of mice with a clinically relevant dose of chloroquine substantially decreased the accumulation of liposomes and silicon particles in the mononuclear phagocyte system and improved tumoritropic and organotropic delivery. The novel use of chloroquine as a macrophage-preconditioning agent presents a straightforward approach for addressing a major barrier in nanomedicine. Moreover, this priming strategy has broad applicability for improving the biodistribution and performance of particulate delivery systems. Ultimately, this study defines a paradigm for the combined use of macrophage-modulating agents with nanotherapeutics for improved site-specific delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy Wolfram
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Department of Transplantation, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
| | - Sara Nizzero
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Applied Physics Graduate Program, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Haoran Liu
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Guodong Zhang
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Haifa Shen
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Elvin Blanco
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Mauro Ferrari
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, 77030, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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Fang YQ, Shen CB, Luan N, Yao HM, Long CB, Lai R, Yan XW. In vivo antimalarial activity of synthetic hepcidin against Plasmodium berghei in mice. Chin J Nat Med 2017; 15:161-167. [PMID: 28411684 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(17)30032-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study was designed to investigate the antimalarial activity of synthetic hepcidin and its effect on cytokine secretion in mice infected with Plasmodium berghei. The mice were infected with P. berghei intravenously and treated with hepcidin according to 4-day suppression test and Rane's test. The serum levels of interleukins (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p70, and IL-17A), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) in the experimental mice were determined using a cytometric bead array (CBA) kit. The survival rate of the infected mice was also registered. Additionally, the serum iron, alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), and total bilirubin (BIL) were detected to evaluate liver functions. Hepcidin exerted direct anti-malarial function in vivo and increased survival rate in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, the secretion of T helper cell type 1 (Th1), Th2, and Th17 cytokines, TNF-α, and IFN-γ were inhibited by hepcidin. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that synthetic hepcidin exerts in vivo antimalarial activity and possesses anti-inflammatory function, which provides a basis for future design of new derivatives with ideal anti-malarial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Qun Fang
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Chuan-Bin Shen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100009, China
| | - Ning Luan
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hui-Min Yao
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Chen-Bo Long
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Ren Lai
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
| | - Xiu-Wen Yan
- College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Llewellyn KJ, Nalbandian A, Weiss LN, Chang I, Yu H, Khatib B, Tan B, Scarfone V, Kimonis VE. Myogenic differentiation of VCP disease-induced pluripotent stem cells: A novel platform for drug discovery. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0176919. [PMID: 28575052 PMCID: PMC5456028 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0176919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Valosin Containing Protein (VCP) disease is an autosomal dominant multisystem proteinopathy caused by mutations in the VCP gene, and is primarily associated with progressive muscle weakness, including atrophy of the pelvic and shoulder girdle muscles. Currently, no treatments are available and cardiac and respiratory failures can lead to mortality at an early age. VCP is an AAA ATPase multifunction complex protein and mutations in the VCP gene resulting in disrupted autophagic clearance. Due to the rarity of the disease, the myopathic nature of the disorder, ethical and practical considerations, VCP disease muscle biopsies are difficult to obtain. Thus, disease-specific human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) now provide a valuable resource for the research owing to their renewable and pluripotent nature. In the present study, we report the differentiation and characterization of a VCP disease-specific hiPSCs into precursors expressing myogenic markers including desmin, myogenic factor 5 (MYF5), myosin and heavy chain 2 (MYH2). VCP disease phenotype is characterized by high expression of TAR DNA Binding Protein-43 (TDP-43), ubiquitin (Ub), Light Chain 3-I/II protein (LC3-I/II), and p62/SQSTM1 (p62) protein indicating disruption of the autophagy cascade. Treatment of hiPSC precursors with autophagy stimulators Rapamycin, Perifosine, or AT101 showed reduction in VCP pathology markers TDP-43, LC3-I/II and p62/SQSTM1. Conversely, autophagy inhibitors chloroquine had no beneficial effect, and Spautin-1 or MHY1485 had modest effects. Our results illustrate that hiPSC technology provide a useful platform for a rapid drug discovery and hence constitutes a bridge between clinical and bench research in VCP and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina J. Llewellyn
- Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of California-Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California-Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Angèle Nalbandian
- Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of California-Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California-Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Lan N. Weiss
- Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of California-Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California-Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Isabela Chang
- Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of California-Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Howard Yu
- Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of California-Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Bibo Khatib
- Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of California-Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California-Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Baichang Tan
- Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of California-Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Vanessa Scarfone
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California-Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Virginia E. Kimonis
- Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of California-Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California-Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Nanomedicine strategies to overcome the pathophysiological barriers of pancreatic cancer. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2016; 13:750-765. [PMID: 27531700 DOI: 10.1038/nrclinonc.2016.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the leading causes of cancer- related deaths. PDAC remains one of the most difficult-to-treat cancers, owing to its unique pathobiological features: a nearly impenetrable desmoplastic stroma, and hypovascular and hypoperfused tumour vessels render most treatment options largely ineffective. Progress in understanding the pathobiology and signalling pathways involved in disease progression is helping researchers to develop novel ways to fight PDAC, including improved nanotechnology-based drug-delivery platforms that have the potential to overcome the biological barriers of the disease that underlie persistent drug resistance. So-called 'nanomedicine' strategies have the potential to enable targeting of the Hedgehog-signalling pathway, the autophagy pathway, and specific RAS-mutant phenotypes, among other pathological processes of the disease. These novel therapies, alone or in combination with agents designed to disrupt the pathobiological barriers of the disease, could result in superior treatments, with increased efficacy and reduced off-target toxicities compared with the current standard-of-care regimens. By overcoming drug-delivery challenges, advances can be made in the treatment of PDAC, a disease for which limited improvement in overall survival has been achieved over the past several decades. We discuss the approaches to nanomedicine that have been pursued to date and those that are the focus of ongoing research, and outline their potential, as well as the key challenges that must be overcome.
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Añez A, Moscoso M, Garnica C, Ascaso C. Evaluation of the paediatric dose of chloroquine in the treatment of Plasmodium vivax malaria. Malar J 2016; 15:371. [PMID: 27430284 PMCID: PMC4950695 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-016-1420-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chloroquine (CQ) continues to be the first-line medication used worldwide in the treatment of Plasmodium vivax malaria. The dose recommended by the World Health Organization is 25 mg/kg independently of the age of the subject. Nonetheless, the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs in children are different from those in adults and may influence the drug concentrations in blood and become risk factors for therapeutic failure and/o resistance to CQ. METHODS This study is a secondary analysis of the data from a clinical trial in which children over 5 years of age were administered 25 mg/kg of CQ, and CQ concentrations in blood were measured at day 7 of follow-up. Models of regression and comparison were used to evaluate and compare the CQ dose taken per kg/body weight, the CQ dose calculated based on body surface area, CQ levels in blood on day 7 and the age of the population. RESULTS The younger the study population the greater the difference between the dose per kg/body weight (real dose) and that calculated according to the BSA (theoretical dose). The difference between the two doses was -181.206 mg in the 5-9 years of age group (CI 95 % -195.39; -167.02 mg) and -71.39 mg (CI 95 % -118.61; -23.99 mg) in the 10-14-year-old group. The CQ concentrations in blood on day 7 differed in patients over and under 15 years (p = 0.008). A negative correlation was found between the real and theoretical dose (difference in dose) and the age in years (R2 = 0.529, p = 0.001). A negative correlation was also found between the difference in dose (mg) and CQ concentrations on day 7 (ng/ml) (r = -0.337, p = 0.001). Children under 15 years were found to have a higher rate of therapeutic failure than those over 15 (28 vs 4.2 %, respectively) (Kaplan-Meier p = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS A CQ dose of 25 mg/kg for the treatment of P. vivax malaria may be too low in children as demonstrated by the reduction in CQ concentrations in blood at day 7 of follow-up. This under-dosage is probably associated with the higher rate of therapeutic failure found in children under 15 years (28 vs 4.3 %). These results suggest the need to review the paediatric doses of CQ currently used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arletta Añez
- />Departamento de Salud Pública, Universidad de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Moscoso
- />Laboratorio de Control de Calidad de Medicamentos y Toxicología del Instituto Nacional de Laboratorios en Salud. CONCAMYT-INLASA, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Cecilia Garnica
- />Laboratorio de Control de Calidad de Medicamentos y Toxicología del Instituto Nacional de Laboratorios en Salud. CONCAMYT-INLASA, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Carlos Ascaso
- />Departamento de Salud Pública, Universidad de Barcelona. Institut d’ Investicions Biomediques, Augusto Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
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Development and validation of an HILIC-MS/MS method by one-step precipitation for chloroquine in miniature pig plasma. Bioanalysis 2016; 8:1159-71. [PMID: 27211608 PMCID: PMC7099630 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2015-0032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Quantification of polar compounds such as chloroquine by revered-phase LC is a challenge because of poor retention and silanol interactions with stationary phase. Strong ion-pairing reagents added to mobile phases to improve reversed-phase retention and improve peak shape can be harmful for MS. Results: This new approach provides a rapid and sensitive method for the detection of chloroquine using hydrophilic interaction LC coupled to MS/MS (HILIC–MS/MS). Ammonium formate and formic acid were added to mobile phase to attain good peak shapes and the salified chloroquine as well retained in an HILIC column. Linearity, intra- and inter-day precision, accuracy, recovery, matrix effect and stability were evaluated during the validation process. Conclusion: The validated method has been successfully used in a PK study in miniature pigs, and paves way for future development.
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Kumar S, Kumari R, Pandey R. New insight-guided approaches to detect, cure, prevent and eliminate malaria. PROTOPLASMA 2015; 252:717-753. [PMID: 25323622 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-014-0697-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
New challenges posed by the development of resistance against artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACTs) as well as previous first-line therapies, and the continuing absence of vaccine, have given impetus to research in all areas of malaria control. This review portrays the ongoing progress in several directions of malaria research. The variants of RTS,S and apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA1) are being developed and test adapted as multicomponent and multistage malaria control vaccines, while many other vaccine candidates and methodologies to produce antigens are under experimentation. To track and prevent the spread of artemisinin resistance from Southeast Asia to other parts of the world, rolling circle-enhanced enzyme activity detection (REEAD), a time- and cost-effective malaria diagnosis in field conditions, and a DNA marker associated with artemisinin resistance have become available. Novel mosquito repellents and mosquito trapping and killing techniques much more effective than the prevalent ones are undergoing field testing. Mosquito lines stably infected with their symbiotic wild-type or genetically engineered bacteria that kill sympatric malaria parasites are being constructed and field tested for stopping malaria transmission. A complementary approach being pursued is the addition of ivermectin-like drug molecules to ACTs to cure malaria and kill mosquitoes. Experiments are in progress to eradicate malaria mosquito by making it genetically male sterile. High-throughput screening procedures are being developed and used to discover molecules that possess long in vivo half life and are active against liver and blood stages for the fast cure of malaria symptoms caused by simple or relapsing and drug-sensitive and drug-resistant types of varied malaria parasites, can stop gametocytogenesis and sporogony and could be given in one dose. Target-based antimalarial drug designing has begun. Some of the putative next-generation antimalarials that possess in their scaffold structure several of the desired properties of malaria cure and control are exemplified by OZ439, NITD609, ELQ300 and tafenoquine that are already undergoing clinical trials, and decoquinate, usnic acid, torin-2, ferroquine, WEHI-916, MMV396749 and benzothiophene-type N-myristoyltransferase (NMT) inhibitors, which are candidates for future clinical usage. Among these, NITD609, ELQ300, decoquinate, usnic acid, torin-2 and NMT inhibitors not only cure simple malaria and are prophylactic against simple malaria, but they also cure relapsing malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushil Kumar
- SKA Institution for Research, Education and Development (SKAIRED), 4/11 SarvPriya Vihar, New Delhi, 110016, India,
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Sahu T, Lambert L, Herrod J, Conteh S, Orr-Gonzalez S, Carter D, Duffy PE. Chloroquine neither eliminates liver stage parasites nor delays their development in a murine Chemoprophylaxis Vaccination model. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:283. [PMID: 25914686 PMCID: PMC4391028 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemoprophylaxis Vaccination (CVac) confers long lasting sterile protection against homologous parasite strains in humans, and involves inoculation of infectious sporozoites (SPZ) under drug cover. CVac using the drug chloroquine (CQ) induces pre-erythrocytic immunity in humans that includes antibody to SPZ and T-cell responses to liver stage (LS) parasites. The mechanism by which CVac with CQ induces strong protective immunity is not understood as untreated infections do not confer protection. CQ kills blood stage parasites, but its effect on LS parasites is poorly studied. Here we hypothesized that CQ may prolong or perturb LS development of Plasmodium, as a potential explanation for enhanced pre-erythrocytic immune responses. Balb/c mice with or without CQ prophylaxis were infected with sporozoite forms of a luciferase-expressing rodent parasite, Plasmodium yoelii-Luc (Py-Luc). Mice that received primaquine, a drug that kills LS parasites, served as a positive control of drug effect. Parasite burden in liver was measured both by bioluminescence and by qRT-PCR quantification of parasite transcript. Time to appearance of parasites in the blood was monitored by microscopic analysis of Giemsa-stained thick and thin blood smears. The parasite load in livers of CQ-treated and untreated mice did not significantly differ at any of the time points studied. Parasites appeared in the blood smears of both CQ-treated and untreated mice 3 days after infection. Taken together, our findings confirm that CQ neither eliminates LS parasites nor delays their development. Further investigations into the mechanism of CQ-induced protection after CVac are required, and may give insights relevant to drug and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejram Sahu
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville MD, USA
| | - Lynn Lambert
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville MD, USA
| | - Jessica Herrod
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville MD, USA
| | - Solomon Conteh
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville MD, USA
| | - Sachy Orr-Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville MD, USA
| | - Dariyen Carter
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville MD, USA
| | - Patrick E Duffy
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville MD, USA
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Al-Bari MAA. Chloroquine analogues in drug discovery: new directions of uses, mechanisms of actions and toxic manifestations from malaria to multifarious diseases. J Antimicrob Chemother 2015; 70:1608-21. [PMID: 25693996 PMCID: PMC7537707 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkv018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 284] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimalarial drugs (e.g. chloroquine and its close structural analogues) were developed primarily to treat malaria; however, they are beneficial for many dermatological, immunological, rheumatological and severe infectious diseases, for which they are used mostly today. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, two of the most fascinating drugs developed in the last 50 years, are increasingly recognized for their effectiveness in myriad non-malarial diseases. In advanced research, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine have been shown to have various immunomodulatory and immunosuppressive effects, and currently have established roles in the management of rheumatic diseases, lupus erythematosus (different forms) and skin diseases, and in the treatment of different forms of cancer. Recently, chloroquine analogues have also been found to have metabolic, cardiovascular, antithrombotic and antineoplastic effects. This review is concerned with the lysosomotropic, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory mechanisms of chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, quinacrine and related analogues, and the current evidence for both their beneficial effects and potential adverse manifestations in various diseases.
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Patel K, Simpson JA, Batty KT, Zaloumis S, Kirkpatrick CM. Modelling the time course of antimalarial parasite killing: a tour of animal and human models, translation and challenges. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2015; 79:97-107. [PMID: 24251882 PMCID: PMC4294080 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria remains a global public health concern and current treatment options are suboptimal in some clinical settings. For effective chemotherapy, antimalarial drug concentrations must be sufficient to remove completely all of the parasites in the infected host. Optimized dosing therefore requires a detailed understanding of the time course of antimalarial response, whilst simultaneously considering the parasite life cycle and host immune elimination. Recently, the World Health Organization (WHO) has recommended the development of mathematical models for understanding better antimalarial drug resistance and management. Other international groups have also suggested that mechanistic pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) models can support the rationalization of antimalarial dosing strategies. At present, artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) is recommended as first line treatment of falciparum malaria for all patient groups. This review summarizes the PK-PD characterization of artemisinin derivatives and other partner drugs from both preclinical studies and human clinical trials. We outline the continuous and discrete time models that have been proposed to describe antimalarial activity on specific stages of the parasite life cycle. The translation of PK-PD predictions from animals to humans is considered, because preclinical studies can provide rich data for detailed mechanism-based modelling. While similar sampling techniques are limited in clinical studies, PK-PD models can be used to optimize the design of experiments to improve estimation of the parameters of interest. Ultimately, we propose that fully developed mechanistic models can simulate and rationalize ACT or other treatment strategies in antimalarial chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kashyap Patel
- Centre for Medicine Use and Safety, Monash UniversityMelbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Julie A Simpson
- Centre for Molecular, Environmental, Genetic & Analytic Epidemiology, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of MelbourneMelbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kevin T Batty
- School of Pharmacy, Curtin UniversityBentley, WA, Australia
- West Coast InstituteJoondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Sophie Zaloumis
- Centre for Molecular, Environmental, Genetic & Analytic Epidemiology, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of MelbourneMelbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Carl M Kirkpatrick
- Centre for Medicine Use and Safety, Monash UniversityMelbourne, VIC, Australia
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Synergistic activity of chloroquine with fluconazole against fluconazole-resistant isolates of Candida species. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 59:1365-9. [PMID: 25512426 DOI: 10.1128/aac.04417-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vitro activity of chloroquine and the interactions of chloroquine combined with fluconazole against 37 Candida isolates were tested using the broth microdilution, disk diffusion, and Etest susceptibility tests. Synergistic effect was detected with 6 of 9 fluconazole-resistant Candida albicans isolates, with Candida krusei ATCC 6258, and with all 12 fluconazole-resistant Candida tropicalis isolates.
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Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analysis of spiroindolone analogs and KAE609 in a murine malaria model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 59:1200-10. [PMID: 25487807 PMCID: PMC4335872 DOI: 10.1128/aac.03274-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Limited information is available on the pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) parameters driving the efficacy of antimalarial drugs. Our objective in this study was to determine dose-response relationships of a panel of related spiroindolone analogs and identify the PK-PD index that correlates best with the efficacy of KAE609, a selected class representative. The dose-response efficacy studies were conducted in the Plasmodium berghei murine malaria model, and the relationship between dose and efficacy (i.e., reduction in parasitemia) was examined. All spiroindolone analogs studied displayed a maximum reduction in parasitemia, with 90% effective dose (ED90) values ranging between 6 and 38 mg/kg of body weight. Further, dose fractionation studies were conducted for KAE609, and the relationship between PK-PD indices and efficacy was analyzed. The PK-PD indices were calculated using the in vitro potency against P. berghei (2× the 99% inhibitory concentration [IC99]) as a threshold (TRE). The percentage of the time in which KAE609 plasma concentrations remained at >2× the IC99 within 48 h (%T>TRE) and the area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 48 h (AUC0–48)/TRE ratio correlated well with parasite reduction (R2 = 0.97 and 0.95, respectively) but less so for the maximum concentration of drug in serum (Cmax)/TRE ratio (R2 = 0.88). The present results suggest that for KAE609 and, supposedly, for its analogs, the dosing regimens covering a T>TRE of 100%, AUC0–48/TRE ratio of 587, and a Cmax/TRE ratio of 30 are likely to result in the maximum reduction in parasitemia in the P. berghei malaria mouse model. This information could be used to prioritize analogs within the same class of compounds and contribute to the design of efficacy studies, thereby facilitating early drug discovery and lead optimization programs.
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JPC-2997, a new aminomethylphenol with high in vitro and in vivo antimalarial activities against blood stages of Plasmodium. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 59:170-7. [PMID: 25331702 DOI: 10.1128/aac.03762-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
4-(tert-Butyl)-2-((tert-butylamino)methyl)-6-(6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl)-phenol (JPC-2997) is a new aminomethylphenol compound that is highly active in vitro against the chloroquine-sensitive D6, the chloroquine-resistant W2, and the multidrug-resistant TM90-C2B Plasmodium falciparum lines, with 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50s) ranging from 7 nM to 34 nM. JPC-2997 is >2,500 times less cytotoxic (IC50s > 35 μM) to human (HepG2 and HEK293) and rodent (BHK) cell lines than the D6 parasite line. In comparison to the chemically related WR-194,965, a drug that had advanced to clinical studies, JPC-2997 was 2-fold more active in vitro against P. falciparum lines and 3-fold less cytotoxic. The compound possesses potent in vivo suppression activity against Plasmodium berghei, with a 50% effective dose (ED50) of 0.5 mg/kg of body weight/day following oral dosing in the Peters 4-day test. The radical curative dose of JPC-2997 was remarkably low, at a total dose of 24 mg/kg, using the modified Thompson test. JPC-2997 was effective in curing three Aotus monkeys infected with a chloroquine- and pyrimethamine-resistant strain of Plasmodium vivax at a dose of 20 mg/kg daily for 3 days. At the doses administered, JPC-2997 appeared to be well tolerated in mice and monkeys. Preliminary studies of JPC-2997 in mice show linear pharmacokinetics over the range 2.5 to 40 mg/kg, a low clearance of 0.22 liters/h/kg, a volume of distribution of 15.6 liters/kg, and an elimination half-life of 49.8 h. The high in vivo potency data and lengthy elimination half-life of JPC-2997 suggest that it is worthy of further preclinical assessment as a partner drug.
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Interspecies allometric scaling of antimalarial drugs and potential application to pediatric dosing. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 58:6068-78. [PMID: 25092696 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02538-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacopeial recommendations for administration of antimalarial drugs are the same weight-based (mg/kg of body weight) doses for children and adults. However, linear calculations are known to underestimate pediatric doses; therefore, interspecies allometric scaling data may have a role in predicting doses in children. We investigated the allometric scaling relationships of antimalarial drugs using data from pharmacokinetic studies in mammalian species. Simple allometry (Y = a × W(b)) was utilized and compared to maximum life span potential (MLP) correction. All drugs showed a strong correlation with clearance (CL) in healthy controls. Insufficient data from malaria-infected species other than humans were available for allometric scaling. The allometric exponents (b) for CL of artesunate, dihydroartemisinin (from intravenous artesunate), artemether, artemisinin, clindamycin, piperaquine, mefloquine, and quinine were 0.71, 0.85, 0.66, 0.83, 0.62, 0.96, 0.52, and 0.40, respectively. Clearance was significantly lower in malaria infection than in healthy (adult) humans for quinine (0.07 versus 0.17 liter/h/kg; P = 0.0002) and dihydroartemisinin (0.81 versus 1.11 liters/h/kg; P = 0.04; power = 0.6). Interpolation of simple allometry provided better estimates of CL for children than MLP correction, which generally underestimated CL values. Pediatric dose calculations based on simple allometric exponents were 10 to 70% higher than pharmacopeial (mg/kg) recommendations. Interpolation of interspecies allometric scaling could provide better estimates than linear scaling of adult to pediatric doses of antimalarial drugs; however, the use of a fixed exponent for CL was not supported in the present study. The variability in allometric exponents for antimalarial drugs also has implications for scaling of fixed-dose combinations.
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Ch'ng JH, Lee YQ, Gun SY, Chia WN, Chang ZW, Wong LK, Batty KT, Russell B, Nosten F, Renia L, Tan KSW. Validation of a chloroquine-induced cell death mechanism for clinical use against malaria. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1305. [PMID: 24967967 PMCID: PMC4611737 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
An alternative antimalarial pathway of an ‘outdated' drug, chloroquine (CQ), may facilitate its return to the shrinking list of effective antimalarials. Conventionally, CQ is believed to interfere with hemozoin formation at nanomolar concentrations, but resistant parasites are able to efflux this drug from the digestive vacuole (DV). However, we show that the DV membrane of both resistant and sensitive laboratory and field parasites is compromised after exposure to micromolar concentrations of CQ, leading to an extrusion of DV proteases. Furthermore, only a short period of exposure is required to compromise the viability of late-stage parasites. To study the feasibility of this strategy, mice malaria models were used to demonstrate that high doses of CQ also triggered DV permeabilization in vivo and reduced reinvasion efficiency. We suggest that a time-release oral formulation of CQ may sustain elevated blood CQ levels sufficiently to clear even CQ-resistant parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-H Ch'ng
- 1] Department of Microbiology, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore, Singapore [2] Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Nobels väg 16, KI Solna Campus, Box 280, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Y-Q Lee
- 1] Department of Microbiology, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore, Singapore [2] NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Centre for Life Sciences (CeLS), #05-01, 28 Medical Drive, Singapore, Singapore
| | - S Y Gun
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, Level 4, Singapore, Singapore
| | - W-N Chia
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, Level 4, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Z-W Chang
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, Level 4, Singapore, Singapore
| | - L-K Wong
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Block S8, Level 3, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore, Singapore
| | - K T Batty
- 1] School of Pharmacy, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth Western Australia 6845 Bentley, WA, Australia [2] West Coast Institute, 35 Kendrew Crescent, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - B Russell
- Department of Microbiology, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore, Singapore
| | - F Nosten
- 1] Shoklo Malaria Research Unit, Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, 68/30 Bantung Road, PO.BOX 46, Maesot, TAK, Thailand [2] Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Old Road, Oxford, UK
| | - L Renia
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), Biopolis, 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, Level 4, Singapore, Singapore
| | - K S-W Tan
- Department of Microbiology, National University of Singapore, 5 Science Drive 2, Singapore, Singapore
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Hetzel MW, Page-Sharp M, Bala N, Pulford J, Betuela I, Davis TME, Lavu EK. Quality of antimalarial drugs and antibiotics in Papua New Guinea: a survey of the health facility supply chain. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96810. [PMID: 24828338 PMCID: PMC4020934 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Poor-quality life-saving medicines are a major public health threat, particularly in settings with a weak regulatory environment. Insufficient amounts of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) endanger patient safety and may contribute to the development of drug resistance. In the case of malaria, concerns relate to implications for the efficacy of artemisinin-based combination therapies (ACT). In Papua New Guinea (PNG), Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax are both endemic and health facilities are the main source of treatment. ACT has been introduced as first-line treatment but other drugs, such as primaquine for the treatment of P. vivax hypnozoites, are widely available. This study investigated the quality of antimalarial drugs and selected antibiotics at all levels of the health facility supply chain in PNG. Methods and Findings Medicines were obtained from randomly sampled health facilities and selected warehouses and hospitals across PNG and analysed for API content using validated high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Of 360 tablet/capsule samples from 60 providers, 9.7% (95% CI 6.9, 13.3) contained less, and 0.6% more, API than pharmacopoeial reference ranges, including 29/37 (78.4%) primaquine, 3/70 (4.3%) amodiaquine, and one sample each of quinine, artemether, sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine and amoxicillin. According to the package label, 86.5% of poor-quality samples originated from India. Poor-quality medicines were found in 48.3% of providers at all levels of the supply chain. Drug quality was unrelated to storage conditions. Conclusions This study documents the presence of poor-quality medicines, particularly primaquine, throughout PNG. Primaquine is the only available transmission-blocking antimalarial, likely to become important to prevent the spread of artemisinin-resistant P. falciparum and eliminating P. vivax hypnozoites. The availability of poor-quality medicines reflects the lack of adequate quality control and regulatory mechanisms. Measures to stop the availability of poor-quality medicines should include limiting procurement to WHO prequalified products and implementing routine quality testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel W. Hetzel
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, EHP, Papua New Guinea
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Nancy Bala
- Central Public Health Laboratory, Boroko, NCD, Papua New Guinea
| | - Justin Pulford
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Goroka, EHP, Papua New Guinea
- The University of Queensland, School of Population Health, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Inoni Betuela
- Papua New Guinea Institute of Medical Research, Madang, MDG, Papua New Guinea
| | - Timothy M. E. Davis
- University of Western Australia, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, Fremantle, WA, Australia
| | - Evelyn K. Lavu
- Central Public Health Laboratory, Boroko, NCD, Papua New Guinea
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Roepe PD. To kill or not to kill, that is the question: cytocidal antimalarial drug resistance. Trends Parasitol 2014; 30:130-5. [PMID: 24530127 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Elucidating mechanisms of antimalarial drug resistance accelerates development of improved diagnostics and the design of new, effective malaria therapy. Recently, several studies have emphasized that chloroquine (CQ) resistance (CQR) can be quantified in two very distinct ways, depending on whether sensitivity to the growth inhibitory effects or parasite-kill effects of the drug are being measured. It is now clear that these cytostatic and cytocidal CQR phenotypes are not equivalent, and recent genetic, cell biological, and biophysical evidence suggests how the molecular mechanisms may overlap. These conclusions have important implications for elucidating other drug resistance phenomena and emphasize new concepts that are essential for the development of new drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Roepe
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets NW, Washington DC 20057, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets NW, Washington DC 20057, USA.
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Ursing J, Eksborg S, Rombo L, Bergqvist Y, Blessborn D, Rodrigues A, Kofoed PE. Chloroquine is grossly under dosed in young children with malaria: implications for drug resistance. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86801. [PMID: 24466245 PMCID: PMC3900653 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Plasmodium falciparum malaria is treated with 25 mg/kg of chloroquine (CQ) irrespective of age. Theoretically, CQ should be dosed according to body surface area (BSA). The effect of dosing CQ according to BSA has not been determined but doubling the dose per kg doubled the efficacy of CQ in children aged <15 years infected with P. falciparum carrying CQ resistance causing genes typical for Africa. The study aim was to determine the effect of age on CQ concentrations. Methods and Findings Day 7 whole blood CQ concentrations were determined in 150 and 302 children treated with 25 and 50 mg/kg, respectively, in previously conducted clinical trials. CQ concentrations normalised for the dose taken in mg/kg of CQ decreased with decreasing age (p<0.001). CQ concentrations normalised for dose taken in mg/m2 were unaffected by age. The median CQ concentration in children aged <2 years taking 50 mg/kg and in children aged 10–14 years taking 25 mg/kg were 825 (95% confidence interval [CI] 662–988) and 758 (95% CI 640–876) nmol/l, respectively (p = 0.67). The median CQ concentration in children aged 10–14 taking 50 mg/kg and children aged 0–2 taking 25 mg/kg were 1521 and 549 nmol/l. Adverse events were not age/concentration dependent. Conclusions CQ is under-dosed in children and should ideally be dosed according to BSA. Children aged <2 years need approximately double the dose per kg to attain CQ concentrations found in children aged 10–14 years. Clinical trials assessing the efficacy of CQ in Africa are typically performed in children aged <5 years. Thus the efficacy of CQ is typically assessed in children in whom CQ is under dosed. Approximately 3 fold higher drug concentrations can probably be safely given to the youngest children. As CQ resistance is concentration dependent an alternative dosing of CQ may overcome resistance in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Ursing
- Projecto de Saúde de Bandim, Indepth Network, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
- Malaria Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| | - Staffan Eksborg
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Childhood Cancer Research Unit, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Rombo
- Malaria Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Centre for Clinical Research, Sörmland, Uppsala University, Sweden
| | | | - Daniel Blessborn
- Mahidol Oxford Research Unit, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Poul-Erik Kofoed
- Projecto de Saúde de Bandim, Indepth Network, Bissau, Guinea-Bissau
- Department of Paediatrics, Kolding Hospital, Kolding, Denmark
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Teasdale ME, Prudhomme J, Torres M, Braley M, Cervantes S, Bhatia SC, La Clair JJ, Le Roch K, Kubanek J. Pharmacokinetics, metabolism, and in vivo efficacy of the antimalarial natural product bromophycolide A. ACS Med Chem Lett 2013; 4:989-993. [PMID: 24159368 DOI: 10.1021/ml4002858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A suite of pharmacokinetic and pharmacological studies show that bromophycolide A (1), an inhibitor of drug-sensitive and drug-resistant Plasmodium falciparum, displays a typical small molecule profile with low toxicity and good bioavailability. Despite susceptibility to liver metabolism and a short in vivo half-life, 1 significantly decreased parasitemia in a malaria mouse model. Combining these data with prior SAR analyses, we demonstrate the potential for future development of 1 and its bioactive ester analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret E. Teasdale
- School of Biology and School of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Aquatic Chemical Ecology Center and
Institute of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Jacques Prudhomme
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Manuel Torres
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Matthew Braley
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Serena Cervantes
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Shanti C. Bhatia
- School of Biology and School of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Aquatic Chemical Ecology Center and
Institute of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - James J. La Clair
- Xenobe Research Institute, San Diego, California 92163, United States
| | - Karine Le Roch
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Julia Kubanek
- School of Biology and School of Chemistry
and Biochemistry, Aquatic Chemical Ecology Center and
Institute of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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