1
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Shukla M, Rathi K, Hassam M, Yadav DK, Karnatak M, Rawat V, Verma VP. An overview on the antimalarial activity of 1,2,4-trioxanes, 1,2,4-trioxolanes and 1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes. Med Res Rev 2024; 44:66-137. [PMID: 37222435 DOI: 10.1002/med.21979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The demand for novel, fast-acting, and effective antimalarial medications is increasing exponentially. Multidrug resistant forms of malarial parasites, which are rapidly spreading, pose a serious threat to global health. Drug resistance has been addressed using a variety of strategies, such as targeted therapies, the hybrid drug idea, the development of advanced analogues of pre-existing drugs, and the hybrid model of resistant strains control mechanisms. Additionally, the demand for discovering new potent drugs grows due to the prolonged life cycle of conventional therapy brought on by the emergence of resistant strains and ongoing changes in existing therapies. The 1,2,4-trioxane ring system in artemisinin (ART) is the most significant endoperoxide structural scaffold and is thought to be the key pharmacophoric moiety required for the pharmacodynamic potential of endoperoxide-based antimalarials. Several derivatives of artemisinin have also been found as potential treatments for multidrug-resistant strain in this area. Many 1,2,4-trioxanes, 1,2,4-trioxolanes, and 1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes derivatives have been synthesised as a result, and many of these have shown promise antimalarial activity both in vivo and in vitro against Plasmodium parasites. As a consequence, efforts to develop a functionally straight-forward, less expensive, and vastly more effective synthetic pathway to trioxanes continue. This study aims to give a thorough examination of the biological properties and mode of action of endoperoxide compounds derived from 1,2,4-trioxane-based functional scaffolds. The present system of 1,2,4-trioxane, 1,2,4-trioxolane, and 1,2,4,5-tetraoxane compounds and dimers with potentially antimalarial activity will be highlighted in this systematic review (January 1963-December 2022).
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Shukla
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Newai, Rajasthan, India
| | - Komal Rathi
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Newai, Rajasthan, India
| | - Mohammad Hassam
- Department of Chemistry, Chemveda Life Sciences Pvt Ltd, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Mohanlal Sukhadia University, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Manvika Karnatak
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Newai, Rajasthan, India
| | - Varun Rawat
- School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ved Prakash Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Banasthali University, Newai, Rajasthan, India
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2
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Siddiqui G, Giannangelo C, De Paoli A, Schuh AK, Heimsch KC, Anderson D, Brown TG, MacRaild CA, Wu J, Wang X, Dong Y, Vennerstrom JL, Becker K, Creek DJ. Peroxide Antimalarial Drugs Target Redox Homeostasis in Plasmodium falciparum Infected Red Blood Cells. ACS Infect Dis 2022; 8:210-226. [PMID: 34985858 PMCID: PMC8762662 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
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Plasmodium
falciparum causes the
most lethal form of malaria. Peroxide antimalarials based on artemisinin
underpin the frontline treatments for malaria, but artemisinin resistance
is rapidly spreading. Synthetic peroxide antimalarials, known as ozonides,
are in clinical development and offer a potential alternative. Here,
we used chemoproteomics to investigate the protein alkylation targets
of artemisinin and ozonide probes, including an analogue of the ozonide
clinical candidate, artefenomel. We greatly expanded the list of proteins
alkylated by peroxide antimalarials and identified significant enrichment
of redox-related proteins for both artemisinins and ozonides. Disrupted
redox homeostasis was confirmed by dynamic live imaging of the glutathione
redox potential using a genetically encoded redox-sensitive fluorescence-based
biosensor. Targeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based
thiol metabolomics also confirmed changes in cellular thiol levels.
This work shows that peroxide antimalarials disproportionately alkylate
proteins involved in redox homeostasis and that disrupted redox processes
are involved in the mechanism of action of these important antimalarials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghizal Siddiqui
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Carlo Giannangelo
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Amanda De Paoli
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Anna Katharina Schuh
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Kim C. Heimsch
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Dovile Anderson
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Timothy G. Brown
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Christopher A. MacRaild
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Jianbo Wu
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986125 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-6125, United States
| | - Xiaofang Wang
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986125 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-6125, United States
| | - Yuxiang Dong
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986125 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-6125, United States
| | - Jonathan L. Vennerstrom
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986125 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-6125, United States
| | - Katja Becker
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Interdisciplinary Research Center, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Darren J. Creek
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
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3
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The Role of the Iron Protoporphyrins Heme and Hematin in the Antimalarial Activity of Endoperoxide Drugs. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15010060. [PMID: 35056117 PMCID: PMC8779033 DOI: 10.3390/ph15010060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium has evolved to regulate the levels and oxidative states of iron protoporphyrin IX (Fe-PPIX). Antimalarial endoperoxides such as 1,2,4-trioxane artemisinin and 1,2,4-trioxolane arterolane undergo a bioreductive activation step mediated by heme (FeII-PPIX) but not by hematin (FeIII-PPIX), leading to the generation of a radical species. This can alkylate proteins vital for parasite survival and alkylate heme into hematin–drug adducts. Heme alkylation is abundant and accompanied by interconversion from the ferrous to the ferric state, which may induce an imbalance in the iron redox homeostasis. In addition to this, hematin–artemisinin adducts antagonize the spontaneous biomineralization of hematin into hemozoin crystals, differing strikingly from artemisinins, which do not directly suppress hematin biomineralization. These hematin–drug adducts, despite being devoid of the peroxide bond required for radical-induced alkylation, are powerful antiplasmodial agents. This review addresses our current understanding of Fe-PPIX as a bioreductive activator and molecular target. A compelling pharmacological model is that by alkylating heme, endoperoxide drugs can cause an imbalance in the iron homeostasis and that the hematin–drug adducts formed have strong cytocidal effects by possibly reproducing some of the toxifying effects of free Fe-PPIX. The antiplasmodial phenotype and the mode of action of hematin–drug adducts open new possibilities for reconciliating the mechanism of endoperoxide drugs and for malaria intervention.
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4
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Studies of Potency and Efficacy of an Optimized Artemisinin-Quinoline Hybrid against Multiple Stages of the Plasmodium Life Cycle. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14111129. [PMID: 34832911 PMCID: PMC8620906 DOI: 10.3390/ph14111129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A recently developed artemisinin-quinoline hybrid, named 163A, has been shown to display potent activity against the asexual blood stage of Plasmodium, the malaria parasite. In this study, we determined its in vitro cytotoxicity to mammalian cells, its potency to suppress P. berghei hepatic infection and to decrease the viability of P. falciparum gametocytes, in addition to determining whether the drug exhibits efficacy of a P. berghei infection in mice. This hybrid compound has a low level of cytotoxicity to mammalian cells and, conversely, a high level of selectivity. It is potent in the prevention of hepatic stage development as well as in killing gametocytes, denoting a potential blockage of malaria transmission. The hybrid presents a potent inhibitory activity for beta-hematin crystal formation, in which subsequent assays revealed that its endoperoxide component undergoes bioactivation by reductive reaction with ferrous heme towards the formation of heme-drug adducts; in parallel, the 7-chloroquinoline component has binding affinity for ferric hemin. Both structural components of the hybrid co-operate to enhance the inhibition of beta-hematin, and this bitopic ligand property is essential for arresting the growth of asexual blood parasites. We demonstrated the in vivo efficacy of the hybrid as an erythrocytic schizonticide agent in comparison to a chloroquine/artemisinin combination therapy. Collectively, the findings suggest that the bitopic property of the hybrid is highly operative on heme detoxification suppression, and this provides compelling evidence for explaining the action of the hybrid on the asexual blood stage. For sporozoite and gametocyte stages, the hybrid conserves the potency typically observed for endoperoxide drugs, and this is possibly achieved due to the redox chemistry of endoperoxide components with ferrous heme.
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5
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Wittlin S, Mäser P. From Magic Bullet to Magic Bomb: Reductive Bioactivation of Antiparasitic Agents. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:2777-2786. [PMID: 34472830 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Paul Ehrlich coined the term "magic bullet" to describe how a drug kills the parasite inside its human host without harming the host itself. Ehrlich concluded that the drug must have a greater affinity to the parasite than to human cells. Today, the specificity of drug action is understood in terms of the drug target. An ideal target is a protein that is essential for the proliferation of the pathogen but absent in human cells. Examples are the enzymes of folate synthesis or of the nonmevalonate pathway in the malaria parasites. However, there are other ways how a drug can kill selectively. Of particular relevance is the specific activation of a prodrug inside the pathogen but not in the host, as this is how the current frontrunners of parasite chemotherapy work. Artemisinins for malaria, fexinidazole for human African trypanosomiasis, benznidazole for Chagas' disease, metronidazole for intestinal protozoa: these molecules are "magic bombs" that are triggered selectively. They are prodrugs that need to be activated by chemical reduction, i.e., the acquisition of an electron, which occurs in the parasite. Such a mode of action is shared by the novel antimalarial peroxides arterolane and artefenomel, which are activated by reduction of the endoperoxide bond with ferrous heme as the likely electron donor, a metabolic end-product of Plasmodium falciparum. Here we provide an overview on the molecular basis of selectivity of antiparasitic drug action with particular reference to the ozonides, the new generation of antimalarial peroxides designed by Jonathan Vennerstrom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Wittlin
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Mäser
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
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6
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Woodley CM, Amado PSM, Cristiano MLS, O'Neill PM. Artemisinin inspired synthetic endoperoxide drug candidates: Design, synthesis, and mechanism of action studies. Med Res Rev 2021; 41:3062-3095. [PMID: 34355414 DOI: 10.1002/med.21849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Artemisinin combination therapies (ACTs) have been used as the first-line treatments against Plasmodium falciparum malaria for decades. Recent advances in chemical proteomics have shed light on the complex mechanism of action of semi-synthetic artemisinin (ARTs), particularly their promiscuous alkylation of parasite proteins via previous heme-mediated bioactivation of the endoperoxide bond. Alarmingly, the rise of resistance to ART in South East Asia and the synthetic limitations of the ART scaffold have pushed the course for the necessity of fully synthetic endoperoxide-based antimalarials. Several classes of synthetic endoperoxide antimalarials have been described in literature utilizing various endoperoxide warheads including 1,2-dioxanes, 1,2,4-trioxanes, 1,2,4-trioxolanes, and 1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes. Two of these classes, the 1,2,4-trioxolanes (arterolane and artefenomel) and the 1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes (N205 and E209) based antimalarials, have been explored extensively and are still in active development. In contrast, the most recent publication pertaining to the development of the 1,2-dioxane, Arteflene, and 1,2,4-trioxanes fenozan-50F, DU1301, and PA1103/SAR116242 was published in 2008. This review summarizes the synthesis, biological and clinical evaluation, and mechanistic studies of the most developed synthetic endoperoxide antimalarials, providing an update on those classes still in active development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrícia S M Amado
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,Center of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal.,Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Maria L S Cristiano
- Center of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal.,Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal
| | - Paul M O'Neill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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7
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Carsanba E, Pintado M, Oliveira C. Fermentation Strategies for Production of Pharmaceutical Terpenoids in Engineered Yeast. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:295. [PMID: 33810302 PMCID: PMC8066412 DOI: 10.3390/ph14040295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Terpenoids, also known as isoprenoids, are a broad and diverse class of plant natural products with significant industrial and pharmaceutical importance. Many of these natural products have antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, and antimalarial effects, support transdermal absorption, prevent and treat cardiovascular diseases, and have hypoglycemic activities. Production of these compounds are generally carried out through extraction from their natural sources or chemical synthesis. However, these processes are generally unsustainable, produce low yield, and result in wasting of substantial resources, most of them limited. Microbial production of terpenoids provides a sustainable and environment-friendly alternative. In recent years, the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has become a suitable cell factory for industrial terpenoid biosynthesis due to developments in omics studies (genomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics, proteomics), and mathematical modeling. Besides that, fermentation development has a significant importance on achieving high titer, yield, and productivity (TYP) of these compounds. Up to now, there have been many studies and reviews reporting metabolic strategies for terpene biosynthesis. However, fermentation strategies have not been yet comprehensively discussed in the literature. This review summarizes recent studies of recombinant production of pharmaceutically important terpenoids by engineered yeast, S. cerevisiae, with special focus on fermentation strategies to increase TYP in order to meet industrial demands to feed the pharmaceutical market. Factors affecting recombinant terpenoids production are reviewed (strain design and fermentation parameters) and types of fermentation process (batch, fed-batch, and continuous) are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erdem Carsanba
- Amyris BioProducts Portugal, Unipessoal, Lda. Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal;
- CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina—Laboratório Associado, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Manuela Pintado
- CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina—Laboratório Associado, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Carla Oliveira
- CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina—Laboratório Associado, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal;
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8
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Nan X, Huyan Y, Li H, Sun S, Xu Y. Reaction-based fluorescent probes for Hg2+, Cu2+ and Fe3+/Fe2+. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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9
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Ma W, Balta VA, West R, Newlin KN, Miljanić OŠ, Sullivan DJ, Vekilov PG, Rimer JD. A second mechanism employed by artemisinins to suppress Plasmodium falciparum hinges on inhibition of hematin crystallization. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100123. [PMID: 33239360 PMCID: PMC7949059 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.016115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria is a pervasive disease that affects millions of lives each year in equatorial regions of the world. During the erythrocytic phase of the parasite life cycle, Plasmodium falciparum invades red blood cells, where it catabolizes hemoglobin and sequesters the released toxic heme as innocuous hemozoin crystals. Artemisinin (ART)-class drugs are activated in vivo by newly released heme, which creates a carbon-centered radical that markedly reduces parasite density. Radical damage to parasite lipids and proteins is perceived to be ARTs' dominant mechanism of action. By contrast, quinoline-class antimalarials inhibit the formation of hemozoin and in this way suppress heme detoxification. Here, we combine malaria parasite assays and scanning probe microscopy of growing β-hematin crystals to elucidate an unexpected mechanism employed by two widely administered antimalarials, ART, and artesunate to subdue the erythrocytic phase of the parasite life cycle. We demonstrate that heme-drug adducts, produced after the radical activation of ARTs and largely believed to be benign bystanders, potently kills P. falciparum at low exogenous concentrations. We show that these adducts inhibit β-hematin crystallization and heme detoxification, a pathway which complements the deleterious effect of radicals generated via parent drug activation. Our findings reveal an irreversible mechanism of heme-ART adduct inhibition of heme crystallization, unique among antimalarials and common crystal growth inhibitors, that opens new avenues for evaluating drug dosing regimens and understanding growing resistance of P. falciparum to ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchuan Ma
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Victoria A Balta
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rachel West
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Katy N Newlin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - David J Sullivan
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Malaria Research Institute, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
| | - Peter G Vekilov
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA. %
| | - Jeffrey D Rimer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA.
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10
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Gonciarz RL, Collisson EA, Renslo AR. Ferrous Iron-Dependent Pharmacology. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2021; 42:7-18. [PMID: 33261861 PMCID: PMC7754709 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2020.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The recent emergence of oxidation state selective probes of cellular iron has produced a more nuanced understanding of how cells utilize this crucial nutrient to empower enzyme function, and also how labile ferrous iron contributes to iron-dependent cell death (ferroptosis) and other disease pathologies including cancer, bacterial infections, and neurodegeneration. These findings, viewed in light of the Fenton chemistry promoted by ferrous iron, suggest a new category of therapeutics exhibiting ferrous iron-dependent pharmacology. While still in its infancy, this nascent field draws inspiration from the remarkable activity and tremendous clinical impact of the antimalarial artemisinin. Here, we review recent insights into the role of labile ferrous iron in biology and disease, and describe new therapeutic approaches designed to exploit this divalent transition metal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan L. Gonciarz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Eric A. Collisson
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Adam R. Renslo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158,Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158,Correspondence:
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11
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Ortalli M, Varani S, Cimato G, Veronesi R, Quintavalla A, Lombardo M, Monari M, Trombini C. Evaluation of the Pharmacophoric Role of the O-O Bond in Synthetic Antileishmanial Compounds: Comparison between 1,2-Dioxanes and Tetrahydropyrans. J Med Chem 2020; 63:13140-13158. [PMID: 33091297 PMCID: PMC8018184 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniases are neglected diseases that can be treated with a limited drug arsenal; the development of new molecules is therefore a priority. Recent evidence indicates that endoperoxides, including artemisinin and its derivatives, possess antileishmanial activity. Here, 1,2-dioxanes were synthesized with their corresponding tetrahydropyrans lacking the peroxide bridge, to ascertain if this group is a key pharmacophoric requirement for the antileishmanial bioactivity. Newly synthesized compounds were examined in vitro, and their mechanism of action was preliminarily investigated. Three endoperoxides and their corresponding tetrahydropyrans effectively inhibited the growth of Leishmania donovani promastigotes and amastigotes, and iron did not play a significant role in their activation. Further, reactive oxygen species were produced in both endoperoxide- and tetrahydropyran-treated promastigotes. In conclusion, the peroxide group proved not to be crucial for the antileishmanial bioactivity of endoperoxides, under the tested conditions. Our findings reveal the potential of both 1,2-dioxanes and tetrahydropyrans as lead compounds for novel therapies against Leishmania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Ortalli
- Unit of Clinical Microbiology, Regional Reference
Centre for Microbiological Emergencies (CRREM), St. Orsola-Malpighi
University Hospital, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna,
Italy
| | - Stefania Varani
- Unit of Clinical Microbiology, Regional Reference
Centre for Microbiological Emergencies (CRREM), St. Orsola-Malpighi
University Hospital, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna,
Italy
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty
Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via
Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giorgia Cimato
- Unit of Clinical Microbiology, Regional Reference
Centre for Microbiological Emergencies (CRREM), St. Orsola-Malpighi
University Hospital, Via Massarenti 9, 40138 Bologna,
Italy
| | - Ruben Veronesi
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”,
Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna Via Selmi 2,
40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Arianna Quintavalla
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”,
Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna Via Selmi 2,
40126 Bologna, Italy
- Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca sulla Malaria
(CIRM) - Italian Malaria Network (IMN), University of Milan,
20100 Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Lombardo
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”,
Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna Via Selmi 2,
40126 Bologna, Italy
- Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca sulla Malaria
(CIRM) - Italian Malaria Network (IMN), University of Milan,
20100 Milan, Italy
| | - Magda Monari
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”,
Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna Via Selmi 2,
40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudio Trombini
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”,
Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna Via Selmi 2,
40126 Bologna, Italy
- Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca sulla Malaria
(CIRM) - Italian Malaria Network (IMN), University of Milan,
20100 Milan, Italy
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12
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Clark RL. Teratogen update: Malaria in pregnancy and the use of antimalarial drugs in the first trimester. Birth Defects Res 2020; 112:1403-1449. [PMID: 33079495 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Malaria is a particular problem in pregnancy because of enhanced sensitivity, the possibility of placental malaria, and adverse effects on pregnancy outcome. Artemisinin-containing combination therapies (ACTs) are the most effective antimalarials known. WHO recommends 7-day quinine therapy for uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in the first trimester despite the superior tolerability and efficacy of 3-day ACT regimens because artemisinins caused embryolethality and/or cardiovascular malformations at relatively low doses in rats, rabbits, and monkeys. The developmental toxicity of artesunate, artemether, and DHA were similar in rats but artesunate was embryotoxic at lower doses in rabbits (5 mg/kg/day) than artemether (no effect level = 25 mg/kg/day). In clinical studies in Africa, treatment with artemether-lumefantrine in the first trimester was observed to be highly efficacious and the miscarriage rate (≤3.1%) was similar to no antimalarial treatment (2.6%). When data from the first-trimester use of largely artesunate-based therapies in Thailand were pooled together, there was no difference in miscarriage rate compared to quinine. However, individually, artesunate-mefloquine was associated with a higher miscarriage rate (15/71 = 21%) compared to other artemisinin-based therapies including 7-day artesunate + clindamycin (2/50 = 4%) and quinine (92/842 = 11%). Thus, appropriate statistical comparisons of individual ACT groups are needed prior to assuming that they all have the same risk for developmental toxicity. Current limitations in the assessment of the safety of ACTs in the first trimester are a lack of exposures early in gestation (gestational weeks 6-7), limited postnatal evaluation for cardiovascular malformations, and the pooling of all ACTs for the assessment of risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Clark
- Artemis Pharmaceutical Research, Saint Augustine, Florida, USA
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13
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Rosenthal MR, Ng CL. Plasmodium falciparum Artemisinin Resistance: The Effect of Heme, Protein Damage, and Parasite Cell Stress Response. ACS Infect Dis 2020; 6:1599-1614. [PMID: 32324369 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite a significant decline in morbidity and mortality over the last two decades, in 2018 there were 228 million reported cases of malaria and 405000 malaria-related deaths. Artemisinin, the cornerstone of artemisinin-based combination therapies, is the most potent drug in the antimalarial armamentarium against falciparum malaria. Heme-mediated activation of artemisinin and its derivatives results in widespread parasite protein alkylation, which is thought to lead to parasite death. Alarmingly, cases of decreased artemisinin efficacy have been widely detected across Cambodia and in neighboring countries, and a few cases have been reported in the Guiana Shield, India, and Africa. The grim prospect of widespread artemisinin resistance propelled a concerted effort to understand the mechanisms of artemisinin action and resistance. The identification of genetic markers and the knowledge of molecular mechanisms underpinning artemisinin resistance allow prospective surveillance and inform future drug development strategies, respectively. Here, we highlight recent advances in our understanding of how parasite vesicle trafficking, hemoglobin digestion, and cell stress responses contribute to artemisinin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa R. Rosenthal
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Caroline L. Ng
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
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14
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Wu J, Wang X, Chiu FCK, Häberli C, Shackleford DM, Ryan E, Kamaraj S, Bulbule VJ, Wallick AI, Dong Y, White KL, Davis PH, Charman SA, Keiser J, Vennerstrom JL. Structure-Activity Relationship of Antischistosomal Ozonide Carboxylic Acids. J Med Chem 2020; 63:3723-3736. [PMID: 32134263 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c00069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Semisynthetic artemisinins and other bioactive peroxides are best known for their powerful antimalarial activities, and they also show substantial activity against schistosomes-another hemoglobin-degrading pathogen. Building on this discovery, we now describe the initial structure-activity relationship (SAR) of antischistosomal ozonide carboxylic acids OZ418 (2) and OZ165 (3). Irrespective of lipophilicity, these ozonide weak acids have relatively low aqueous solubilities and high protein binding values. Ozonides with para-substituted carboxymethoxy and N-benzylglycine substituents had high antischistosomal efficacies. It was possible to increase solubility, decrease protein binding, and maintain the high antischistosomal activity in mice infected with juvenile and adult Schistosoma mansoni by incorporating a weak base functional group in these compounds. In some cases, adding polar functional groups and heteroatoms to the spiroadamantane substructure increased the solubility and metabolic stability, but in all cases decreased the antischistosomal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Wu
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 986125, United States
| | - Xiaofang Wang
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 986125, United States
| | - Francis C K Chiu
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Cécile Häberli
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - David M Shackleford
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Eileen Ryan
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Sriraghavan Kamaraj
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 986125, United States
| | - Vivek J Bulbule
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 986125, United States
| | - Alexander I Wallick
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska 68182, United States
| | - Yuxiang Dong
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 986125, United States
| | - Karen L White
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Paul H Davis
- Department of Biology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, Nebraska 68182, United States
| | - Susan A Charman
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Jennifer Keiser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan L Vennerstrom
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 986125, United States
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15
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Yang W, Chen X, Li Y, Guo S, Wang Z, Yu X. Advances in Pharmacological Activities of Terpenoids. Nat Prod Commun 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x20903555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Terpenoids, the most abundant compounds in natural products, are a set of important secondary metabolites in plants with diverse structures. Terpenoids play key roles in plant growth and development, response to the environment, and physiological processes. As raw materials, terpenoids were also widely used in pharmaceuticals, food, and cosmetics industries. Terpenoids possess antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, antimalarial effects, promote transdermal absorption, prevent and treat cardiovascular diseases, and have hypoglycemic activities. In addition, previous studies have also found that terpenoids have many potential applications, such as insect resistance, immunoregulation, antioxidation, antiaging, and neuroprotection. Terpenoids have a complex structure with diverse effects and different mechanisms of action. Activities and mechanisms of terpenoids were reviewed in this paper. The development and application prospect of terpenoid compounds were also prospected, which provides a useful reference for new drug discovery and drug design based on terpenoids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xu Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Linyi University, P. R. China
| | - Yanli Li
- School of Pharmacy, Linyi University, P. R. China
| | - Shaofen Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Linyi University, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Linyi University, P. R. China
| | - Xiuling Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Linyi University, P. R. China
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16
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Abstract
There is a pressing need for compounds with broad-spectrum activity against malaria parasites at various life cycle stages to achieve malaria elimination. However, this goal cannot be accomplished without targeting the tenacious dormant liver-stage hypnozoite that causes multiple relapses after the first episode of illness. In the search for the magic bullet to radically cure Plasmodium vivax malaria, tafenoquine outperformed other candidate drugs and was approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 2018. Tafenoquine is an 8-aminoquinoline that inhibits multiple life stages of various Plasmodium species. Additionally, its much longer half-life allows for single-dose treatment, which will improve the compliance rate. Despite its approval and the long-time use of other 8-aminoquinolines, the mechanisms behind tafenoquine's activity and adverse effects are still largely unknown. In this Perspective, we discuss the plausible underlying mechanisms of tafenoquine's antiparasitic activity and highlight its role as a cellular stressor. We also discuss potential drug combinations and the development of next-generation 8-aminoquinolines to further improve the therapeutic index of tafenoquine for malaria treatment and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan-Yi Lu
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Emily R Derbyshire
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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17
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Jourdan J, Walz A, Matile H, Schmidt A, Wu J, Wang X, Dong Y, Vennerstrom JL, Schmidt RS, Wittlin S, Mäser P. Stochastic Protein Alkylation by Antimalarial Peroxides. ACS Infect Dis 2019; 5:2067-2075. [PMID: 31626733 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Antimalarial peroxides such as the phytochemical artemisinin or the synthetic ozonides arterolane and artefenomel undergo reductive cleavage of the pharmacophoric peroxide bond by ferrous heme, released by parasite hemoglobin digestion. The generated carbon-centered radicals alkylate heme in an intramolecular reaction and proteins in an intermolecular reaction. Here, we determine the proteinaceous alkylation signatures of artemisinin and synthetic ozonides in Plasmodium falciparum using alkyne click chemistry probes to identify target proteins by affinity purification and mass spectrometry-based proteomics. Using stringent controls and purification procedures, we identified 25 P. falciparum proteins that were alkylated by the antimalarial peroxides in a peroxide-dependent manner, but the alkylation patterns were more random than we had anticipated. Moreover, there was little overlap in the alkylation signatures identified in this work and those disclosed in previous studies. Our findings suggest that alkylation of parasite proteins by antimalarial peroxides is likely to be a nonspecific, stochastic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joëlle Jourdan
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Annabelle Walz
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hugues Matile
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Schmidt
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 50/70, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jianbo Wu
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 42nd and Emile, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-6125, United States
| | - Xiaofang Wang
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 42nd and Emile, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-6125, United States
| | - Yuxiang Dong
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 42nd and Emile, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-6125, United States
| | - Jonathan L. Vennerstrom
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 42nd and Emile, Omaha, Nebraska 68198-6125, United States
| | - Remo S. Schmidt
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sergio Wittlin
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Mäser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
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18
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Giannangelo C, Anderson D, Wang X, Vennerstrom JL, Charman SA, Creek DJ. Ozonide Antimalarials Alkylate Heme in the Malaria Parasite Plasmodium falciparum. ACS Infect Dis 2019; 5:2076-2086. [PMID: 31622078 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of action of ozonide antimalarials involves activation by intraparasitic iron and the formation of highly reactive carbon-centered radicals that alkylate malaria parasite proteins. Given free intraparasitic heme is generally thought to be the iron source responsible for ozonide activation and its likely close proximity to the activated drug, we investigated heme as a possible molecular target of the ozonides. Using an extraction method optimized for solubilization of free heme, untargeted LC-MS analysis of ozonide-treated parasites identified several regioisomers of ozonide-alkylated heme, which resulted from covalent modification of the heme porphyrin ring by an ozonide-derived carbon-centered radical. In addition to the intact alkylated heme adduct, putative ozonide-alkylated heme degradation products were also detected. This study directly demonstrates ozonide modification of heme within the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, revealing that this process may be important for the biological activity of ozonide antimalarials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Giannangelo
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Dovile Anderson
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Xiaofang Wang
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986125 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Jonathan L. Vennerstrom
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986125 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Susan A. Charman
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Darren J. Creek
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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19
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Brecht K, Kirchhofer C, Bouitbir J, Trapani F, Keiser J, Krähenbühl S. Exogenous Iron Increases Fasciocidal Activity and Hepatocellular Toxicity of the Synthetic Endoperoxides OZ78 and MT04. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20194880. [PMID: 31581457 PMCID: PMC6801819 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20194880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthetic peroxides OZ78 and MT04 recently emerged as fasciocidal drug candidates. However, the effect of iron on fasciocidal activity and hepatocellular toxicity of these compounds is unknown. We investigated the in vitro fasciocidal activity and hepatocellular toxicity of OZ78 and MT04 in absence and presence of Fe(II)chloride and hemin, and conducted a toxicological study in mice. Studies were performed in comparison with the antimalarial artesunate (AS), a semisynthetic peroxide. Fasciocidal effects of OZ78 and MT04 were confirmed and enhanced by Fe2+ or hemin. In HepG2 cells, AS reduced cellular ATP and impaired membrane integrity concentration-dependently. In comparison, OZ78 or MT04 were not toxic at 100 µM and reduced the cellular ATP by 13% and 19%, respectively, but were not membrane-toxic at 500 µM. The addition of Fe2+ or hemin increased the toxicity of OZ78 and MT04 significantly. AS inhibited complex I, II, and IV of the mitochondrial electron transport chain, and MT04 impaired complex I and II, whereas OZ78 was not toxic. All three compounds increased cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentration-dependently, with a further increase by Fe2+ or hemin. Mice treated orally with up to 800 mg OZ78, or MT04 showed no relevant hepatotoxicity. In conclusion, we confirmed fasciocidal activity of OZ78 and MT04, which was increased by Fe2+ or hemin. OZ78 and MT04 were toxic to HepG2 cells, which was explained by mitochondrial damage associated with ROS generation in the presence of iron. No relevant hepatotoxicity was observed in mice in vivo, possibly due to limited exposure and/or high antioxidative hepatic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Brecht
- Division of Biopharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Basel, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Carla Kirchhofer
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Jamal Bouitbir
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, Department of Medicine, University of Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland.
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland.
- Swiss Centre of Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), University of Basel, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Francesca Trapani
- Institute of Pathology, University of Basel, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Jennifer Keiser
- Department of Medical Parasitology and Infection Biology, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Stephan Krähenbühl
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology & Toxicology, Department of Medicine, University of Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland.
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland.
- Swiss Centre of Applied Human Toxicology (SCAHT), University of Basel, CH-4001 Basel, Switzerland.
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20
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Bayat Z, Gholizadeh A. Calculations of Geometric Parameters and Physicochemical Properties of Complexes Formed of FE(II)-Reactive 1,2,4-Trioxolane Ring and Some Anti-Malaria Drugs Via Traceless Linker. Pharm Chem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11094-019-02012-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Tiwari MK, Yadav DK, Chaudhary S. Recent Developments in Natural Product Inspired Synthetic 1,2,4- Trioxolanes (Ozonides): An Unusual Entry into Antimalarial Chemotherapy. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:831-846. [DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666190412104042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
According to WHO “World health statistics 2018”, malaria alongside acute respiratory infections
and diarrhoea, is one of the major infectious disease causing children’s death in between the
age of 1-5 years. Similarly, according to another report (2016) malaria accounts for approximately
3.14% of the total disease burden worldwide. Although malaria has been widely eradicated in many
parts of the world, the global number of cases continues to rise due to the rapid spread of malaria parasites
that are resistant to antimalarial drugs. Artemisinin (8), a major breakthrough in the antimalarial
chemotherapy was isolated from the plant Artemisia annua in 1972. Its semi-synthetic derivatives such
as artemether (9), arteether (10), and artesunic acid (11) are quite effective against multi-drug resistant
malaria strains and are currently the drug of choice for the treatment of malaria. Inspite of exhibiting
excellent antimalarial activity by artemisinin (8) and its derivatives, parallel programmes for the discovery
of novel natural and synthetic peroxides were also the area of investigation of medicinal chemists
all over the world. In these continuous efforts of extensive research, natural ozonide (1,2,4-
trioxolane) was isolated from Adiantum monochlamys (Pteridaceae) and Oleandra wallichii (Davalliaceae)
in 1976. These naturally occurring stable ozonides inspired chemists to investigate this novel
class for antimalarial chemotherapy. The first identification of unusually stable synthetic antimalarial
1,2,4-trioxolanes was reported in 1992. Thus, an unusual entry of ozonides in the field of antimalarial
chemotherapy had occurred in the early nineties. This review highlights the recent advancements and
historical developments observed during the past 42 years (1976-2018) focusing mainly on important
ventures of the antimalarial 1,2,4-trioxolanes (ozonides).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit K. Tiwari
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, Jawaharlal Nehru Marg, Jaipur-302017, India
| | - Dharmendra K. Yadav
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Hambakmoeiro 191, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon city, 406-799, Korea
| | - Sandeep Chaudhary
- Laboratory of Organic and Medicinal Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, Jawaharlal Nehru Marg, Jaipur-302017, India
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22
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Ozonide Antimalarial Activity in the Context of Artemisinin-Resistant Malaria. Trends Parasitol 2019; 35:529-543. [PMID: 31176584 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The ozonides are one of the most advanced drug classes in the antimalarial development pipeline and were designed to improve on limitations associated with current front-line artemisinin-based therapies. Like the artemisinins, the pharmacophoric peroxide bond of ozonides is essential for activity, and it appears that these antimalarials share a similar mode of action, raising the possibility of cross-resistance. Resistance to artemisinins is associated with Plasmodium falciparum mutations that allow resistant parasites to escape short-term artemisinin-mediated damage (elimination half-life ~1 h). Importantly, some ozonides (e.g., OZ439) have a sustained in vivo drug exposure profile, providing a major pharmacokinetic advantage over the artemisinin derivatives. Here, we describe recent progress made towards understanding ozonide antimalarial activity and discuss ozonide utility within the context of artemisinin resistance.
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23
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Kazakov DV, Nazyrov TI, Safarov FE, Yaremenko IA, Terent'ev AO. Chemiluminescence in the reaction of 1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes with ferrous ions in the presence of xanthene dyes: fundamentals and perspectives of analytical applications. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2019; 18:1130-1137. [DOI: 10.1039/c8pp00472b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of biologically active bridged 1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes and diperoxide of trifluoroacetone with Fe2+ ions in the presence of xanthenes, methylene blue and methylene green is accompanied by bright chemiluminescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri V. Kazakov
- Non-profit Scientific
- Educational and Innovational Partnership “Centre of Diagnostics for Nanostructures and Nanomaterials”
- 119991 Moscow
- Russia
- Ufa Institute of Chemistry – Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - Timur I. Nazyrov
- Ufa Institute of Chemistry – Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of Russian Academy of Sciences
- 450054 Ufa
- Russia
| | - Farit E. Safarov
- Ufa Institute of Chemistry – Subdivision of the Ufa Federal Research Centre of Russian Academy of Sciences
- 450054 Ufa
- Russia
| | - Ivan A. Yaremenko
- N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry of the RAS
- 119991 Moscow
- Russia
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24
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Bergquist R, Elmorshedy H. Artemether and Praziquantel: Origin, Mode of Action, Impact, and Suggested Application for Effective Control of Human Schistosomiasis. Trop Med Infect Dis 2018; 3:tropicalmed3040125. [PMID: 30572592 PMCID: PMC6306701 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed3040125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The stumbling block for the continued, single-drug use of praziquantel (PZQ) against schistosomiasis is less justified by the risk of drug resistance than by the fact that this drug is inactive against juvenile parasites, which will mature and start egg production after chemotherapy. Artemisinin derivatives, currently used against malaria in the form of artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT), provide an opportunity as these drugs are not only active against malaria plasmodia, but surprisingly also against juvenile schistosomes. An artemisinin/PZQ combination would be complementary, and potentially additive, as it would kill two schistosome life cycle stages and thus confer a transmission-blocking modality to current chemotherapy. We focus here on single versus combined regimens in endemic settings. Although the risk of artemisinin resistance, already emerging with respect to malaria therapy in Southeast Asia, prevents use in countries where ACT is needed for malaria care, an artemisinin-enforced praziquantel treatment (APT) should be acceptable in regions of North Africa (including Egypt), the Middle East, China, and Brazil that are not endemic for malaria. Thanks to recent progress with respect to high-resolution diagnostics, based on circulating schistosome antigens in humans and molecular approaches for snail surveys, it should be possible to keep areas scheduled for schistosomiasis elimination under surveillance, bringing rapid response to bear on problems arising. The next steps would be to investigate where and for how long APT should be applied to make a lasting impact. A large-scale field trial in an area with modest transmission should tell how apt this approach is.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hala Elmorshedy
- College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Tropical Health, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21561, Egypt.
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25
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Heller LE, Goggins E, Roepe PD. Dihydroartemisinin-Ferriprotoporphyrin IX Adduct Abundance in Plasmodium falciparum Malarial Parasites and the Relationship to Emerging Artemisinin Resistance. Biochemistry 2018; 57:6935-6945. [PMID: 30512926 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Previously (Heller, L. E., and Roepe, P. D. Quantification of Free Ferriprotoporphyrin IX Heme and Hemozoin for Artemisinin Sensitive versus Delayed Clearance Phenotype Plasmodium falciparum Malarial Parasites. Biochemistry, DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00959, preceding paper in this issue), we quantified free ferriprotoporphyrin IX (FPIX) heme abundance for control versus delayed clearance phenotype (DCP) intraerythrocytic Plasmodium falciparum malarial parasites. Because artemisinin drugs are activated by free FPIX, these data predict that the abundance of long-hypothesized toxic artemisinin drug-FPIX covalent adducts might differ for control versus DCP parasites. If so, this would have important repercussions for understanding the mechanism of the DCP, also known as emerging artemisinin resistance. To test these predictions, we studied in vitro formation of FPIX-dihydroartemisinin (DHA) adducts and then for the first time quantified the abundance of FPIX-DHA adducts formed within live P. falciparum versus the stage of intraerythrocytic development. Using matched isogenic parasite strains, we quantified the adduct for DCP versus control parasite strains and found that mutant PfK13 mediates lower adduct abundance for DCP parasites. The results suggest improved models for the molecular pharmacology of artemisinin-based antimalarial drugs and the molecular mechanism of the DCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Heller
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology , Georgetown University , 37th and O Streets Northwest , Washington, D.C. 20057 , United States
| | - Eibhlin Goggins
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology , Georgetown University , 37th and O Streets Northwest , Washington, D.C. 20057 , United States
| | - Paul D Roepe
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology , Georgetown University , 37th and O Streets Northwest , Washington, D.C. 20057 , United States
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26
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Parasite-Mediated Degradation of Synthetic Ozonide Antimalarials Impacts In Vitro Antimalarial Activity. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:AAC.01566-17. [PMID: 29263074 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01566-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The peroxide bond of the artemisinins inspired the development of a class of fully synthetic 1,2,4-trioxolane-based antimalarials, collectively known as the ozonides. Similar to the artemisinins, heme-mediated degradation of the ozonides generates highly reactive radical species that are thought to mediate parasite killing by damaging critical parasite biomolecules. We examined the relationship between parasite dependent degradation and antimalarial activity for two ozonides, OZ277 (arterolane) and OZ439 (artefenomel), using a combination of in vitro drug stability and pulsed-exposure activity assays. Our results showed that drug degradation is parasite stage dependent and positively correlates with parasite load. Increasing trophozoite-stage parasitemia leads to substantially higher rates of degradation for both OZ277 and OZ439, and this is associated with a reduction in in vitro antimalarial activity. Under conditions of very high parasitemia (∼90%), OZ277 and OZ439 were rapidly degraded and completely devoid of activity in trophozoite-stage parasite cultures exposed to a 3-h drug pulse. This study highlights the impact of increasing parasite load on ozonide stability and in vitro antimalarial activity and should be considered when investigating the antimalarial mode of action of the ozonide antimalarials under conditions of high parasitemia.
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27
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Aron AT, Reeves AG, Chang CJ. Activity-based sensing fluorescent probes for iron in biological systems. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2018; 43:113-118. [PMID: 29306820 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2017.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Iron is an essential nutrient for life, and its capacity to cycle between different oxidation states is required for processes spanning oxygen transport and respiration to nucleotide synthesis and epigenetic regulation. However, this same redox ability also makes iron, if not regulated properly, a potentially dangerous toxin that can trigger oxidative stress and damage. New methods that enable monitoring of iron in living biological systems, particularly in labile Fe2+ forms, can help identify its contributions to physiology, aging, and disease. In this review, we summarize recent developments in activity-based sensing (ABS) probes for fluorescence Fe2+ detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allegra T Aron
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Audrey G Reeves
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Christopher J Chang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Departments of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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28
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Clark RL, Edwards TL, Longo M, Kinney J, Walker DK, Rhodes J, Clode SA, Rückle T, Wells T, Andenmatten N, Huber AC. Improved safety margin for embryotoxicity in rats for the new endoperoxide artefenomel (OZ439) as compared to artesunate. Birth Defects Res 2017; 110:553-578. [DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jon Rhodes
- Covance Laboratories Ltd, Reproduction Toxicology; Harrogate North Yorkshire United Kingdom
| | - Sally A. Clode
- Covance Laboratories Ltd, Reproduction Toxicology; Harrogate North Yorkshire United Kingdom
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29
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Yuan DS, Chen YP, Tan LL, Huang SQ, Li CQ, Wang Q, Zeng QP. Artemisinin: A Panacea Eligible for Unrestrictive Use? Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:737. [PMID: 29089893 PMCID: PMC5651041 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although artemisinin has been used as anti-malarial drug, accumulating evidence on the extended therapeutic potential of artemisinin emerges. Apart from anti-malaria and anti-tumor, artemisinin can also exert beneficial effects on some metabolic disorders, such as obesity, diabetes, and aging-related diseases. However, whether artemisinin should be applied to treatment of the wide-spectrum diseases is debating. Here, we discuss the predisposition of a raised risk of malarial resistance to artemisinin from consideration of the multi-target and non-specific features of artemisinin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Sheng Yuan
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Ping Chen
- Tropical Medicine Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Li Tan
- Tropical Medicine Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shui-Qing Huang
- Basic Medical Science College, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chang-Qing Li
- Tropical Medicine Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Clinical Pharmacology Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qing-Ping Zeng
- Tropical Medicine Institute, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
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30
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Persico M, Fattorusso R, Taglialatela-Scafati O, Chianese G, de Paola I, Zaccaro L, Rondinelli F, Lombardo M, Quintavalla A, Trombini C, Fattorusso E, Fattorusso C, Farina B. The interaction of heme with plakortin and a synthetic endoperoxide analogue: new insights into the heme-activated antimalarial mechanism. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45485. [PMID: 28383076 PMCID: PMC5382535 DOI: 10.1038/srep45485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present work we performed a combined experimental and computational study on the interaction of the natural antimalarial endoperoxide plakortin and its synthetic analogue 4a with heme. Obtained results indicate that the studied compounds produce reactive carbon radical species after being reductively activated by heme. In particular, similarly to artemisinin, the formation of radicals prone to inter-molecular reactions should represent the key event responsible for Plasmodium death. To our knowledge this is the first experimental investigation on the reductive activation of simple antimalarial endoperoxides (1,2-dioxanes) by heme and results were compared to the ones previously obtained from the reaction with FeCl2. The obtained experimental data and the calculated molecular interaction models represent crucial tools for the rational optimization of our promising class of low-cost synthetic antimalarial endoperoxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Persico
- University of Naples "Federico II", Department of Pharmacy, Via D. Montesano 49, Napoli, 80131, Italy.,Italian Malaria Network - Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca Sulla Malaria (CIRM) Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Science, Via Del Giochetto, Perugia, Italy
| | - Roberto Fattorusso
- Second University of Naples, Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Via Vivaldi 43, Caserta, 81100, Italy.,Institute of Biostructures and Bioimages (IBB) CNR, Via Mezzocannone 16, Naples, 80134, Italy
| | - Orazio Taglialatela-Scafati
- University of Naples "Federico II", Department of Pharmacy, Via D. Montesano 49, Napoli, 80131, Italy.,Italian Malaria Network - Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca Sulla Malaria (CIRM) Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Science, Via Del Giochetto, Perugia, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Chianese
- University of Naples "Federico II", Department of Pharmacy, Via D. Montesano 49, Napoli, 80131, Italy.,Italian Malaria Network - Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca Sulla Malaria (CIRM) Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Science, Via Del Giochetto, Perugia, Italy
| | - Ivan de Paola
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimages (IBB) CNR, Via Mezzocannone 16, Naples, 80134, Italy
| | - Laura Zaccaro
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimages (IBB) CNR, Via Mezzocannone 16, Naples, 80134, Italy
| | - Francesca Rondinelli
- University of Naples "Federico II", Department of Pharmacy, Via D. Montesano 49, Napoli, 80131, Italy.,Italian Malaria Network - Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca Sulla Malaria (CIRM) Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Science, Via Del Giochetto, Perugia, Italy
| | - Marco Lombardo
- Italian Malaria Network - Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca Sulla Malaria (CIRM) Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Science, Via Del Giochetto, Perugia, Italy.,Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", Via Selmi 2, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Arianna Quintavalla
- Italian Malaria Network - Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca Sulla Malaria (CIRM) Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Science, Via Del Giochetto, Perugia, Italy.,Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", Via Selmi 2, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Claudio Trombini
- Italian Malaria Network - Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca Sulla Malaria (CIRM) Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Science, Via Del Giochetto, Perugia, Italy.,Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", Via Selmi 2, Bologna, 40126, Italy
| | - Ernesto Fattorusso
- University of Naples "Federico II", Department of Pharmacy, Via D. Montesano 49, Napoli, 80131, Italy.,Italian Malaria Network - Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca Sulla Malaria (CIRM) Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Science, Via Del Giochetto, Perugia, Italy
| | - Caterina Fattorusso
- University of Naples "Federico II", Department of Pharmacy, Via D. Montesano 49, Napoli, 80131, Italy.,Italian Malaria Network - Centro Interuniversitario di Ricerca Sulla Malaria (CIRM) Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Science, Via Del Giochetto, Perugia, Italy
| | - Biancamaria Farina
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimages (IBB) CNR, Via Mezzocannone 16, Naples, 80134, Italy.,Advanced Accelerator Applications, Via Vivaldi 43, Caserta, 81100, Italy
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31
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Baumgärtner F, Jourdan J, Scheurer C, Blasco B, Campo B, Mäser P, Wittlin S. In vitro activity of anti-malarial ozonides against an artemisinin-resistant isolate. Malar J 2017; 16:45. [PMID: 28122617 PMCID: PMC5267415 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-017-1696-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently published data suggest that artemisinin derivatives and synthetic peroxides, such as the ozonides OZ277 and OZ439, have a similar mode of action. Here the cross-resistance of OZ277 and OZ439 and four additional next-generation ozonides was probed against the artemisinin-resistant clinical isolate Plasmodium falciparum Cam3.I, which carries the K13-propeller mutation R539T (Cam3.IR539T). METHODS The previously described in vitro ring-stage survival assay (RSA0-3h) was employed and a simplified variation of the original protocol was developed. RESULTS At the pharmacologically relevant concentration of 700 nM, all six ozonides were highly effective against the dihydroartemisinin-resistant P. falciparum Cam3.IR539T parasites, showing a per cent survival ranging from <0.01 to 1.83%. A simplified version of the original RSA0-3h method was developed and gave similar results, thus providing a practical drug discovery tool for further optimization of next-generation anti-malarial peroxides. CONCLUSION The absence of in vitro cross-resistance against the artemisinin-resistant clinical isolate Cam3.IR539T suggests that ozonides could be effective against artemisinin-resistant P. falciparum. How this will translate to the human situation in clinical settings remains to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Baumgärtner
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Joëlle Jourdan
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christian Scheurer
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Blasco
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, ICC, 20 Route de Pré-Bois, PO Box 1826, 1215 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Brice Campo
- Medicines for Malaria Venture, ICC, 20 Route de Pré-Bois, PO Box 1826, 1215 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Mäser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sergio Wittlin
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4002 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
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32
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Dong Y, Wang X, Kamaraj S, Bulbule VJ, Chiu FCK, Chollet J, Dhanasekaran M, Hein CD, Papastogiannidis P, Morizzi J, Shackleford DM, Barker H, Ryan E, Scheurer C, Tang Y, Zhao Q, Zhou L, White KL, Urwyler H, Charman WN, Matile H, Wittlin S, Charman SA, Vennerstrom JL. Structure–Activity Relationship of the Antimalarial Ozonide Artefenomel (OZ439). J Med Chem 2017; 60:2654-2668. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiang Dong
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986125 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Xiaofang Wang
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986125 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Sriraghavan Kamaraj
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986125 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Vivek J. Bulbule
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986125 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Francis C. K. Chiu
- Centre for
Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Jacques Chollet
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Manickam Dhanasekaran
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986125 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Christopher D. Hein
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986125 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Petros Papastogiannidis
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Morizzi
- Centre for
Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - David M. Shackleford
- Centre for
Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Helena Barker
- Centre for
Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Eileen Ryan
- Centre for
Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Christian Scheurer
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yuanqing Tang
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986125 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Qingjie Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986125 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Lin Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986125 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Karen L. White
- Centre for
Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Heinrich Urwyler
- Basilea Pharmaceutica Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 487, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - William N. Charman
- Centre for
Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Hugues Matile
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sergio Wittlin
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Susan A. Charman
- Centre for
Drug Candidate Optimisation, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University (Parkville Campus), 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Jonathan L. Vennerstrom
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986125 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
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33
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Spangler B, Fontaine SD, Shi Y, Sambucetti L, Mattis AN, Hann B, Wells JA, Renslo AR. A Novel Tumor-Activated Prodrug Strategy Targeting Ferrous Iron Is Effective in Multiple Preclinical Cancer Models. J Med Chem 2016; 59:11161-11170. [PMID: 27936709 PMCID: PMC5184369 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Here we describe
a new approach for tumor targeting in which augmented
concentrations of Fe(II) in cancer cells and/or the tumor microenvironment
triggers drug release from an Fe(II)-reactive prodrug conjugate. The
1,2,4-trioxolane scaffold developed to enable this approach can in
principle be applied to a broad range of cancer therapeutics and is
illustrated here with Fe(II)-targeted forms of a microtubule toxin
and a duocarmycin-class DNA-alkylating agent. We show that the intrinsic
reactivity/toxicity of the duocarmycin analog is masked in the conjugated
form and this greatly reduced toxicity in mice. This in turn permitted
elevated dosing levels, leading to higher systemic exposure and a
significantly improved response in tumor xenograft models. Overall
our results suggest that Fe(II)-dependent drug delivery via trioxolane
conjugates could have significant utility in expanding the therapeutic
index of a range of clinical and preclinical stage cancer chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Spangler
- Graduate Program in Chemistry and Chemical Biology, University of California-San Francisco , San Francisco, California 94158, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California-San Francisco , San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Shaun D Fontaine
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California-San Francisco , San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Yihui Shi
- SRI International , Menlo Park, California 94025-3493, United States
| | - Lidia Sambucetti
- SRI International , Menlo Park, California 94025-3493, United States
| | | | - Byron Hann
- Preclinical Therapeutic Core, University of California-San Francisco , San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - James A Wells
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California-San Francisco , San Francisco, California 94158, United States.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California-San Francisco , San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Adam R Renslo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California-San Francisco , San Francisco, California 94158, United States
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34
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Coulter DW, McGuire TR, Sharp JG, McIntyre EM, Dong Y, Wang X, Gray S, Alexander GR, Chatuverdi NK, Joshi SS, Chen X, Vennerstrom JL. Treatment of a chemoresistant neuroblastoma cell line with the antimalarial ozonide OZ513. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:867. [PMID: 27821095 PMCID: PMC5100253 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2872-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evaluate the anti-tumor activity of ozonide antimalarials using a chemoresistant neuroblastoma cell line, BE (2)-c. METHODS The activity of 12 ozonides, artemisinin, and two semisynthetic artemisinins were tested for activity against two neuroblastoma cell-lines (BE (2)-c and IMR-32) and the Ewing's Sarcoma cell line A673 in an MTT viability assay. Time course data indicated that peak effect was seen 18 h after the start of treatment thus 18 h pre-treatment was used for all subsequent experiments. The most active ozonide (OZ513) was assessed in a propidium iodide cell cycle flow cytometry analysis which measured cell cycle transit and apoptosis. Metabolic effects of OZ513 in BE (2)-c cells was evaluated. Western blots for the apoptotic proteins cleaved capase-3 and cleaved PARP, the highly amplified oncogene MYCN, and the cell cycle regulator CyclinD1, were performed. These in-vitro experiments were followed by an in-vivo experiment in which NOD-scid gamma immunodeficient mice were injected subcutaneously with 1 × 106 BE (2)-c cells followed by immediate treatment with 50-100 mg/kg/day doses of OZ513 administered IP three times per week out to 23 days after injection of tumor. Incidence of tumor development, time to tumor development, and rate of tumor growth were assessed in DMSO treated controls (N = 6), and OZ513 treated mice (N = 5). RESULTS It was confirmed that five commonly used chemotherapy drugs had no cytotoxic activity in BE (2)-c cells. Six of 12 ozonides tested were active in-vitro at concentrations achievable in vivo with OZ513 being most active (IC50 = 0.5 mcg/ml). OZ513 activity was confirmed in IMR-32 and A673 cells. The Ao peak on cell-cycle analysis was increased after treatment with OZ513 in a concentration dependent fashion which when coupled with results from western blot analysis which showed an increase in cleaved capase-3 and cleaved PARP supported an increase in apoptosis. There was a concentration dependent decline in the MYCN and a cyclinD1 protein indicative of anti-proliferative activity and cell cycle disruption. OXPHOS metabolism was unaffected by OZ513 treatment while glycolysis was increased. There was a significant delay in time to tumor development in mice treated with OZ513 and a decline in the rate of tumor growth. CONCLUSIONS The antimalarial ozonide OZ513 has effective in-vitro and in-vivo activity against a pleiotropic drug resistant neuroblastoma cell-line. Treatment with OZ513 increased apoptotic markers and glycolysis with a decline in the MYCN oncogene and the cell cycle regulator cyclinD1. These effects suggest adaptation to cellular stress by mechanism which remain unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Don W Coulter
- College of Medicine, Division of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Timothy R McGuire
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
| | - John G Sharp
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Erin M McIntyre
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Yuxiang Dong
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Xiaofang Wang
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Shawn Gray
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Gracey R Alexander
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Nagendra K Chatuverdi
- College of Medicine, Division of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Shantaram S Joshi
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Jonathan L Vennerstrom
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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35
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Aron AT, Loehr MO, Bogena J, Chang CJ. An Endoperoxide Reactivity-Based FRET Probe for Ratiometric Fluorescence Imaging of Labile Iron Pools in Living Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:14338-14346. [PMID: 27768321 PMCID: PMC5749882 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b08016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Iron is essential for sustaining
life, as its ability to cycle
between multiple oxidation states is critical for catalyzing chemical
transformations in biological systems. However, without proper regulation,
this same redox capacity can trigger oxidative stress events that
contribute to aging along with diseases ranging from cancer to cardiovascular
and neurodegenerative disorders. Despite its importance, methods for
monitoring biological iron bound weakly to cellular ligands−the
labile iron pool−to generate a response that preserves spatial
and temporal information remain limited, owing to the potent fluorescence
quenching ability of iron. We report the design, synthesis, and biological
evaluation of FRET Iron Probe 1 (FIP-1), a reactivity-based probe
that enables ratiometric fluorescence imaging of labile iron pools
in living systems. Inspired by antimalarial natural products and related
therapeutics, FIP-1 links two fluorophores (fluorescein and Cy3) through
an Fe(II)-cleavable endoperoxide bridge, where Fe(II)-triggered peroxide
cleavage leads to a decrease in fluorescence resonance energy transfer
(FRET) from the fluorescein donor to Cy3 acceptor by splitting these
two dyes into separate fragments. FIP-1 responds to Fe(II) in aqueous
buffer with selectivity over competing metal ions and is capable of
detecting changes in labile iron pools within living cells with iron
supplementation and/or depletion. Moreover, application of FIP-1 to
a model of ferroptosis reveals a change in labile iron pools during
this form of cell death, providing a starting point to study iron
signaling in living systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allegra T Aron
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, and §Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Morten O Loehr
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, and §Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jana Bogena
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, and §Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Christopher J Chang
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, and §Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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36
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Yaremenko IA, Vil’ VA, Demchuk DV, Terent’ev AO. Rearrangements of organic peroxides and related processes. Beilstein J Org Chem 2016; 12:1647-748. [PMID: 27559418 PMCID: PMC4979652 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.12.162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This review is the first to collate and summarize main data on named and unnamed rearrangement reactions of peroxides. It should be noted, that in the chemistry of peroxides two types of processes are considered under the term rearrangements. These are conventional rearrangements occurring with the retention of the molecular weight and transformations of one of the peroxide moieties after O-O-bond cleavage. Detailed information about the Baeyer-Villiger, Criegee, Hock, Kornblum-DeLaMare, Dakin, Elbs, Schenck, Smith, Wieland, and Story reactions is given. Unnamed rearrangements of organic peroxides and related processes are also analyzed. The rearrangements and related processes of important natural and synthetic peroxides are discussed separately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan A Yaremenko
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Vera A Vil’
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Dmitry V Demchuk
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Alexander O Terent’ev
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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37
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A reactivity-based probe of the intracellular labile ferrous iron pool. Nat Chem Biol 2016; 12:680-5. [PMID: 27376690 PMCID: PMC4990480 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.2116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Improved methods for studying intracellular reactive iron(II) are of significant interest for studies of iron metabolism and disease relevant changes in iron homeostasis. Here we describe a highly-selective reactivity-based probe in which Fenton-type reaction with intracellular labile iron(II) leads to unmasking of the aminonucleoside puromycin. Puromycin leaves a permanent and dose-dependent mark on treated cells that can be detected with high sensitivity and precision using the high-content, plate-based immunofluorescence assay described. Using this new probe and screening approach, we detected alteration of cellular labile iron(II) in response extracellular iron conditioning, overexpression of iron storage and/or export proteins, and post-translational regulation of iron export. Finally, we utilized this new tool to demonstrate the presence of augmented labile iron(II) pools in cancer cells as compared to non-tumorigenic cells.
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38
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A Molecular Aspect in the Regulation of Drug Metabolism: Does PXR-Induced Enzyme Expression Always Lead to Functional Changes in Drug Metabolism? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 2:187-192. [PMID: 27795941 DOI: 10.1007/s40495-016-0062-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pregnane X receptor (PXR, NR112) is a xenobiotic receptor whose primary function is to regulate the expression of drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) and drug transporters. Drug-induced PXR activation and subsequent enzyme and transporter induction has been proposed to be an important mechanism for the drug-drug interactions. In addition to activating PXR, many pharmaceutical chemicals can also function as reversible or irreversible inhibitors of DMEs, which may also impact the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics (PK/PD) of drugs. Therefore, we cannot simply conclude that the PXR-induced alteration in enzyme expression always reflects functional changes. We should consider both PXR activation and DMEs inhibition to improve drug safety in the clinic.
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Jourdan J, Matile H, Reift E, Biehlmaier O, Dong Y, Wang X, Mäser P, Vennerstrom JL, Wittlin S. Monoclonal Antibodies That Recognize the Alkylation Signature of Antimalarial Ozonides OZ277 (Arterolane) and OZ439 (Artefenomel). ACS Infect Dis 2016; 2:54-61. [PMID: 26819968 PMCID: PMC4718528 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.5b00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The
singular structure of artemisinin, with its embedded 1,2,4-trioxane
heterocycle, has inspired the discovery of numerous semisynthetic
artemisinin and structurally diverse synthetic peroxide antimalarials,
including ozonides OZ277 (arterolane) and OZ439 (artefenomel). Despite
the critical importance of artemisinin combination therapies (ACTs),
the precise mode of action of peroxidic antimalarials is not fully
understood. However, it has long been proposed that the peroxide bond
in artemisinin and other antimalarial peroxides undergoes reductive
activation by ferrous heme released during hemoglobin digestion to
produce carbon-centered radicals that alkylate heme and parasite proteins.
To probe the mode of action of OZ277 and OZ439, this paper now describes
initial studies with monoclonal antibodies that recognize the alkylation
signature (sum of heme and protein alkylation) of these synthetic
peroxides. Immunofluorescence experiments conducted with ozonide-treated
parasite cultures showed that ozonide alkylation is restricted to
the parasite, as no signal was found in the erythrocyte or its membrane.
In Western blot experiments with ozonide-treated Plasmodium
falciparum malaria parasites, distinct protein bands
were observed. Significantly, no protein bands were detected in parallel
Western blot experiments performed with lysates from ozonide-treated Babesia divergens, parasites that also proliferate
inside erythrocytes but, in contrast to P. falciparum, do not catabolize hemoglobin. However, subsequent immunoprecipitation
experiments with these antibodies failed to identify the P.
falciparum proteins alkylated by OZ277 and OZ439. To the
best of the authors’ knowledge, this shows for the first time
that antimalarial ozonides, such as the artemisinins, alkylate proteins
in P. falciparum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joëlle Jourdan
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hugues Matile
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ellen Reift
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Oliver Biehlmaier
- Imaging Core Facility, Biozentrum, University of Basel, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yuxiang Dong
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986025 Nebraska Medical
Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Xiaofang Wang
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986025 Nebraska Medical
Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Pascal Mäser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan L. Vennerstrom
- College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986025 Nebraska Medical
Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Sergio Wittlin
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland
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40
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Lauterwasser EMW, Fontaine SD, Li H, Gut J, Katneni K, Charman SA, Rosenthal PJ, Bogyo M, Renslo AR. Trioxolane-Mediated Delivery of Mefloquine Limits Brain Exposure in a Mouse Model of Malaria. ACS Med Chem Lett 2015; 6:1145-9. [PMID: 26617969 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.5b00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxidic antimalarial agents including the sequiterpene artemisinins and the synthetic 1,2,4-trioxolanes function via initial intraparasitic reduction of an endoperoxide bond. By chemically coupling this reduction to release of a tethered drug species it is possible to confer two distinct pharmacological effects in a parasite-selective fashion, both in vitro and in vivo. Here we demonstrate the trioxolane-mediated delivery of the antimalarial agent mefloquine in a mouse malaria model. Selective partitioning of the trioxolane-mefloquine conjugate in parasitized erythrocytes, combined with effective exclusion of the conjugate from brain significantly reduced brain exposure as compared to mice directly administered mefloquine. These studies suggest the potential of trioxolane-mediated drug delivery to mitigate off-target effects of existing drugs, including the adverse neuropsychiatric effects of mefloquine use in therapeutic and chemoprophylactic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hao Li
- Departments
of Pathology and Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | | | - Kasiram Katneni
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation,
Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Susan A. Charman
- Centre for Drug Candidate Optimisation,
Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | | | - Matthew Bogyo
- Departments
of Pathology and Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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41
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Mossallam SF, Amer EI, El-Faham MH. Efficacy of Synriam™, a new antimalarial combination of OZ277 and piperaquine, against different developmental stages of Schistosoma mansoni. Acta Trop 2015; 143:36-46. [PMID: 25530543 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Control of schistosomiasis relies on a single drug, praziquantel (PZQ). Given the rising concerns about the potential emergence of PZQ-resistant strains, it has now become necessary to search for novel therapeutics. However, the current pace for anti-schistosomal drug discovery is slow; hence, repositioning of existing approved drugs can offer a safe, rapid and cost-effective solution. The anti-malarial synthetic artemisinin-derivatives trioxolanes demonstrated anti-schistosomal efficacies against the three major species infecting humans and, unlike PZQ, showed activities against both juvenile and adult worm stages. The 1,2,4-trioxolane/OZ277 (arterolane maleate) in combination with a partner drug: piperaquine phosphate was recently developed as an anti-malarial drug and manufactured by Ranbaxy (India) as Synriam™ (SYN). Herein, the in vivo activities of SYN were investigated in a mouse model of Schistosoma mansoni (S. mansoni), compared to PZQ. We show that a single fixed dose of 240mg/kg SYN (40mg/kg arterolane and 200mg/kg piperaqine) induced significant protective effects in mice, in terms of reduction in worm and tissue egg burdens, which were evident against all schistosome developmental stages. Extensive alterations in the tegument and subtegumental tissues of SYN-exposed worms were revealed by both scanning and transmission electron microscopes. Progressive decrease in worm activity and occurrence of death were noticed in vitro upon exposure to the drug - more pronounced in the presence of haemin. This report provides the first evidence of the efficacy of a combination of 1,2,4-trioxolane and piperaquine against S. mansoni in mice. Being effective against young stages, SYN could be used to prevent early Schistosoma infection.
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42
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Barnett
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis, Tennessee 38105, United States
| | - R Kiplin Guy
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital , Memphis, Tennessee 38105, United States
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43
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Fontaine SD, DiPasquale AG, Renslo AR. Efficient and stereocontrolled synthesis of 1,2,4-trioxolanes useful for ferrous iron-dependent drug delivery. Org Lett 2014; 16:5776-9. [PMID: 25331549 PMCID: PMC4227544 DOI: 10.1021/ol5028392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ferrous iron-promoted reduction of a hindered peroxide bond underlies the antimalarial action of the 1,2,4-trioxane artemisinin and the 1,2,4-trioxolane arterolane. In appropriately designed systems, a 1,2,4-trioxolane ring can serve as a trigger to realize ferrous iron-dependent and parasite-selective drug delivery, both in vitro and in vivo. A stereocontrolled, expeditious (three steps), and efficient (67-71% overall yield) synthesis of 1,2,4-trioxolanes possessing the requisite 3″ substitution pattern that enables ferrous iron-dependent drug delivery is reported. The key synthetic step involves a diastereoselective Griesbaum co-ozonolysis reaction to afford primarily products with a trans relationship between the 3″ substituent and the peroxide bridge, as confirmed by X-ray structural analysis of a 3″-substituted 4-nitrobenzoate analogue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun D Fontaine
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Small Molecule Discovery Center, University of California, San Francisco , 1700 Fourth Street, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
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44
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Fontaine SD, Spangler B, Gut J, Lauterwasser EMW, Rosenthal PJ, Renslo AR. Drug delivery to the malaria parasite using an arterolane-like scaffold. ChemMedChem 2014; 10:47-51. [PMID: 25314098 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201402362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Antimalarial agents artemisinin and arterolane act via initial reduction of a peroxide bond in a process likely mediated by ferrous iron sources in the parasite. Here, we report the synthesis and antiplasmodial activity of arterolane-like 1,2,4-trioxolanes specifically designed to release a tethered drug species within the malaria parasite. Compared with our earlier drug delivery scaffolds, these new arterolane-inspired systems are of significantly decreased molecular weight and possess superior metabolic stability. We describe an efficient, concise and scalable synthesis of the new systems, and demonstrate the use of the aminonucleoside antibiotic puromycin as a chemo/biomarker to validate successful drug release in live Plasmodium falciparum parasites. Together, the improved drug-like properties, more efficient synthesis, and proof of concept using puromycin, suggests these new molecules as improved vehicles for targeted drug delivery to the malaria parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaun D Fontaine
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, 1700 4th Street, San Francisco, CA 94158 (USA)
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45
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McConville M, Bradley DF, Zhou K, Schiffrin DJ, O'Neil IA. Selective trioxolane based bifunctional molecular linkers for covalent heme surface functionalisation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:186-8. [PMID: 24217350 DOI: 10.1039/c3cc46041j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A bifunctional molecular linker containing both aryl diazonium and trioxolane groups was synthesised and its ability to sequentially functionalise glassy carbon and covalently immobilise heme investigated. Functionalisation was demonstrated by electrochemical techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- M McConville
- Department of Chemistry University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
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46
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Ruiz J, Mallet-Ladeira S, Maynadier M, Vial H, André-Barrès C. Design, synthesis and evaluation of new tricyclic endoperoxides as potential antiplasmodial agents. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:5212-21. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob00787e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
New tricyclic endoperoxides were obtained by a diastereoselective autoxidation; combined with 7-chloro-4-aminoquinoline, they display good antiplasmodial activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Ruiz
- Laboratoire de Synthèse et de Physicochimie de Molécules d'Intérêt Biologique
- UMR CNRS 5068
- Université Paul-Sabatier
- F-31062 Toulouse cedex 4, France
| | - Sonia Mallet-Ladeira
- Institut de Chimie de Toulouse
- FR2599
- Université Paul-Sabatier
- F-31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France
| | - Marjorie Maynadier
- Dynamique des Interactions Membranaires Normales et Pathologiques
- UMR CNRS 5235
- Université Montpellier 2
- F-34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Henri Vial
- Dynamique des Interactions Membranaires Normales et Pathologiques
- UMR CNRS 5235
- Université Montpellier 2
- F-34095 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Christiane André-Barrès
- Laboratoire de Synthèse et de Physicochimie de Molécules d'Intérêt Biologique
- UMR CNRS 5068
- Université Paul-Sabatier
- F-31062 Toulouse cedex 4, France
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47
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Araujo N, Afonso R, Bringela A, Cancela M, Cristiano M, Leite R. Peroxides with antiplasmodial activity inhibit proliferation of Perkinsus olseni, the causative agent of Perkinsosis in bivalves. Parasitol Int 2013; 62:575-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2013.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2012] [Revised: 06/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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48
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Ferrous iron-dependent drug delivery enables controlled and selective release of therapeutic agents in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:18244-9. [PMID: 24145449 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1312782110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The precise targeting of cytotoxic agents to specific cell types or cellular compartments is of significant interest in medicine, with particular relevance for infectious diseases and cancer. Here, we describe a method to exploit aberrant levels of mobile ferrous iron (Fe(II)) for selective drug delivery in vivo. This approach makes use of a 1,2,4-trioxolane moiety, which serves as an Fe(II)-sensitive "trigger," making drug release contingent on Fe(II)-promoted trioxolane fragmentation. We demonstrate in vivo validation of this approach with the Plasmodium berghei model of murine malaria. Malaria parasites produce high concentrations of mobile ferrous iron as a consequence of their catabolism of host hemoglobin in the infected erythrocyte. Using activity-based probes, we successfully demonstrate the Fe(II)-dependent and parasite-selective delivery of a potent dipeptidyl aminopeptidase inhibitor. We find that delivery of the compound in its Fe(II)-targeted form leads to more sustained target inhibition with greatly reduced off-target inhibition of mammalian cathepsins. This selective drug delivery translates into improved efficacy and tolerability. These findings demonstrate the utility of a purely chemical means to achieve selective drug targeting in vivo. This approach may find useful application in parasitic infections and more broadly in any disease state characterized by aberrant production of reactive ferrous iron.
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49
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Klonis N, Creek DJ, Tilley L. Iron and heme metabolism in Plasmodium falciparum and the mechanism of action of artemisinins. Curr Opin Microbiol 2013; 16:722-7. [PMID: 23932203 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
During the asexual blood stage of its lifecycle, the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum grows and multiplies in the hemoglobin-rich environment of the human erythrocyte. Although the parasite has evolved unique strategies to survive in this environment, its interaction with iron represents an Achilles' heel that is exploited by many antimalarial drugs. Recent work has shed new light on how the parasite deals with hemoglobin breakdown products and on the role of iron as a mediator of the action of the antimalarial drug, artemisinin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nectarios Klonis
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, and ARC Centre of Excellence for Coherent X-ray Science, 30 Flemington Road, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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50
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Ferrous iron-dependent delivery of therapeutic agents to the malaria parasite. Future Med Chem 2013; 4:2241-9. [PMID: 23234548 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.12.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax generate significant concentrations of free unbound ferrous iron heme as a side product of hemoglobin degradation. The presence of these chemically reactive forms of iron, rare in healthy cells, presents an opportunity for parasite-selective drug delivery. Accordingly, our group is developing technologies for the targeted delivery of therapeutics to the intra-erythrocytic malaria parasite. These so-called 'fragmenting hybrids' employ a 1,2,4-trioxolane ring system as an iron(II)-sensing 'trigger' moiety and a 'traceless' retro-Michael linker to which a variety of partner drug species may be attached. After ferrous iron-promoted activation in the parasite, the partner drug is released via a β-elimination reaction. METHODS In this report, we describe three orthogonal experimental approaches that were explored in order to generate in vitro proof-of-concept for ferrous iron-dependent drug delivery from a prototypical fragmenting hybrid. CONCLUSION Studies of two fragmenting hybrids by orthogonal approaches confirm that a partner drug species can be delivered to live P. falciparum parasites. A key advantage of this approach is the potential to mask a partner drug's intrinsic bioactivity prior to release in the parasite.
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