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Dutta S, Ganguly A, Ghosh Roy S. An Overview of the Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) and Autophagy Pathways in Human Viral Oncogenesis. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 386:81-131. [PMID: 38782502 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2024.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Autophagy and Unfolded Protein Response (UPR) can be regarded as the safe keepers of cells exposed to intense stress. Autophagy maintains cellular homeostasis, ensuring the removal of foreign particles and misfolded macromolecules from the cytoplasm and facilitating the return of the building blocks into the system. On the other hand, UPR serves as a shock response to prolonged stress, especially Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress (ERS), which also includes the accumulation of misfolded proteins in the ER. Since one of the many effects of viral infection on the host cell machinery is the hijacking of the host translational system, which leaves in its wake a plethora of misfolded proteins in the ER, it is perhaps not surprising that UPR and autophagy are common occurrences in infected cells, tissues, and patient samples. In this book chapter, we try to emphasize how UPR, and autophagy are significant in infections caused by six major oncolytic viruses-Epstein-Barr (EBV), Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Human Herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8), Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV-1), and Hepatitis B Virus (HBV). Here, we document how whole-virus infection or overexpression of individual viral proteins in vitro and in vivo models can regulate the different branches of UPR and the various stages of macro autophagy. As is true with other viral infections, the relationship is complicated because the same virus (or the viral protein) exerts different effects on UPR and Autophagy. The nature of this response is determined by the cell types, or in some cases, the presence of diverse extracellular stimuli. The vice versa is equally valid, i.e., UPR and autophagy exhibit both anti-tumor and pro-tumor properties based on the cell type and other factors like concentrations of different metabolites. Thus, we have tried to coherently summarize the existing knowledge, the crux of which can hopefully be harnessed to design vaccines and therapies targeted at viral carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shovan Dutta
- Center for Immunotherapy & Precision Immuno-Oncology (CITI), Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Anirban Ganguly
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Deoghar, Jharkhand, India
| | - Sounak Ghosh Roy
- Henry M Jackson for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Naval Medical Research Command, Silver Spring, MD, United States.
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Clark SA, Vazquez A, Furiya K, Splattstoesser MK, Bashmail AK, Schwartz H, Russell M, Bhark SJ, Moreno OK, McGovern M, Owsley ER, Nelson TA, Sanchez EL, Delgado T. Rewiring of the Host Cell Metabolome and Lipidome during Lytic Gammaherpesvirus Infection Is Essential for Infectious-Virus Production. J Virol 2023; 97:e0050623. [PMID: 37191529 PMCID: PMC10308918 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00506-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic virus infections are estimated to cause ~15% of all cancers. Two prevalent human oncogenic viruses are members of the gammaherpesvirus family: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV). We use murine herpesvirus 68 (MHV-68), which shares significant homology with KSHV and EBV, as a model system to study gammaherpesvirus lytic replication. Viruses implement distinct metabolic programs to support their life cycle, such as increasing the supply of lipids, amino acids, and nucleotide materials necessary to replicate. Our data define the global changes in the host cell metabolome and lipidome during gammaherpesvirus lytic replication. Our metabolomics analysis found that MHV-68 lytic infection induces glycolysis, glutaminolysis, lipid metabolism, and nucleotide metabolism. We additionally observed an increase in glutamine consumption and glutamine dehydrogenase protein expression. While both glucose and glutamine starvation of host cells decreased viral titers, glutamine starvation led to a greater loss in virion production. Our lipidomics analysis revealed a peak in triacylglycerides early during infection and an increase in free fatty acids and diacylglyceride later in the viral life cycle. Furthermore, we observed an increase in the protein expression of multiple lipogenic enzymes during infection. Interestingly, pharmacological inhibitors of glycolysis or lipogenesis resulted in decreased infectious virus production. Taken together, these results illustrate the global alterations in host cell metabolism during lytic gammaherpesvirus infection, establish essential pathways for viral production, and recommend targeted mechanisms to block viral spread and treat viral induced tumors. IMPORTANCE Viruses are intracellular parasites which lack their own metabolism, so they must hijack host cell metabolic machinery in order to increase the production of energy, proteins, fats, and genetic material necessary to replicate. Using murine herpesvirus 68 (MHV-68) as a model system to understand how similar human gammaherpesviruses cause cancer, we profiled the metabolic changes that occur during lytic MHV-68 infection and replication. We found that MHV-68 infection of host cells increases glucose, glutamine, lipid, and nucleotide metabolic pathways. We also showed inhibition or starvation of glucose, glutamine, or lipid metabolic pathways results in an inhibition of virus production. Ultimately, targeting changes in host cell metabolism due to viral infection can be used to treat gammaherpesvirus-induced cancers and infections in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A. Clark
- Northwest University, Department of Biology, Kirkland, Washington, USA
| | - Angie Vazquez
- Seattle Pacific University, Department of Biology, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Kelsey Furiya
- Seattle Pacific University, Department of Biology, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | | | - Haleigh Schwartz
- Northwest University, Department of Biology, Kirkland, Washington, USA
| | - Makaiya Russell
- Seattle Pacific University, Department of Biology, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Shun-Je Bhark
- Seattle Pacific University, Department of Biology, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Osvaldo K. Moreno
- San Francisco State University, Department of Biology, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Morgan McGovern
- Seattle Pacific University, Department of Biology, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Eric R. Owsley
- Seattle Pacific University, Department of Biology, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Timothy A. Nelson
- Seattle Pacific University, Department of Biology, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Erica L. Sanchez
- San Francisco State University, Department of Biology, San Francisco, California, USA
- University of Texas at Dallas, Department of Biological Sciences, Richardson, Texas, USA
| | - Tracie Delgado
- Seattle Pacific University, Department of Biology, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Northwest University, Department of Biology, Kirkland, Washington, USA
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Baďurová L, Polčicová K, Omasta B, Ovečková I, Kocianová E, Tomášková J. 2-Deoxy-D-glucose inhibits lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus propagation by targeting glycoprotein N-glycosylation. Virol J 2023; 20:108. [PMID: 37259080 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02082-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased glucose uptake and utilization via aerobic glycolysis are among the most prominent hallmarks of tumor cell metabolism. Accumulating evidence suggests that similar metabolic changes are also triggered in many virus-infected cells. Viral propagation, like highly proliferative tumor cells, increases the demand for energy and macromolecular synthesis, leading to high bioenergetic and biosynthetic requirements. Although significant progress has been made in understanding the metabolic changes induced by viruses, the interaction between host cell metabolism and arenavirus infection remains unclear. Our study sheds light on these processes during lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection, a model representative of the Arenaviridae family. METHODS The impact of LCMV on glucose metabolism in MRC-5 cells was studied using reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and biochemical assays. A focus-forming assay and western blot analysis were used to determine the effects of glucose deficiency and glycolysis inhibition on the production of infectious LCMV particles. RESULTS Despite changes in the expression of glucose transporters and glycolytic enzymes, LCMV infection did not result in increased glucose uptake or lactate excretion. Accordingly, depriving LCMV-infected cells of extracellular glucose or inhibiting lactate production had no impact on viral propagation. However, treatment with the commonly used glycolytic inhibitor 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) profoundly reduced the production of infectious LCMV particles. This effect of 2-DG was further shown to be the result of suppressed N-linked glycosylation of the viral glycoprotein. CONCLUSIONS Although our results showed that the LCMV life cycle is not dependent on glucose supply or utilization, they did confirm the importance of N-glycosylation of LCMV GP-C. 2-DG potently reduces LCMV propagation not by disrupting glycolytic flux but by inhibiting N-linked protein glycosylation. These findings highlight the potential for developing new, targeted antiviral therapies that could be relevant to a wider range of arenaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Baďurová
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Functional Genomics and Proteomics of Plants, Central European Institute of Technology and National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Katarína Polčicová
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Božena Omasta
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ingrid Ovečková
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Eva Kocianová
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jana Tomášková
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.
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MA F, FA C, AJ N, AA S, IA PF, LJ C, PA G. Contribution of carbohydrate-related metabolism in Herpesvirus infections. CURRENT RESEARCH IN MICROBIAL SCIENCES 2023; 4:100192. [PMID: 37273578 PMCID: PMC10238445 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmicr.2023.100192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human herpesviruses are enveloped viruses with double-stranded linear DNA genomes highly prevalent in the human population. These viruses are subdivided into three subfamilies, namely alphaherpesvirinae (herpes simplex virus type 1, HSV-1; herpes simplex virus type 2, HSV-2; and varicella-zoster virus, VZV), betaherpesvirinae (human cytomegalovirus, HCMV; human herpesvirus 6, HHV-6; and human herpesvirus 7, HHV-7) and gammaherpesvirinae (Epstein-Barr virus, EBV; and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, KSHV). Besides encoding numerous molecular determinants to evade the host antiviral responses, these viruses also modulate cellular metabolic processes to promote their replication. Here, we review and discuss existing studies describing an interplay between carbohydrate metabolism and the replication cycle of herpesviruses, altogether highlighting potentially new molecular targets based on these interactions that could be used to block herpesvirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farías MA
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Cancino FA
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Navarro AJ
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Soto AA
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Pastén-Ferrada IA
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Carreño LJ
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Programa de Inmunología, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - González PA
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
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Li B, Yang T, Liu J, Yu X, Li X, Qin F, Zheng J, Liang J, Zeng Y, Zhou Z, Liu L, Zhang B, Yao W, Feng Z, Zeng G, Zhou Q, Chen L. Genetically engineered PD-1 displaying nanovesicles for synergistic checkpoint blockades and chemo-metabolic therapy against non-small cell lung cancer. Acta Biomater 2023; 161:184-200. [PMID: 36893957 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remains the most frequently diagnosed lung cancer and the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. PD-1/PD-L1 axis inhibitors have changed the treatment paradigm for various cancer types, including NSCLC. However, success of these inhibitors in lung cancer clinic is severely limited by their inability to inhibit the PD-1/PD-L1 signaling axis due to heavy glycosylation and heterogeneity expression of PD-L1 in NSCLC tumor tissue. Taking advantage of the facts that tumor cell derived nanovesicles could efficiently accumulate in the homotypic tumor sites due to their innate targeting abilities and that specific and high affinity existed between PD-1 and PD-L1, we developed NSCLC targeting biomimetic nanovesicles (NV) cargos from genetically engineered NSCLC cell lines that overexpressed PD-1 (P-NV). We showed that P-NVs efficiently bound NSCLC cells in vitro and targeted tumor nodules in vivo. We further loaded P-NVs with 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) and doxorubicin (DOX), and found that these drugs co-loaded P-NVs efficiently shrank lung cancers in mouse models for both allograft and autochthonous tumor. Mechanistically, drug-loaded P-NVs efficiently caused cytotoxicity to tumor cells and simultaneously activated anti-tumor immunity function of tumor-infiltrating T cells. Our data therefore strongly argue that 2-DG and DOX co-loaded, PD-1-displaying nanovesicles is a highly promising therapy for treatment of NSCLC in clinic. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Lung cancer cells overexpressing PD-1 are developed for preparing nanoparticles (P-NV). PD-1s displayed on NVs enhance their homologous targeting abilities to tumor cells expressing PD-L1s. Chemotherapeutics such as DOX and 2-DG, are packaged in such nanovesicles (PDG-NV). These nanovesicles efficiently delivered chemotherapeutics to tumor nodules specifically. The synergy between DOX and 2-DG is observed in inhibiting lung cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, 2-DG causes deglycosylation and downregulation of PD-L1 on tumor cells while PD-1 displayed on nanovesicles' membrane blocks PD-L1 on tumor cells. 2-DG loaded nanoparticles thus activate anti-tumor activities of T cells in the tumor microenvironment. Our work thus highlights the promising antitumor activity of PDG-NVs, which warrants further clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder and Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Tong Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jin Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xixi Yu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xinying Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder and Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Fei Qin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder and Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jiefei Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jinxia Liang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Youyan Zeng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder and Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhenhua Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder and Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lu Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder and Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Weiwei Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Glucolipid Metabolic Disorder and Guangdong TCM Key Laboratory for Metabolic Diseases, Guangdong Metabolic Diseases Research Center of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhuo Feng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Guandi Zeng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Liang Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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Schlesinger M, McDonald C, Ahuja A, Canete CA, Nuñez del Prado Z, Naipauer J, Lampidis T, Mesri EA. Glucose and mannose analogs inhibit KSHV replication by blocking N-glycosylation and inducing the unfolded protein response. J Med Virol 2023; 95:e28314. [PMID: 36380418 PMCID: PMC9839548 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the etiological agent for Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), an HIV/AIDS-associated malignancy. Effective treatments against KS remain to be developed. The sugar analog 2-deoxy- d-glucose (2-DG) is an anticancer agent that is well-tolerated and safe in patients and was recently demonstrated to be a potent antiviral, including KSHV and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Because 2-DG inhibits glycolysis and N-glycosylation, identifying its molecular targets is challenging. Here we compare the antiviral effect of 2-DG with 2-fluoro-deoxy- d-glucose, a glycolysis inhibitor, and 2-deoxy-fluoro- d-mannose (2-DFM), a specific N-glycosylation inhibitor. At doses similar to those clinically achievable with 2-DG, the three drugs impair KSHV replication and virion production in iSLK.219 cells via downregulation of viral structural glycoprotein expression (K8.1 and gB), being 2-DFM the most potent KSHV inhibitor. Consistently with the higher potency of 2-DFM, we found that d-mannose rescues KSHV glycoprotein synthesis and virus production, indicating that inhibition of N-glycosylation is the main antiviral target using d-mannose competition experiments. Suppression of N-glycosylation by the sugar drugs triggers ER stress. It activates the host unfolded protein response (UPR), counteracting KSHV-induced inhibition of the protein kinase R-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase branch, particularly activating transcription factor 4 and C/EBP homologous protein expression. Finally, we demonstrate that sugar analogs induce autophagy (a prosurvival mechanism) and, thus, inhibit viral replication playing a protective role against KSHV-induced cell death, further supporting their direct antiviral effect and potential therapeutic use. Our work identifies inhibition of N-glycosylation leading to ER stress and UPR as an antienveloped virus target and sugar analogs such as 2-DG and the newly identified 2-DFM as antiviral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Schlesinger
- Tumor Biology Program, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center,Miami Center for AIDS Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Christian McDonald
- Tumor Biology Program, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center,Miami Center for AIDS Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Anuj Ahuja
- Tumor Biology Program, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center,Miami Center for AIDS Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Carolina Alvarez Canete
- Tumor Biology Program, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center,Miami Center for AIDS Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Zelmira Nuñez del Prado
- Tumor Biology Program, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center,Miami Center for AIDS Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Julian Naipauer
- Tumor Biology Program, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center,Miami Center for AIDS Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136,UM-CFAR/ SCCC Argentina Consortium for AIDS Malignancies,Instituto de Fisiología, Biología Molecular y Neurociencias (IFIBYNE), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina,To whom correspondence should be addressed: Julian Naipauer, Ph.D, IFIBYNE – CONICET – UBA, Pabellón IFIByNE, Ingreso por Av. Costanera, Rafael Obligado – Ciudad Universitaria, CABA – Buenos Aires,
| | - Theodore Lampidis
- Tumor Biology Program, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center,Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Enrique A. Mesri
- Tumor Biology Program, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center,Miami Center for AIDS Research, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136,UM-CFAR/ SCCC Argentina Consortium for AIDS Malignancies
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Khurana P, Varshney R, Gupta A. A Network-Biology led Computational Drug repurposing Strategy to prioritize therapeutic options for COVID-19. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09387. [PMID: 35578630 PMCID: PMC9093055 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The alarming pandemic situation of novel Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (nSARS-CoV-2) infection, high drug development cost and slow process of drug discovery have made repositioning of existing drugs for therapeutics a popular alternative. It involves the repurposing of existing safe compounds which results in low overall development costs and shorter development timeline. In the present study, a computational network-biology approach has been used for comparing three candidate drugs i.e. quercetin, N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), and 2-deoxy-glucose (2-DG) to be effectively repurposed against COVID-19. For this, the associations between these drugs and genes of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) diseases were retrieved and a directed drug-gene-gene-disease interaction network was constructed. Further, to quantify the associations between a target gene and a disease gene, the shortest paths from the target gene to the disease genes were identified. A vector DV was calculated to represent the extent to which a disease gene was influenced by these drugs. Quercetin was quantified as the best among the three drugs, suited for repurposing with DV of -70.19, followed by NAC with DV of -39.99 and 2-DG with DV of -13.71. The drugs were also assessed for their safety and efficacy balance (in terms of therapeutic index) using network properties. It was found that quercetin was a forerunner than other two drugs.
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Molecular Mechanisms of Kaposi Sarcoma Development. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14081869. [PMID: 35454776 PMCID: PMC9030761 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14081869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary There are at least four forms of Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) with the ‘HIV’-related form being the most aggressive and can involve mucosae or visceral organs. Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpes virus (KSHV) is the underlying cause of this disease. It can infect endothelial and/or mesenchymal cells and establish a latent phase in host cells in which latency proteins and various non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) play a complex role in proliferation and angiogenesis. It also undergoes periods of sporadic lytic reactivation that are key for KS progression. Complex interactions with the microenvironment with production of inflammatory cytokines and paracrine signaling is a standout feature of KS development and maintenance. KSHV impairs the immune response by various mechanisms such as the degradation of a variety of proteins involved in immune response or binding to cellular chemokines. Treatment options include classical chemotherapy, but other novel therapies are being investigated. Abstract Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) is a heterogeneous angioproliferative tumor that generally arises in the skin. At least four forms of this disease have been described, with the ‘HIV’-related form being the most aggressive and can involve mucosae or visceral organs. Three quarters of KS cases occur in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) as geographic variation is explained by the disparate prevalence of KS-associated herpes virus (KSHV), which is the underlying cause of this disease. It can infect endothelial and/or mesenchymal cells that consequently transdifferentiate to an intermediate state. KSHV establishes a latent phase in host cells in which latency proteins and various non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) play a complex role in proliferation and angiogenesis. It also undergoes periods of sporadic lytic reactivation triggered by various biological signals in which lytic stage proteins modulate host cell signaling pathways and are key in KS progression. Complex interactions with the microenvironment with production of inflammatory cytokines with paracrine signaling is a standout feature of KS development and maintenance. KSHV impairs the immune response by various mechanisms such as the degradation of a variety of proteins involved in immune response or binding to cellular chemokines. Treatment options include classical chemotherapy, but other novel therapies are being investigated.
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Repas J, Zupin M, Vodlan M, Veranič P, Gole B, Potočnik U, Pavlin M. Dual Effect of Combined Metformin and 2-Deoxy-D-Glucose Treatment on Mitochondrial Biogenesis and PD-L1 Expression in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:1343. [PMID: 35267651 PMCID: PMC8909901 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14051343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Metformin and 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) exhibit multiple metabolic and immunomodulatory anti-cancer effects, such as suppressed proliferation or PD-L1 expression. Their combination or 2DG alone induce triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cell detachment, but their effects on mitochondria, crucial for anchorage-independent growth and metastasis formation, have not yet been evaluated. In the present study, we explored the effects of metformin, 2DG and their combination (metformin + 2DG) on TNBC cell mitochondria in vitro. Metformin + 2DG increased mitochondrial mass in TNBC cells. This was associated with an increased size but not number of morphologically normal mitochondria and driven by the induction of mitochondrial biogenesis rather than suppressed mitophagy. 2DG and metformin + 2DG strongly induced the unfolded protein response by inhibiting protein N-glycosylation. Together with adequate energy stress, this was one of the possible triggers of mitochondrial enlargement. Suppressed N-glycosylation by 2DG or metformin + 2DG also caused PD-L1 deglycosylation and reduced surface expression in MDA-MB-231 cells. PD-L1 was increased in low glucose and normalized by both drugs. 2DG and metformin + 2DG reduced PD-1 expression in Jurkat cells beyond the effects on activation, while cytokine secretion was mostly preserved. Despite increasing mitochondrial mass in TNBC cells, metformin and 2DG could therefore potentially be used as an adjunct therapy to improve anti-tumor immunity in TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jernej Repas
- Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (J.R.); (M.V.)
| | - Mateja Zupin
- Center for Human Molecular Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (M.Z.); (B.G.); (U.P.)
| | - Maja Vodlan
- Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (J.R.); (M.V.)
| | - Peter Veranič
- Institute of Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Boris Gole
- Center for Human Molecular Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (M.Z.); (B.G.); (U.P.)
| | - Uroš Potočnik
- Center for Human Molecular Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (M.Z.); (B.G.); (U.P.)
- Laboratory for Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Genomics, University of Maribor, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Department for Science and Research, University Medical Centre Maribor, SI-2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Mojca Pavlin
- Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (J.R.); (M.V.)
- Group for Nano- and Biotechnological Applications, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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10
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Hellemann E, Walker JL, Lesko MA, Chandrashekarappa DG, Schmidt MC, O’Donnell AF, Durrant JD. Novel mutation in hexokinase 2 confers resistance to 2-deoxyglucose by altering protein dynamics. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1009929. [PMID: 35235554 PMCID: PMC8920189 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucose is central to many biological processes, serving as an energy source and a building block for biosynthesis. After glucose enters the cell, hexokinases convert it to glucose-6-phosphate (Glc-6P) for use in anaerobic fermentation, aerobic oxidative phosphorylation, and the pentose-phosphate pathway. We here describe a genetic screen in Saccharomyces cerevisiae that generated a novel spontaneous mutation in hexokinase-2, hxk2G238V, that confers resistance to the toxic glucose analog 2-deoxyglucose (2DG). Wild-type hexokinases convert 2DG to 2-deoxyglucose-6-phosphate (2DG-6P), but 2DG-6P cannot support downstream glycolysis, resulting in a cellular starvation-like response. Curiously, though the hxk2G238V mutation encodes a loss-of-function allele, the affected amino acid does not interact directly with bound glucose, 2DG, or ATP. Molecular dynamics simulations suggest that Hxk2G238V impedes sugar binding by altering the protein dynamics of the glucose-binding cleft, as well as the large-scale domain-closure motions required for catalysis. These findings shed new light on Hxk2 dynamics and highlight how allosteric changes can influence catalysis, providing new structural insights into this critical regulator of carbohydrate metabolism. Given that hexokinases are upregulated in some cancers and that 2DG and its derivatives have been studied in anti-cancer trials, the present work also provides insights that may apply to cancer biology and drug resistance. Glucose fuels many of the energy-production processes required for normal cell growth. Before glucose can participate in these processes, it must first be chemically modified by proteins called hexokinases. To better understand how hexokinases modify glucose—and how mutations in hexokinase genes might confer drug resistance—we evolved resistance in yeast to a toxic hexokinase-binding molecule called 2DG. We discovered a mutation in the hexokinase gene that confers 2DG resistance and reduces the protein’s ability to modify glucose. Biochemical analyses and computer simulations of the hexokinase protein suggest that the mutation diminishes glucose binding by altering enzyme flexibility. This work shows how cells can evolve resistance to toxins via only modest changes to protein structures. Furthermore, because cancer-cell hexokinases are particularly active, 2DG has been studied as cancer chemotherapy. Thus, the insights this work provides might also apply to cancer biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erich Hellemann
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jennifer L. Walker
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Mitchell A. Lesko
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Dakshayini G. Chandrashekarappa
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Martin C. Schmidt
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Allyson F. O’Donnell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AFO); (JDD)
| | - Jacob D. Durrant
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AFO); (JDD)
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11
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Repas J, Zügner E, Gole B, Bizjak M, Potočnik U, Magnes C, Pavlin M. Metabolic profiling of attached and detached metformin and 2-deoxy-D-glucose treated breast cancer cells reveals adaptive changes in metabolome of detached cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21354. [PMID: 34725457 PMCID: PMC8560930 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-98642-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Anchorage-independent growth of cancer cells in vitro is correlated to metastasis formation in vivo. Metformin use is associated with decreased breast cancer incidence and currently evaluated in cancer clinical trials. The combined treatment with metformin and 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) in vitro induces detachment of viable MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells that retain their proliferation capacity. This might be important for cell detachment from primary tumors, but the metabolic changes involved are unknown. We performed LC/MS metabolic profiling on separated attached and detached MDA-MB-231 cells treated with metformin and/or 2DG. High 2DG and metformin plus 2DG altered the metabolic profile similarly to metformin, inferring that metabolic changes are necessary but not sufficient while the specific effects of 2DG are crucial for detachment. Detached cells had higher NADPH levels and lower fatty acids and glutamine levels compared to attached cells, supporting the role of AMPK activation and reductive carboxylation in supporting anchorage-independent survival. Surprisingly, the metabolic profile of detached cells was closer to untreated control cells than attached treated cells, suggesting detachment might help cells adapt to energy stress. Metformin treated cells had higher fatty and amino acid levels with lower purine nucleotide levels, which is relevant for understanding the anticancer mechanisms of metformin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jernej Repas
- Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Elmar Zügner
- Joanneum Research Health - Institute for Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - Boris Gole
- Center for Human Molecular Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Medical Faculty, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Maruša Bizjak
- Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Group for Nano- and Biotechnological Applications, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Pharmacy Institute, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Uroš Potočnik
- Center for Human Molecular Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Medical Faculty, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
- Laboratory for Biochemistry, Molecular biology and Genomics, Faculty for Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Christoph Magnes
- Joanneum Research Health - Institute for Biomedicine and Health Sciences, Graz, Austria.
| | - Mojca Pavlin
- Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- Group for Nano- and Biotechnological Applications, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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12
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Mesri EA, Lampidis TJ. 2-Deoxy-d-glucose exploits increased glucose metabolism in cancer and viral-infected cells: Relevance to its use in India against SARS-CoV-2. IUBMB Life 2021; 73:1198-1204. [PMID: 34418270 PMCID: PMC8653061 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms discovered to drive increased glucose metabolism in cancer cells are found to be similar to those in viral-infected cells. In this mini review, we summarize the major pathways by which the sugar analog, 2-Deoxy-d-glucose, has been shown to exploit increased glucose metabolism in cancer and how this information applies to viral-infected cells. Moreover, we highlight the relevance of these findings to the emergency approval of 2-Deoxy-d-glucose in India to be used against SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique A. Mesri
- Department of Microbiology and ImmunologyMiamiFloridaUSA
- Cell BiologySylvester Comprehensive Cancer CenterMiamiFloridaUSA
| | - Theodore J. Lampidis
- Cell BiologySylvester Comprehensive Cancer CenterMiamiFloridaUSA
- Department of Cell BiologyMiamiFloridaUSA
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13
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Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Restricted in Cytoplasmic Location by Viral GP5 Facilitates Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Replication via Its Glycolytic Activity. J Virol 2021; 95:e0021021. [PMID: 34160254 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00210-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is one of the most important endemic swine pathogens, causing enormous losses in the global swine industry. Commercially available vaccines only partially prevent or counteract the virus infection and correlated losses. PRRSV's replication mechanism has not been well understood. In this study, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was screened to bind with the viral major envelope glycoprotein 5 (GP5) after PRRSV infection. The interacting sites are located within a 13-amino-acid (aa) region (aa 93 to 105) of GP5 and at Lys227 of GAPDH. Interestingly, viral GP5 restricts the translocation of GAPDH from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. Moreover, cytoplasmic GAPDH facilitates PRRSV replication by virtue of its glycolytic activity. The results suggest that PRRSV GP5 restricts GAPDH to the nucleus and exploits its glycolytic activity to stimulate virus replication. The data provide insight into the role of GAPDH in PRRSV replication and reveal a potential target for controlling viral infection. IMPORTANCE PRRSV poses a severe economic threat to the pig industry. PRRSV GP5, the major viral envelope protein, plays an important role in viral infection, pathogenicity, and immunity. However, interactions between GP5 and host proteins have not yet been well studied. Here, we show that GAPDH interacts with GP5 through binding a 13-aa sequence (aa 93 to 105) in GP5, while GP5 interacts with GAPDH at the K277 amino acid residue of GAPDH. We demonstrate that GP5 interacts with GAPDH in the cytoplasm during PPRSV infection, inhibiting GAPDH entry into the nucleus. PRRSV exploits the glycolytic activity of GAPDH to promote viral replication. These results enrich our understanding of PRRSV infection and pathogenesis and open a new avenue for antiviral prevention and PRRSV treatment strategies.
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14
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Stubbs BJ, Koutnik AP, Goldberg EL, Upadhyay V, Turnbaugh PJ, Verdin E, Newman JC. Investigating Ketone Bodies as Immunometabolic Countermeasures against Respiratory Viral Infections. MED 2020; 1:43-65. [PMID: 32838361 PMCID: PMC7362813 DOI: 10.1016/j.medj.2020.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory viral infections remain a scourge, with seasonal influenza infecting millions and killing many thousands annually and viral pandemics, such as COVID-19, recurring every decade. Age, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes mellitus are risk factors for severe disease and death from viral infection. Immunometabolic therapies for these populations hold promise to reduce the risks of death and disability. Such interventions have pleiotropic effects that might not only target the virus itself but also enhance supportive care to reduce cardiopulmonary complications, improve cognitive resilience, and facilitate functional recovery. Ketone bodies are endogenous metabolites that maintain cellular energy but also feature drug-like signaling activities that affect immune activity, metabolism, and epigenetics. Here, we provide an overview of ketone body biology relevant to respiratory viral infection, focusing on influenza A and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-CoV-2, and discuss the opportunities, risks, and research gaps in the study of exogenous ketone bodies as novel immunometabolic interventions in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew P Koutnik
- Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, FL, USA
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, USF, Tampa, FL, USA
| | | | - Vaibhav Upadhyay
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergy, and Sleep Medicine, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Peter J Turnbaugh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Eric Verdin
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
| | - John C Newman
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA
- Division of Geriatrics, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
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15
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Laussel C, Léon S. Cellular toxicity of the metabolic inhibitor 2-deoxyglucose and associated resistance mechanisms. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 182:114213. [PMID: 32890467 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Most malignant cells display increased glucose absorption and metabolism compared to surrounding tissues. This well-described phenomenon results from a metabolic reprogramming occurring during transformation, that provides the building blocks and supports the high energetic cost of proliferation by increasing glycolysis. These features led to the idea that drugs targeting glycolysis might prove efficient in the context of cancer treatment. One of these drugs, 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG), is a synthetic glucose analog that can be imported into cells and interfere with glycolysis and ATP generation. Its preferential targeting to sites of cell proliferation is supported by the observation that a derived molecule, 2-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose (FDG) accumulates in tumors and is used for cancer imaging. Here, we review the toxicity mechanisms of this drug, from the early-described effects on glycolysis to its other cellular consequences, including inhibition of protein glycosylation and endoplasmic reticulum stress, and its interference with signaling pathways. Then, we summarize the current data on the use of 2-DG as an anti-cancer agent, especially in the context of combination therapies, as novel 2-DG-derived drugs are being developed. We also show how the use of 2-DG helped to decipher glucose-signaling pathways in yeast and favored their engineering for biotechnologies. Finally, we discuss the resistance strategies to this inhibitor that have been identified in the course of these studies and which may have important implications regarding a medical use of this drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clotilde Laussel
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Léon
- Université de Paris, CNRS, Institut Jacques Monod, F-75006 Paris, France.
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16
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Wan Q, Song D, Li H, He ML. Stress proteins: the biological functions in virus infection, present and challenges for target-based antiviral drug development. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2020; 5:125. [PMID: 32661235 PMCID: PMC7356129 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00233-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress proteins (SPs) including heat-shock proteins (HSPs), RNA chaperones, and ER associated stress proteins are molecular chaperones essential for cellular homeostasis. The major functions of HSPs include chaperoning misfolded or unfolded polypeptides, protecting cells from toxic stress, and presenting immune and inflammatory cytokines. Regarded as a double-edged sword, HSPs also cooperate with numerous viruses and cancer cells to promote their survival. RNA chaperones are a group of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs), which are essential factors for manipulating both the functions and metabolisms of pre-mRNAs/hnRNAs transcribed by RNA polymerase II. hnRNPs involve in a large number of cellular processes, including chromatin remodelling, transcription regulation, RNP assembly and stabilization, RNA export, virus replication, histone-like nucleoid structuring, and even intracellular immunity. Dysregulation of stress proteins is associated with many human diseases including human cancer, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Parkinson’s diseases, Alzheimer disease), stroke and infectious diseases. In this review, we summarized the biologic function of stress proteins, and current progress on their mechanisms related to virus reproduction and diseases caused by virus infections. As SPs also attract a great interest as potential antiviral targets (e.g., COVID-19), we also discuss the present progress and challenges in this area of HSP-based drug development, as well as with compounds already under clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianya Wan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dan Song
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Huangcan Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ming-Liang He
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China. .,CityU Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, China.
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17
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Glycolytic inhibitor 2-deoxyglucose suppresses inflammatory response in innate immune cells and experimental staphylococcal endophthalmitis. Exp Eye Res 2020; 197:108079. [PMID: 32454039 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we have shown that Staphylococcus (S) aureus induces a glycolytic response in retinal residential (microglia) and infiltrated cells (neutrophils and macrophages) during endophthalmitis. In this study, we sought to investigate the physiological role of glycolysis in bacterial endophthalmitis using a glycolytic inhibitor, 2-deoxyglucose (2DG). Our data showed that 2DG treatment attenuated the inflammatory responses of mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) and neutrophils (BMDN) when challenged with either live or heat-killed S. aureus (HKSA). Among the inflammatory mediators, 2DG caused a significant reduction in levels of cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) and chemokines (CXCL1 and CXCL2). Western blot analysis of 2DG treated cells showed downregulation of bacterial-induced MEK/ERK pathways. In vivo, intravitreal administration of 2DG both pre- and post-bacterial infection resulted in a significant reduction in intraocular inflammation in C57BL/6 mouse eyes and downregulation of ERK phosphorylation in retinal tissue. Collectively, our study demonstrates that 2DG attenuates inflammatory response in bacterial endophthalmitis and cultured innate immune cells via inhibition of ERK signaling. Thus glycolytic inhibitors in combination with antibiotics could mitigate inflammation-mediated tissue damage in ocular infections.
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18
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Abstract
The rediscovery and reinterpretation of the Warburg effect in the year 2000 occulted for almost a decade the key functions exerted by mitochondria in cancer cells. Until recent times, the scientific community indeed focused on constitutive glycolysis as a hallmark of cancer cells, which it is not, largely ignoring the contribution of mitochondria to the malignancy of oxidative and glycolytic cancer cells, being Warburgian or merely adapted to hypoxia. In this review, we highlight that mitochondria are not only powerhouses in some cancer cells, but also dynamic regulators of life, death, proliferation, motion and stemness in other types of cancer cells. Similar to the cells that host them, mitochondria are capable to adapt to tumoral conditions, and probably to evolve to ‘oncogenic mitochondria' capable of transferring malignant capacities to recipient cells. In the wider quest of metabolic modulators of cancer, treatments have already been identified targeting mitochondria in cancer cells, but the field is still in infancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Grasso
- Pole of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Luca X Zampieri
- Pole of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tânia Capelôa
- Pole of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Justine A Van de Velde
- Pole of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre Sonveaux
- Pole of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique (IREC), Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Brussels, Belgium
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19
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Johnston BP, McCormick C. Herpesviruses and the Unfolded Protein Response. Viruses 2019; 12:E17. [PMID: 31877732 PMCID: PMC7019427 DOI: 10.3390/v12010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpesviruses usurp cellular stress responses to promote viral replication and avoid immune surveillance. The unfolded protein response (UPR) is a conserved stress response that is activated when the protein load in the ER exceeds folding capacity and misfolded proteins accumulate. The UPR aims to restore protein homeostasis through translational and transcriptional reprogramming; if homeostasis cannot be restored, the UPR switches from "helper" to "executioner", triggering apoptosis. It is thought that the burst of herpesvirus glycoprotein synthesis during lytic replication causes ER stress, and that these viruses may have evolved mechanisms to manage UPR signaling to create an optimal niche for replication. The past decade has seen considerable progress in understanding how herpesviruses reprogram the UPR. Here we provide an overview of the molecular events of UPR activation, signaling and transcriptional outputs, and highlight key evidence that herpesviruses hijack the UPR to aid infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin P. Johnston
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada;
- Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Craig McCormick
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada;
- Beatrice Hunter Cancer Research Institute, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
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20
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Sarkar Bhattacharya S, Thirusangu P, Jin L, Roy D, Jung D, Xiao Y, Staub J, Roy B, Molina JR, Shridhar V. PFKFB3 inhibition reprograms malignant pleural mesothelioma to nutrient stress-induced macropinocytosis and ER stress as independent binary adaptive responses. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:725. [PMID: 31562297 PMCID: PMC6764980 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1916-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic signatures of cancer cells are often associated with elevated glycolysis. Pharmacological (PFK158 treatment) and genetic inhibition of 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 3 (PFKFB3), a critical control point in the glycolytic pathway, decreases glucose uptake, ATP production, and lactate dehydrogenase activity and arrests malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) cells in the G0/G1 phase to induce cell death. To overcome this nutrient stress, inhibition of PFKFB3 activity led to an escalation in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) activity and aggravated ER stress mostly by upregulating BiP and GADD153 expression and activation of the endocytic Rac1-Rab5-Rab7 pathway resulting in a unique form of cell death called “methuosis” in both the sarcomatoid (H28) and epithelioid (EMMeso) cells. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis showed the formation of nascent macropinocytotic vesicles, which rapidly coalesced to form large vacuoles with compromised lysosomal function. Both immunofluorescence microscopy and co-immunoprecipitation analyses revealed that upon PFKFB3 inhibition, two crucial biomolecules of each pathway, Rac1 and Calnexin interact with each other. Finally, PFK158 alone and in combination with carboplatin-inhibited tumorigenesis of EMMeso xenografts in vivo. Since most cancer cells exhibit an increased glycolytic rate, these results provide evidence for PFK158, in combination with standard chemotherapy, may have a potential in the treatment of MPM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayantani Sarkar Bhattacharya
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Prabhu Thirusangu
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ling Jin
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Debarshi Roy
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Deokbeom Jung
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Yinan Xiao
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Julie Staub
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Bhaskar Roy
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Julian R Molina
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Viji Shridhar
- Department of Experimental Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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Shao B, Li CW, Lim SO, Sun L, Lai YJ, Hou J, Liu C, Chang CW, Qiu Y, Hsu JM, Chan LC, Zha Z, Li H, Hung MC. Deglycosylation of PD-L1 by 2-deoxyglucose reverses PARP inhibitor-induced immunosuppression in triple-negative breast cancer. Am J Cancer Res 2018; 8:1837-1846. [PMID: 30323975 PMCID: PMC6176188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), the most difficult-to-treat breast cancer subtype, lacks well-defined molecular targets. TNBC has increased programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression, and its immunosuppressive nature makes it suitable for immune checkpoint blockade therapy. However, the response rate of TNBC to anti-PD-L1 or anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) therapy remains unsatisfactory, as only 10-20% of TNBC patients have a partial response. Glycosylated PD-L1, the functional form of PD-L1, is required for PD-L1-PD-1 interaction. TNBC cells have significantly higher levels of glycosylated PD-L1 than non-TNBC cells do. In a screening of glucose analogs to block PD-L1 glycosylation, we found that 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) can act as a glucose analog to decrease PD-L1 glycosylation. Because PARP inhibition upregulates PD-L1, 2-DG reduced PARP inhibition-mediated expression of glycosylated PD-L1. The combination of PARP inhibition and 2-DG had potent anti-tumor activity. Together, our results provide a strong rationale for investigating the targeting of PD-L1 glycosylation in TNBC further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Shao
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, TX, USA
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Transformation Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Breast Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & InstituteBeijing 100142, P. R. China
| | - Chia-Wei Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, TX, USA
| | - Seung-Oe Lim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, TX, USA
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue UniversityWest Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Linlin Sun
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, TX, USA
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Lung Cancer Metastasis and Tumor Microenvironment, Lung Cancer Institute, Tianjin Medical University General HospitalTianjin, P. R. China
| | - Yun-Ju Lai
- Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at HoustonHouston, TX, USA
| | - Junwei Hou
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, TX, USA
| | - Chunxiao Liu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, TX, USA
| | - Chiung-Wen Chang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, TX, USA
| | - Yufan Qiu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, TX, USA
| | - Jung-Mao Hsu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, TX, USA
| | - Li-Chuan Chan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, TX, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science CenterHouston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Zhengyu Zha
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, TX, USA
| | - Huiping Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Transformation Research (Ministry of Education), Department of Breast Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & InstituteBeijing 100142, P. R. China
| | - Mien-Chie Hung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterHouston, TX, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Texas Health Science CenterHouston, TX 77030, USA
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical UniversityTaichung, Taiwan
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Asha K, Sharma-Walia N. Virus and tumor microenvironment induced ER stress and unfolded protein response: from complexity to therapeutics. Oncotarget 2018; 9:31920-31936. [PMID: 30159133 PMCID: PMC6112759 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress can be activated by various pathological and physiological conditions including the unfolded protein response (UPR) to restore homeostasis. The UPR signaling pathways initiated by double-stranded RNA-activated protein kinase (PKR) like ER kinase (PERK), inositol requiring enzyme 1 α (IRE1α), and activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) are vital for tumor growth, aggressiveness, microenvironment remodeling, and resistance to cancer therapeutics. This review focuses on the role of ER stress and activity of UPR signaling pathways involved in tumor formation and uncontrolled cell proliferation during various cancers and viral malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumari Asha
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A
| | - Neelam Sharma-Walia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, U.S.A
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23
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Gualdoni GA, Mayer KA, Kapsch AM, Kreuzberg K, Puck A, Kienzl P, Oberndorfer F, Frühwirth K, Winkler S, Blaas D, Zlabinger GJ, Stöckl J. Rhinovirus induces an anabolic reprogramming in host cell metabolism essential for viral replication. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E7158-E7165. [PMID: 29987044 PMCID: PMC6065033 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1800525115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhinoviruses (RVs) are responsible for the majority of upper airway infections; despite their high prevalence and the resulting economic burden, effective treatment is lacking. We report here that RV induces metabolic alterations in host cells, which offer an efficient target for antiviral intervention. We show that RV-infected cells rapidly up-regulate glucose uptake in a PI3K-dependent manner. In parallel, infected cells enhance the expression of the PI3K-regulated glucose transporter GLUT1. In-depth metabolomic analysis of RV-infected cells revealed a critical role of glucose mobilization from extracellular and intracellular pools via glycogenolysis for viral replication. Infection resulted in a highly anabolic state, including enhanced nucleotide synthesis and lipogenesis. Consistently, we observed that glucose deprivation from medium and via glycolysis inhibition by 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) potently impairs viral replication. Metabolomic analysis showed that 2-DG specifically reverts the RV-induced anabolic reprogramming. In addition, treatment with 2-DG inhibited RV infection and inflammation in a murine model. Thus, we demonstrate that the specific metabolic fingerprint of RV infection can be used to identify new targets for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido A Gualdoni
- Institute of Immunology, Center of Pathophysiology, Immunology & Infectiology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine 3, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina A Mayer
- Institute of Immunology, Center of Pathophysiology, Immunology & Infectiology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Anna-Maria Kapsch
- Institute of Immunology, Center of Pathophysiology, Immunology & Infectiology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Global Pathogen Safety, Shire, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Kreuzberg
- Institute of Immunology, Center of Pathophysiology, Immunology & Infectiology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander Puck
- Institute of Immunology, Center of Pathophysiology, Immunology & Infectiology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Philip Kienzl
- Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Karin Frühwirth
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Medicine 1, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Winkler
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Department of Medicine 1, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Dieter Blaas
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Vienna Biocenter, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard J Zlabinger
- Institute of Immunology, Center of Pathophysiology, Immunology & Infectiology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Stöckl
- Institute of Immunology, Center of Pathophysiology, Immunology & Infectiology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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24
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Zhou XC, Dong SH, Liu ZS, Liu S, Zhang CC, Liang XZ. Regulation of gammaherpesvirus lytic replication by endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced transcription factors ATF4 and CHOP. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:2801-2814. [PMID: 29305424 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.813675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The stress-induced unfolded protein response (UPR) in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) involves various signaling cross-talks and controls cell fate. B-cell receptor (BCR) signaling, which can trigger UPR, induces gammaherpesvirus lytic replication and serves as a physiological mechanism for gammaherpesvirus reactivation in vivo However, how the UPR regulates BCR-mediated gammaherpesvirus infection is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that the ER stressors tunicamycin and thapsigargin inhibit BCR-mediated murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68) lytic replication by inducing expression of the UPR mediator Bip and blocking activation of Akt, ERK, and JNK. Both Bip and the downstream transcription factor ATF4 inhibited BCR-mediated MHV68 lytic gene expression, whereas UPR-induced C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) was required for and promoted BCR-mediated MHV68 lytic replication by suppressing upstream Bip and ATF4 expression. Bip knockout was sufficient to rescue BCR-mediated MHV68 lytic gene expression in CHOP knockout cells, and this rescue was blocked by ectopic ATF4 expression. Furthermore, ATF4 directly inhibited promoter activity of the MHV68 lytic switch transactivator RTA. Altogether, we show that ER stress-induced CHOP inhibits Bip and ATF4 expression and that ATF4, in turn, plays a critical role in CHOP-mediated regulation of BCR-controlled MHV68 lytic replication. We conclude that ER stress-mediated UPR and BCR signaling pathways are interconnected and form a complex network to regulate the gammaherpesvirus infection cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Chen Zhou
- Key Laaboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031
| | - Si-Han Dong
- Key Laaboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Zhong-Shun Liu
- Key Laaboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- Key Laaboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031
| | - Chao-Can Zhang
- Key Laaboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xiao-Zhen Liang
- Key Laaboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
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25
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Deregulation of KSHV latency conformation by ER-stress and caspase-dependent RAD21-cleavage. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006596. [PMID: 28854249 PMCID: PMC5595345 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS)-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is a human gammaherpesvirus recognized as the principal causative agent of KS and primary effusion lymphoma (PEL). KSHV establishes persistent latent infection in B lymphocytes where viral gene expression is restricted, in part, by a cohesin-dependent chromosome conformation. Here, we show that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress induces a rapid, caspase-dependent cleavage of cohesin subunit RAD21. ER stress-induced cleavage of RAD21 correlated with a rapid and strong viral lytic transcriptional activation. This effect was observed in several KSHV positive PEL cells, but not in other B-cells or non-B-cell models of KSHV latency. The cleaved-RAD21 does not dissociate from viral genomes, nor disassemble from other components of the cohesin complex. However, RAD21 cleavage correlated with the disruption of the latency genome conformation as revealed by chromosome conformation capture (3C). Ectopic expression of C-terminal RAD21 cleaved form could partially induce KSHV lytic genes transcription in BCBLI cells, suggesting that ER-stress induced RAD21 cleavage was sufficient to induce KSHV reactivation from latency in PEL cells. Taken together our results reveal a novel aspect for control and maintenance of KSHV genome latency conformation mediated by stress-induced RAD21 cleavage. Our studies also suggest that RAD21 cleavage may be a general regulatory mechanism for rapid alteration of cellular chromosome conformation and cohesin-dependent transcription regulation. Latent infection with Kasposi’s Sarcoma (KS)-Associated Herpesivirus (KSHV) is linked to malignant transformation of the host cell. KSHV associated pleural effusion lymphomas (PEL) are highly sensitive to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress due to underlying defects in ER stress response pathways. We show here that ER stress inducers lead to a rapid activation of KSHV lytic transcripts, and that an underlying mechanism is found in the caspase and calpain-dependent proteolytic cleavage of RAD21. RAD21 is a subunit of the cohesin complex that maintains a chromosome conformation that restricts KSHV lytic cycle transcription. ER stress-induced cleavage of RAD21 alters the KSHV chromosome conformation associated with latency, and a locus-specific increase in RNA polymerase II association and activation. These findings provide new insights into the regulation of KSHV latency and its response to ER stress, and may further the development of selective treatments for KSHV associated PEL and related malignancies.
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26
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Lo AKF, Dawson CW, Young LS, Lo KW. The role of metabolic reprogramming in γ-herpesvirus-associated oncogenesis. Int J Cancer 2017; 141:1512-1521. [PMID: 28542909 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The γ-herpesviruses, EBV and KSHV, are closely associated with a number of human cancers. While the signal transduction pathways exploited by γ-herpesviruses to promote cell growth, survival and transformation have been reported, recent studies have uncovered the impact of γ-herpesvirus infection on host cell metabolism. Here, we review the mechanisms used by γ-herpesviruses to induce metabolic reprogramming in host cells, focusing on their ability to modulate the activity of metabolic regulators and manipulate metabolic pathways. While γ-herpesviruses alter metabolic phenotypes as a means to support viral infection and long-term persistence, this modulation can inadvertently contribute to cancer development. Strategies that target deregulated metabolic phenotypes induced by γ-herpesviruses provide new opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Kwok-Fung Lo
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Christopher W Dawson
- Institutite of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Vincent Drive, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Lawrence S Young
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Kwok-Wai Lo
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory in Oncology in South China and Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Science, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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27
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Magistroni R, Boletta A. Defective glycolysis and the use of 2-deoxy-D-glucose in polycystic kidney disease: from animal models to humans. J Nephrol 2017; 30:511-519. [PMID: 28390001 DOI: 10.1007/s40620-017-0395-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is an inherited renal disease characterized by bilateral renal cyst formation. ADPKD is one of the most common rare disorders, accounting for ~10% of all patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). ADPKD is a chronic disorder in which the gradual expansion of cysts that form in a minority of nephrons eventually causes loss of renal function due to the compression and degeneration of the surrounding normal parenchyma. Numerous deranged pathways have been identified in the cyst-lining epithelia, prompting the design of potential therapies. Several of these potential treatments have proved effective in slowing down disease progression in pre-clinical animal studies, while only one has subsequently been proven to effectively slow down disease progression in patients, and it has recently been approved for therapy in Europe, Canada and Japan. Among the affected cellular functions and pathways, recent investigations have described metabolic derangement in ADPKD as a major trait offering additional opportunities for targeted therapies. In particular, increased aerobic glycolysis (the Warburg effect) has been described as a prominent feature of ADPKD kidneys and its inhibition using the glucose analogue 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) proved effective in slowing down disease progression in preclinical models of the disease. At the same time, previous clinical experiences have been reported with 2DG, showing that this compound is well tolerated in humans with minimal and reversible side effects. In this work, we review the literature and speculate that 2DG could be a good candidate for a clinical trial in humans affected by ADPKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Magistroni
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina, 58, 20132, Milan, Italy
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, AOU Policlinico di Modena, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Alessandra Boletta
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina, 58, 20132, Milan, Italy.
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28
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Abstract
Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS)-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is an oncogenic human herpesvirus. KSHV is associated with three cancers in the human population: KS, primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), and multicentric Castleman’s disease (MCD). KS is the leading cause of cancer in HIV-infected individuals. In this review, we discuss the most recent discoveries behind the mechanisms of KSHV latency maintenance and lytic replication. We also review current therapies for KSHV-associated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J Dissinger
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Blossom Damania
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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29
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Sutrina SL, Griffith MSJ, Lafeuillee C. 2-Deoxy-d-glucose is a potent inhibitor of biofilm growth in Escherichia coli. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2016; 162:1037-1046. [PMID: 27045200 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Escherichia coli strain 15 (ATCC 9723), which forms robust biofilms, was grown under optimal biofilm conditions in NaCl-free Luria-Bertani broth (LB*) or in LB* supplemented with one of the non-metabolizable analogues 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2DG), methyl α-d-mannopyranoside (αMM), or methyl α-d-glucopyranoside (αMG). Biofilm growth was inhibited by mannose analogue 2DG even at very low concentration in unbuffered medium, and the maximal inhibition was enhanced in the presence of either 100 mM KPO4 or 100 mM MOPS, pH 7.5; in buffered medium, concentrations of 0.02 % (1.2 mM) or more inhibited growth nearly completely. In contrast, mannose analogue αMM, which should not be able to enter the cells but has been reported to inhibit biofilm growth by binding to FimH, did not exhibit strong inhibition even at concentrations up to 1.8 % (108 mM). The glucose analogue αMG inhibited biofilm growth, but much less strongly than did 2DG. None of the analogues inhibited planktonic growth or caused a change in pH of the unbuffered medium. Similar inhibitory effects of the analogues were observed in minimal medium. The effects were not strain-specific, as 2DG and αMG also inhibited the weak biofilm growth of E. coli K12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L Sutrina
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, Barbados
| | - Melanie S J Griffith
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, Barbados
| | - Chad Lafeuillee
- Department of Biological and Chemical Sciences, University of the West Indies, Cave Hill Campus, Barbados
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30
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Shigemi Z, Baba Y, Hara N, Matsuhiro J, Kagawa H, Watanabe T, Fujimuro M. Effects of ER stress on unfolded protein responses, cell survival, and viral replication in primary effusion lymphoma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 469:565-72. [PMID: 26692493 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.12.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), a subtype of non-Hodgkin's B-lymphoma, is an aggressive neoplasm caused by Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) in immunosuppressed patients. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress induces activation of the unfolded protein response (UPR), which induces expression of ER chaperones, which in turn decrease ER stress, leading to ER homeostasis. The UPR is necessary for not only ER homeostasis but also persistent infection by, and replication of, many viruses. However, the precise roles and regulation of the UPR in KSHV infection remain poorly understood. Here, we found that IRE1α and PERK were significantly downregulated in PEL cells cultured under normal conditions, compared with KSHV-uninfected B-lymphoma cells. IRE1α and PERK mRNA levels were decreased in PEL cells, and KSHV-encoded LANA and v-cyclin D led to suppressed IRE1α transcription. Thapsigargin-induced ER stress activated the UPR and increased the mRNA levels of UPR-related molecules, including IRE1α and PERK, in PEL cells. However the IRE1α and PERK mRNA levels in PEL cells were lower than those in KSHV-uninfected cells. Furthermore, ER stress induced by brefeldin A and thapsigargin dramatically reduced the viability of PEL cells, compared with KSHV-uninfected cells, and induced apoptosis of PEL cells via the pro-apoptotic UPR through expression of CHOP and activation of caspase-9. In addition to the pro-apoptotic UPR, thapsigargin-induced ER stress enhanced transcription of lytic genes, including RTA, K-bZIP and K8.1, and viral production in PEL cells resulted in induction of the lytic cycle. Thus, we demonstrated downregulation of IRE1α and PERK in PEL cells, transcriptional suppression of IRE1α by LANA and v-cyclin D, apoptosis induction in PEL cells by ER stress, and potentiation of lytic replication by ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenpei Shigemi
- Department of Cell Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi-Shichonocho 1, Yamashinaku, Kyoto 607-8412, Japan
| | - Yusuke Baba
- Department of Cell Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi-Shichonocho 1, Yamashinaku, Kyoto 607-8412, Japan
| | - Naoko Hara
- Department of Cell Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi-Shichonocho 1, Yamashinaku, Kyoto 607-8412, Japan
| | - Jumpei Matsuhiro
- Department of Cell Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi-Shichonocho 1, Yamashinaku, Kyoto 607-8412, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kagawa
- Department of Cell Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi-Shichonocho 1, Yamashinaku, Kyoto 607-8412, Japan
| | - Tadashi Watanabe
- Department of Cell Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi-Shichonocho 1, Yamashinaku, Kyoto 607-8412, Japan
| | - Masahiro Fujimuro
- Department of Cell Biology, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi-Shichonocho 1, Yamashinaku, Kyoto 607-8412, Japan.
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31
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Induction of Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus-Encoded Viral Interleukin-6 by X-Box Binding Protein 1. J Virol 2015; 90:368-78. [PMID: 26491160 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01192-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the causative agent for Kaposi sarcoma (KS), primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), and a subset of multicentric Castleman disease (MCD). The KSHV life cycle has two principal gene repertoires, latent and lytic. KSHV viral interleukin-6 (vIL-6), an analog of human IL-6, is usually lytic; production of vIL-6 by involved plasmablasts is a central feature of KSHV-MCD. vIL-6 also plays a role in PEL and KS. We show that a number of plasmablasts from lymph nodes of patients with KSHV-MCD express vIL-6 but not ORF45, a KSHV lytic gene. We further show that vIL-6 is directly induced by the spliced (active) X-box binding protein-1 (XBP-1s), a transcription factor activated by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and differentiation of B cells in lymph nodes. The promoter region of vIL-6 contains several potential XBP-response elements (XREs), and two of these elements in particular mediate the effect of XBP-1s. Mutation of these elements abrogates the response to XBP-1s but not to the KSHV replication and transcription activator (RTA). Also, XBP-1s binds to the vIL-6 promoter in the region of these XREs. Exposure of PEL cells to a chemical inducer of XBP-1s can induce vIL-6. Patient-derived PEL tumor cells that produce vIL-6 frequently coexpress XBP-1, and immunofluorescence staining of involved KSHV-MCD lymph nodes reveals that most plasmablasts expressing vIL-6 also coexpress XBP-1. These results provide evidence that XBP-1s is a direct activator of KSHV vIL-6 and that this is an important step in the pathogenesis of KSHV-MCD and PEL. IMPORTANCE Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV)-associated multicentric Castleman disease (KSHV-MCD) is characterized by severe inflammatory symptoms caused by an excess of cytokines, particularly KSHV-encoded viral interleukin-6 (vIL-6) produced by lymph node plasmablasts. vIL-6 is usually a lytic gene. We show that a number of KSHV-MCD lymph node plasmablasts express vIL-6 but do not have full lytic KSHV replication. Differentiating lymph node B cells express spliced (active) X-box binding protein-1 (XBP-1s). We show that XBP-1s binds to the promoter of vIL-6 and can directly induce production of vIL-6 through X-box protein response elements on the vIL-6 promoter region. We further show that chemical inducers of XBP-1s can upregulate production of vIL-6. Finally, we show that most vIL-6-producing plasmablasts from lymph nodes of KSHV-MCD patients coexpress XBP-1s. These results demonstrate that XBP-1s can directly induce vIL-6 and provide evidence that this is a key step in the pathogenesis of KSHV-MCD and other KSHV-induced diseases.
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32
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Zhang L, Su J, Xie Q, Zeng L, Wang Y, Yi D, Yu Y, Liu S, Li S, Xu Y. 2-Deoxy-d-Glucose Sensitizes Human Ovarian Cancer Cells to Cisplatin by Increasing ER Stress and Decreasing ATP Stores in Acidic Vesicles. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2015; 29:572-8. [PMID: 26241884 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.21730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cisplatin is a commonly used chemotherapeutic agent; however, the development of acquired resistance limits its application. Here, we demonstrate that 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-DG) enhanced the antitumor effects of cisplatin in SKOV3 cells, which include inhibition of proliferation and promotion of apoptosis. Additionally, either cisplatin or 2-DG alone could upregulate the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-associated protein glucose-regulated protein-78 (GRP78). Moreover, exposure to 2-DG increased the expression of GRP78 induced by cisplatin. Cisplatin also upregulated ER stress-associated apoptotic protein 153/C/EBP homology protein (CHOP) in SKOV3 cells. While treatment with 2-DG alone could not upregulate the CHOP expression, a combination of both 2-DG and cisplatin increased the protein levels of CHOP above those induced by Cisplatin alone. Finally, cisplatin mediated an increase in ATP stores within acidic vesicles, whereas 2-DG decreased this effect. These data demonstrate that 2-DG sensitizes SKOV3 cells to cisplatin by increasing ER stress and decreasing ATP stores in acidic vesicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Zhang
- School of Public Health, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Su
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Xie
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic College of Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Linchuan Zeng
- School of Public Health, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Public Health, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Yi
- Medical Examination Center, Jilin Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Jilin, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Yu
- Medical Research Laboratory, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Shibing Liu
- Medical Research Laboratory, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Songyan Li
- Medical Research Laboratory, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Xu
- Medical Research Laboratory, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, Jilin, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Histology and Embryology, Jilin Medical University, Jilin, Jilin, People's Republic of China.
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Ulasov I, Borovjagin AV, Kaverina N, Schroeder B, Shah N, Lin B, Baryshnikov A, Cobbs C. MT1-MMP silencing by an shRNA-armed glioma-targeted conditionally replicative adenovirus (CRAd) improves its anti-glioma efficacy in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Lett 2015; 365:240-50. [PMID: 26052095 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
MMP14 (MT1-MMP) is a cell membrane-associated proteinase of the extracellular matrix, whose biological roles vary from angiogenesis to cell proliferation and survival. We recently found a direct correlation between MMP14 expression levels in brain tumors of glioma patients and the disease progression. By using gene silencing as an experimental approach we found that MMP14 knockdown decreases production of pro-angiogenic factors such as VEGF and IL8 and thereby suppresses angiogenesis in glioma tumors. Although the clinical relevance of MMP14 down-regulation and its possible implications for glioma therapy in humans remain unclear, we observed a significant improvement in animal survival upon down-regulation of MMP14 in murine intracranial glioma xenografts infected with MMP14 shRNA-expressing CRAd. We further found that down-regulation of MMP14 in gliomas by combinational treatment with CRAd-S-5/3 and Marimastat, a chemical inhibitor of metalloproteinases, augments suppression of pro-angiogenic factors, caused by the replication-competent adenovirus. We also demonstrated that delivery of MMP14-targeting shRNA by a fiber-modified adenoviral vector to the glioma cells effectively suppresses their proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Thus our data indicate that inhibition of MMP14 expression in tumors in combination with glioma virotherapy could be effectively utilized to suppress angiogenesis and neovascularization of glioma tumors by decreasing production of pro-angiogenic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya Ulasov
- Center for Advanced Brain Tumor Center, Swedish Neuroscience Institute, 550 17th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98122, USA; Laboratory of Experimental Diagnostics and Biotherapy, N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Center (RONC), Moscow 123481, Russia.
| | - Anton V Borovjagin
- School of Dentistry, Institute of Oral Health Research, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35205, USA
| | - Natalya Kaverina
- Laboratory of Experimental Diagnostics and Biotherapy, N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Center (RONC), Moscow 123481, Russia
| | - Brett Schroeder
- College of Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Nameeta Shah
- Center for Advanced Brain Tumor Center, Swedish Neuroscience Institute, 550 17th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98122, USA
| | - Biaoyang Lin
- Center for Advanced Brain Tumor Center, Swedish Neuroscience Institute, 550 17th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98122, USA
| | - Anatoly Baryshnikov
- Laboratory of Experimental Diagnostics and Biotherapy, N.N. Blokhin Cancer Research Center (RONC), Moscow 123481, Russia
| | - Charles Cobbs
- Center for Advanced Brain Tumor Center, Swedish Neuroscience Institute, 550 17th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98122, USA.
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Celecoxib Inhibits the Lytic Activation of Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus through Down-Regulation of RTA Expression by Inhibiting the Activation of p38 MAPK. Viruses 2015; 7:2268-87. [PMID: 25951487 PMCID: PMC4452905 DOI: 10.3390/v7052268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi’s sarcoma associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is the etiologic agent of Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS), primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), and multicentric Castleman’s disease (MCD). KSHV’s lytic replication cycle is critical for the pathogenesis of KSHV-associated diseases. Despite recent progress in the development of treatments for KSHV associated malignancies, these therapies are not completely efficacious and cause side effects. Therefore, more effective therapies with antiviral agents against KSHV are urgently needed. In this study, we identified celecoxib as an antiviral agent against KSHV. Our data suggest that celecoxib inhibits the lytic activation of KSHV through the down-regulation of the expression of the lytic switch protein, replication and transcription activator (RTA), by inhibiting the activation of p38 MAPK. Therefore, celecoxib may provide a candidate inhibitor for the therapeutic research of KSHV-related malignancies.
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Mühlenberg T, Grunewald S, Treckmann J, Podleska L, Schuler M, Fletcher JA, Bauer S. Inhibition of KIT-glycosylation by 2-deoxyglucose abrogates KIT-signaling and combination with ABT-263 synergistically induces apoptosis in gastrointestinal stromal tumor. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0120531. [PMID: 25781619 PMCID: PMC4364009 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0120531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) is frequently used for visualizing gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST), which are highly glucose-avid tumors. Dramatic metabolic responses following imatinib treatment indicate a high, KIT-dependent glucose turnover which has been particularly helpful for predicting tumor response to imatinib. The glucose analogue 2-deoxyglucose (2DG) inhibits glucose metabolism in cancer cells that depend on aerobic glycolysis for ATP production. We show that 2DG inhibits proliferation in both imatinib-sensitive and imatinib-resistant GIST cell lines at levels that can be achieved clinically. KIT-negative GIST48B have 3-14-fold higher IC50 levels than KIT-positive GIST cells indicating that oncogenic KIT may sensitize cells to 2DG. GIST sensitivity to 2DG is increased in low-glucose media (110mg/dl). 2DG leads to dose- and glucose dependent inhibition of KIT glycosylation with resultant reduction of membrane-bound KIT, inhibition of KIT-phosphorylation and inactivation of KIT-dependent signaling intermediates. In contrast to imatinib, 2DG caused ER-stress and elicited the unfolded protein response (UPR). Mannose but not pyruvate rescued GIST cells from 2DG-induced growth arrest, suggesting that loss of KIT integrity is the predominant effect of 2DG in GIST. Additive anti-tumoral effects were seen with imatinib and BH3-mimetics. Our data provide the first evidence that modulation of the glucose-metabolism by 2DG may have a disease-specific effect and may be therapeutically useful in GIST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Mühlenberg
- Dept. of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Sarcoma Center, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Susanne Grunewald
- Dept. of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Sarcoma Center, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Treckmann
- Sarcoma Center, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Dept. of Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Lars Podleska
- Sarcoma Center, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Dept. of Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Martin Schuler
- Dept. of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jonathan A. Fletcher
- Dept. of Pathology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sebastian Bauer
- Dept. of Medical Oncology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Sarcoma Center, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- West German Cancer Center, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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36
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Liu G, Yu FX, Kim YC, Meng Z, Naipauer J, Looney DJ, Liu X, Gutkind JS, Mesri EA, Guan KL. Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus promotes tumorigenesis by modulating the Hippo pathway. Oncogene 2014; 34:3536-46. [PMID: 25195862 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is an oncogenic virus and the culprit behind the human disease Kaposi sarcoma (KS), an AIDS-defining malignancy. KSHV encodes a viral G-protein-coupled receptor (vGPCR) critical for the initiation and progression of KS. In this study, we identified that YAP/TAZ, two homologous oncoproteins inhibited by the Hippo tumor suppressor pathway, are activated in KSHV-infected cells in vitro, KS-like mouse tumors and clinical human KS specimens. The KSHV-encoded vGPCR acts through Gq/11 and G12/13 to inhibit the Hippo pathway kinases Lats1/2, promoting the activation of YAP/TAZ. Furthermore, depletion of YAP/TAZ blocks vGPCR-induced cell proliferation and tumorigenesis in a xenograft mouse model. The vGPCR-transformed cells are sensitive to pharmacologic inhibition of YAP. Our study establishes a pivotal role of the Hippo pathway in mediating the oncogenic activity of KSHV and development of KS, and also suggests a potential of using YAP inhibitors for KS intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Liu
- 1] School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China [2] Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - F-X Yu
- Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Y C Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Z Meng
- Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - J Naipauer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Viral Oncology Program, Miami Center for AIDS Research, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - D J Looney
- Department of Medicine, VA San Diego Healthcare System, The University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - X Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - J S Gutkind
- Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - E A Mesri
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and Viral Oncology Program, Miami Center for AIDS Research, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - K-L Guan
- Department of Pharmacology and Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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37
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Wang Y, Li JR, Sun MX, Ni B, Huan C, Huang L, Li C, Fan HJ, Ren XF, Mao X. Triggering unfolded protein response by 2-Deoxy-D-glucose inhibits porcine epidemic diarrhea virus propagation. Antiviral Res 2014; 106:33-41. [PMID: 24681123 PMCID: PMC7113873 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is cyto-protective machinery elicited towards an influx of large amount of protein synthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Extensive studies suggest that the UPR can also be activated during virus infection. In the present studies, we first evaluated if porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection activated the UPR pathways. Electron microscopy analysis demonstrated the morphology changes of ER post-PEDV infection. Western blot and real-time PCR identified the differences of UPR genes in response to PEDV infection. The results suggested that PEDV infection induced UPR in Vero cells. Meanwhile, we silenced the expression of PKR-like ER kinase (PERK) by shRNA, we found that the knockdown of PERK increased virus loads in the cells, which was consistent with the result on 4-phenylbutyrate (4-PBA) treatment. We next determined whether 2-Deoxy-d-glucose (2-DG), an ER stress inducer, possessed antiviral activity against PEDV infection. Plaque formation assay, RT-PCR and Western blot analysis suggested that 2-DG might inhibit virus infection by affecting viral protein translation during the early stage of virus infection. Interestingly, we also found that 2-DG treatment could affect virus assembly, which is similar to previous studies on influenza virus. All these results support the therapeutic potential of using 2-DG or glucose/mannose analogs to induce the UPR to block virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China
| | - Jia-rong Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China
| | - Ming-xia Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China
| | - Bo Ni
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China
| | - Changchao Huan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China
| | - Li Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China
| | - Chen Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China
| | - Hong-jie Fan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiao-feng Ren
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 59 Mucai Street, Harbin, Xiangfang District, 150030, China.
| | - Xiang Mao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China.
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Xi H, Kurtoglu M, Lampidis TJ. The wonders of 2-deoxy-D-glucose. IUBMB Life 2014; 66:110-21. [PMID: 24578297 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Through the eons of time, out of all possible configurations, nature has selected glucose not only as a vital source of energy to sustain life but also as the molecule who's structure supplies the appropriate elements required for a cell to grow and multiply. This understanding, at least in part, explains the profound effects that the analog of glucose, 2-deoxy-d-glucose, has been shown to have on as common and widespread diseases as cancer, viral infection, aging-related morbidity, epilepsy, and others. This review is confined to summarizing some of the salient findings of this remarkable compound as they relate mainly to cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibin Xi
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, and Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Ashlock BM, Ma Q, Issac B, Mesri EA. Productively infected murine Kaposi's sarcoma-like tumors define new animal models for studying and targeting KSHV oncogenesis and replication. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87324. [PMID: 24489895 PMCID: PMC3905023 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is an AIDS-defining cancer caused by the KS-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). KS tumors are composed of KSHV-infected spindle cells of vascular origin with aberrant neovascularization and erythrocyte extravasation. KSHV genes expressed during both latent and lytic replicative cycles play important roles in viral oncogenesis. Animal models able to recapitulate both viral and host biological characteristics of KS are needed to elucidate oncogenic mechanisms, for developing targeted therapies, and to trace cellular components of KS ontogeny. Herein, we describe two new murine models of Kaposi's sarcoma. We found that murine bone marrow-derived cells, whether established in culture or isolated from fresh murine bone marrow, were infectable with rKSHV.219, formed KS-like tumors in immunocompromised mice and produced mature herpesvirus-like virions in vivo. Further, we show in vivo that the histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA/Vorinostat) enhanced viral lytic reactivation. We propose that these novel models are ideal for studying both viral and host contributions to KSHV-induced oncogenesis as well as for testing virally-targeted antitumor strategies for the treatment of Kaposi's sarcoma. Furthermore, our isolation of bone marrow-derived cell populations containing a cell type that, when infected with KSHV, renders a tumorigenic KS-like spindle cell, should facilitate systematic identification of KS progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany M. Ashlock
- The Miami Center for AIDS Research, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- Viral Oncology Program, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Qi Ma
- The Miami Center for AIDS Research, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- Viral Oncology Program, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Biju Issac
- Division of Bioinformatics, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Core, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Enrique A. Mesri
- The Miami Center for AIDS Research, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- Viral Oncology Program, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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40
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Molecular studies and therapeutic targeting of Kaposi’s sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV/HHV-8) oncogenesis. Immunol Res 2013; 57:159-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s12026-013-8458-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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41
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Paul AG, Chandran B, Sharma-Walia N. Cyclooxygenase-2-prostaglandin E2-eicosanoid receptor inflammatory axis: a key player in Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpes virus associated malignancies. Transl Res 2013; 162:77-92. [PMID: 23567332 PMCID: PMC7185490 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2013.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Revised: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The role of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), its lipid metabolite prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and Eicosanoid (EP) receptors (EP; 1-4) underlying the proinflammatory mechanistic aspects of Burkitt's lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma, cervical cancer, prostate cancer, colon cancer, and Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is an active area of investigation. The tumorigenic potential of COX-2 and PGE2 through EP receptors forms the mechanistic context underlying the chemotherapeutic potential of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Although role of the COX-2 is described in several viral associated malignancies, the biological significance of the COX-2/PGE2/EP receptor inflammatory axis is extensively studied only in Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpes virus (KSHV/HHV-8) associated malignancies such as KS, a multifocal endothelial cell tumor and primary effusion lymphoma (PEL), a B cell-proliferative disorder. The purpose of this review is to summarize the salient findings delineating the molecular mechanisms downstream of COX-2 involving PGE2 secretion and its autocrine and paracrine interactions with EP receptors (EP1-4), COX-2/PGE2/EP receptor signaling regulating KSHV pathogenesis and latency. KSHV infection induces COX-2, PGE2 secretion, and EP receptor activation. The resulting signal cascades modulate the expression of KSHV latency genes (latency associated nuclear antigen-1 [LANA-1] and viral-Fas (TNFRSF6)-associated via death domain like interferon converting enzyme-like- inhibitory protein [vFLIP]). vFLIP was also shown to be crucial for the maintenance of COX-2 activation. The mutually interdependent interactions between viral proteins (LANA-1/vFLIP) and COX-2/PGE2/EP receptors was shown to play key roles in the biological mechanisms involved in KS and PEL pathogenesis such as blockage of apoptosis, cell cycle regulation, transformation, proliferation, angiogenesis, adhesion, invasion, and immune-suppression. Understanding the COX-2/PGE2/EP axis is very important to develop new safer and specific therapeutic modalities for KS and PEL. In addition to COX-2 being a therapeutic target, EP receptors represent ideal targets for pharmacologic agents as PGE2 analogues and their blockers/antagonists possess antineoplastic activity, without the reported gastrointestinal and cardiovascular toxicity observed with few a NSAIDs.
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MESH Headings
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Cyclooxygenase 2/metabolism
- Dinoprostone/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Viral
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/genetics
- Herpesvirus 8, Human/pathogenicity
- Humans
- Lymphoma, Primary Effusion/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, Primary Effusion/metabolism
- Receptors, Eicosanoid/metabolism
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/drug therapy
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/metabolism
- Sarcoma, Kaposi/virology
- Signal Transduction
- Virus Latency/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun George Paul
- H. M. Bligh Cancer Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Ill
| | - Bala Chandran
- H. M. Bligh Cancer Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Ill
| | - Neelam Sharma-Walia
- H. M. Bligh Cancer Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Chicago Medical School, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Ill
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Li G, Scull C, Ozcan L, Tabas I. NADPH oxidase links endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress, and PKR activation to induce apoptosis. Crit Rev Microbiol 2010; 41:150-64. [PMID: 25168431 PMCID: PMC7113905 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2013.813899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a cellular membrane organelle that plays important roles in virus replication and maturation. Accumulating evidence indicates that virus infection often disturbs ER homeostasis and leads to ER stress, which is associated with a variety of prevalent diseases. To cope with the deleterious effects of virus-induced ER stress, cells activate critical signaling pathways including the unfolded protein response (UPR) and intrinsic mitochondrial apoptosis, which have complex effects on virus replication and pathogenesis. In this review, we present a comprehensive summary of recent research in this field, which revealed that about 36 viruses trigger ER stress and differentially activate ER stress-related signaling pathways. We also highlight the strategies evolved by viruses to modulate ER stress-related signaling networks including immune responses in order to ensure their survival and pathogenesis. Together, the knowledge gained from this field will shed light on unveiling the mechanisms of virus replication and pathogenesis and provide insight for future research as well as antiviral development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Li
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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