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Antonello RM, Canetti D, Riccardi N. Daptomycin synergistic properties from in vitro and in vivo studies: a systematic review. J Antimicrob Chemother 2022; 78:52-77. [PMID: 36227704 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkac346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Daptomycin is a bactericidal lipopeptide antibiotic approved for the treatment of systemic infections (i.e. skin and soft tissue infections, bloodstream infections, infective endocarditis) caused by Gram-positive cocci. It is often prescribed in association with a partner drug to increase its bactericidal effect and to prevent the emergence of resistant strains during treatment; however, its synergistic properties are still under evaluation. METHODS We performed a systematic review to offer clinicians an updated overview of daptomycin synergistic properties from in vitro and in vivo studies. Moreover, we reported all in vitro and in vivo data evaluating daptomycin in combination with other antibiotic agents, subdivided by antibiotic classes, and a summary graph presenting the most favourable combinations at a glance. RESULTS A total of 92 studies and 1087 isolates (723 Staphylococcus aureus, 68 Staphylococcus epidermidis, 179 Enterococcus faecium, 105 Enterococcus faecalis, 12 Enterococcus durans) were included. Synergism accounted for 30.9% of total interactions, while indifferent effect was the most frequently observed interaction (41.9%). Antagonistic effect accounted for 0.7% of total interactions. The highest synergistic rates against S. aureus were observed with daptomycin in combination with fosfomycin (55.6%). For S. epidermidis and Enterococcus spp., the most effective combinations were daptomycin plus ceftobiprole (50%) and daptomycin plus fosfomycin (63.6%) or rifampicin (62.8%), respectively. FUTURE PERSPECTIVES We believe this systematic review could be useful for the future updates of guidelines on systemic infections where daptomycin plays a key role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Maria Antonello
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence 50121, Italy
| | - Diana Canetti
- Department of Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan 20132, Italy
| | - Niccolò Riccardi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Infectious Diseases Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Pisa 56124, Italy
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Sakoulas G. Case Commentary: Imipenem/Cilastatin and Fosfomycin for Refractory Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infection: a Novel Combination Therapy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 65:e02039-20. [PMID: 33020155 PMCID: PMC7927839 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02039-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Given that it is unlikely that randomized clinical trials will yield answers for treating the most challenging bacteremic infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, clinicians, microbiologists, and pharmacists will have to cooperate to discover novel ways to select successful individualized antimicrobial therapy for these patients. An example of such a strategy was demonstrated in the identification and utilization of imipenem/cilastatin plus fosfomycin to treat a particularly recalcitrant MRSA bacteremia and spinal abscess.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Sakoulas
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems & Therapeutics, Center for Immunity, Infection & Inflammation, Collaborative to Halt Antimicrobial Resistant Microbes, University of California-San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
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3
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Ibarra G, Elmaaz A, Hennel D, Pacheco E. Daptomycin-Induced Hyperkalemia as an Early Sign of Rhabdomyolysis in a Diabetic Patient. Cureus 2020; 12:e11674. [PMID: 33391911 PMCID: PMC7769749 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.11674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Daptomycin is a lipopeptide antibiotic that is active against vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). It is less nephrotoxic than vancomycin. It has a unique bactericidal mechanism through destruction of bacterial membrane potential. However, one of the most clinically relevant adverse effects of daptomycin is reversible myopathy, especially when daptomycin is used in high doses. Here, we present a case of a patient with rhabdomyolysis preceded by hyperkalemia associated with daptomycin use. Soon after daptomycin administration, hyperkalemia was noticed before the acute rise in creatinine phosphokinase (CPK). The serum levels of potassium and CPK returned to normal after daptomycin was stopped which suggested the causal relationship between hyperkalemia and myopathy and daptomycin use. To our knowledge, this is the second case of hyperkalemia related to daptomycin use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Ibarra
- Internal Medicine Department, New York Medical College, Metropolitan Hospital Center, New York, USA
| | - Ahmed Elmaaz
- Internal Medicine Department, New York Medical College, Metropolitan Hospital Center, New York, USA
| | - Danielle Hennel
- Physician Assistant Program, Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Enrique Pacheco
- Internal Medicine Department, Yale University, Waterbury, USA
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4
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Morrisette T, Alosaimy S, Abdul-Mutakabbir JC, Kebriaei R, Rybak MJ. The Evolving Reduction of Vancomycin and Daptomycin Susceptibility in MRSA-Salvaging the Gold Standards with Combination Therapy. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9110762. [PMID: 33143290 PMCID: PMC7692208 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9110762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. Vancomycin (VAN) has been used as the gold standard treatment for invasive MRSA infections for decades but, unfortunately, the reliance of VAN as the primary treatment option against these infections has led to a reduction in VAN susceptibility in MRSA isolates. Although daptomycin (DAP) is another common treatment option against invasive MRSA infections, it has been shown that the development of VAN resistance can lead to DAP nonsusceptibility. VAN or DAP backbone regimens in combination with other antibiotics has been advocated as an alternative approach to improve patient outcomes in VAN/DAP-susceptible infections, enhance outcomes in infections caused by isolates with reduced VAN/DAP susceptibility, and/or prevent the emergence of VAN/DAP resistance or further resistance. A peer-reviewed literature search was conducted using Medline, Google Scholar and PubMed databases. The primary purpose of this review is to describe the mechanisms and epidemiology of MRSA isolates with a reduction in VAN and/or DAP susceptibility, evaluate in vitro and in vivo literature describing combination therapy (CT) against MRSA isolates with reduced VAN and/or DAP susceptibility and describe studies involving the clinical outcomes of patients treated with CT against invasive MRSA infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Morrisette
- Anti-Infective Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (T.M.); (S.A.); (J.C.A.-M.); (R.K.)
| | - Sara Alosaimy
- Anti-Infective Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (T.M.); (S.A.); (J.C.A.-M.); (R.K.)
| | - Jacinda C. Abdul-Mutakabbir
- Anti-Infective Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (T.M.); (S.A.); (J.C.A.-M.); (R.K.)
| | - Razieh Kebriaei
- Anti-Infective Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (T.M.); (S.A.); (J.C.A.-M.); (R.K.)
| | - Michael J. Rybak
- Anti-Infective Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (T.M.); (S.A.); (J.C.A.-M.); (R.K.)
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Department of Pharmacy, Detroit Receiving Hospital, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-313-577-4376; Fax: +1-313-577-9310
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5
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Updates on Combination Therapy for Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11908-020-00737-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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6
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Holland TL, Chambers HF, Boucher HW, Corey GR, Coleman R, Castaneda-Ruiz B, Fowler VG. Considerations for Clinical Trials of Staphylococcus aureus Bloodstream Infection in Adults. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 68:865-872. [PMID: 30202941 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciy774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical trials for Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infections (SAB) are broadly grouped into 2 categories: registrational trials intended to support regulatory approval of antibiotics for the treatment of SAB and strategy trials intended to inform clinicians on the best treatment options for SAB among existing antibiotics. Both types of SAB trials are urgently needed but have been limited by cost, complexity, and regulatory uncertainty. Here, we review key SAB trial design considerations for investigators, sponsors, and regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L Holland
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Helen W Boucher
- Department of Medicine, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - G Ralph Corey
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Rebecca Coleman
- Theravance Biopharma US, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | | | - Vance G Fowler
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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Nakatani S, Ohara T, Ashihara K, Izumi C, Iwanaga S, Eishi K, Okita Y, Daimon M, Kimura T, Toyoda K, Nakase H, Nakano K, Higashi M, Mitsutake K, Murakami T, Yasukochi S, Okazaki S, Sakamoto H, Tanaka H, Nakagawa I, Nomura R, Fujiu K, Miura T, Morizane T. JCS 2017 Guideline on Prevention and Treatment of Infective Endocarditis. Circ J 2019; 83:1767-1809. [PMID: 31281136 DOI: 10.1253/circj.cj-19-0549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Nakatani
- Division of Health Sciences, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Takahiro Ohara
- Division of Community Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University
| | - Kyomi Ashihara
- Department of Cardiology, Tokyo Women's Medical University
| | - Chisato Izumi
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center
| | - Shiro Iwanaga
- Department of Cardiology, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center
| | - Kiyoyuki Eishi
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
| | - Yutaka Okita
- Cardio-Aortic Center, Takatsuki General Hospital
| | - Masao Daimon
- Department of Clinical Laboratory/Cardiology, the University of Tokyo
| | - Toshimi Kimura
- Department of Pharmacy, Tokyo Women's Medical University Hospital
| | - Kazunori Toyoda
- Department of Cerebrovascular Medicine, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center
| | | | - Kazuhiko Nakano
- Division of Oral Infection and Disease Control, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry
| | - Masahiro Higashi
- Department of Radiology, National Hospital Organization, Osaka National Hospital
| | - Kotaro Mitsutake
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Infection Control, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center
| | | | | | - Shuhei Okazaki
- Department of Neurology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center
| | - Haruo Sakamoto
- Department of Oral and Maxicillofacial Surgery, Tokai University Hachioji Hospital
| | - Hiroshi Tanaka
- Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Kobe University
| | | | - Ryota Nomura
- Division of Oral Infection and Disease Control, Osaka University Graduate School of Dentistry
| | - Katsuhito Fujiu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the University of Tokyo
| | - Takashi Miura
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences
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Pereira MR, Rana MM. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in solid organ transplantation-Guidelines from the American Society of Transplantation Infectious Diseases Community of Practice. Clin Transplant 2019; 33:e13611. [PMID: 31120612 DOI: 10.1111/ctr.13611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
These updated guidelines from the American Society of Transplantation Infectious Diseases Community of Practice review the epidemiology, diagnosis, prevention, and management of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections in solid organ transplantation. Despite an increasing armamentarium of antimicrobials active against MRSA, improved diagnostic tools, and overall declining rates of infection, MRSA infections remain a substantial cause of morbidity and mortality in solid organ transplant recipients. Pre- and post-transplant MRSA colonization is a significant risk factor for post-transplant MRSA infection. The preferred initial treatment of MRSA bacteremia remains vancomycin. Hand hygiene, chlorhexidine bathing in the ICU, central-line bundles that focus on reducing unnecessary catheter use, disinfection of patient equipment, and the environment along with antimicrobial stewardship are all aspects of an infection prevention approach to prevent MRSA transmission and decrease healthcare-associated infections.
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9
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Lewis PO, Heil EL, Covert KL, Cluck DB. Treatment strategies for persistent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia. J Clin Pharm Ther 2018; 43:614-625. [PMID: 30003555 DOI: 10.1111/jcpt.12743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE Treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteraemia is a long-standing challenge to health care, often complicated by metastatic infections, treatment failure and mortality. When MRSA bacteraemia persists despite adequate initial treatment, current Infectious Diseases Society of America guidelines recommend evaluation and removal of possible sources of infection. In addition, a change in therapy may be considered. The objective of this review was to explore the therapeutic options for the treatment of persistent MRSA bacteraemia. METHODS A literature search of PubMed, MEDLINE and Google Scholar was performed using the following search terms: [methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus OR MRSA] AND [bacteraemia OR bloodstream infection] AND [persistent OR persistence OR refractory OR treatment failure OR salvage] AND treatment. We evaluated relevant, adult, English-language, peer-reviewed studies published between 1985 and May 2018. In vitro and animal studies were considered as supportive of in vivo data. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Randomized, controlled trials are lacking. However, case series and case reports support multiple treatment options including high-dose daptomycin in combination with an antistaphylococcal β-lactam, ceftaroline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) or fosfomycin; ceftaroline alone or in combination with vancomycin or TMP-SMX; linezolid alone or in combination with a carbapenem, or telavancin. WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION Given the heterogeneity of the data, a preferred regimen has not emerged. Prescribers must take into consideration recent exposure, source control, and available synergy and clinical data. Further comparative trials are needed to establish a preferred regimen and the creation of a universal treatment algorithm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul O Lewis
- Department of Pharmacy, Johnson City Medical Center, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | - Emily L Heil
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kelly L Covert
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
| | - David B Cluck
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Bill Gatton College of Pharmacy, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee
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10
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Sato T, Kawamura M, Furukawa E, Fujimura S. Screening method for trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole-resistant small colony variants of Staphylococcus aureus. J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2018; 15:1-5. [PMID: 29857058 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (SXT) is used to treat Staphylococcus aureus infections. However, the effect of treatment with SXT is sometimes not sufficient and there are patients whose treatment has to be prolonged. There are few reports of isolated strains of SXT-resistant S. aureus, but it is possible that some resistant strains cannot be detected by current testing methods We have therefore developed a tool to identify these resistant strains. METHODS The mutant selection window (MSW) of SXT for 40 clinical isolates of S. aureus, including 20 methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), was determined. The optimum concentration of SXT and thymidine in agar for detecting SXT-resistant small colony variants (SCVs) of S. aureus was investigated. RESULTS The MSW50 and MSW90 of SXT, presented as a multiple of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), were 16× MIC and >256× MIC, respectively. SCVs were detected within the MSW in 32 (80%) of the 40 clinical isolates studied. To maintain the morphology of SCVs, the most suitable concentrations of SXT and thymidine for screening were 4mg/L and 0.01μg/mL, respectively. All 32 SCVs were resistant to SXT (MIC >32mg/L). The sensitivity and specificity of this screening method was 100% and 88.9%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS SXT-resistant SCVs are not usually detected by routine laboratory tests performed in hospitals. However, the screening test described here can easily distinguish SXT-resistant SCVs among S. aureus isolated from specimens. This newly developed screening test could become an important tool to prevent inappropriate use of SXT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Sato
- Division of Clinical Infectious Diseases and Chemotherapy, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi Prefecture 981-8558, Japan
| | - Masato Kawamura
- Division of Clinical Infectious Diseases and Chemotherapy, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi Prefecture 981-8558, Japan
| | - Emiko Furukawa
- Division of Clinical Infectious Diseases and Chemotherapy, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi Prefecture 981-8558, Japan
| | - Shigeru Fujimura
- Division of Clinical Infectious Diseases and Chemotherapy, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi Prefecture 981-8558, Japan.
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Combination of Tedizolid and Daptomycin against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in an In Vitro Model of Simulated Endocardial Vegetations. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018. [PMID: 29530843 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00101-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a major pathogen responsible for health care-associated infections, and treatment options are limited. Tedizolid (TZD) is a novel oxazolidinone antibiotic with activity against MRSA. Previously, daptomycin (DAP) has demonstrated synergy with other antibiotics against MRSA. We sought to determine the efficacy of the combination of TZD and DAP against MRSA in an in vitro model of simulated endocardial vegetations (SEVs). TZD simulations of 200 mg once daily and DAP simulations of 6 mg/kg of body weight and 10 mg/kg once daily were tested alone and in the combinations TZD plus DAP at 6 mg/kg or DAP at 10 mg/kg against two clinical strains of MRSA, 494 and 67. These regimens were tested in SEV models over 8 days to determine the antibacterial activity of the regimens and whether synergy or antagonism might be present between the agents. Against both strains 494 and 67 and at both DAP dose regimens, the combination of TZD and DAP was antagonistic at 192 h. In all cases, DAP alone was statistically superior to DAP plus TZD. When the combination was stopped after 96 h, transitioning to DAP at 6 mg/kg or DAP at 10 mg/kg alone resulted in better antibacterial activity than either of the TZD-plus-DAP combinations, further demonstrating antagonistic effects. Against MRSA, we demonstrated that TZD and DAP have antagonistic activity that hinders their overall antimicrobial efficacy. The exact nature of this antagonistic relationship is still undetermined, but its presence warrants further study of the potentially harmful grouping of the two antibiotics in clinical use.
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Singh NB, Yim J, Jahanbakhsh S, Sakoulas G, Rybak MJ. Impact of cefazolin co-administration with vancomycin to reduce development of vancomycin-intermediate Staphylococcus aureus. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2018; 91:363-370. [PMID: 29807674 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2018.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Development of antimicrobial resistance during monotherapy of complicated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia is problematic due to cross-resistance between vancomycin (VAN) and daptomycin, the only approved agents for this condition. Our objective was to demonstrate that development of resistance under conditions of suboptimal VAN (200 mg q 12 h) exposure in S. aureus can be attenuated by addition of cefazolin (CFZ). METHODS Two strains of S. aureus, 1 methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) (RN9120) and 1 methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) (JH1), were evaluated. The organisms were exposed to subtherapeutic VAN concentrations in a 1-compartment pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model combined with recycling in the presence and absence of CFZ. Changes in MIC to glyco/lipopeptides and β-lactams along with susceptibility to human cathelicidin LL-37 killing were studied. Population analysis profiles (PAPs) were performed to detect changes in VAN heteroresistance. RESULTS VAN MIC of both organisms increased from 1 to 4 mg/L within 144 h under subtherapeutic VAN exposure. Increase in VAN MIC was associated with increased glyco/lipopeptides MICs. Additionally, increased survival in LL-37 killing assays from 40% to >90% accompanied the increase in VAN MIC. Addition of CFZ prevented the emergence of VAN-intermediate S. aureus. PAPs demonstrated an attenuation of VAN area under the curve shift (reduced organism selection with higher MICs values) when suboptimal VAN exposure was accompanied with CFZ compared to VAN alone (MSSA 17.81 versus 36.027, MRSA -0.35 versus 17.92, respectively). Given the emerging data on the clinical benefits of β-lactam adjunctive therapy in refractory MRSA bacteremia, additional studies on a larger collection of clinical isolates are needed to establish the utility of VAN plus CFZ for treatment of MRSA bacteremia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nivedita B Singh
- Anti-Infective Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Juwon Yim
- Anti-Infective Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Seyedehameneh Jahanbakhsh
- Anti-Infective Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - George Sakoulas
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics Center for Immunity, Infection and Inflammation, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Michael J Rybak
- Anti-Infective Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy Practice, Eugene Applebaum College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Pharmacy Services, Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, MI, USA.
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13
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Ortwine JK, Bhavan K. Morbidity, mortality, and management of methicillin-resistant S. aureus bacteremia in the USA: update on antibacterial choices and understanding. Hosp Pract (1995) 2018; 46:64-72. [PMID: 29400119 DOI: 10.1080/21548331.2018.1435128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteremia is associated with significant healthcare costs, morbidity, and mortality in the United States. Complications of MRSA bacteremia include infective endocarditis, osteomyelitis, and sepsis, all of which are difficult to treat. Time to effective therapy and antibacterial choice greatly affect patient outcomes. Vancomycin and daptomycin remain first-line therapies; however, reports of vancomycin-associated treatment failure and reduced daptomycin susceptibility highlight the need to define alternative strategies for MRSA bacteremia treatment. In addition, several patient- and pathogen-specific factors influence the outcomes of MRSA bacteremia. It is, therefore, critical to explore the interaction between host- and pathogen-specific factors and its effect on MRSA bacteremia pathogenesis and mortality. This review discusses the factors that drive the development of MRSA bacteremia and examines alternative treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica K Ortwine
- a Infectious Diseases/Antimicrobial Stewardship Clinical Pharmacist, Department of Pharmacy Services , Parkland Health and Hospital System , Dallas , TX , USA
| | - Kavita Bhavan
- b Department of Internal Medicine , University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center , Dallas , TX , USA
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Timbrook TT, Caffrey AR, Luther MK, Lopes V, LaPlante KL. Association of Higher Daptomycin Dose (7 mg/kg or Greater) with Improved Survival in Patients with Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia. Pharmacotherapy 2018; 38:189-196. [PMID: 29235661 DOI: 10.1002/phar.2070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE Current guidelines recommend higher daptomycin doses than the daptomycin label dose of 6 mg/kg for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteremia; however, the evidence supporting this recommendation is from in vitro and case series studies. This study evaluated the comparative effectiveness of the daptomycin label dose versus higher daptomycin doses in patients with MRSA bacteremia. DESIGN Retrospective national cohort study. SETTING Veterans Affairs medical centers. PATIENTS A total of 371 adults with MRSA bacteremia who were admitted between 2002 and 2015 and treated initially with vancomycin within 24 hours of initial culture collection and then switched to daptomycin therapy within 7 days; 138 patients (37.2%) received daptomycin doses higher than the daptomycin label dose (7 mg/kg or greater), and 233 (62.8%) received the daptomycin label dose (6 mg/kg). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Clinical outcomes were compared among those who received the daptomycin label dose and those who received the higher dose using propensity score-matched Cox proportional hazards regression models. To identify dose partitioning associated with optimal survival, classification and regression tree (CART) analysis was used among patients, controlling for confounding with a 30-day mortality disease risk score. Propensity score-matched 30-day mortality was 8.6% (6/70 patients) among the higher dose group versus 18.6% (13/70 patients) among the label dose group (hazard ratio 0.31, 95% confidence interval 0.10-0.94). No significant differences were observed in inpatient mortality, length of stay, 30-day readmission, or 30-day S. aureus reinfection between groups. CART analysis resulted in doses of 7 mg/kg or greater providing benefit only among patients with higher (more than 51%) predicted probabilities of 30-day mortality (p<0.001). CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this is the first comparative effectiveness study of daptomycin doses in patients with MRSA bacteremia. Survival benefits were observed with doses higher than the daptomycin label dose (7 mg/kg or greater) for the treatment of MRSA bacteremia. These data suggest that higher doses than the daptomycin label dose may be preferred over the label dose for improving clinical outcomes in patients with MRSA bacteremia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan T Timbrook
- Rhode Island Infectious Diseases Research Program, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island.,College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island
| | - Aisling R Caffrey
- Rhode Island Infectious Diseases Research Program, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island.,College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island.,Center of Innovation in Long Term Services and Supports, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Megan K Luther
- Rhode Island Infectious Diseases Research Program, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island.,College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island.,Center of Innovation in Long Term Services and Supports, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Vrishali Lopes
- Rhode Island Infectious Diseases Research Program, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island.,Center of Innovation in Long Term Services and Supports, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Kerry L LaPlante
- Rhode Island Infectious Diseases Research Program, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island.,College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island.,Center of Innovation in Long Term Services and Supports, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island
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15
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Gudiol C, Cuervo G, Shaw E, Pujol M, Carratalà J. Pharmacotherapeutic options for treating Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2017; 18:1947-1963. [DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2017.1403585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlota Gudiol
- Infectious Diseases Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, IDIBELL. L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- REIPI (Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Disease), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Guillermo Cuervo
- Infectious Diseases Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, IDIBELL. L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- REIPI (Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Disease), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Evelyn Shaw
- Infectious Diseases Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, IDIBELL. L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- REIPI (Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Disease), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miquel Pujol
- Infectious Diseases Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, IDIBELL. L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- REIPI (Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Disease), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jordi Carratalà
- Infectious Diseases Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, IDIBELL. L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- REIPI (Spanish Network for Research in Infectious Disease), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
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16
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Koton Y, Or Z, Bisharat N. Septic Thrombophlebitis with Persistent Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Bacteremia and de Novo Resistance to Vancomycin and Daptomycin. Infect Dis Rep 2017. [PMID: 28626538 PMCID: PMC5472341 DOI: 10.4081/idr.2017.7008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Persistent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteremia is associated with significant risk of mortality, especially when it occurs while on appropriate antimicrobial therapy. We herein describe an unusual case of a patient with prosthetic aortic tissue valve, who suffered from central venous catheter related MRSA bacteremia with septic thrombus formation in the superior vena cava. MRSA bacteremia persisted despite removal of the catheter and appropriate antimicrobial therapy including vancomycin, rifampin, and daptomycin. Subsequently, the MRSA strain exhibited de novo resistance to vancomycin, rifampin and daptomycin. Eventually, salvage combination therapy with high dose daptomycin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole was successful and achieved clearance of MRSA bacteremia. The case illustrates the growing complexity of treating MRSA infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Koton
- Department of Medicine D, Emek Medical Center, Afula.,Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa
| | - Zafrir Or
- Department of Cardiology, Emek Medical Center, Afula, Israel
| | - Naiel Bisharat
- Department of Medicine D, Emek Medical Center, Afula.,Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa
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17
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18
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Daptomycin Improves Outcomes Regardless of Vancomycin MIC in a Propensity-Matched Analysis of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Bloodstream Infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:5841-8. [PMID: 27431221 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00227-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vancomycin remains the mainstay treatment for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bloodstream infections (BSIs) despite increased treatment failures. Daptomycin has been shown to improve clinical outcomes in patients with BSIs caused by MRSA isolates with vancomycin MICs of >1 mg/liter, but these studies relied on automated testing systems. We evaluated the outcomes of BSIs caused by MRSA isolates for which vancomycin MICs were determined by standard broth microdilution (BMD). A retrospective, matched cohort of patients with MRSA BSIs treated with vancomycin or daptomycin from January 2010 to March 2015 was completed. Patients were matched using propensity-adjusted logistic regression, which included age, Pitt bacteremia score, primary BSI source, and hospital of care. The primary endpoint was clinical failure, which was a composite endpoint of the following metrics: 30-day mortality, bacteremia with a duration of ≥7 days, or a change in anti-MRSA therapy due to persistent or worsening signs or symptoms. Secondary endpoints included MRSA-attributable mortality and the number of days of MRSA bacteremia. Independent predictors of failure were determined through conditional backwards-stepwise logistic regression with vancomycin BMD MIC forced into the model. A total of 262 patients were matched. Clinical failure was significantly higher in the vancomycin cohort than in the daptomycin cohort (45.0% versus 29.0%; P = 0.007). All-cause 30-day mortality was significantly higher in the vancomycin cohort (15.3% versus 6.1%; P = 0.024). These outcomes remained significant when stratified by vancomycin BMD MIC. There was no significant difference in the length of MRSA bacteremia. Variables independently associated with treatment failure included vancomycin therapy (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 2.16, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.24 to 3.76), intensive care unit admission (aOR = 2.46, 95% CI = 1.34 to 4.54), and infective endocarditis as the primary source (aOR = 2.33, 95% CI = 1.16 to 4.68). Treatment of MRSA BSIs with daptomycin was associated with reduced clinical failure and 30-day mortality; these findings were independent of vancomycin BMD MIC.
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19
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Stepanek JJ, Schäkermann S, Wenzel M, Prochnow P, Bandow JE. Purine biosynthesis is the bottleneck in trimethoprim-treated Bacillus subtilis. Proteomics Clin Appl 2016; 10:1036-1048. [PMID: 27329548 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201600039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Trimethoprim is a folate biosynthesis inhibitor. Tetrahydrofolates are essential for the transfer of C1 units in several biochemical pathways including purine, thymine, methionine, and glycine biosynthesis. This study addressed the effects of folate biosynthesis inhibition on bacterial physiology. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Two complementary proteomic approaches were employed to analyze the response of Bacillus subtilis to trimethoprim. Acute changes in protein synthesis rates were monitored by radioactive pulse labeling of newly synthesized proteins and subsequent 2DE analysis. Changes in protein levels were detected using gel-free quantitative MS. RESULTS Proteins involved in purine and histidine biosynthesis, the σB -dependent general stress response, and sporulation were upregulated. Most prominently, the PurR-regulon required for de novo purine biosynthesis was derepressed indicating purine depletion. The general stress response was activated energy dependently and in a subpopulation of treated cultures an early onset of sporulation was observed, most likely triggered by low guanosine triphosphate levels. Supplementation of adenosine triphosphate, adenosine, and guanosine to the medium substantially decreased antibacterial activity, showing that purine depletion becomes the bottleneck in trimethoprim-treated B. subtilis. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE The frequently prescribed antibiotic trimethoprim causes purine depletion in B. subtilis, which can be complemented by supplementing purines to the medium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michaela Wenzel
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Applied Microbiology, Bochum, Germany
| | - Pascal Prochnow
- Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Applied Microbiology, Bochum, Germany
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20
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Holubar M, Meng L, Deresinski S. Bacteremia due to Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: New Therapeutic Approaches. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2016; 30:491-507. [PMID: 27208769 DOI: 10.1016/j.idc.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews recent clinical evidence for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteremia. Vancomycin remains the initial antibiotic of choice for the treatment of patients with MRSA bacteremia and endocarditis due to isolates with vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentration ≤2 μg/mL, whereas daptomycin is an effective alternative, and ceftaroline seems promising. Treatment options for persistent MRSA bacteremia or bacteremia due to vancomycin-intermediate or vancomycin-resistant strains include daptomycin, ceftaroline, and combination therapies. There is a critical need for high-level evidence from clinical trials to allow optimally informed decisions in the treatment of MRSA bacteremia and endocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa Holubar
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Room L-134, Stanford, CA 94305-5105, USA.
| | - Lina Meng
- Department of Pharmacy, Stanford Health Care, 300 Pasteur Drive, M/C 5616 Room H0301, Stanford, CA 94305-5105, USA
| | - Stan Deresinski
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Geographic Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Room L-134, Stanford, CA 94305-5105, USA
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21
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Al Atya AK, Belguesmia Y, Chataigne G, Ravallec R, Vachée A, Szunerits S, Boukherroub R, Drider D. Anti-MRSA Activities of Enterocins DD28 and DD93 and Evidences on Their Role in the Inhibition of Biofilm Formation. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:817. [PMID: 27303396 PMCID: PMC4886693 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has become a worrisome superbug. This work aimed at studying the effects of two class IIb bacteriocins, enterocins DD28 and DD93 as anti-MRSA agents. Thus, these bacteriocins were purified, from the cultures supernatants of Enterococcus faecalis 28 and 93, using a simplified purification procedure consisting in a cation exchange chromatography and a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The anti-Staphylococcal activity was shown in vitro by the assessment of the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), followed by a checkerboard and time-kill kinetics experiments. The data unveiled a clear synergistic effect of enterocins DD28 and DD93 in combination with erythromycin or kanamycin against the clinical MRSA-S1 strain. Besides, these combinations impeded as well the MRSA-S1 clinical strain to setup biofilms on stainless steel and glace devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed K Al Atya
- Université de Lille 1 Sciences et Technologies - Institut Charles Viollette Lille, France
| | - Yanath Belguesmia
- Université de Lille 1 Sciences et Technologies - Institut Charles Viollette Lille, France
| | - Gabrielle Chataigne
- Université de Lille 1 Sciences et Technologies - Institut Charles Viollette Lille, France
| | - Rozenn Ravallec
- Université de Lille 1 Sciences et Technologies - Institut Charles Viollette Lille, France
| | - Anne Vachée
- Hôpital Victor Provo de Roubaix Roubaix, France
| | - Sabine Szunerits
- Institut d'Electronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie, UMR CNRS 8520, Université Lille 1 Lille, France
| | - Rabah Boukherroub
- Institut d'Electronique, de Microélectronique et de Nanotechnologie, UMR CNRS 8520, Université Lille 1 Lille, France
| | - Djamel Drider
- Université de Lille 1 Sciences et Technologies - Institut Charles Viollette Lille, France
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22
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Gonzalez-Ruiz A, Seaton RA, Hamed K. Daptomycin: an evidence-based review of its role in the treatment of Gram-positive infections. Infect Drug Resist 2016; 9:47-58. [PMID: 27143941 PMCID: PMC4846043 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s99046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by Gram-positive pathogens remain a major public health burden and are associated with high morbidity and mortality. Increasing rates of infection with Gram-positive bacteria and the emergence of resistance to commonly used antibiotics have led to the need for novel antibiotics. Daptomycin, a cyclic lipopeptide with rapid bactericidal activity against a wide range of Gram-positive bacteria including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, has been shown to be effective and has a good safety profile for the approved indications of complicated skin and soft tissue infections (4 mg/kg/day), right-sided infective endocarditis caused by S. aureus, and bacteremia associated with complicated skin and soft tissue infections or right-sided infective endocarditis (6 mg/kg/day). Based on its pharmacokinetic profile and concentration-dependent bactericidal activity, high-dose (>6 mg/kg/day) daptomycin is considered an important treatment option in the management of various difficult-to-treat Gram-positive infections. Although daptomycin resistance has been documented, it remains uncommon despite the increasing use of daptomycin. To enhance activity and to minimize resistance, daptomycin in combination with other antibiotics has also been explored and found to be beneficial in certain severe infections. The availability of daptomycin via a 2-minute intravenous bolus facilitates its outpatient administration, providing an opportunity to reduce risk of health care-associated infections, improve patient satisfaction, and minimize health care costs. Daptomycin, not currently approved for use in the pediatric population, has been shown to be widely used for treating Gram-positive infections in children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kamal Hamed
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, USA
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23
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Kullar R, Sakoulas G, Deresinski S, van Hal SJ. When sepsis persists: a review of MRSA bacteraemia salvage therapy. J Antimicrob Chemother 2015; 71:576-86. [PMID: 26565015 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkv368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
MRSA bacteraemia (MRSAB), including infective endocarditis, carries a high mortality rate, with up to 50% of patients failing initial therapy with vancomycin and requiring salvage therapy. Persistent MRSAB can be difficult to successfully eliminate, especially when source control is not possible due to an irremovable focus or the bacteraemia still persists despite surgical intervention. Although vancomycin and daptomycin are the only two antibiotics approved by the US FDA for the treatment of patients with MRSAB as monotherapy, the employment of novel strategies is required to effectively treat patients with persistent MRSAB and these may frequently involve combination drug therapy. Treatment strategies that are reviewed in this manuscript include vancomycin combined with a β-lactam, daptomycin-based therapy, ceftaroline-based therapy, linezolid-based therapy, quinupristin/dalfopristin, telavancin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole-based therapy and fosfomycin-based therapy. We recommend that combination antibiotic therapy be considered for use in MRSAB salvage treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravina Kullar
- Global Center for Scientific Affairs, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - George Sakoulas
- Division of Paediatric Pharmacology & Drug Discovery, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA, USA Sharp Rees-Stealy Medical Group, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Stan Deresinski
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sebastiaan J van Hal
- Department of Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, Australia
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24
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Association of Hyperglycemia With Outcomes in Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia in Community-Dwelling Adults. INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN CLINICAL PRACTICE 2015. [DOI: 10.1097/ipc.0000000000000311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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25
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Khodursky A, Guzmán EC, Hanawalt PC. Thymineless Death Lives On: New Insights into a Classic Phenomenon. Annu Rev Microbiol 2015; 69:247-63. [PMID: 26253395 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-micro-092412-155749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The primary mechanisms by which bacteria lose viability when deprived of thymine have been elusive for over half a century. Early research focused on stalled replication forks and the deleterious effects of uracil incorporation into DNA from thymidine-deficient nucleotide pools. The initiation of the replication cycle and origin-proximal DNA degradation during thymine starvation have now been quantified via whole-genome microarrays and other approaches. These advances have fostered innovative models and informative experiments in bacteria since this topic was last reviewed. Given that thymineless death is similar in mammalian cells and that certain antibacterial and chemotherapeutic drugs elicit thymine deficiency, a mechanistic understanding of this phenomenon might have valuable biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkady Khodursky
- Biotechnology Institute and Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota 55108;
| | - Elena C Guzmán
- Departamento de Bioquímica Biología Molecular y Genética, Universidad de Extremadura, 06071 Badajoz, Spain;
| | - Philip C Hanawalt
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305;
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