1
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Paoli-Lombardo R, Primas N, Vanelle P. DprE1 and Ddn as promising therapeutic targets in the development of novel anti-tuberculosis nitroaromatic drugs. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 274:116559. [PMID: 38850856 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Tuberculosis remains the second deadliest infectious disease in humans and a public health threat due to the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR-TB) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR-TB) strains. Therefore, it is urgent to identify new anti-tuberculosis treatments and novel therapeutic targets to prevent the emergence of resistance. In recent years, the study of anti-tuberculosis properties of nitroaromatic compounds has led to the identification of two novel biological targets, the deazaflavin (F420)-dependent nitroreductase Ddn and the decaprenylphosphoryl-β-d-ribose 2'-epimerase DprE1. This review aims to show why Ddn and DprE1 are promising therapeutic targets and highlight nitroaromatic compounds interest in developing new anti-tuberculosis treatments active against MDR-TB and XDR-TB. Despite renewed interest in the development of new anti-tuberculosis nitroaromatic compounds, pharmaceutical companies often exclude nitro-containing molecules from their drug discovery programs because of their toxic and mutagenic potential. This exclusion results in missed opportunities to identify new nitroaromatic compounds and promising therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Paoli-Lombardo
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, Laboratoire de Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, 13385, Marseille, France; AP-HM, Service Central de la Qualité et de l'Information Pharmaceutiques, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Nicolas Primas
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, Laboratoire de Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, 13385, Marseille, France; AP-HM, Service Central de la Qualité et de l'Information Pharmaceutiques, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Patrice Vanelle
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR UMR 7273, Laboratoire de Pharmaco-Chimie Radicalaire, 13385, Marseille, France; AP-HM, Service Central de la Qualité et de l'Information Pharmaceutiques, 13005, Marseille, France.
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2
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Sharma R, Muthu SA, Agarwal M, Mehto NK, Pahuja I, Grover A, Dwivedi VP, Ahmad B, Grover S. Atosiban and Rutin exhibit anti-mycobacterial activity - An integrated computational and biophysical insight toward drug repurposing strategy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis targeting its essential enzyme HemD. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127208. [PMID: 37816464 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023]
Abstract
With the advancements of high throughput computational screening procedures, drug repurposing became the privileged framework for drug discovery. The structure-based drug discovery is the widely used method of drug repurposing, consisting of computational screening of compounds and testing them in-vitro. This current method of repurposing leaves room for mechanistic insights into how these screened hits interact with and influence their targets. We addressed this gap in the current study by integrating highly sensitive biophysical methods into existing computational repurposing methods. We also corroborated our computational and biophysical findings on H37Rv for the anti-mycobacterial action of selected drugs in-vitro and ex-vivo conditions. Atosiban and Rutin were screened as highly interacting hits against HemD through multi-stage docking and were cross-validated in biophysical studies. The affinity of these drugs (K ~ 106 M-1) was quantified using fluorescence quenching studies. Differential Scanning Fluorimetry (DSF) and urea-based chemical denaturation studies revealed a destabilizing effect of these drugs on target which was further validated using MD simulations. Conformational rearrangements of secondary structures were established using CD spectra and intrinsic fluorescence. Furthermore, Atosiban and Rutin inhibited M.tb growth in-vitro and ex-vivo while remaining non-toxic to mice peritoneal macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Sharma
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Shivani A Muthu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Meetu Agarwal
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | | | - Isha Pahuja
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Abhinav Grover
- School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Ved Prakash Dwivedi
- Immunobiology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Basir Ahmad
- Protein Assembly Lab, Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.
| | - Sonam Grover
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India.
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3
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Eke IE, Williams JT, Haiderer ER, Albrecht VJ, Murdoch HM, Abdalla BJ, Abramovitch RB. Discovery and characterization of antimycobacterial nitro-containing compounds with distinct mechanisms of action and in vivo efficacy. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2023; 67:e0047423. [PMID: 37610224 PMCID: PMC10508139 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00474-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitro-containing compounds have emerged as important agents in the control of tuberculosis (TB). From a whole-cell high-throughput screen for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) growth inhibitors, 10 nitro-containing compounds were prioritized for characterization and mechanism of action studies. HC2209, HC2210, and HC2211 are nitrofuran-based prodrugs that need the cofactor F420 machinery for activation. Unlike pretomanid which depends only on deazaflavin-dependent nitroreductase (Ddn), these nitrofurans depend on Ddn and possibly another F420-dependent reductase for activation. These nitrofurans also differ from pretomanid in their potent activity against Mycobacterium abscessus. Four dinitrobenzamides (HC2217, HC2226, HC2238, and HC2239) and a nitrofuran (HC2250) are proposed to be inhibitors of decaprenyl-phosphoryl-ribose 2'-epimerase 1 (DprE1), based on isolation of resistant mutations in dprE1. Unlike other DprE1 inhibitors, HC2250 was found to be potent against non-replicating persistent bacteria, suggesting additional targets. Two of the compounds, HC2233 and HC2234, were found to have potent, sterilizing activity against replicating and non-replicating Mtb in vitro, but a proposed mechanism of action could not be defined. In a pilot in vivo efficacy study, HC2210 was orally bioavailable and efficacious in reducing bacterial load by ~1 log in a chronic murine TB infection model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ifeanyichukwu E. Eke
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - John T. Williams
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Elizabeth R. Haiderer
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Veronica J. Albrecht
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Heather M. Murdoch
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Bassel J. Abdalla
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Robert B. Abramovitch
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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4
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Zhu H, Zhou X, Zhuang Z, Li L, Bi J, Mi K. Advances of new drugs bedaquiline and delamanid in the treatment of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis in children. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1183597. [PMID: 37384221 PMCID: PMC10293792 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1183597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a major public health problem, with nearly 10 million new cases and millions of deaths each year. Around 10% of these cases are in children, but only a fraction receive proper diagnosis and treatment. The spread of drug-resistant (DR) strain of TB has made it difficult to control, with only 60% of patients responding to treatment. Multi-drug resistant TB (MDR-TB) is often undiagnosed in children due to lack of awareness or under-diagnosis, and the target for children's DR-TB treatment has only been met in 15% of goals. New medications such as bedaquiline and delamanid have been approved for treating DR-TB. However, due to age and weight differences, adults and children require different dosages. The availability of child-friendly formulations is limited by a lack of clinical data in children. This paper reviews the development history of these drugs, their mechanism of action, efficacy, safety potential problems and current use in treating DR-TB in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanzhao Zhu
- Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xintong Zhou
- Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zengfang Zhuang
- Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lianju Li
- Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Basic Medicine, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Jing Bi
- Baoding Hospital of Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, Baoding Key Laboratory for Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases in Children, Baoding, China
| | - Kaixia Mi
- Chinese Academy of Science (CAS) Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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5
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Cioetto-Mazzabò L, Boldrin F, Beauvineau C, Speth M, Marina A, Namouchi A, Segafreddo G, Cimino M, Favre-Rochex S, Balasingham S, Trastoy B, Munier-Lehmann H, Griffiths G, Gicquel B, Guerin M, Manganelli R, Alonso-Rodríguez N. SigH stress response mediates killing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis by activating nitronaphthofuran prodrugs via induction of Mrx2 expression. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 51:144-165. [PMID: 36546765 PMCID: PMC9841431 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac1173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains highlights the need to discover anti-tuberculosis drugs with novel mechanisms of action. Here we discovered a mycobactericidal strategy based on the prodrug activation of selected chemical derivatives classified as nitronaphthofurans (nNFs) mediated by the coordinated action of the sigH and mrx2 genes. The transcription factor SigH is a key regulator of an extensive transcriptional network that responds to oxidative, nitrosative, and heat stresses in M. tuberculosis. The nNF action induced the SigH stress response which in turn induced the mrx2 overexpression. The nitroreductase Mrx2 was found to activate nNF prodrugs, killing replicating, non-replicating and intracellular forms of M. tuberculosis. Analysis of SigH DNA sequences obtained from spontaneous nNF-resistant M. tuberculosis mutants suggests disruption of SigH binding to the mrx2 promoter site and/or RNA polymerase core, likely promoting the observed loss of transcriptional control over Mrx2. Mutations found in mrx2 lead to structural defects in the thioredoxin fold of the Mrx2 protein, significantly impairing the activity of the Mrx2 enzyme against nNFs. Altogether, our work brings out the SigH/Mrx2 stress response pathway as a promising target for future drug discovery programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Claire Beauvineau
- Chemical Library Institut Curie/CNRS, CNRS UMR9187, INSERM U1196 and CNRS UMR3666, INSERM U1193, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay 91405, France
| | - Martin Speth
- Department Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo 0371, Norway
| | - Alberto Marina
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Derio 48160 Spain
| | - Amine Namouchi
- Génétique Mycobactérienne, Institute Pasteur, Paris 75015, France,Centre for Ecological and Evolutionary Synthesis (CEES), Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo 0371, Norway
| | - Greta Segafreddo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova 35122, Italy
| | - Mena Cimino
- Génétique Mycobactérienne, Institute Pasteur, Paris 75015, France
| | | | | | - Beatriz Trastoy
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Derio 48160 Spain,Structural Glycobiology Laboratory, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Cruces University Hospital, Bizkaia 48903, Spain
| | - Hélène Munier-Lehmann
- Département de Biologie Structurale et Chimie, Institut Pasteur, CNRS UMR3523, Université de Paris, Paris 75015, France
| | - Gareth Griffiths
- Department Biosciences, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo 0371, Norway
| | - Brigitte Gicquel
- Génétique Mycobactérienne, Institute Pasteur, Paris 75015, France,Department of Tuberculosis Control and Prevention, Shenzhen Nanshan Centre for Chronic Disease Control, Shenzhen 518054, China
| | - Marcelo E Guerin
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Derio 48160 Spain,Structural Glycobiology Laboratory, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Cruces University Hospital, Bizkaia 48903, Spain,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48009, Spain
| | - Riccardo Manganelli
- Correspondence may also be addressed to Riccardo Manganelli. Tel: +39 049 827 2366; Fax: +39 049 827 2355;
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6
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Reddy DS, Sinha A, Kumar A, Saini VK. Drug re-engineering and repurposing: A significant and rapid approach to tuberculosis drug discovery. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2022; 355:e2200214. [PMID: 35841594 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202200214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of tuberculosis (TB) remains the leading cause of death from a single infectious agent, ranking it above all other contagious diseases. The problem to tackle this disease seems to become even worse due to the outbreak of SARS-CoV-2. Further, the complications related to drug-resistant TB, prolonged treatment regimens, and synergy between TB and HIV are significant drawbacks. There are several drugs to treat TB, but there is still no rapid and accurate treatment available. Intensive research is, therefore, necessary to discover newer molecular analogs that can probably eliminate this disease within a short span. An increase in efficacy can be achieved through re-engineering old TB-drug families and repurposing known drugs. These two approaches have led to the production of newer classes of compounds with novel mechanisms to treat multidrug-resistant strains. With respect to this context, we discuss structural aspects of developing new anti-TB drugs as well as examine advances in TB drug discovery. It was found that the fluoroquinolone, oxazolidinone, and nitroimidazole classes of compounds have greater potential to be further explored for TB drug development. Most of the TB drug candidates in the clinical phase are modified versions of these classes of compounds. Therefore, here we anticipate that modification or repurposing of these classes of compounds has a higher probability to reach the clinical phase of drug development. The information provided will pave the way for researchers to design and identify newer molecular analogs for TB drug development and also broaden the scope of exploring future-generation potent, yet safer anti-TB drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh S Reddy
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Bangalore, India
| | - Anamika Sinha
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Bangalore, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Centre for Nano and Material Sciences, Jain University, Bangalore, India
| | - Vipin K Saini
- Materials and Environmental Chemistry Research Laboratory, School of Environment & Natural Resources, Doon University, Dehradun, India
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7
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Emerging impact of triazoles as anti-tubercular agent. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 238:114454. [PMID: 35597009 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis, a disease of poverty is a communicable infection with a reasonably high mortality rate worldwide. 10 Million new cases of TB were reported with approx 1.4 million deaths in the year 2019. Due to the growing number of drug-sensitive and drug-resistant tuberculosis cases, there is a vital need to develop new and effective candidates useful to combat this deadly disease. Despite tremendous efforts to identify a mechanism-based novel antitubercular agent, only a few have entered into clinical trials in the last six decades. In recent years, triazoles have been well explored as the most valuable scaffolds in drug discovery and development. Triazole framework possesses favorable properties like hydrogen bonding, moderate dipole moment, enhanced water solubility, and also the ability to bind effectively with biomolecular targets of M. tuberculosis and therefore this scaffold displayed excellent potency against TB. This review is an endeavor to summarize an up-to-date innovation of triazole-appended hybrids during the last 10 years having potential in vitro and in vivo antitubercular activity with structure activity relationship analysis. This review may help medicinal chemists to explore the triazole scaffolds for the rational design of potent drug candidates having better efficacy, improved selectivity and minimal toxicity so that these hybrid NCEs can effectively be explored as potential lead to fight against M. tuberculosis.
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8
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Functionalized Nitroimidazole Scaffold Construction and Their Pharmaceutical Applications: A 1950–2021 Comprehensive Overview. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15050561. [PMID: 35631389 PMCID: PMC9144801 DOI: 10.3390/ph15050561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitroimidazole represents one of the most essential and unique scaffolds in drug discovery since its discovery in the 1950s. It was K. Maeda in Japan who reported in 1953 the first nitroimidazole as a natural product from Nocardia mesenterica with antibacterial activity, which was later identified as Azomycin 1 (2-nitroimidazole) and remained in focus until now. This natural antibiotic was the starting point for synthesizing numerous analogs and regio-isomers, leading to several life-saving drugs and clinical candidates against a number of diseases, including infections (bacterial, viral, parasitic) and cancers, as well as imaging agents in medicine/diagnosis. In the present decade, the nitroimidazole scaffold has again been given two life-saving drugs (Delamanid and Pretomanid) used to treat MDR (multi-drug resistant) tuberculosis. Keeping in view the highly successful track-record of the nitroimidazole scaffold in providing breakthrough therapeutic drugs, this comprehensive review focuses explicitly on presenting the activity profile and synthetic chemistry of functionalized nitroimidazole (2-, 4- and 5-nitroimidazoles as well as the fused nitroimidazoles) based drugs and leads published from 1950 to 2021. The present review also presents the miscellaneous examples in each class. In addition, the mutagenic profile of nitroimidazole-based drugs and leads and derivatives is also discussed.
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9
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Abstract
Given the low treatment success rates of drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB), novel TB drugs are urgently needed. The landscape of TB treatment has changed considerably over the last decade with the approval of three new compounds: bedaquiline, delamanid and pretomanid. Of these, delamanid and pretomanid belong to the same class of drugs, the nitroimidazoles. In order to close the knowledge gap on how delamanid and pretomanid compare with each other, we summarize the main findings from preclinical research on these two compounds. We discuss the compound identification, mechanism of action, drug resistance, in vitro activity, in vivo pharmacokinetic profiles, and preclinical in vivo activity and efficacy. Although delamanid and pretomanid share many similarities, several differences could be identified. One finding of particular interest is that certain Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates have been described that are resistant to either delamanid or pretomanid, but with preserved susceptibility to the other compound. This might imply that delamanid and pretomanid could replace one another in certain regimens. Regarding bactericidal activity, based on in vitro and preclinical in vivo activity, delamanid has lower MICs and higher mycobacterial load reductions at lower drug concentrations and doses compared with pretomanid. However, when comparing in vivo preclinical bactericidal activity at dose levels equivalent to currently approved clinical doses based on drug exposure, this difference in activity between the two compounds fades. However, it is important to interpret these comparative results with caution knowing the variability inherent in preclinical in vitro and in vivo models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia E. Mudde
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Corresponding author. E-mail:
| | | | - Anne Lenaerts
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Hannelore I. Bax
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jurriaan E. M. De Steenwinkel
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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10
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Taşdemir V. Synthesis of imidazo-1,4-oxazinone derivatives and investigation of reaction mechanism. Turk J Chem 2021; 45:1639-1649. [PMID: 34849073 PMCID: PMC8596553 DOI: 10.3906/kim-2106-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, nine different C-2 aroyl imidazole derivatives were synthesized in a one pot reaction with two steps, and the reduction reactions of these derivatives with NaBH4 were carried out under mild conditions. Substitution reaction of obtained imidazo methanol derivatives with chloroacetylchloride reagent and ring reaction of substitution products were investigated. It was determined that 1,4-imidazoxazinone derivative was obtained as a result of the cyclization reaction. The intermediate products obtained during the cyclization reaction were isolated, and the path of the reaction under different conditions was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volkan Taşdemir
- Muradiye Vocational School, Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, Van Turkey
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11
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Grinter R, Greening C. Cofactor F420: an expanded view of its distribution, biosynthesis and roles in bacteria and archaea. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2021; 45:fuab021. [PMID: 33851978 PMCID: PMC8498797 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuab021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Many bacteria and archaea produce the redox cofactor F420. F420 is structurally similar to the cofactors FAD and FMN but is catalytically more similar to NAD and NADP. These properties allow F420 to catalyze challenging redox reactions, including key steps in methanogenesis, antibiotic biosynthesis and xenobiotic biodegradation. In the last 5 years, there has been much progress in understanding its distribution, biosynthesis, role and applications. Whereas F420 was previously thought to be confined to Actinobacteria and Euryarchaeota, new evidence indicates it is synthesized across the bacterial and archaeal domains, as a result of extensive horizontal and vertical biosynthetic gene transfer. F420 was thought to be synthesized through one biosynthetic pathway; however, recent advances have revealed variants of this pathway and have resolved their key biosynthetic steps. In parallel, new F420-dependent biosynthetic and metabolic processes have been discovered. These advances have enabled the heterologous production of F420 and identified enantioselective F420H2-dependent reductases for biocatalysis. New research has also helped resolve how microorganisms use F420 to influence human and environmental health, providing opportunities for tuberculosis treatment and methane mitigation. A total of 50 years since its discovery, multiple paradigms associated with F420 have shifted, and new F420-dependent organisms and processes continue to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhys Grinter
- Department of Microbiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Chris Greening
- Department of Microbiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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12
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Kumar A, Karkara BB, Panda G. Novel candidates in the clinical development pipeline for TB drug development and their Synthetic Approaches. Chem Biol Drug Des 2021; 98:787-827. [PMID: 34397161 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is an infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and one of the deadliest infectious diseases in the world. Mtb has the ability to become dormant within the host and to develop resistance. Hence, new antitubercular agents are required to overcome problems in the treatment of multidrug resistant-Tb (MDR-Tb) and extensively drug resistant-Tb (XDR-Tb) along with shortening the treatment time. Several efforts are being made to develop very effective new drugs for Tb, within the pharmaceutical industry, the academia, and through public private partnerships. This review will address the anti-tubercular activities, biological target, mode of action, synthetic approaches and thoughtful concept for the development of several new drugs currently in the clinical trial pipeline (up to October 2019) for tuberculosis. The aim of this review may be very useful in scheming new chemical entities (NCEs) for Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, UP, India
| | - Bidhu Bhusan Karkara
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, UP, India.,Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Vignan's Foundation for Science, Technology and Research University, Guntur, 522213, AP, India
| | - Gautam Panda
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, 226031, UP, India
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13
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Shapira T, Rankine-Wilson L, Chao JD, Pichler V, Rens C, Pfeifer T, Av-Gay Y. High-Content Screening of Eukaryotic Kinase Inhibitors Identify CHK2 Inhibitor Activity Against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:553962. [PMID: 33042061 PMCID: PMC7530171 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.553962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A screen of a eukaryotic kinase inhibitor library in an established intracellular infection model identified a set of drug candidates enabling intracellular killing of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb). Screen validity was confirmed internally by a Z′ = 0.5 and externally by detecting previously reported host-targeting anti-M.tb compounds. Inhibitors of the CHK kinase family, specifically checkpoint kinase 2 (CHK2), showed the highest inhibition and lowest toxicity of all kinase families. The screen identified and validated DDUG, a CHK2 inhibitor, as a novel bactericidal anti-M.tb compound. CHK2 inhibition by RNAi phenocopied the intracellular inhibitory effect of DDUG. DDUG was active intracellularly against M.tb, but not other mycobacteria. DDUG also had extracellular activity against 4 of 12 bacteria tested, including M.tb. Combined, these observations suggest DDUG acts in tandem against both host and pathogen. Importantly, DDUG’s validation highlights the screening and analysis methodology developed for this screen, which identified novel host-directed anti-M.tb compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tirosh Shapira
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Leah Rankine-Wilson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Joseph D Chao
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Virginia Pichler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Celine Rens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Tom Pfeifer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Yossef Av-Gay
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Life Sciences Institute, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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14
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Showalter HD. Recent Progress in the Discovery and Development of 2-Nitroimidazooxazines and 6-Nitroimidazooxazoles to Treat Tuberculosis and Neglected Tropical Diseases. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25184137. [PMID: 32927749 PMCID: PMC7576498 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitroimidazole drugs have a long history as therapeutic agents to treat bacterial and parasitic diseases. The discovery in 1989 of a bicyclic nitroimidazole lead, displaying in vitro and in vivo antitubercular activity, spurred intensive exploration of this and related scaffolds, which led to the regulatory approval of pretomanid and delamanid as a new class of tuberculosis drugs. Much of the discovery work related to this took place over a 20-year period ending in 2010, which is covered in a number of cited reviews. This review highlights subsequent research published over the 2011–August 2020 timeframe, and captures detailed structure–activity relationship studies and synthetic strategies directed towards uncovering newer generation drugs for both tuberculosis and selected neglected tropical diseases. Additionally, this review presents in silico calculations relating to the drug-like properties of lead compounds and clinical agents, as well as chemical development and manufacturing processes toward providing bulk drug supplies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hollis D Showalter
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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15
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Abstract
After several years of limited success, an effective regimen for the treatment of both drug-sensitive and multiple-drug-resistant tuberculosis is in place. However, this success is still incomplete, as we need several more novel combinations to treat extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis, as well newer emerging resistance. Additionally, the goal of a shortened therapy continues to evade us. A systematic analysis of the tuberculosis drug discovery approaches employed over the last two decades shows that the lead identification path has been largely influenced by the improved understanding of the biology of the pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Interestingly, the drug discovery efforts can be grouped into a few defined approaches that predominated over a period of time. This review delineates the key drivers during each of these periods. While doing so, the author’s experiences at AstraZeneca R&D, Bangalore, India, on the discovery of new antimycobacterial candidate drugs are used to exemplify the concept. Finally, the review also discusses the value of validated targets, promiscuous targets, the current anti-TB pipeline, the gaps in it, and the possible way forward.
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16
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Makarov V, Salina E, Reynolds RC, Kyaw Zin PP, Ekins S. Molecule Property Analyses of Active Compounds for Mycobacterium tuberculosis. J Med Chem 2020; 63:8917-8955. [PMID: 32259446 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b02075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) continues to claim the lives of around 1.7 million people per year. Most concerning are the reports of multidrug drug resistance. Paradoxically, this global health pandemic is demanding new therapies when resources and interest are waning. However, continued tuberculosis drug discovery is critical to address the global health need and burgeoning multidrug resistance. Many diverse classes of antitubercular compounds have been identified with activity in vitro and in vivo. Our analyses of over 100 active leads are representative of thousands of active compounds generated over the past decade, suggests that they come from few chemical classes or natural product sources. We are therefore repeatedly identifying compounds that are similar to those that preceded them. Our molecule-centered cheminformatics analyses point to the need to dramatically increase the diversity of chemical libraries tested and get outside of the historic Mtb property space if we are to generate novel improved antitubercular leads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Makarov
- FRC Fundamentals of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Elena Salina
- FRC Fundamentals of Biotechnology, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow 119071, Russia
| | - Robert C Reynolds
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, NP 2540 J, 1720 Second Avenue South, Birmingham, Alabama 35294-3300, United States
| | - Phyo Phyo Kyaw Zin
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States.,Bioinformatics Research Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Sean Ekins
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 840 Main Campus Drive, Lab 3510 Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
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17
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Mycobacterial Cell Wall: A Source of Successful Targets for Old and New Drugs. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10072278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Eighty years after the introduction of the first antituberculosis (TB) drug, the treatment of drug-susceptible TB remains very cumbersome, requiring the use of four drugs (isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol and pyrazinamide) for two months followed by four months on isoniazid and rifampicin. Two of the drugs used in this “short”-course, six-month chemotherapy, isoniazid and ethambutol, target the mycobacterial cell wall. Disruption of the cell wall structure can enhance the entry of other TB drugs, resulting in a more potent chemotherapy. More importantly, inhibition of cell wall components can lead to mycobacterial cell death. The complexity of the mycobacterial cell wall offers numerous opportunities to develop drugs to eradicate Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of TB. In the past 20 years, researchers from industrial and academic laboratories have tested new molecules to find the best candidates that will change the face of TB treatment: drugs that will shorten TB treatment and be efficacious against active and latent, as well as drug-resistant TB. Two of these new TB drugs block components of the mycobacterial cell wall and have reached phase 3 clinical trial. This article reviews TB drugs targeting the mycobacterial cell wall in use clinically and those in clinical development.
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18
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Karkara BB, Mishra SS, Singh BN, Panda G. Synthesis of 2-methoxy-3-(thiophen-2-ylmethyl)quinoline containing amino carbinols as antitubercular agents. Bioorg Chem 2020; 99:103775. [PMID: 32222618 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We have designed and synthesized 2-methoxy-3-(thiophen-2-ylmethyl)quinoline containing amino carbinols as possible anti-tubercular agents to combat the disease. These molecules were synthesized by tethering amino ether linkage with hydroxyl group to diarylquinoline skeleton; hydroxyl and amine chains were engrafted on diaryl ring. They were evaluated against strain (H37Ra) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and most of compounds showed in vitro antitubercular activity. Two compounds having diaryl quinoline hydroxyl amino ether scaffold and three compounds having diaryl amino alkyl carbinol core showed activities at 6.25 μg/mL. This study explores diaryl carbinol prototype as inhibitor against Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bidhu Bhusan Karkara
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute BS, 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Shashank Shekhar Mishra
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute BS, 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India
| | - Bhupendra N Singh
- Microbiology Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute BS 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India; Academiy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi 110001, India
| | - Gautam Panda
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute BS, 10/1, Sector 10, Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow 226031, India; Academiy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi 110001, India.
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19
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Wang X, Inoyama D, Russo R, Li SG, Jadhav R, Stratton TP, Mittal N, Bilotta JA, Singleton E, Kim T, Paget SD, Pottorf RS, Ahn YM, Davila-Pagan A, Kandasamy S, Grady C, Hussain S, Soteropoulos P, Zimmerman MD, Ho HP, Park S, Dartois V, Ekins S, Connell N, Kumar P, Freundlich JS. Antitubercular Triazines: Optimization and Intrabacterial Metabolism. Cell Chem Biol 2020; 27:172-185.e11. [PMID: 31711854 PMCID: PMC7035970 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2019.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The triazine antitubercular JSF-2019 was of interest due to its in vitro efficacy and the nitro group shared with the clinically relevant delamanid and pretomanid. JSF-2019 undergoes activation requiring F420H2 and one or more nitroreductases in addition to Ddn. An intrabacterial drug metabolism (IBDM) platform was leveraged to demonstrate the system kinetics, evidencing formation of NO⋅ and a des-nitro metabolite. Structure-activity relationship studies focused on improving the solubility and mouse pharmacokinetic profile of JSF-2019 and culminated in JSF-2513, relying on the key introduction of a morpholine. Mechanistic studies with JSF-2019, JSF-2513, and other triazines stressed the significance of achieving potent in vitro efficacy via release of intrabacterial NO⋅ along with inhibition of InhA and, more generally, the FAS-II pathway. This study highlights the importance of probing IBDM and its potential to clarify mechanism of action, which in this case is a combination of NO⋅ release and InhA inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University - New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Daigo Inoyama
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University - New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Riccardo Russo
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine and the Ruy V. Lourenço Center for the Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Pathogens, Rutgers University - New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Shao-Gang Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University - New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Ravindra Jadhav
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University - New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Thomas P Stratton
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University - New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Nisha Mittal
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University - New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Joseph A Bilotta
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University - New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Eric Singleton
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine and the Ruy V. Lourenço Center for the Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Pathogens, Rutgers University - New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Thomas Kim
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine and the Ruy V. Lourenço Center for the Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Pathogens, Rutgers University - New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Steve D Paget
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University - New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Richard S Pottorf
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University - New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Yong-Mo Ahn
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University - New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Alejandro Davila-Pagan
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University - New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Srinivasan Kandasamy
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University - New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Courtney Grady
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine and the Ruy V. Lourenço Center for the Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Pathogens, Rutgers University - New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Seema Hussain
- Genomics Center, Rutgers University - New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA; Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers University - New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Patricia Soteropoulos
- Genomics Center, Rutgers University - New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA; Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers University - New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Matthew D Zimmerman
- Public Health Research Institute, Rutgers University - New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Hsin Pin Ho
- Public Health Research Institute, Rutgers University - New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Steven Park
- Public Health Research Institute, Rutgers University - New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Véronique Dartois
- Public Health Research Institute, Rutgers University - New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Sean Ekins
- Collaborations in Chemistry Inc., Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Nancy Connell
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine and the Ruy V. Lourenço Center for the Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Pathogens, Rutgers University - New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Pradeep Kumar
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine and the Ruy V. Lourenço Center for the Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Pathogens, Rutgers University - New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Joel S Freundlich
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University - New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA; Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine and the Ruy V. Lourenço Center for the Study of Emerging and Re-emerging Pathogens, Rutgers University - New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
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20
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Kawczak P, Bober L, Bączek T. QSAR Analysis of Selected Antimicrobial Structures Belonging to Nitro-derivatives of Heterocyclic Compounds. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1570180815666181004112947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Nitro-derivatives of heterocyclic compounds were used as active agents against
pathogenic microorganisms. A set of 4- and 5-nitroimidazole derivatives exhibiting antimicrobial activity
was analyzed with the use of Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships (QSAR) method. The study
included compounds used both in documented treatment and those described as experimental.
Objective:
The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the common and differentiating
characteristics of the above-mentioned chemical compounds alike physicochemically as well as
pharmacologically based on the quantum chemical calculations and microbiological activity data.
Methods:
During the study PCA and MLR analysis were performed, as the types of proposed
chemometric approach. The semi-empirical and ab initio level of in silico molecular modeling was
performed for calculations of molecular descriptors.
Results:
QSAR models were proposed based on chosen descriptors. The relationship between the
nitro-derivatives structure and microbiological activity data was able to class and describe the antimicrobial
activity with the use of statistically significant molecular descriptors.
Conclusion:
The applied chemometric approaches revealed the influential features of the tested
structures responsible for the antimicrobial activity of studied nitro-derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Kawczak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy with Subfaculty of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk 80-416, Poland
| | - Leszek Bober
- POLPHARMA SA Pharmaceutical Works, Starogard Gdanski, Starogard Gdanski 83-200, Poland
| | - Tomasz Bączek
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy with Subfaculty of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk 80-416, Poland
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21
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Bahuguna A, Rawat DS. An overview of new antitubercular drugs, drug candidates, and their targets. Med Res Rev 2019; 40:263-292. [PMID: 31254295 DOI: 10.1002/med.21602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The causative agent of tuberculosis (TB), Mycobacterium tuberculosis and more recently totally drug-resistant strains of M. tuberculosis, display unique mechanisms to survive in the host. A four-drug treatment regimen was introduced 40 years ago but the emergence of multidrug-resistance and more recently TDR necessitates the identification of new targets and drugs for the cure of M. tuberculosis infection. The current efforts in the drug development process are insufficient to completely eradicate the TB epidemic. For almost five decades the TB drug development process remained stagnant. The last 10 years have made sudden progress giving some new and highly promising drugs including bedaquiline, delamanid, and pretomanid. Many of the candidates are repurposed compounds, which were developed to treat other infections but later, exhibited anti-TB properties also. Each class of drug has a specific target and a definite mode of action. These targets are either involved in cell wall biosynthesis, protein synthesis, DNA/RNA synthesis, or metabolism. This review discusses recent progress in the discovery of newly developed and Food and Drug Administration approved drugs as well as repurposed drugs, their targets, mode of action, drug-target interactions, and their structure-activity relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diwan S Rawat
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, India
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22
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Baravkar SB, Wagh MA, Nawale LU, Choudhari AS, Bhansali S, Sarkar D, Sanjayan GJ. Design and Synthesis of 2‐Amino‐thiophene‐proline‐conjugates and Their Anti‐tubercular Activity against
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
H37Ra. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201803370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sachin B. Baravkar
- Division of Organic ChemistryCSIR-National Chemical Laboratory Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411 008 Maharashtra India
| | - Mahendra A. Wagh
- Division of Organic ChemistryCSIR-National Chemical Laboratory Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411 008 Maharashtra India
| | - Laxman U. Nawale
- Combi-Chem Resource CentreCSIR-National Chemical Laboratory Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411 008 Maharashtra India
| | - Amit S. Choudhari
- Combi-Chem Resource CentreCSIR-National Chemical Laboratory Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411 008 Maharashtra India
| | - Sujit Bhansali
- Combi-Chem Resource CentreCSIR-National Chemical Laboratory Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411 008 Maharashtra India
| | - Dhiman Sarkar
- Combi-Chem Resource CentreCSIR-National Chemical Laboratory Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411 008 Maharashtra India
| | - Gangadhar J. Sanjayan
- Division of Organic ChemistryCSIR-National Chemical Laboratory Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411 008 Maharashtra India
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23
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Veale CGL. Unpacking the Pathogen Box-An Open Source Tool for Fighting Neglected Tropical Disease. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:386-453. [PMID: 30614200 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Pathogen Box is a 400-strong collection of drug-like compounds, selected for their potential against several of the world's most important neglected tropical diseases, including trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, cryptosporidiosis, toxoplasmosis, filariasis, schistosomiasis, dengue virus and trichuriasis, in addition to malaria and tuberculosis. This library represents an ensemble of numerous successful drug discovery programmes from around the globe, aimed at providing a powerful resource to stimulate open source drug discovery for diseases threatening the most vulnerable communities in the world. This review seeks to provide an in-depth analysis of the literature pertaining to the compounds in the Pathogen Box, including structure-activity relationship highlights, mechanisms of action, related compounds with reported activity against different diseases, and, where appropriate, discussion on the known and putative targets of compounds, thereby providing context and increasing the accessibility of the Pathogen Box to the drug discovery community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clinton G L Veale
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Pietermaritzburg Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa
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24
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Jarrad AM, Ang CW, Debnath A, Hahn HJ, Woods K, Tan L, Sykes ML, Jones AJ, Pelingon R, Butler MS, Avery VM, West NP, Karoli T, Blaskovich MAT, Cooper MA. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of 2-Nitroimidazopyrazin-one/-es with Antitubercular and Antiparasitic Activity. J Med Chem 2018; 61:11349-11371. [PMID: 30468386 PMCID: PMC6311682 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis and parasitic diseases, such as giardiasis, amebiasis, leishmaniasis, and trypanosomiasis, all urgently require improved treatment options. Recently, it has been shown that antitubercular bicyclic nitroimidazoles such as pretomanid and delamanid have potential as repurposed therapeutics for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis. Here, we show that pretomanid also possesses potent activity against Giardia lamblia and Entamoeba histolytica, thus expanding the therapeutic potential of nitroimidazooxazines. Synthetic analogues with a novel nitroimidazopyrazin-one/-e bicyclic nitroimidazole chemotype were designed and synthesized, and structure-activity relationships were generated. Selected derivatives had potent antiparasitic and antitubercular activity while maintaining drug-like properties such as low cytotoxicity, good metabolic stability in liver microsomes and high apparent permeability across Caco-2 cells. The kinetic solubility of the new bicyclic derivatives varied and was found to be a key parameter for future optimization. Taken together, these results suggest that promising subclasses of bicyclic nitroimidazoles containing different core architectures have potential for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anjan Debnath
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of California San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Hye Jee Hahn
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of California San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Kyra Woods
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre , St. Lucia , Queensland 4067 Australia
| | - Lendl Tan
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre , St. Lucia , Queensland 4067 Australia
| | - Melissa L Sykes
- Discovery Biology, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery , Griffith University , Nathan , Queensland 4111 , Australia
| | - Amy J Jones
- Discovery Biology, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery , Griffith University , Nathan , Queensland 4111 , Australia
| | | | - Mark S Butler
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre , St. Lucia , Queensland 4067 Australia
| | - Vicky M Avery
- Discovery Biology, Griffith Institute for Drug Discovery , Griffith University , Nathan , Queensland 4111 , Australia
| | - Nicholas P West
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre , St. Lucia , Queensland 4067 Australia
| | | | - Mark A T Blaskovich
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre , St. Lucia , Queensland 4067 Australia
| | - Matthew A Cooper
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre , St. Lucia , Queensland 4067 Australia
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25
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Machado D, Girardini M, Viveiros M, Pieroni M. Challenging the Drug-Likeness Dogma for New Drug Discovery in Tuberculosis. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1367. [PMID: 30018597 PMCID: PMC6037898 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of multi- and extensively drug resistant tuberculosis worldwide poses a great threat to human health and highlight the need to discover and develop new, effective and inexpensive antituberculosis agents. High-throughput screening assays against well-validated drug targets and structure based drug design have been employed to discover new lead compounds. However, the great majority fail to demonstrate any antimycobacterial activity when tested against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in whole-cell screening assays. This is mainly due to some of the intrinsic properties of the bacilli, such as the extremely low permeability of its cell wall, slow growth, drug resistance, drug tolerance, and persistence. In this sense, understanding the pathways involved in M. tuberculosis drug tolerance, persistence, and pathogenesis, may reveal new approaches for drug development. Moreover, the need for compounds presenting a novel mode of action is of utmost importance due to the emergence of resistance not only to the currently used antituberculosis agents, but also to those in the pipeline. Cheminformatics studies have shown that drugs endowed with antituberculosis activity have the peculiarity of being more lipophilic than many other antibacterials, likely because this leads to improved cell penetration through the extremely waxy mycobacterial cell wall. Moreover, the interaction of the lipophilic moiety with the membrane alters its stability and functional integrity due to the disruption of the proton motive force, resulting in cell death. When a ligand-based medicinal chemistry campaign is ongoing, it is always difficult to predict whether a chemical modification or a functional group would be suitable for improving the activity. Nevertheless, in the “instruction manual” of medicinal chemists, certain functional groups or certain physicochemical characteristics (i.e., high lipophilicity) are considered red flags to look out for in order to safeguard drug-likeness and avoid attritions in the drug discovery process. In this review, we describe how antituberculosis compounds challenge established rules such as the Lipinski's “rule of five” and how medicinal chemistry for antituberculosis compounds must be thought beyond such dogmatic schemes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Machado
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Miriam Girardini
- P4T Group, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Miguel Viveiros
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marco Pieroni
- P4T Group, Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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Liu Y, Matsumoto M, Ishida H, Ohguro K, Yoshitake M, Gupta R, Geiter L, Hafkin J. Delamanid: From discovery to its use for pulmonary multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2018; 111:20-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Olender D, Żwawiak J, Zaprutko L. Multidirectional Efficacy of Biologically Active Nitro Compounds Included in Medicines. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2018; 11:E54. [PMID: 29844300 PMCID: PMC6027522 DOI: 10.3390/ph11020054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The current concept in searching for new bioactive products, including mainly original active substances with potential application in pharmacy and medicine, is based on compounds with a previously determined structure, well-known properties, and biological activity profile. Nowadays, many commonly used drugs originated from natural sources. Moreover, some natural materials have become the source of leading structures for processing further chemical modifications. Many organic compounds with great therapeutic significance have the nitro group in their structure. Very often, nitro compounds are active substances in many well-known preparations belonging to different groups of medicines that are classified according to their pharmacological potencies. Moreover, the nitro group is part of the chemical structure of veterinary drugs. In this review, we describe many bioactive substances with the nitro group, divided into ten categories, including substances with exciting activity and that are currently undergoing clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Olender
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Faculty, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Justyna Żwawiak
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Faculty, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Lucjusz Zaprutko
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Pharmaceutical Faculty, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland.
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Morse PD, Jamison TF. Synthesis and Utilization of Nitroalkyne Equivalents in Batch and Continuous Flow. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201706157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter D. Morse
- Department of Chemistry; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 77 Massachusetts Ave. Cambridge MA 02139 USA
| | - Timothy F. Jamison
- Department of Chemistry; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; 77 Massachusetts Ave. Cambridge MA 02139 USA
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Morse PD, Jamison TF. Synthesis and Utilization of Nitroalkyne Equivalents in Batch and Continuous Flow. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:13999-14002. [PMID: 28929565 PMCID: PMC5698803 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201706157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We report a method for overcoming the low stability of nitroalkynes through the development of nitrated vinyl silyltriflate equivalents. Because of their instability, nitroalkynes have only rarely been utilized in synthesis. The reactivity of these silyltriflates, which are prepared in situ, is exemplified by dipolar cycloaddition reactions with nitrones to give highly substituted 4‐nitro‐4‐isoxazolines in high yields. This approach has proven general for several different alkyl and aryl substituted alkynes. In order to minimize the accumulation of potentially hazardous reaction intermediates, we have also developed a continuous flow variant of this method that is capable of carrying out the entire reaction sequence in a good yield and a short residence time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Morse
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Timothy F Jamison
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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Ang CW, Jarrad AM, Cooper MA, Blaskovich MAT. Nitroimidazoles: Molecular Fireworks That Combat a Broad Spectrum of Infectious Diseases. J Med Chem 2017; 60:7636-7657. [PMID: 28463485 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases claim millions of lives every year, but with the advent of drug resistance, therapeutic options to treat infections are inadequate. There is now an urgent need to develop new and effective treatments. Nitroimidazoles are a class of antimicrobial drugs that have remarkable broad spectrum activity against parasites, mycobacteria, and anaerobic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. While nitroimidazoles were discovered in the 1950s, there has been renewed interest in their therapeutic potential, particularly for the treatment of parasitic infections and tuberculosis. In this review, we summarize different classes of nitroimidazoles that have been described in the literature in the past five years, from approved drugs and clinical candidates to examples undergoing preclinical or early stage development. The relatively "nonspecific" mode of action and resistance mechanisms of nitromidazoles are discussed, and contemporary strategies to facilitate nitroimidazole drug development are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chee Wei Ang
- The Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Angie M Jarrad
- The Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Matthew A Cooper
- The Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Mark A T Blaskovich
- The Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
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S-substituted 3,5-dinitrophenyl 1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thiols and tetrazole-5-thiols as highly efficient antitubercular agents. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 126:369-383. [PMID: 27907875 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Two new classes of antitubercular agents, namely 5-alkylsulfanyl-1-(3,5-dinitrophenyl)-1H-tetrazoles and 2-alkylsulfanyl-5-(3,5-dinitrophenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazoles, and their structure-activity relationships are described. These compounds possessed excellent activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, including the clinically isolated multidrug (MDR) and extensively drug-resistant (XDR) strains, with no cross resistance with first or second-line anti-TB drugs. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of the most promising compounds reached 0.03 μM. Furthermore, these compounds had a highly selective antimycobacterial effect because they were completely inactive against 4 gram positive and 4 gram negative bacteria and eight fungal strains and had low in vitro toxicity for four mammalian cell lines, including hepatic cell lines HepG2 and HuH7. Although the structure-activity relationship study showed that the presence of two nitro groups is highly beneficial for antimycobacterial activity, the analogues with a trifluoromethyl group instead of one of the nitro groups maintained a high antimycobacterial activity, which indicates the possibility for further structural optimization of this class of antitubercular agents.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Tuberculosis has been and remains arguably the most important infectious disease of all time. However, when compared to other diseases of similar human impact, relatively little progress has been made. Although there are many new drugs being developed for the first time in decades, it is unclear what role each of these new drugs will play. AREAS COVERED The history of current therapy is reviewed as are the challenges associated with medications currently in use. Drugs that have recently been added to the armamentarium of therapy are reviewed as well as new candidate drugs. EXPERT OPINION Developing new drugs to treat tuberculosis is of critical importance but even more important is developing strategies that ensure that there is no further amplification of drug resistance around the world especially in high burden low resource settings. Directly observed therapy is the cornerstone of protecting existing and future regimens and new technologies will potentially extend the reach of monitored therapy. Challenges remain including maintaining an adequate drug supply but the greatest challenge may be the issue of persistent organisms that require prolonged therapy. By discovering the triggers of persistence and identifying new drug targets can it be possible to radically shorten therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lauzardo
- a Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Medicine , University of Florida , Gainesville , FL , USA
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Mahajan PS, Nikam MD, Nawale LU, Khedkar VM, Sarkar D, Gill CH. Synthesis and Antitubercular Activity of New Benzo[b]thiophenes. ACS Med Chem Lett 2016; 7:751-6. [PMID: 27563398 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.6b00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro and ex vivo efficacies of four series of benzo[b]thiophene-2-carboxylic acid derivatives were studied against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra (MTB). Benzo[b]thiophenes were also tested in vitro against multidrug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra (MDR-MTB), and 7b was found to be highly active against A- and D-MDR-MTB/MTB (MIC ranges 2.73-22.86 μg/mL). The activity of all benzo[b]thiophenes against M. bovis BCG (BCG) was also assessed grown under aerobic and under conditions of oxygen depletion. Compounds 8c and 8g showed significant activity with MICs of 0.60 and 0.61 μg/mL against dormant BCG. The low cytotoxicity and high selectivity index data against human cancer cell lines, HeLa, Panc-1, and THP-1 indicate the potential importance of the development of benzo[b]thiophene-based 1,3-diketones and flavones as lead candidates to treat mycobacterial infections. Molecular docking studies into the active site of DprE1 (Decaprenylphosphoryl-β-d-ribose-2'-epimerase) enzyme revealed a similar binding mode to native ligand in the crystal structure thereby helping to understand the ligand-protein interactions and establish a structural basis for inhibition of MTB. In summary, its good activity in in vitro and ex vivo model, as well as its activity against multidrug-resistant M. tuberculosis H37Ra in a potentially latent state, makes 7b an attractive drug candidate for the therapy of tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin S. Mahajan
- Department of Chemistry, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad, 431 004 Maharashtra, India
| | - Mukesh D. Nikam
- Department of Chemistry, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad, 431 004 Maharashtra, India
| | - Laxman U. Nawale
- Combi-Chem Resource
Centre, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008 Maharashtra, India
| | - Vijay M. Khedkar
- Combi-Chem Resource
Centre, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008 Maharashtra, India
| | - Dhiman Sarkar
- Combi-Chem Resource
Centre, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 411008 Maharashtra, India
| | - Charansingh H. Gill
- Department of Chemistry, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Aurangabad, 431 004 Maharashtra, India
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Antibiotics in the clinical pipeline at the end of 2015. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2016; 70:3-24. [PMID: 27353164 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2016.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There is growing global recognition that the continued emergence of multidrug-resistant bacteria poses a serious threat to human health. Action plans released by the World Health Organization and governments of the UK and USA in particular recognize that discovering new antibiotics, particularly those with new modes of action, is one essential element required to avert future catastrophic pandemics. This review lists the 30 antibiotics and two β-lactamase/β-lactam combinations first launched since 2000, and analyzes in depth seven new antibiotics and two new β-lactam/β-lactamase inhibitor combinations launched since 2013. The development status, mode of action, spectra of activity and genesis (natural product, natural product-derived, synthetic or protein/mammalian peptide) of the 37 compounds and six β-lactamase/β-lactam combinations being evaluated in clinical trials between 2013 and 2015 are discussed. Compounds discontinued from clinical development since 2013 and new antibacterial pharmacophores are also reviewed.
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Kour G, Chandan BK, Khullar M, Munagala G, Singh PP, Bhagat A, Gupta AP, Vishwakarma RA, Ahmed Z. Development and validation of a highly sensitive LC-MS/MS-ESI method for quantification of IIIM-019-A novel nitroimidazole derivative with promising action against Tuberculosis: Application to drug development. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 124:26-33. [PMID: 26922579 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The study aims to illustrate an analytical validation of a rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography (LC) coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS) and electrospray ionization (ESI) method for quantification of IIIM-019 (a novel nitroimidazole derivative with potential activity against Tuberculosis) in mice plasma. The extraction of the analyte and the internal standard (Tolbutamide) from the plasma samples involves protein precipitation using acetonitrile. The chromatographic separation was accomplished using a gradient mode and the mobile phase comprised of acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid in water. The flow rate used was 0.7 ml/min on a C18e high performance Chromolith column. IIIM-019 and Tolbutamide (IS) were analyzed by combined reversed-phase LC/MS-MS with positive ion electrospray ionization. The MS-MS ion transitions used were 533>170.1, 533>198 for IIIM-019 and 271>74, 271>155 for internal standard (IS) respectively. The method was linear over a concentration range of 0.5-1000 ng/ml and the lower limit of quantification was 0.50 ng/ml. The entire study was validated for accuracy, precision, linearity, range, selectivity, lower limit of quantification (LLOQ), recovery, and matrix effect in accordance with the FDA guidelines of method validation. Acceptable precision and accuracy were obtained for concentrations over the standard curve range. The intra and inter-day precisions were in the range of 0.51-11.18% and 0.51-7.55%. The pharmacokinetics was performed on male Balb/c mice by oral (2.5mg/kg), intraperitoneal (2.5mg/kg) and intravenous (1mg/kg) routes. The oral bioavailability of IIIM-019 was 51.6%. The method was also applied successfully in determining microsomal stability wherein the compound was found to be very slightly metabolized by rat liver microsomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurleen Kour
- Inflammation Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, J&K, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, J&K, India
| | - Bal Krishan Chandan
- Inflammation Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, J&K, India
| | - Mowkshi Khullar
- Inflammation Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, J&K, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, J&K, India
| | - Gurunadham Munagala
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, J&K, India; Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, J&K, India
| | - Parvinder Pal Singh
- Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, J&K, India
| | - Asha Bhagat
- Inflammation Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, J&K, India
| | - Ajai Prakash Gupta
- Quality Control and Quality Analysis Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, J&K, India
| | - Ram A Vishwakarma
- Director- Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, anal Road, Jammu 180001, J&K, India
| | - Zabeer Ahmed
- Inflammation Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu 180001, J&K, India.
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Physiology, Biochemistry, and Applications of F420- and Fo-Dependent Redox Reactions. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2016; 80:451-93. [PMID: 27122598 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00070-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
5-Deazaflavin cofactors enhance the metabolic flexibility of microorganisms by catalyzing a wide range of challenging enzymatic redox reactions. While structurally similar to riboflavin, 5-deazaflavins have distinctive and biologically useful electrochemical and photochemical properties as a result of the substitution of N-5 of the isoalloxazine ring for a carbon. 8-Hydroxy-5-deazaflavin (Fo) appears to be used for a single function: as a light-harvesting chromophore for DNA photolyases across the three domains of life. In contrast, its oligoglutamyl derivative F420 is a taxonomically restricted but functionally versatile cofactor that facilitates many low-potential two-electron redox reactions. It serves as an essential catabolic cofactor in methanogenic, sulfate-reducing, and likely methanotrophic archaea. It also transforms a wide range of exogenous substrates and endogenous metabolites in aerobic actinobacteria, for example mycobacteria and streptomycetes. In this review, we discuss the physiological roles of F420 in microorganisms and the biochemistry of the various oxidoreductases that mediate these roles. Particular focus is placed on the central roles of F420 in methanogenic archaea in processes such as substrate oxidation, C1 pathways, respiration, and oxygen detoxification. We also describe how two F420-dependent oxidoreductase superfamilies mediate many environmentally and medically important reactions in bacteria, including biosynthesis of tetracycline and pyrrolobenzodiazepine antibiotics by streptomycetes, activation of the prodrugs pretomanid and delamanid by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and degradation of environmental contaminants such as picrate, aflatoxin, and malachite green. The biosynthesis pathways of Fo and F420 are also detailed. We conclude by considering opportunities to exploit deazaflavin-dependent processes in tuberculosis treatment, methane mitigation, bioremediation, and industrial biocatalysis.
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Maitra A, Bates S, Kolvekar T, Devarajan PV, Guzman JD, Bhakta S. Repurposing-a ray of hope in tackling extensively drug resistance in tuberculosis. Int J Infect Dis 2016; 32:50-5. [PMID: 25809756 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2014.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a serious concern more than two decades on from when the World Health Organization declared it a global health emergency. The alarming rise of antibiotic resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the etiological agent of TB, has made it exceedingly difficult to control the disease with the existing portfolio of anti-TB chemotherapy. The development of effective drugs with novel mechanism(s) of action is thus of paramount importance to tackle drug resistance. The development of novel chemical entities requires more than 10 years of research, requiring high-risk investment to become commercially available. Repurposing pre-existing drugs offers a solution to circumvent this mammoth investment in time and funds. In this context, several drugs with known safety and toxicity profiles have been evaluated against the TB pathogen and found to be efficacious against its different physiological states. As the endogenous targets of these drugs in the TB bacillus are most likely to be novel, there is minimal chance of cross-resistance with front-line anti-TB drugs. Also, reports that some of these drugs may potentially have multiple targets means that the possibility of the development of resistance against them is minimal. Thus repurposing existing molecules offers immense promise to tackle extensively drug-resistant TB infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arundhati Maitra
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratory, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
| | - Sadé Bates
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratory, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
| | - Trupti Kolvekar
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratory, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
| | - Padma V Devarajan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, N. P. Marg, Matunga, Mumbai, India
| | - Juan D Guzman
- Departamento de Química y Biología, División de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Sanjib Bhakta
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratory, Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK.
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Zhou Y, Wang J, Gu Z, Wang S, Zhu W, Aceña JL, Soloshonok VA, Izawa K, Liu H. Next Generation of Fluorine-Containing Pharmaceuticals, Compounds Currently in Phase II-III Clinical Trials of Major Pharmaceutical Companies: New Structural Trends and Therapeutic Areas. Chem Rev 2016; 116:422-518. [PMID: 26756377 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1787] [Impact Index Per Article: 223.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhanni Gu
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shuni Wang
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - José Luis Aceña
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU , Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 3, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain.,Department of Organic Chemistry, Autónoma University of Madrid , Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Vadim A Soloshonok
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU , Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 3, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, María Díaz de Haro 3, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Kunisuke Izawa
- Hamari Chemicals Ltd., 1-4-29 Kunijima, Higashi-Yodogawa-ku, Osaka, Japan 533-0024
| | - Hong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
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Lewis JM, Sloan DJ. The role of delamanid in the treatment of drug-resistant tuberculosis. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2015; 11:779-91. [PMID: 25999726 PMCID: PMC4437614 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s71076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant cause of death worldwide, and emergence of drug-resistant TB requires lengthy treatments with toxic drugs that are less effective than their first-line equivalents. New treatments are urgently needed. Delamanid, previously OPC-67863, is a novel drug of the dihydro-nitroimidazole class with potent anti-TB activity and great promise to be effective in the treatment of drug-resistant TB. This review examines the preclinical and clinical development of delamanid, reviews current guidance on its use and evaluates the opportunities and challenges for its future role in TB management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Lewis
- Tropical and Infectious Disease Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, UK
| | - Derek J Sloan
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool, UK
- Liverpool Heart and Chest Hospital, Liverpool, UK
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40
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Salunke SB, Azad AK, Kapuriya NP, Balada-Llasat JM, Pancholi P, Schlesinger LS, Chen CS. Design and synthesis of novel anti-tuberculosis agents from the celecoxib pharmacophore. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:1935-43. [PMID: 25818768 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The identification of compounds with anti-mycobacterial activity within classes of molecules that have been developed for other purposes is a fruitful approach for the development of anti-tuberculosis (TB) agents. In this study we used the scaffold of celecoxib which exhibits several activities against different pathogens, for the design and focused synthesis of a library of 64 compounds. For the primary screen, we used a bioluminescence-based method by constructing a luciferase-expressing reporter M.tb strain which contains the entire bacterial Lux operon cloned in a mycobacterial integrative expression vector. Through the screening of this library, we identified 6 hit compounds with high in vitro anti-mycobacterial activity (IC₅₀ ∼0.18-0.48 μM). In particular, compounds 41, 51 and 53 were capable of inhibiting M.tb as effectively as the anti-TB drug isoniazid (INH) at 5 μM over a 72-h period, as analyzed by both bioluminescence- and colony forming unit (CFU)-based assays. All hit compounds also showed anti-M.tb activities against several multi-drug-resistant (MDR) strains. Most of the hit compounds showed no cytotoxicity for human macrophages at concentrations as high as 40 μM, setting the stage for further optimization and development of these anti-TB hit compounds both ex vivo and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh B Salunke
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Abul K Azad
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, 460 W 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, United States; Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, 460 W 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Naval P Kapuriya
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, United States; Division of Pharmaceutical and Organic Chemistry, M. & N. Virani Science College, Saurashtra University, Rajkot 360005, Gujarat, India
| | - Joan-Miquel Balada-Llasat
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, 410 W. 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Preeti Pancholi
- Department of Pathology, The Ohio State University, 410 W. 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Larry S Schlesinger
- Center for Microbial Interface Biology, The Ohio State University, 460 W 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, United States; Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, 460 W 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, United States.
| | - Ching-Shih Chen
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, 500 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, United States; Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Munagala G, Yempalla KR, Singh S, Sharma S, Kalia NP, Rajput VS, Kumar S, Sawant SD, Khan IA, Vishwakarma RA, Singh PP. Synthesis of new generation triazolyl- and isoxazolyl-containing 6-nitro-2,3-dihydroimidazooxazoles as anti-TB agents: in vitro, structure–activity relationship, pharmacokinetics and in vivo evaluation. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:3610-24. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00054h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Promising nitroimidazoloxazole scaffold gives another novel triazolyl-containing 6-nitro-2,3-dihydroimidazooxazole as anti-TB lead.
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In vitro and in vivo activities of the nitroimidazole TBA-354 against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 59:136-44. [PMID: 25331696 DOI: 10.1128/aac.03823-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitroimidazoles are a promising new class of antitubercular agents. The nitroimidazo-oxazole delamanid (OPC-67683, Deltyba) is in phase III trials for the treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, while the nitroimidazo-oxazine PA-824 is entering phase III for drug-sensitive and drug-resistant tuberculosis. TBA-354 (SN31354[(S)-2-nitro-6-((6-(4-trifluoromethoxy)phenyl)pyridine-3-yl)methoxy)-6,7-dihydro-5H-imidazo[2,1-b][1,3]oxazine]) is a pyridine-containing biaryl compound with exceptional efficacy against chronic murine tuberculosis and favorable bioavailability in preliminary rodent studies. It was selected as a potential next-generation antituberculosis nitroimidazole following an extensive medicinal chemistry effort. Here, we further evaluate the pharmacokinetic properties and activity of TBA-354 against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. TBA-354 is narrow spectrum and bactericidal in vitro against replicating and nonreplicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis, with potency similar to that of delamanid and greater than that of PA-824. The addition of serum protein or albumin does not significantly alter this activity. TBA-354 maintains activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv isogenic monoresistant strains and clinical drug-sensitive and drug-resistant isolates. Spontaneous resistant mutants appear at a frequency of 3 × 10(-7). In vitro studies and in vivo studies in mice confirm that TBA-354 has high bioavailability and a long elimination half-life. In vitro studies suggest a low risk of drug-drug interactions. Low-dose aerosol infection models of acute and chronic murine tuberculosis reveal time- and dose-dependent in vivo bactericidal activity that is at least as potent as that of delamanid and more potent than that of PA-824. Its superior potency and pharmacokinetic profile that predicts suitability for once-daily oral dosing suggest that TBA-354 be studied further for its potential as a next-generation nitroimidazole.
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Kwon YS, Jeong BH, Koh WJ. Delamanid when other anti-tuberculosis-treatment regimens failed due to resistance or tolerability. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2014; 16:253-61. [PMID: 25327169 DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2015.973853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The limited availability of effective drugs causes difficulties in the management of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) and novel therapeutic agents are needed. Delamanid , a new nitro-hydro-imidazooxazole derivative, inhibits mycolic acid synthesis. This review covers the efficacy and safety of delamanid for MDR-TB. AREA COVERED This paper reviews the pharmacological profile of delamanid and the results of clinical trials evaluating its efficacy for treating MDR-TB in combination with other anti-TB drugs. The drug's safety and tolerability profiles are also considered. EXPERT OPINION Delamanid showed potent activity against drug-susceptible and -resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in both in vitro and in vivo studies. In clinical trials, the drug showed significant early bactericidal activity in pulmonary TB patients, and increased culture conversion after 2 months of treatment in combination with an optimized background regimen in MDR-TB patients. In addition, decreased mortality was observed in MDR-TB patients who received > 6 months of delamanid treatment. The drug was generally tolerable, but QT prolongation should be monitored carefully using electrocardiograms and potassium levels. Therefore, delamanid could be used as part of an appropriate combination regimen for pulmonary MDR-TB in adult patients when an effective treatment regimen cannot otherwise be composed for reasons of resistance or tolerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Soo Kwon
- Chonnam National University Hospital, Department of Internal Medicine , Gwangju , South Korea
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Pentacyclic nitrofurans with in vivo efficacy and activity against nonreplicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87909. [PMID: 24505329 PMCID: PMC3914891 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The reductively activated nitroaromatic class of antimicrobials, which include nitroimidazole and the more metabolically labile nitrofuran antitubercular agents, have demonstrated some potential for development as therapeutics against dormant TB bacilli. In previous studies, the pharmacokinetic properties of nitrofuranyl isoxazolines were improved by incorporation of the outer ring elements of the antitubercular nitroimidazole OPC-67683. This successfully increased stability of the resulting pentacyclic nitrofuran lead compound Lee1106 (referred to herein as 9a). In the current study, we report the synthesis and antimicrobial properties of 9a and panel of 9a analogs, which were developed to increase oral bioavailability. These hybrid nitrofurans remained potent inhibitors of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with favorable selectivity indices (>150) and a narrow spectrum of activity. In vivo, the pentacyclic nitrofuran compounds showed long half-lives and high volumes of distribution. Based on pharmacokinetic testing and lack of toxicity in vivo,9a remained the series lead. 9a exerted a lengthy post antibiotic effect and was highly active against nonreplicating M. tuberculosis grown under hypoxia. 9a showed a low potential for cross resistance to current antitubercular agents, and a mechanism of activation distinct from pre-clinical tuberculosis candidates PA-824 and OPC-67683. Together these studies show that 9a is a nanomolar inhibitor of actively growing as well as nonreplicating M. tuberculosis.
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Nitroimidazooxazoles(#) Part xxiv, Search for Antileishmanial Agents: 2,3-Dihydro-6-nitroimidazo[2,1-b]oxazoles as Potential Antileishmanial Agents. Indian J Pharm Sci 2014; 76:92-5. [PMID: 24799745 PMCID: PMC4007262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A number of mono and bicyclic nitroimidazoles were screened for in vitro antileishmanial activity. Among these, compounds belonging to the class of nitroimidazo[2,1-b]oxazoles showed moderate to good activity. This class of compounds had been reported previously to have pronounced antitubercular activity, particularly CGI17341 (5a). In the present study (5a) and (5d) and (7) were found to be more potent antileishmanials in vitro than the standard and less toxic in relation to a reference compound. (7) Was earlier formulated to have the phenyl group located on C-2(5b).
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Diacon AH, von Groote-Bidlingmaier F, Donald PR. Delamanid, a new 6-nitro-2,3-dihydroimidazo[2,1-b]oxazole for the management of tuberculosis resistant to at least isoniazid and rifampicin. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2013. [DOI: 10.1517/21678707.2014.863729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Butler MS, Blaskovich MA, Cooper MA. Antibiotics in the clinical pipeline in 2013. J Antibiot (Tokyo) 2013; 66:571-91. [PMID: 24002361 DOI: 10.1038/ja.2013.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The continued emergence of multi-drug-resistant bacteria is a major public health concern. The identification and development of new antibiotics, especially those with new modes of action, is imperative to help treat these infections. This review lists the 22 new antibiotics launched since 2000 and details the two first-in-class antibiotics, fidaxomicin (1) and bedaquiline (2), launched in 2011 and 2012, respectively. The development status, mode of action, spectra of activity, historical discovery and origin of the drug pharmacophore (natural product, natural product derived, synthetic or protein/mammalian peptide) of the 49 compounds and 6 β-lactamase/β-lactam combinations in active clinical development are discussed, as well as compounds that have been discontinued from clinical development since 2011. New antibacterial pharmacophore templates are also reviewed and analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Butler
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Seidi K, Jahanban-Esfahlan R. A novel approach to eradicate latent TB: Based on resuscitation promoting factors. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HYPOTHESES AND IDEAS 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmhi.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Sloan DJ, Davies GR, Khoo SH. Recent advances in tuberculosis: New drugs and treatment regimens. CURRENT RESPIRATORY MEDICINE REVIEWS 2013; 9:200-210. [PMID: 24683386 PMCID: PMC3968807 DOI: 10.2174/1573398x113099990017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The current treatment regimen against drug susceptible tuberculosis (DS-TB) was defined by the 1980s. Since then the emergence of the global HIV pandemic and the escalation of drug resistant (DR-) forms of TB have presented new challenges for therapeutic research. Priority goals include shortening DS-TB treatment, improving DR-TB treatment and making combined TB-HIV therapy easier. To help achieve these goals, a range of new drugs and treatment strategies are currently being evaluated. Phase IIb and III clinical trials are ongoing to assess combinations involving the high-dose rifamycins, the 8-methoxyquinolones, a diarylquinoline (bedaquiline) and the nitroimidazoles. Other compounds (e.g. novel oxazolidinones and ethylenediamines) are at earlier stages of clinical development. Overall, there are grounds for optimism that recent advances will contribute towards achievement of new treatment regimens in the foreseeable future. However, long-term investment, political commitment and scientific endeavour are crucial to ensure that progress is sustained and the benefits of recent advances reach those in the greatest need.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek J. Sloan
- Tropical and Infectious Disease Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, L7 8XP, UK
| | - Geraint R. Davies
- Tropical and Infectious Disease Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, L7 8XP, UK
| | - Saye H. Khoo
- Tropical and Infectious Disease Unit, Royal Liverpool University Hospital, Liverpool, L7 8XP, UK
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Enhancing hit identification in Mycobacterium tuberculosis drug discovery using validated dual-event Bayesian models. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63240. [PMID: 23667592 PMCID: PMC3647004 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/31/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
High-throughput screening (HTS) in whole cells is widely pursued to find compounds active against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) for further development towards new tuberculosis (TB) drugs. Hit rates from these screens, usually conducted at 10 to 25 µM concentrations, typically range from less than 1% to the low single digits. New approaches to increase the efficiency of hit identification are urgently needed to learn from past screening data. The pharmaceutical industry has for many years taken advantage of computational approaches to optimize compound libraries for in vitro testing, a practice not fully embraced by academic laboratories in the search for new TB drugs. Adapting these proven approaches, we have recently built and validated Bayesian machine learning models for predicting compounds with activity against Mtb based on publicly available large-scale HTS data from the Tuberculosis Antimicrobial Acquisition Coordinating Facility. We now demonstrate the largest prospective validation to date in which we computationally screened 82,403 molecules with these Bayesian models, assayed a total of 550 molecules in vitro, and identified 124 actives against Mtb. Individual hit rates for the different datasets varied from 15–28%. We have identified several FDA approved and late stage clinical candidate kinase inhibitors with activity against Mtb which may represent starting points for further optimization. The computational models developed herein and the commercially available molecules derived from them are now available to any group pursuing Mtb drug discovery.
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