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Frich CK, Krüger F, Walther R, Domar C, Andersen AHF, Tvilum A, Dagnæs-Hansen F, Denton PW, Tolstrup M, Paludan SR, Münch J, Zelikin AN. Non-covalent hitchhiking on endogenous carriers as a protraction mechanism for antiviral macromolecular prodrugs. J Control Release 2018; 294:298-310. [PMID: 30552954 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Albumin is a highly successful tool of drug delivery providing drastically extended body and blood residence time for the associated cargo, but it only traffics single drug copies at a time. In turn, macromolecular prodrugs (MP) are advantaged in carrying a high drug payload but offering only a modest extension of residence time to the conjugated drugs. In this work, we engineer MP to contain terminal groups that bind to albumin via non-covalent association and reveal that this facile measure affords a significant protraction for the associated polymers. This methodology is applied to MP of acyclovir, a successful drug against herpes simplex virus infection but with poor pharmacokinetics. Resulting albumin-affine MP were efficacious agents against herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) both in vitro and in vivo. In the latter case, sub-cutaneous administration of MP resulted in local (vaginal) antiviral effects and a systemic protection. Presented benefits of non-covalent association with albumin are readily transferrable to a wide variety of MP in development for drug delivery as anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and anti-viral measures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Franziska Krüger
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Raoul Walther
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Cecilie Domar
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Anna H F Andersen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Anne Tvilum
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | - Paul W Denton
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Martin Tolstrup
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Søren R Paludan
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Jan Münch
- Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
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Abstract
Since vaccination may not prevent disease, antiherpetic drugs have been investigated for the therapy of several equine herpesviruses. Drug efficacy has been assessed in horses with disease, but most evidence is in vitro, in other species, or empirical. Oral valacyclovir is most often administered in the therapy of equine herpesvirus type-1 (EHV-1) to protect adult horses from equine herpesvirus myeloencephalopathy, while oral acyclovir is frequently administered for EHV-5 infection in the therapy of equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis. Other antiherpetic drugs are promising but require further investigation. Several topical drugs are also empirically used in the therapy of equine viral keratitis.
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3
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Thackray AM, Field HJ. The Influence of Cyclosporin Immunosuppression on the Efficacy of Famciclovir or Valaciclovir Chemotherapy Studied in a Murine Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Infection Model. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029700800404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Mice with or without immunosuppression by cyclosporin (Cy) were inoculated with herpes simplex virus type 1 in the ear pinna. Without immunosuppression, 20% of the mice died; clinical signs resolved in survivors and infectious virus was cleared by 7 to 10 days post-inoculation (p.i.). With Cy, mortality was 50%, clinical signs increased and infectious virus persisted. Mice were treated with either valaciclovir (VACV) or famciclovir (FCV) from days 1–5 or 5–10 p.i. and both compounds moderated the disease, but only FCV led to rapid restoration of body weight and complete protection from mortality. Resolution of clinical signs was more marked with immunosuppression. On cessation of VACV therapy, infectious virus recurred on individual days. Without immunosuppression, recurrence was detected in neural tissues only, but with Cy, infectious virus also recurred in skin. No recurrences of infectious virus were observed in any FCV-treated mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- AM Thackray
- Centre for Veterinary Science, Cambridge University Veterinary School, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 OES, UK
| | - HJ Field
- Centre for Veterinary Science, Cambridge University Veterinary School, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 OES, UK
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4
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Sutton D, Kern E. Activity of Famciclovir and Penciclovir in HSV-Infected Animals: A Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/09563202930040s604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Sutton
- SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, Great Burgh, Yew Tree Bottom Road, Epsom, Surrey KT18 5XQ, UK
| | - E.R. Kern
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Alabama School of Medicine, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
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5
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Field HJ, Thackray AM. The Effects of Delayed-Onset Chemotherapy using Famciclovir or Valaciclovir in a Murine Immunosuppression Model for HSV-1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029500600402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BALB/c mice were immunosuppressed using a dosing regimen of cyclosporin-A previously shown to interfere with T-cell function. HSV-1 was then inoculated into the skin of the ear pinna and the infection allowed to progress for 5 days. In untreated mice, virus replication was observed in both ear tissue and the central nervous system (brainstem). Virus replication continued at high titre in both sites for 15 days, the duration of the experiment. This model was used to investigate the efficacy of famciclovir (FCV) and vaiaciclovir (VACV), which are the oral prodrugs of penciclovir and acyclovir, respectively, on an established HSV-1 infection. Mice were treated orally with either FCV or VACV at 50 mg kg−1, from day 5 to day 10 post-infection. Within 2 days of the onset of therapy, virus titres in both skin and neural tissues were reduced significantly, and by day 10 post-infection less than 101 p.f.u. per tissue was detectable compared with approximately 104 p.f.u. in the untreated control mice. However, when VACV therapy was stopped, there was a recurrence of infectious virus replication within the ear pinna and the brainstem 2 days later. No recurrence of virus replication was observed in mice that had been treated with FCV. In addition, FCV treatment was superior to VACV at reducing the incidence of clinical signs and disease. Furthermore, mice receiving FCV gained weight more quickly than infected controls and reached uninoculated control weights by the end of the study period. In contrast, VACV had no such beneficial effects. These results confirm that VACV and FCV have different effects on the pathogenesis of HSV. The reasons for this appear to result from critical differences in the mechanism of action of the two compounds at a cellular level. We suggest that these data have important implications for the treatment of severe herpesvirus infections in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. J. Field
- Centre for Veterinary Science, Cambridge University Veterinary School, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 OES, UK
| | - A. M. Thackray
- Centre for Veterinary Science, Cambridge University Veterinary School, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 OES, UK
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6
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Affiliation(s)
- R. A. Vere Hodge
- SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, Two New Horizons Court, Brentford, Middlesex TW8 9EP, UK
| | - Y.-C. Cheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510-8066, USA
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7
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Bacon TH, Schinazi RF. An Overview of the Further Evaluation of Penciclovir against Herpes Simplex Virus and Varicella-Zoster Virus in Cell Culture Highlighting Contrasts with Acyclovir. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/09563202930040s603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. H. Bacon
- Department of Microbial Cell Sciences, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, Great Burgh, Yew Tree Bottom Road, Epsom, Surrey KT18 5XQ, UK
| | - R. F. Schinazi
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Decatur, Georgia 30033, USA
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8
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Borg N, Ståhle L. Penciclovir Pharmacokinetics and Distribution to the Brain and Muscle of Rats, Studied by Microdialysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029700800311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Famciclovir, the oral form of penciclovir, is a potent, highly selective antiherpesvirus agent licenced for the treatment of herpes zoster (shingles). Some herpesviruses are prone to infect the central nervous system. To obtain guidance for the possible treatment of herpes encephalitis it is important to study the extent of transport of antiviral agents into the brain. We have used microdialysis to sample the unbound extracellular concentration of penciclovir in the gastrocnemic muscle (which corresponds directly to plasma free concentrations) and in the brain of rats under halothane anaesthesia. Penciclovir (50 mg kg−1) was given intravenously (i.v.) and samples were taken for 5 h after administration. The AUC (area under the time versus concentration curve) (0–5 h) of penciclovir in the brain was 0.096±0.018 (mean±SEM) of the AUC in muscle while the mean ratio of brain to muscle concentration 5 h post-injection was 0.1 80±0.084. Famciclovir given per os to rat at a dose of 1 20 mg kg−1 resulted in a concentration ratio for penciclovir between brain and muscle of 0.415±0.078 at 5 h after administration, while the AUC ratio (0–5 h) was 0.143±0.012. Both of these are higher than after i.v. injection of penciclovir. Penciclovir and famciclovir were also administrated by i.v. infusion (60 and 80 mg kg−1 h−1 respectively). Famciclovir administration (AUC 0.075±0.025 mmol h L−1) did not increase penciclovir transport to the brain compared with penciclovir administration (AUC 0.163±0.018 mmol h L−1).
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Affiliation(s)
- N Borg
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge University Hospital, SE-141 86 Huddinge, Sweden
| | - L Ståhle
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Huddinge University Hospital, SE-141 86 Huddinge, Sweden
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9
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Tsiquaye K, Sutton D, Maung M, Boyd M. Antiviral Activities and Pharmacokinetics of Penciclovir and Famciclovir in Pekin Ducks Chronically Infected with Duck Hepatitis B Virus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632029600700305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Famciclovir (FCV) is the oral form of the potent and selective antiherpesvirus agent penciclovir (PCV). In order to provide more information on the spectrum of activity of PCV, the activities of FCV and PCV against duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) in chronically infected ducks were examined. As part of this investigation, the oral pharmacokinetics of FCV and PCV were determined in ducks. Oral treatment of DHBV-infected ducks (twice daily for 21 days) with either PCV (20 mg kg−1 or 100 mg kg−1) or FCV (5 mg kg−1 or 25 mg kg−1) suppressed virus replication, as measured by both plasma viral DNA and DNA polymerase levels. Both markers were reduced to undetectable levels within 4 days of the start of treatment, and after the cessation of treatment there was a delay of 2 to 8 days before plasma DHBV DNA and DNA polymerase levels began to increase, indicating that virus replication had resumed. The demonstration of efficacy of PCV and its oral form FCV against DHBV suggested that the two compounds may have clinical benefits. against human hepatitis B virus. Clinical trials are currently ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- K.N. Tsiquaye
- Department of Clinical Sciences, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - D. Sutton
- SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, Brockham Park, Betchworth, Surrey RH3 7AJ, UK
| | - M. Maung
- Department of Clinical Sciences, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - M.R. Boyd
- SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, Great Burgh, Epsom, Surrey KT18 5XQ, UK
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2-[4,5-Difluoro-2-(2-fluorobenzoylamino)-benzoylamino]benzoic acid, an antiviral compound with activity against acyclovir-resistant isolates of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:5735-43. [PMID: 22908173 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01072-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) are responsible for lifelong latent infections in humans, with periods of viral reactivation associated with recurring ulcerations in the orofacial and genital tracts. In immunosuppressed patients and neonates, HSV infections are associated with severe morbidity and, in some cases, even mortality. Today, acyclovir is the standard therapy for the management of HSV infections. However, the need for novel antiviral agents is apparent, since HSV isolates resistant to acyclovir therapy are frequently isolated in immunosuppressed patients. In this study, we assessed the anti-HSV activity of the antiadenoviral compounds 2-[2-(2-benzoylamino)-benzoylamino]benzoic acid (benzavir-1) and 2-[4,5-difluoro-2-(2-fluorobenzoylamino)-benzoylamino]benzoic acid (benzavir-2) on HSV-1 and HSV-2. Both compounds were active against both viruses. Importantly, benzavir-2 had potency similar to that of acyclovir against both HSV types, and it was active against clinical acyclovir-resistant HSV isolates.
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Bernstein DI, Bravo FJ, Clark JR, Earwood JD, Rahman A, Glazer R, Cardin RD. N-Methanocarbathymidine is more effective than acyclovir for treating neonatal herpes simplex virus infection in guinea pigs. Antiviral Res 2011; 92:386-8. [PMID: 21924293 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2011.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Revised: 08/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The outcome of neonatal herpes simplex (HSV) infection, even after therapy with high dose acyclovir (ACV), is not optimum. We therefore evaluated N-Methanocarbathymidine ((N)-MCT) using the guinea pig model of neonatal herpes. Treatment with ACV (60 mg/kg/day) was compared to doses of 1, 5, and 25 mg/kg/day of (N)-MCT initiated 1, 2, or 3 days postinoculation (dpi). Both ACV and (N)-MCT significantly improved survival, but only (N)-MCT significantly reduced the number of animals with symptoms when begun at 1 dpi. When therapy was begun at 2 dpi, only (N)-MCT (1, 5, or 25 mg/kg/day) significantly increased survival. In fact, (N)-MCT improved survival up to 3 dpi, the last time point evaluated. (N)-MCT was highly effective and superior to high dose ACV therapy for the treatment of neonatal herpes in the guinea pig model.
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Affiliation(s)
- David I Bernstein
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States.
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12
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Kanneti R, Bhavesh D, Paramar D, Shivaprakash R, Bhatt PA. Determination of penciclovir in human plasma by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry: application to a clinical pharmacokinetic study. Biomed Chromatogr 2011; 25:458-65. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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13
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Moura MDG, Haddad JPA, Senna MIB, Ferreira e Ferreira E, Mesquita RA. A new topical treatment protocol for oral hairy leukoplakia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 110:611-7. [PMID: 20813564 DOI: 10.1016/j.tripleo.2010.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2009] [Revised: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 05/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to present a new topical treatment protocol for oral hairy leukoplakia (OHL), consisting of a 25% podophyllin resin with a 1% penciclovir cream (PP), and to compare this topical treatment protocol's efficacy with that of 2 other topical treatment protocols: a 25% podophyllin resin (P) and a 25% podophyllin resin with a 5% acyclovir cream (PA). STUDY DESIGN Forty-two human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients with 69 OHL lesions were randomly treated using P, PA, or PP (14 patients in each topical treatment protocol). Clinical healing was determined when the white plaque could no longer be seen in the primary location of the lesion. Topical treatment performance was evaluated by clinical healing within each week of topical treatment protocol as well as by the recurrence of the lesion. Statistical survival analysis was performed using a Cox proportional hazards model. RESULTS Approximately 55% of the patients presented with clinical healing of OHL within 7-8 weeks of each topical treatment protocol. After the sixth week, the PA treatment protocol presented a faster clinical healing rate of OHL. Recurrence was observed in 3 and 7 OHL lesions treated with P and PP treatment protocols, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The PP treatment protocol proved to be effective; however, the PA treatment protocol was more effective in the clinical healing rate for OHL than P and PP after the sixth week of treatment, and no recurrent OHL was observed in the PA treatment group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariela Dutra Gontijo Moura
- Department of Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine and Oral Pathology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais and Centro de Treinamento e Referência em Doenças Infecciosas e Parasitárias Orestes Diniz, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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14
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Famciclovir, from the bench to the patient--a comprehensive review of preclinical data. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2010; 7:119-34. [PMID: 18611746 DOI: 10.1016/0924-8579(96)00303-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/1996] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Famciclovir is converted rapidly and efficiently after oral administration to the selective antiviral compound, penciclovir. In cell culture, penciclovir is a potent inhibitor of herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2, varicella-zoster virus (VZV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV). Phosphorylation of penciclovir and aciclovir in uninfected cells is limited, and penciclovir, like aciclovir, has minimal effect on replicating cells in culture as expected for a selective antiviral agent. Mode of action studies with VZV and HSV have shown that the phosphorylation of penciclovir in infected cells is far more efficient than for aciclovir. This compensates for differences observed between penciclovir triphosphate and aciclovir triphosphate in the inhibition of HSV and VZV DNA polymerases. Because HBV is not known to encode a thymidine kinase, a different rationale for the selective inhibition of this virus by penciclovir is required. Recent data indicate that the DNA polymerase of HBV is far more sensitive to inhibition by penciclovir triphosphate than cellular DNA polymerases, suggesting that for this virus, selectivity operates at the DNA polymerase. Penciclovir triphosphate is more stable within infected cells than aciclovir triphosphate, and consequently penciclovir has more prolonged antiviral activity than aciclovir. Similarly, famciclovir is more effective than aciclovir or valaciclovir in suppressing HSV replication when given at a lower dosing frequency in certain animal models. These preclinical properties have helped to provide the foundation for the famciclovir clinical programme.
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TSUJIMURA K, YAMADA M, NAGATA SI, YAMANAKA T, NEMOTO M, KONDO T, KUROSAWA M, MATSUMURA T. Pharmacokinetics of Penciclovir after Oral Administration of its Prodrug Famciclovir to Horses. J Vet Med Sci 2010; 72:357-61. [DOI: 10.1292/jvms.09-0350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Koji TSUJIMURA
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association
| | | | | | - Takashi YAMANAKA
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association
| | - Manabu NEMOTO
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association
| | - Takashi KONDO
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association
| | | | - Tomio MATSUMURA
- Epizootic Research Center, Equine Research Institute, Japan Racing Association
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17
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Kim DK, Kim YW, Lee N. Synthesis of 5-[2-(guanin-9-yl)- and 5-[2-(2-aminopurin-9-yl)ethyl]-2-D-ribo-(1,2′,3′,4′-tetrahydroxybutyl)-1,3-dioxane. J Heterocycl Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570380107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Lee HW, Seo JH, Lee KT. Development and validation of a high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of penciclovir in human plasma: Application to a bioequivalence study. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 852:382-8. [PMID: 17324644 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.01.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2006] [Revised: 01/05/2007] [Accepted: 01/28/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
We developed and validated a simple high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with positive ion electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) detection system for determining penciclovir (active metabolite of famciclovir) levels in human plasma using acyclovir as an internal standard (IS). Acquisition was performed in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode by monitoring the transitions: m/z 254.00>152.09 for penciclovir and m/z 226.00>152.09 for IS. The analytes were chromatographed on a Capcellpak MGII C(18) reversed-phase chromatographic column by isocratic elution using 30% methanol and 70% Milli-Q water containing 10 mM ammonium formate (adjusted to pH 3.1 with formic acid). Results were linear over the studied range (0.05-10 microg/ml) with r(2)=0.9999, and the total analysis time for each run was 2 min. Intra- and inter-assay precisions were 2.3-7.8 and 3.7-7.5%, respectively, and intra- and inter-assay relative errors (RE) were 2.0-8.4 and 1.9-9.1%, respectively. The lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) was 0.05 microg/ml. At this concentration mean intra- and inter-assay precisions were 7.8 and 7.5%, respectively, and mean intra- and inter-assay relative errors were 2.2 and 9.1%, respectively. Penciclovir was found to be stable in plasma samples under short-, long-term storage and processing conditions. The developed assay was successfully applied to a bioequivalence study of penciclovir administered as a single oral dose (500 mg as famciclovir) to healthy volunteers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heon-Woo Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung-Hee University, Hoegi-Dong, Dongdaemun-Ku, Seoul 130-701, South Korea
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Biswas S, Swift M, Field HJ. High frequency of spontaneous helicase-primase inhibitor (BAY 57-1293) drug-resistant variants in certain laboratory isolates of HSV-1. Antivir Chem Chemother 2007; 18:13-23. [PMID: 17354648 DOI: 10.1177/095632020701800102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) helicase-primase is the target for a new group of potent antivirals that show great promise in vivo. A claimed advantage of this class of compounds is the low rate of drug resistance, which is reported to occur at a lesser rate than acyclovir (ACV)-resistance in cell culture. We confirmed that BAY 57-1293 is highly active against HSV-1 and superior to ACV when tested in Vero cells. Notably, drug resistance was detected in laboratory working stocks in two different strains of HSV at 10(-4) to 10(-5) and there was evidence that the resistant variants were present in the virus population before the selection was applied. Plaque-purified clones obtained from the parental viruses showed a lower level of resistance selection in the presence of drug (10-6) and this value is similar to published reports. In the case of HSV-1 SC16, no difference was observed between a working stock and a plaque-pure clone in the rate of resistance to the nucleoside analogue ACV. The working stocks were found to contain variants with resistance to BAY 57-1293 ranging from approximately 15-fold to 4,000-fold suggesting that these viruses have the potential to subvert effective therapy. Sequence analysis of HSV-1 helicase protein showed that most of the amino acid substitutions in the variants described in this study tallied with published results, with some interesting exceptions in the case of HSV-1 strain PDK. Resistant variants did not readily revert to a sensitive phenotype in the absence of the inhibitor and representative BAY 57-1293-resistant variants were cross-resistant to an alternative helicase-primase inhibitor, BILS 22 BS. Variants resistant to BAY 57-1293 retained sensitivity to the nucleoside analogue, ACV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhajit Biswas
- Centre for Veterinary Science, Cambridge University Veterinary School, Cambridge, UK
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20
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Biswas S, Jennens L, Field HJ. Single amino acid substitutions in the HSV-1 helicase protein that confer resistance to the helicase-primase inhibitor BAY 57-1293 are associated with increased or decreased virus growth characteristics in tissue culture. Arch Virol 2007; 152:1489-500. [PMID: 17404685 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-007-0964-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2007] [Accepted: 02/26/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Two mutants (BAYr1 and BAYr2) that are 100-fold and >3000-fold resistant, respectively, to the helicase-primase inhibitor (HPI) BAY 57-1293 were derived from a plaque-pure parental strain, HSV-1 SC16 cl-2. BAYr1 has two substitutions in the HSV-1 helicase (UL5) protein (A4 to V; K356 to Q) and BAYr2 has one (G352 to R). It was shown reproducibly that BAYr1 grows to higher titres in tissue culture while BAYr2 grows more slowly than wild-type. Marker transfer experiments confirmed that K356Q and G352R are the drug-resistance mutations and that they are directly associated with differences in virus growth in tissue culture. When BAYr1 was tested in a murine infection model, this virus was shown to be fully pathogenic. We present evidence that single mutations close to a predicted functional domain of an essential HSV-1 replication enzyme (helicase) are associated with drug resistance and virus growth characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Biswas
- Centre for Veterinary Science, Cambridge University Veterinary School, Cambridge, U.K
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van der Meulen K, Garré B, Croubels S, Nauwynck H. In vitro comparison of antiviral drugs against feline herpesvirus 1. BMC Vet Res 2006; 2:13. [PMID: 16640781 PMCID: PMC1475582 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-2-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2005] [Accepted: 04/26/2006] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Feline herpesvirus 1 (FHV-1) is a common cause of respiratory and ocular disease in cats. Especially in young kittens that have not yet reached the age of vaccination, but already lost maternal immunity, severe disease may occur. Therefore, there is a need for an effective antiviral treatment. In the present study, the efficacy of six antiviral drugs, i.e. acyclovir, ganciclovir, cidofovir, foscarnet, adefovir and 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)-2, 6-diaminopurine (PMEDAP), against FHV-1 was compared in Crandell-Rees feline kidney (CRFK) cells using reduction in plaque number and plaque size as parameters. RESULTS The capacity to reduce the number of plaques was most pronounced for ganciclovir, PMEDAP and cidofovir. IC50 (NUMBER) values were 3.2 microg/ml (12.5 microM), 4.8 microg/ml (14.3 microM) and 6 microg/ml (21.5 microM), respectively. Adefovir and foscarnet were intermediately efficient with an IC50 (NUMBER) of 20 microg/ml (73.2 microM) and 27 microg/ml (140.6 microM), respectively. Acyclovir was least efficient (IC50 (NUMBER) of 56 microg/ml or 248.7 microM). All antiviral drugs were able to significantly reduce plaque size when compared with the untreated control. As observed for the reduction in plaque number, ganciclovir, PMEDAP and cidofovir were most potent in reducing plaque size. IC50 (SIZE) values were 0.4 microg/ml (1.7 microM), 0.9 microg/ml (2.7 microM) and 0.2 microg/ml (0.7 microM), respectively. Adefovir and foscarnet were intermediately potent, with an IC50 (SIZE) of 4 microg/ml (14.6 microM) and 7 microg/ml (36.4 microM), respectively. Acyclovir was least potent (IC50 (SIZE) of 15 microg/ml or 66.6 microM). The results demonstrate that the IC50 (SIZE) values were notably lower than the IC50 (NUMBER) values. The most remarkable effect was observed for cidofovir and ganciclovir. None of the products were toxic for CRFK cells at antiviral concentrations. CONCLUSION In conclusion, measuring reduction in plaque number and plaque size are two valuable and complementary means of assessing the efficacy of an antiviral drug. By using these parameters for six selected antiviral drugs, we found that ganciclovir, PMEDAP, and cidofovir are the most potent inhibitors of FHV-1 replication in CRFK cells. Therefore, they may be valuable candidates for the treatment of FHV-1 infection in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - B Garré
- Laboratory of Virology
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Salisburylaan 133, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - S Croubels
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Salisburylaan 133, Ghent University, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Duan J, Liard F, Paris W, Lambert M. A novel oral vehicle for poorly soluble HSV-helicase inhibitors: PK/PD validations. Pharm Res 2004; 21:2079-84. [PMID: 15587931 DOI: 10.1023/b:pham.0000048200.98837.6f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The current study describes the design and validation of a novel oral vehicle for delivering poorly water-soluble herpes simplex virus (HSV)-helicase inhibitors in preclinical pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) evaluations. METHODS Poorly water-soluble compounds were used in solubility and drinking compliance tests in mice. A preferred vehicle containing 0.1% bovine serum albumin (BSA), 3% dextrose, 5% polyethylene glycol (PEG) 400, and 2% peanut oil, pH 2.8 with HCL (BDPP) was selected. This vehicle was further validated with oral PK and in vivo antiviral PD studies using BILS 45 BS. RESULTS Solubility screen and drinking compliance tests revealed that the BDPP vehicle could solubilize BILS compounds at 0.5-3 mg/ml concentration range and could be administered to mice without reducing water consumption. Comparative oral PK of BILS 45 BS in HCL or BDPP by gavage at 40 mg/kg showed overlapping PK profiles. In vivo antiviral efficacy and potency of BILS 45 BS in BDPP by oral gavages or in drinking water were confirmed to be comparable as that achieved by gavage in HCL solution. CONCLUSIONS These results provide a protein-enriched novel oral vehicle for delivering poorly water-soluble antiviral compounds in a continuous administration mode. Similar approaches may be applicable to other poorly soluble compounds by gavage or in drinking solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmin Duan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Boehringer Ingelheim (Canada) Ltd, R & D, Laval, Quebec, H75 2G5 Canada.
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Lee HJ, Cooperwood JS, You Z, Ko DH. Prodrug and antedrug: two diametrical approaches in designing safer drugs. Arch Pharm Res 2002; 25:111-36. [PMID: 12009024 DOI: 10.1007/bf02976552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The prodrug and antedrug concepts, which were developed to overcome the physical and pharmacological shortcomings of various therapeutic classes of agents, employ diametrically different metabolic transformations. The prodrug undergoes a predictable metabolic activation prior to exhibiting its pharmacological effects in a target tissue while the antedrug undergoes metabolic deactivation in the systemic circulation upon leaving a target tissue. An increased therapeutic index is the aspiration for both approaches in designing as well as evaluation criteria. The recent research endeavors of prodrugs include the gene-directed and antibody-directed enzymatic activation of a molecule in a targeted tissue, organ specific delivery, improved bioavailabilities of nucleosides and cellular penetration of nucleotides. As for antedrugs, emphasis in research has been based upon the design and synthesis of systemically inactive molecule by incorporating a metabolically labile functional group into an active molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry J Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee 32307, USA.
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Sarisky RT, Bartus HR, Dennis SA, Quail MR, Nguyen TT, Wittrock RJ, Halsey WS, Bacon TH, Leary JJ, Sutton D. Absence of rapid selection for acyclovir or penciclovir resistance following suboptimal oral prodrug therapy of HSV-infected mice. BMC Infect Dis 2001; 1:24. [PMID: 11749671 PMCID: PMC61449 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2334-1-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2001] [Accepted: 12/10/2001] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acyclovir (ACV) resistant herpes simplex virus (HSV) isolates can be readily selected in animal infection models receiving suboptimal ACV treatment, however no comparative studies of the emergence of resistance following suboptimal treatment with valacyclovir (VCV) or famciclovir (FCV), the prodrugs of acyclovir and penciclovir, respectively, have been reported. METHODS Mice (n = 30) were infected with HSV type 1 or 2 in the ear pinnae and administered oral prodrugs at one fifth a dose previously shown to be effective. To select and amplify drug-resistant HSV, a total of seven consecutive in vivo passages with suboptimal treatment were performed for each virus sample and progeny virus from each passage was characterized by the plaque reduction (PRA) and plating efficiency assays (PEA). RESULTS No drug-resistant HSV-2 and only a single drug-resistant HSV-1 variant were identified. Virus recovered from the first three sequential passages of this HSV-1 sample was susceptible by PRA, although the proportion of resistant virus recovered gradually increased upon passage. The resistant HSV-1 phenotype was confirmed by PRA after four sequential passages in mice. Unexpectedly, this in vivo-selected drug-resistant HSV-1 failed to yield an infection completely refractory to treatment in subsequent passages. CONCLUSIONS Sub-optimal therapy of immunocompetent mice with either VCV or FCV did not readily select for HSV-mutants resistant to either ACV or PCV, suggesting that selection of resistance with either prodrug remains difficult using this system. Futhermore, this study suggests that the PEA may represent a useful adjunct to the PRA for monitoring alterations in the proportion of drug-resistant virus even when no change in IC50 is apparent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert T Sarisky
- Department of Host Defense, The Antimicrobial and Host Defense Center of Excellence for Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - H Ron Bartus
- Department of Host Defense, The Antimicrobial and Host Defense Center of Excellence for Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shelley A Dennis
- Department of Host Defense, The Antimicrobial and Host Defense Center of Excellence for Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Matthew R Quail
- Department of Host Defense, The Antimicrobial and Host Defense Center of Excellence for Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Tammy T Nguyen
- Department of Host Defense, The Antimicrobial and Host Defense Center of Excellence for Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Robert J Wittrock
- Department of Host Defense, The Antimicrobial and Host Defense Center of Excellence for Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Wendy S Halsey
- Department of Discovery Genetics, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Jeffry J Leary
- Department of Host Defense, The Antimicrobial and Host Defense Center of Excellence for Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David Sutton
- Department of Host Defense, The Antimicrobial and Host Defense Center of Excellence for Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline Pharmaceuticals, Collegeville, Pennsylvania, USA
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Kim DK, Lee N, Kim YW. Synthesis of 9-[2-(2-hydroxymethyl-2-methyl-, -(2-acetoxymethyl-2-methyl-, -(2,2-di(hydroxymethyl)-, and -(2,2-Di(acetoxymethyl)-1,3-dioxan-5-yl)ethyl] derivatives of guanine and 2-aminopurine. J Heterocycl Chem 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570370515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Thackray AM, Field HJ. Further evidence from a murine infection model that famciclovir interferes with the establishment of HSV-1 latent infections. J Antimicrob Chemother 2000; 45:825-33. [PMID: 10837437 DOI: 10.1093/jac/45.6.825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mice were infected with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) via the ear pinna. Famciclovir therapy was commenced on days 2-7 post infection (p.i.). The ipsilateral and contralateral trigeminal (TG) and third cervical ganglia (CIII) from individual mice were tested for latency 1 and 6 months after infection by explant culture or in situ hybridization for latency-associated transcripts (LAT). There were significantly fewer LAT-positive neurons in ipsilateral and contralateral TG (but not CIII) when therapy was delayed by up to 6 days. There was a low correlation between the number of LAT-positive neurons and reactivation by explant culture. Latency data for individual ganglia, compared with those from previous studies, allow us to rationalize differences between the effects of nucleosides on the establishment of latency in different anatomical sites and when tissues are evaluated using different techniques. The implications of the findings for the use of famciclovir to counter HSV latency in humans are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Thackray
- Centre for Veterinary Science, Cambridge University, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK
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Kim DK, Lee N, Ryu DH, Kim YW, Kim JS, Chang K, Im GJ, Choi WS, Cho YB, Kim KH, Colledge D, Locarnini S. Synthesis and evaluation of 2-amino-9-(3-acyloxymethyl-4-alkoxycarbonyloxybut-1-yl)purines and 2-amino-9-(3-alkoxycarbonyloxymethyl-4-alkoxycarbonyloxybut-1- yl)purines as potential prodrugs of penciclovir. Bioorg Med Chem 1999; 7:1715-25. [PMID: 10482463 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(99)00086-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
A series of 2-amino-9-(3-acyloxymethyl-4-alkoxycarbonyloxybut-1-yl)purin es (1-8) and 2-amino-9-(3-alkoxycarbonyl-oxymethyl-4-alkoxycarbonyloxybut -1-yl)purines (9-12) were synthesized as potential prodrugs of penciclovir. Treatment of 6-deoxypenciclovir with trimethyl orthoacetate or triethyl orthopropionate (1.2 equiv) in DMF in the presence of p-TsOH.H2O (0.1 equiv) followed by quenching with excess H2O gave the corresponding mono-O-acetyl or mono-O-propionyl compound, 17 or 18, in excellent yields of 95 and 92%, respectively. Reactions of 17 or 18 with an appropriate alkyl (Me, Et, n-Pr, and i-Pr) 4-nitrophenyl carbonate (1.2 equiv) in pyridine in the presence of a catalytic amount of DMAP (0.1 equiv) at 80 degrees C afforded the monoacyl, monocarbonate derivatives of 6-deoxypenciclovir, 1-8, in 86 94% yields. Similar reactions of 6-deoxypenciclovir with 2.1 equiv of alkyl 4-nitrophenyl carbonate produced the dicarbonate derivatives 9 12 in 81-83% yields. Of the prodrugs tested in rats, 2-amino-9-(3-acetoxymethyl-4-isopropoxycarbonyloxybut-1-yl)purine (4) achieved the highest mean urinary recovery of penciclovir (36%), followed in order by compounds 2 (35%), 6 (35%), 7 (34%), 10 (34%), 8 (32%), 3 (32%), and famciclovir (31%). The mean urinary recovery of penciclovir and concentrations of penciclovir in the blood from 4 in mice were also slightly higher than those from famciclovir. The in vivo antiviral efficacy of 4 in HSV-1-infected normal BALB/c mice was higher than those of famciclovir and valaciclovir in terms of mortality (100, 80, and 40%) and mean survival time ( > 21, 13+/-5.0 (SEM), and 13+/-1.6 days). Compound 4 demonstrated an effective anti-hepadnaviral response with intrahepatic viral load being reduced by 90%, the viral supercoiled DNA levels reduced by 70% and Pre-S expression inhibited by 30% against duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) in vivo, and did not cause any significant hepatotoxicity after 4 weeks of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Kim
- Life Science Research Center, SK Chemicals, Kyungki-Do, Korea.
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Iwayama S, Ohmura Y, Suzuki K, Ono N, Nakazawa H, Aoki M, Tanabe I, Sekiyama T, Tsuji T, Okunishi M, Yamanishi K, Nishiyama Y. Evaluation of anti-herpesvirus activity of (1'S,2'R)-9-[[1',2'-bis(hydroxymethyl)cycloprop-1'-yl]methyl]- guanine (A-5021) in mice. Antiviral Res 1999; 42:139-48. [PMID: 10389656 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-3542(99)00024-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The anti-herpesvirus activity of (1'S,2'R)-9-[[1',2'-bis(hydroxymethyl)cycloprop-1'-yl]methyl]guani ne (A-5021) was evaluated in murine cells and in several murine models of herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection. Against HSV type 1 (HSV-1), A-5021 was 15-30- and 30-60-fold more active, and against HSV type 2 (HSV-2), it was 2- and 8-fold more active than acyclovir and penciclovir in Balb/3T3 cells, respectively. When antiviral compounds were administered orally (once daily) to mice infected intraperitoneally with HSV-1 (Tomioka), A-5021 was more active than acyclovir or famciclovir in spite of its relatively low oral bioavailability. A-5021 was as active as penciclovir when the antiviral compounds were given intravenously (three times daily) to mice infected intraperitoneally with HSV-2 (186). In mice with a cutaneous HSV-1 (KOS) infection, three times daily oral therapy with A-5021 at 25 mg/kg per day produced more significant reduction in severity of skin lesions than equivalent treatment with acyclovir or famciclovir. In mice infected intracerebrally with HSV-1 (Tomioka), complete survival was observed in the group treated intravenously with A-5021 at 25 mg/kg per day (three times daily), while more than 50% of mice died in the groups treated intravenously with acyclovir of up to 100 mg/kg per day (three times daily). Moreover, A-5021 was more effective than acyclovir in clearing infectious virus from the brain. These findings demonstrate that A-5021 has potent anti-HSV activity in several murine models.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Iwayama
- Pharmaceutical Research Laboratories, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Kawasaki, Japan
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Kim DK, Lee N, Kim YW, Chang K, Kim JS, Im GJ, Choi WS, Jung I, Kim TS, Hwang YY, Min DS, Um KA, Cho YB, Kim KH. Synthesis and evaluation of 2-amino-9-(3-hydroxymethyl-4-alkoxycarbonyloxybut-1-yl)purines as potential prodrugs of penciclovir. J Med Chem 1998; 41:3435-41. [PMID: 9719596 DOI: 10.1021/jm980138g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A series of 2-amino-9-(3-hydroxymethyl-4-alkoxycarbonyloxybut-1-yl)purines (4-10) and 2-amino-9-(2-(2-oxo-1,3-dioxan-5-yl)ethyl)purine (1) were synthesized as potential prodrugs of penciclovir and evaluated for their oral penciclovir bioavailability in mice and rats. Treatment of 2-(2-benzyloxyethyl)propane-1,3-diol (11) with 1,1'-carbonyldiimidazole in THF followed by hydrogenolytic removal of the benzyl group of the resulting cyclic carbonate 12 gave 5-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1,3-dioxan-2-one (13). Mesylation of the alcohol 13 and then a coupling reaction of the resulting mesylate 14 with 2-amino-6-chloropurine using anhydrous Cs2CO3 in DMF afforded 2-amino-6-chloro-9-(2-(2-oxo-1,3-dioxan-5-yl)ethyl)purine (16) after purification by flash column chromatography on silica gel using EtOAc/MeCN/Et3N as eluent. Hydrogenation of the 6-chloro cyclic carbonate 16 followed by a ring-opening reaction of the 6-deoxy cyclic carbonate 1 in a mixture of an appropriate alcohol and CHCl3 using activated SiO2 as a Lewis acid afforded the corresponding alkyl monocarbonate derivatives 3-10 in fair to good yields. Of the prodrugs tested in mice, the isopropyl monocarbonate 6 achieved the highest mean urinary recovery of penciclovir (53%), followed in order by the propyl monocarbonate 5 (51%), the isopentyl monocarbonate 10 (51%), the ethyl monocarbonate 4 (50%), and famciclovir (48%). In rats, the methyl monocarbonate 3, 4, 6, the n-butyl monocarbonate 7, and 10 (39-41%) showed levels of mean urinary recovery of penciclovir similar to that from famciclovir (40%). The alkyl monocarbonates 4-10 were found to be quite stable in the aqueous buffer solutions, and among them, 6 was the most stable with the half-lives (t1/2) of 88, >200, 61, and 26 days at pH 1.2, 6.0, 7.4, and 8.0, respectively. In addition, 6 was highly soluble in H2O (138.8 mg/mL, 20 degrees C).
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Affiliation(s)
- D K Kim
- Life Science Research Center, SK Chemicals, 600 Jungja-Dong, Changan-Ku, Suwon-Si, Kyungki-Do 440-745, Korea
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Davis J, Benhaddou R, Fedoryak O, Granet R, Krausz P, Bliard C, De Monte M, Aubertin AM. Potential antiviral agents. Part II. Synthesis and antiviral evaluation of pyrazinones substituted with acyclic chains. NUCLEOSIDES & NUCLEOTIDES 1998; 17:1489-504. [PMID: 9672706 DOI: 10.1080/07328319808003482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of a series of 4'-substituted hydroxybutyl pyrazine analogues of the anti-herpes compound, acyclovir, is described. The compounds were characterized with 1H and 13C nmr, mass and IR spectroscopy. Antiviral (HSV-1, CMV, Cox B4, HIV-1) properties of these compounds were examined. None of these compounds were active against these viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Davis
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Université de Limoges, France
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Thackray AM, Field HJ. Famciclovir and valaciclovir differ in the prevention of herpes simplex virus type 1 latency in mice: a quantitative study. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1998; 42:1555-62. [PMID: 9660982 PMCID: PMC105644 DOI: 10.1128/aac.42.7.1555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Famciclovir (FCV) and valaciclovir (VACV) have previously been shown to be potent inhibitors of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) in a murine cutaneous model. In the present study, mice were inoculated in the skin of the left ear pinna with herpes simplex virus (HSV) type 1. Antiviral therapy was started on different days postinoculation (p.i.), terminating at the end of day 10 p.i. The compounds were administered twice daily by oral gavage at 50 mg/kg of body weight/dose. Mice were sampled on day 5 p.i., during the acute phase of the infection, and the titers of infectious virus in the target tissues (ear, brain stem, and trigeminal ganglia) were determined. At 2 to 3 months p.i., the ipsilateral and contralateral trigeminal and cervical dorsal root ganglia were explanted, and four different methods were used to detect latent HSV. The methods were (i) conventional explant culture for 5 days followed by homogenization, (ii) long-term culture (up to 73 days) of whole ganglia, followed by homogenization, (iii) dissociation by enzymatic disaggregation and an infectious center assay, and (iv) in situ hybridization to detect latency-associated transcripts (LATs). The conventional explant culture method was the least sensitive method, while in situ staining for LAT was the most sensitive, and all mice, including those treated from early times with FCV, were shown to be latently infected. Significantly less latent virus was detected by all four methods, however, in ganglia obtained from mice that had been treated with FCV in comparison with the amount detected in ganglia from mice that had been treated with VACV. However, in no case was latency completely eliminated.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Thackray
- Centre for Veterinary Science, Cambridge University Veterinary School, United Kingdom
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Davis J, Benhaddou R, Granet R, Krausz P, Demonte M, Aubertin AM. Synthesis and antiviral evaluation of pyrazinones substituted with acyclic chains. NUCLEOSIDES & NUCLEOTIDES 1998; 17:875-93. [PMID: 9708329 DOI: 10.1080/07328319808003460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of a series of pyrazine analogues of the anti-herpes compound, acyclovir is described. These syntheses were accomplished by various methods: in the presence of a Lewis acid or NaH for hydroxyethoxymethyl and hydroxybutyl groups or by sequential oxidation/reduction of 1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-2-pyrazinones for 2',3'-acyclonucleosides. Antiviral (HSV-1, CMV, Cox B4, HIV-1) properties of these compounds were determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Davis
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, Université de Limoges, France
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Halford WP, Gebhardt BM, Carr DJ. Acyclovir blocks cytokine gene expression in trigeminal ganglia latently infected with herpes simplex virus type 1. Virology 1997; 238:53-63. [PMID: 9375008 DOI: 10.1006/viro.1997.8806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We have previously found that interleukin (IL)-2, IL-10, interferon (IFN)-gamma, RANTES, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha mRNA transcription remain elevated in the trigeminal ganglia (TG) of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) latently infected mice up to 120 days postinoculation (p.i.). To determine if this phenomenon was dependent on HSV-1 DNA replication after the establishment of latency (i.e., reactivation), cytokine gene expression was compared in TG of acyclovir-treated and untreated latently infected mice. Oral acyclovir treatment (begun 16 days p.i.) had no effect on serum levels of total anti-HSV-1 antibodies. However, there was a significant reduction in the titer of antibody specific for glycoprotein D and glycoprotein B but not glycoprotein H/L 120 days PI in the acyclovir-treated compared to vehicle-treated mice. These differences were not significant at earlier time points (i.e., days 34 and 60 p.i.). Consistent with these findings, acyclovir had no effect on cytokine gene expression in latently infected TG 35 and 60 days p.i. However, 120 days p.i., IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha mRNA were approaching baseline levels in TG of acyclovir-treated mice, but remained significantly elevated in untreated controls (i.e., IFN-gamma mRNA levels were sixfold higher in TG of untreated mice). Therefore, viral DNA replication appears to provide an antigenic stimulus for persistent cytokine gene expression in latently infected TG.
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Affiliation(s)
- W P Halford
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Medical Center, New Orleans 70112-1393, USA
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Abstract
Acyclovir is an effective drug for the treatment of HSV and VZV infections, which after phosphorylation to the triphosphate, inhibits viral DNA polymerase. Acyclovir has low oral bioavailability, therefore prodrugs have been developed, and the L-valyl ester, valaciclovir, recently has been licensed for the treatment of shingles. Ganciclovir is used against CMV, and famciclovir, a lipophilic prodrug of penciclovir, is marketed for shingles. The acyclic nucleoside phosphonates are active against thymidine kinase-resistant viral strains. Promising analogs are PMEA (in clinical trial for the treatment of AIDS) and (S)-HPMPC (good in vivo activity against HSV, VZV, CMV, and EBV). Oligonucleotides incorporating acyclic nucleosides at the 3'-and 5'-ends, or constituted of amino acyclic nucleosides, are resistant to cleavage by nucleases and may be useful in antisense and/or antigene therapy. HEPT is active against HIV-1: It binds in a hydrophic pocket on reverse transcriptase, rather than in the polymerase active site. Some acyclic nucleosides are potent inhibitors of purine and pyrimidine nucleoside phosphorylase. These compounds may have a therapeutic niche in combination therapy with antiviral and anticancer nucleosides, and in the treatment of diseases involving the T-cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Freeman
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Manchester, UK
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Thackray AM, Field HJ. Comparison of effects of famciclovir and valaciclovir on pathogenesis of herpes simplex virus type 2 in a murine infection model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996; 40:846-51. [PMID: 8849238 PMCID: PMC163217 DOI: 10.1128/aac.40.4.846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of famciclovir (FCV) and valaciclovir (VACV) were compared in a cutaneous infection model for herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2). The compounds were administered orally from day 1 to day 5 postinfection. Both compounds reduced local inflammation and virus replication in the skin. FCV markedly reduced mortality and virus replication in the nervous system. On the cessation of therapy after 5 days, when the levels of infectious virus in the tissues were reduced to below the level of detection, there followed a rebound of virus replication in the ganglia and brain stems of mice that had been treated with VACV. The recurrence of infection in the brain stem occurred on three separate occasions. No such recurrences were observed following FCV treatment. When ganglia were explanted from survivors 6 weeks later, latent virus was shown to be reactivated in all 10 of 10 control, untreated mice. The number of mice whose ganglia yielded virus was reduced to 60% in mice that had been treated with VACV, whereas no mice that had been treated with FCV had evidence of latent infection by this test.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Thackray
- Centre for Veterinary Science, Cambridge University Veterinary School, United Kingdom
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Prisbe
- Gilead Sciences, Inc., Foster City, California 94404, USA
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Abstract
The majority of current antiviral agents have become available only during the past decade. The above mentioned antiviral drugs, especially the viral-TK-specific agents have attempted to bring antiviral therapy on par with antimicrobial therapy. The fact, that cells infected with viruses can be selected against the relatively low toxicity to the patient, highlights the present state of antiviral therapy. Since viral infection can be viewed as an integral component of the self (i.e., a condition that cannot simply be surgically eliminated), the science of medicine is turning to the components of the self to overcome such conditions. By administering immune-system-derived agents (e.g., interferons) or compounds that stimulate the immune system (e.g., adjuvants like imiquimod), previously unmanageable conditions become manageable. The future of antiviral therapy will undoubtedly be at the molecular level. With greater understanding of the virus and the immune system with which it interacts, more specific and efficacious antiviral agents will be added to the arsenal of the clinician.
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Affiliation(s)
- O M Memar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston 77555, USA
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Field HJ, Tewari D, Sutton D, Thackray AM. Comparison of efficacies of famciclovir and valaciclovir against herpes simplex virus type 1 in a murine immunosuppression model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995; 39:1114-9. [PMID: 7625798 PMCID: PMC162693 DOI: 10.1128/aac.39.5.1114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A mouse model of herpes simplex virus type 1 infection in an immunocompromised host was established by using cyclosporin-A to impair T-cell function. Following inoculation of herpes simplex virus type 1 into the skin of the ear pinna, cyclosporin-A prolonged virus replication in the skin and neural tissues compared with that in immunocompetent mice. This model was used to investigate the activity of famciclovir (FCV) and valaciclovir (VACV), which are oral products of the antiherpesvirus agents penciclovir and acyclovir, respectively. Both prodrugs gave similar blood profiles of the antiherpesvirus agents in normal and cyclosporin-treated mice. The compounds were administered by the oral route at 50 mg/kg per dose twice daily for 5 days. Both compounds were very effective at clearing infectious virus from the tissues despite the immunosuppression; FCV-treated animals cleared virus from the ear pinna more rapidly than VACV-treated animals. The areas under the concentration-time curve (AUC) for virus replication with time were reduced to 50 and 30% of control values for ear pinna and brain stem, respectively, with VACV therapy and to < 5% in both tissues by FCV. When treatment was continued to day 10, the reductions in AUC for ear and brain stem, respectively, were to 33 and 26% of control values with VACV and to < 3 and < 5% with FCV. However, on cessation of the antiviral treatment, there was a reproducible recurrence of infectious virus in the tissues obtained from VACV-treated mice. The recurrence of infectious virus was also evident after 10 days of treatment with VACV. In mice which had received FCV for 10 or 5 days, these was no resumption of virus replication in the ear pinna or brain stem. When dosing was reduced to once per day, both compounds were less effective at controlling the infection. Nevertheless, no recurrence of infectious virus was observed on cessation of FCV therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Field
- Centre for Veterinary Science, Cambridge University Veterinary School
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Clercq ED. Antiviral Activity Spectrum and Target of Action of Different Classes of Nucleoside Analogues. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1080/15257779408012151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Wagstaff AJ, Faulds D, Goa KL. Aciclovir. A reappraisal of its antiviral activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic efficacy. Drugs 1994; 47:153-205. [PMID: 7510619 DOI: 10.2165/00003495-199447010-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Aciclovir (acyclovir) is a nucleoside analogue with antiviral activity in vitro against the herpes simplex viruses (HSV), varicella zoster virus (VZV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV) and human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6). Topical, oral or intravenous aciclovir is well established in the treatment of ophthalmic, mucocutaneous and other HSV infections, with intravenous aciclovir the accepted treatment of choice in herpes simplex encephalitis. The efficacy of aciclovir is increased with early (preferably during the prodromal period) initiation of treatment but, despite significant clinical benefit, viral latency is not eradicated, and pretreatment frequencies of recurrence usually continue after episodic acute treatment is completed. Intravenous administration has also shown benefit in the treatment of severe complications of HSV infection in pregnancy, and neonatal HSV infections. Recurrence of HSV has been completely prevented or significantly reduced during suppressive therapy with oral aciclovir in immunocompetent patients. Use of oral aciclovir is effective but controversial in the treatment of otherwise healthy individuals with varicella (chickenpox), and in some countries it has been recommended for use only in cases which may be potentially severe. The development of rash and pain associated with herpes zoster (shingles) is attenuated with oral or intravenous aciclovir therapy, ocular involvement is prevented, and post-herpetic neuralgia appears to be decreased. Similarly, in a few patients with zoster ophthalmicus, oral aciclovir has reduced the frequency and severity of long term ocular complications and post-herpetic neuralgia, and herpes zoster oticus is improved with intravenous aciclovir. Oral aciclovir has prevented recurrence of HSV genital or orofacial infections during suppressive therapy in > 70% of immunocompetent patients in most clinical trials. Suppression of latent HSV, VZV and CMV infections has been achieved in many immunocompromised patients receiving the oral or intravenous formulations. Aciclovir also appears to offer partial protection from invasive CMV disease in CMV-seropositive bone marrow transplant recipients. The few comparative trials published have shown aciclovir to be at least as effective as other investigated antivirals in the treatment of HSV infections in immunocompetent patients, and more effective than inosine pranobex in the prophylaxis of genital herpes. Similarly, in isolated clinical trials, oral aciclovir appears as effective as topical idoxuridine and oral brivudine in some parameters in immunocompetent patients with VZV infections, and the intravenous formulation appears at least as effective as oral brivudine and intravenous vidarabine in treating these infections in immunocompromised patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Wagstaff
- Adis International Limited, Auckland, New Zealand
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