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Kothapalli Y, Jones RA, Chu CK, Singh US. Synthesis of Fluorinated Nucleosides/Nucleotides and Their Antiviral Properties. Molecules 2024; 29:2390. [PMID: 38792251 PMCID: PMC11124531 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The FDA has approved several drugs based on the fluorinated nucleoside pharmacophore, and numerous drugs are currently in clinical trials. Fluorine-containing nucleos(t)ides offer significant antiviral and anticancer activity. The insertion of a fluorine atom, either in the base or sugar of nucleos(t)ides, alters its electronic and steric parameters and transforms the lipophilicity, pharmacodynamic, and pharmacokinetic properties of these moieties. The fluorine atom restricts the oxidative metabolism of drugs and provides enzymatic metabolic stability towards the glycosidic bond of the nucleos(t)ide. The incorporation of fluorine also demonstrates additional hydrogen bonding interactions in receptors with enhanced biological profiles. The present article discusses the synthetic methodology and antiviral activities of FDA-approved drugs and ongoing fluoro-containing nucleos(t)ide drug candidates in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Chung K. Chu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (Y.K.); (R.A.J.)
| | - Uma S. Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; (Y.K.); (R.A.J.)
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Razi N, Li W, Ignacio MA, Loube JM, Agostino EL, Zhu X, Scull MA, DeStefano JJ. Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 infection in human airway epithelium with a xeno-nucleic acid aptamer. Respir Res 2023; 24:272. [PMID: 37932762 PMCID: PMC10629106 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-023-02590-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND SARS-CoV-2, the agent responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, enters cells through viral spike glycoprotein binding to the cellular receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Given the lack of effective antivirals targeting SARS-CoV-2, we previously utilized systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) and selected fluoro-arabino nucleic acid (FANA) aptamer R8-9 that was able to block the interaction between the viral receptor-binding domain and ACE2. METHODS Here, we further assessed FANA-R8-9 as an entry inhibitor in contexts that recapitulate infection in vivo. RESULTS We demonstrate that FANA-R8-9 inhibits spike-bearing pseudovirus particle uptake in cell lines. Then, using an in-vitro model of human airway epithelium (HAE) and SARS-CoV-2 virus, we show that FANA-R8-9 significantly reduces viral infection when added either at the time of inoculation, or several hours later. These results were specific to the R8-9 sequence, not the xeno-nucleic acid utilized to make the aptamer. Importantly, we also show that FANA-R8-9 is stable in HAE culture secretions and has no overt cytotoxic effects. CONCLUSIONS Together, these results suggest that FANA-R8-9 effectively prevents infection by specific SARS-CoV-2 variants and indicate that aptamer technology could be utilized to target other clinically-relevant viruses in the respiratory mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niayesh Razi
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Maryland Pathogen Research Institute (MPRI), University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Weizhong Li
- Division of Immunology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Maxinne A Ignacio
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Maryland Pathogen Research Institute (MPRI), University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Loube
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Maryland Pathogen Research Institute (MPRI), University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Eva L Agostino
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Maryland Pathogen Research Institute (MPRI), University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Xiaoping Zhu
- Division of Immunology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Margaret A Scull
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Maryland Pathogen Research Institute (MPRI), University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
| | - Jeffrey J DeStefano
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, Maryland Pathogen Research Institute (MPRI), University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA.
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3
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Razi N, Li W, Ignacio MA, Loube JM, Agostino EL, Zhu X, Scull MA, DeStefano JJ. Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Human Airway Epithelium with a Xeno-Nucleic Acid Aptamer. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.27.559799. [PMID: 37808754 PMCID: PMC10557761 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.27.559799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Background SARS-CoV-2, the agent responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic, enters cells through viral spike glycoprotein binding to the cellular receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Given the lack of effective antivirals targeting SARS-CoV-2, we previously utilized systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) and selected fluoro-arabino nucleic acid (FANA) aptamer R8-9 that was able to block the interaction between the viral receptor-binding domain and ACE2. Methods Here, we further assessed FANA-R8-9 as an entry inhibitor in contexts that recapitulate infection in vivo. Results We demonstrate that FANA-R8-9 inhibits spike-bearing pseudovirus particle uptake in cell lines. Then, using an in-vitro model of human airway epithelium (HAE) and SARS-CoV-2 virus, we show that FANA-R8-9 significantly reduces viral infection when added either at the time of inoculation, or several hours later. These results were specific to the R8-9 sequence, not the xeno-nucleic acid utilized to make the aptamer. Importantly, we also show that FANA-R8-9 is stable in HAE culture secretions and has no overt cytotoxic effects. Conclusions Together, these results suggest that FANA-R8-9 effectively prevents infection by specific SARS-CoV-2 variants and indicate that aptamer technology could be utilized to target other clinically-relevant viruses in the respiratory mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niayesh Razi
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, and Maryland Pathogen Research Institute (MPRI), University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742
| | - Weizhong Li
- Division of Immunology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742
| | - Maxinne A. Ignacio
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, and Maryland Pathogen Research Institute (MPRI), University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742
| | - Jeffrey M. Loube
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, and Maryland Pathogen Research Institute (MPRI), University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742
| | - Eva L. Agostino
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, and Maryland Pathogen Research Institute (MPRI), University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742
| | - Xiaoping Zhu
- Division of Immunology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742
| | - Margaret A. Scull
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, and Maryland Pathogen Research Institute (MPRI), University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742
| | - Jeffrey J. DeStefano
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, and Maryland Pathogen Research Institute (MPRI), University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742
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Gish RG, Asselah T, Squires K, Mayers D. Active site polymerase inhibitor nucleotides (ASPINs): Potential agents for chronic HBV cure regimens. Antivir Chem Chemother 2022; 30:20402066221138705. [PMID: 36423233 PMCID: PMC9703507 DOI: 10.1177/20402066221138705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection affects 240 to 300 million people worldwide. In the nucleus of infected hepatocytes, the HBV genome is converted to covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA), which persists and serves as a transcriptional template for viral progeny. Therefore, a long-term cure for chronic HBV infection will require elimination of cccDNA. Although currently available nucleos(t)ide analogues (eg, tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, tenofovir alafenamide, entecavir) effectively control HBV replication, they are seldom curative (functional cure rate ∼10%) and require lifelong treatment for most patients. As such, antiviral agents with novel mechanisms of action are needed. Active site polymerase inhibitor nucleotides (ASPINs) noncompetitively distort the HBV polymerase active site to completely inhibit all polymerase functions, unlike traditional chain-terminating nucleos(t)ide analogues, which only target select polymerase functions and are consumed in the process. Clevudine, a first-generation ASPIN, demonstrated potent and prolonged HBV suppression in phase 2 and 3 clinical studies, but long-term treatment was associated with reversible myopathy in a small number of patients. ATI-2173, a novel next-generation ASPIN, is structurally similar to clevudine but targets the liver and demonstrates potent anti-HBV activity on and off treatment, and may ultimately demonstrate an improved pharmacokinetic and safety profile by significantly reducing systemic clevudine exposure. Thus, ATI-2173 is currently in clinical development as an agent for HBV cure. Here, we review the mechanism of action and preclinical and clinical profiles of clevudine and ATI-2173 to support the role of ASPINs as part of curative regimens for chronic HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Gish
- Hepatitis B Foundation, Doylestown, PA, USA
- Robert G. Gish Consultants, LLC, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tarik Asselah
- Université de Paris, Inserm U1149, Centre de Recherche sur l’inflammation, Paris, France
- Department of Hepatology, AP-HP, Hôpital Beaujon, Clichy, France
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Tremblay T, Alcée JB, Giguère D. Protecting-group-free synthesis of clevudine ( l-FMAU), a treatment of the hepatitis B virus. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:8859-8863. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01814d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A new strategy for the synthesis of unnatural 2′-deoxy-2′-fluoro-l-nucleoside is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Tremblay
- Département de Chimie, 1045 av. De la Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, Qc, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - Jessica B. Alcée
- Département de Chimie, 1045 av. De la Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, Qc, Canada G1V 0A6
| | - Denis Giguère
- Département de Chimie, 1045 av. De la Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, Qc, Canada G1V 0A6
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A review on l-ribose isomerases for the biocatalytic production of l-ribose and l-ribulose. Food Res Int 2021; 145:110409. [PMID: 34112412 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Presently, because of the extraordinary roles and potential applications, rare sugars turn into a focus point for countless researchers in the field of carbohydrates. l-ribose and l-ribulose are rare sugars and isomers of each other. This aldo and ketopentose are expensive but can be utilized as an antecedent for the manufacturing of various rare sugars and l-nucleoside analogue. The bioconversion approach turns into an excellent alternative method to l-ribulose and l-ribose production, as compared to the complex and lengthy chemical methods. The basic purpose of this research was to describe the importance of rare sugars in various fields and their easy production by using enzymatic methods. l-Ribose isomerase (L-RI) is an enzyme discovered by Tsuyoshi Shimonishi and Ken Izumori in 1996 from Acinetobacter sp. strain DL-28. L-RI structure was cupin-type-β-barrel shaped with a catalytic site between two β-sheets surrounded by metal ions. The crystal structures of the L-RI showed that it contains a homotetramer structure. Current review have concentrated on the sources, characteristics, applications, conclusions and future prospects including the potentials of l-ribose isomerase for the commercial production of l-ribose and l-ribulose. The MmL-RIse and CrL-RIse have the potential to produce the l-ribulose up to 32% and 31%, respectively. The CrL-RIse is highly stable as compared to other L-RIs. The results explained that the L-RIs have great potential in the production of rare sugars especially, l-ribose and l-ribulose, while the immobilization technique can enhance its functionality and properties. The present study precises the applications of L-RIs acquired from various sources for l-ribose and l-ribulose production.
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ATI-2173, a Novel Liver-Targeted Non-Chain-Terminating Nucleotide for Hepatitis B Virus Cure Regimens. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2020; 64:AAC.00836-20. [PMID: 32540975 PMCID: PMC7449170 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00836-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
ATI-2173 is a novel liver-targeted molecule designed to deliver the 5′-monophosphate of clevudine for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B infection. Unlike other nucleos(t)ides, the active clevudine-5′-triphosphate is a noncompetitive, non-chain-terminating inhibitor of hepatitis B virus (HBV) polymerase that delivers prolonged reduction of viremia in both a woodchuck HBV model and in humans for up to 6 months after cessation of treatment. However, long-term clevudine treatment was found to exhibit reversible skeletal myopathy in a small subset of patients and was subsequently discontinued from development. ATI-2173 is a novel liver-targeted molecule designed to deliver the 5′-monophosphate of clevudine for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B infection. Unlike other nucleos(t)ides, the active clevudine-5′-triphosphate is a noncompetitive, non-chain-terminating inhibitor of hepatitis B virus (HBV) polymerase that delivers prolonged reduction of viremia in both a woodchuck HBV model and in humans for up to 6 months after cessation of treatment. However, long-term clevudine treatment was found to exhibit reversible skeletal myopathy in a small subset of patients and was subsequently discontinued from development. ATI-2173 was designed by modifying clevudine with a 5′-phosphoramidate to deliver the 5′-monophosphate to the liver. Bypassing the first phosphorylation step of clevudine, the 5′-monophosphate is converted to the active 5′-triphosphate in the liver. ATI-2173 is a selective inhibitor of HBV with an anti-HBV 50% effective concentration (EC50) of 1.31 nM in primary human hepatocytes, with minimal to no toxicity in hepatocytes, skeletal muscle, liver, kidney, bone marrow, and cardiomyocytes. ATI-2173 activity was decreased by viral polymerase mutations associated with entecavir, lamivudine, and adefovir resistance, but not capsid inhibitor resistance mutations. A single oral dose of ATI-2173 demonstrated 82% hepatic extraction, no food effect, and greatly reduced peripheral exposure of clevudine compared with equimolar oral dosing of clevudine. Despite reduced plasma clevudine exposure, liver concentrations of the 5′-triphosphate were equivalent following ATI-2173 versus clevudine administration. By selectively delivering the 5′-monophosphate to the liver, while retaining the unique anti-HBV activity of the 5′-triphosphate, ATI-2173 may provide an improved pharmacokinetic profile for clinical use, reducing systemic exposure of clevudine and potentially eliminating skeletal myopathy.
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Li Q, Groaz E, Herdewijn P. Synthesis of tetradialdose phosphonate nucleosides as mimics of l-nucleotides. Tetrahedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2019.130497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Takahashi M, Li H, Zhou J, Chomchan P, Aishwarya V, Damha MJ, Rossi JJ. Dual Mechanisms of Action of Self-Delivering, Anti-HIV-1 FANA Oligonucleotides as a Potential New Approach to HIV Therapy. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2019; 17:615-625. [PMID: 31394430 PMCID: PMC6695270 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Currently, the most effective and durable therapeutic option for HIV-1 infection is combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Although cART is powerful and can delay viral evolution of drug resistance for decades, it is associated with limitations, including an inability to eradicate the virus and a potential for adverse effects. Therefore, it is imperative to discover new HIV therapeutic modalities. In this study, we designed, characterized, and evaluated the in vitro potency of 2′-deoxy-2′-fluoroarabinonucleotide (FANA) modified antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) targeting highly conserved regions in the HIV-1 genome. Carrier-free cellular internalization of FANA ASOs resulted in strong suppression of HIV-1 replication in HIV-1-infected human primary cells. In vitro mechanistic studies suggested that the inhibitory effect of FANA ASOs can be attributed to RNase H1 activation and steric hindrance of dimerization. Using 5′-RACE PCR and sequencing analysis, we confirmed the presence of human RNase H1-mediated target RNA cleavage products in cells treated with FANA ASOs. We observed no overt cytotoxicity or immune responses upon FANA ASO treatment. Together, our results strongly suggest that FANA ASOs hold great promise for antiretroviral therapy. The dual ability of FANA ASOs to target RNA by recruiting RNase H1 and/or sterically blocking RNA dimerization further enhances their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Takahashi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA
| | - Haitang Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA
| | - Jiehua Zhou
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA
| | - Pritsana Chomchan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA
| | | | - Masad J Damha
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - John J Rossi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope, Monrovia, CA 91016, USA; Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Science, Beckman Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
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Seley-Radtke KL, Yates MK. The evolution of nucleoside analogue antivirals: A review for chemists and non-chemists. Part 1: Early structural modifications to the nucleoside scaffold. Antiviral Res 2018; 154:66-86. [PMID: 29649496 PMCID: PMC6396324 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 316] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This is the first of two invited articles reviewing the development of nucleoside-analogue antiviral drugs, written for a target audience of virologists and other non-chemists, as well as chemists who may not be familiar with the field. Rather than providing a simple chronological account, we have examined and attempted to explain the thought processes, advances in synthetic chemistry and lessons learned from antiviral testing that led to a few molecules being moved forward to eventual approval for human therapies, while others were discarded. The present paper focuses on early, relatively simplistic changes made to the nucleoside scaffold, beginning with modifications of the nucleoside sugars of Ara-C and other arabinose-derived nucleoside analogues in the 1960's. A future paper will review more recent developments, focusing especially on more complex modifications, particularly those involving multiple changes to the nucleoside scaffold. We hope that these articles will help virologists and others outside the field of medicinal chemistry to understand why certain drugs were successfully developed, while the majority of candidate compounds encountered barriers due to low-yielding synthetic routes, toxicity or other problems that led to their abandonment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine L Seley-Radtke
- 1000 Hilltop Circle, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Mary K Yates
- 1000 Hilltop Circle, Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
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12
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Singh US, Mulamoottil VA, Chu CK. 2′-Fluoro-6′-methylene carbocyclic adenosine and its phosphoramidate prodrug: A novel anti-HBV agent, active against drug-resistant HBV mutants. Med Res Rev 2018; 38:977-1002. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Uma S. Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences; University of Georgia; Athens GA USA
| | | | - Chung K. Chu
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences; University of Georgia; Athens GA USA
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A single and two step isomerization process for d-tagatose and l-ribose bioproduction using l-arabinose isomerase and d-lyxose isomerase. Enzyme Microb Technol 2017; 97:27-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Ricaforte-Campos JD, Benjamin CLM, Nikolova D, Gluud C. Clevudine in people with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Hippokratia 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd012411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jane D Ricaforte-Campos
- ManilaMed (Medical Center Manila); Section of Gastroenterogy, Department of Internal Medicine Manila; General Luna 1122 Ermita Manila Philippines 1000
| | - Cherry Lois M Benjamin
- ManilaMed (Medical Center Manila); Section of Gastroenterogy, Department of Internal Medicine Manila; General Luna 1122 Ermita Manila Philippines 1000
| | - Dimitrinka Nikolova
- Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research, Department 7812, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital; The Cochrane Hepato-Biliary Group; Blegdamsvej 9 Copenhagen Denmark DK-2100
| | - Christian Gluud
- Copenhagen Trial Unit, Centre for Clinical Intervention Research, Department 7812, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital; The Cochrane Hepato-Biliary Group; Blegdamsvej 9 Copenhagen Denmark DK-2100
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15
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Antiviral Chemistry & Chemotherapy's Current Antiviral Agents FactFile 2006 (1st Edition) the DNA Viruses. Antivir Chem Chemother 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632020601700303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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16
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Chong Y, Stuyver L, Otto MJ, Schinazi RF, Chu CK. Mechanism of Antiviral Activities of 3′-Substituted L-Nucleosides against 3Tc-Resistant HBV Polymerase: A Molecular Modelling Approach. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 14:309-19. [PMID: 14968937 DOI: 10.1177/095632020301400603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Comparison of the active sites of the human HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) and the homology-modelled hepatitis B virus (HBV) polymerase shows that the active sites of both enzymes are open to L-nucleosides, but the position where the 3′-substituent of the L-ribose projects in HBV polymerase is wider and deeper than HIV-1 RT, which enables the HBV polymerase to accommodate various 3′-substituted L-nucleosides. However, the space is not sufficient to accommodate a bulky 3′-substituent such as the 3′-azido group of L-3′-azido-3′-deoxythymidine. Analysis of the minimized structure of rtM204V HBV polymerase/ 3TCTP complex shows that, instead of the steric stress produced by rtV204, a loss of the van der Waals contact around the oxathiolane sugar moiety of 3TCTP caused by the mutation results in the disruption of the active site. Therefore, nucleosides, which are stabilized by additional specific interaction with the enzyme residues, can have more opportunities to circumvent the destabilization by the loss of hydrophobic interaction conferred by mutation. Specifically, the substitution at the 3′-position would be beneficial as the HBV polymerase has wide open space composed of the highly conserved motif (YMDD) where the 3′-substituents of the L-nucleosides project. As an example, our study shows that the 3′-fluorine atom contributes to the antiviral activity of L-3′-Fd4CTP against rtM204V HBV polymerase by readily compensating for the loss of the van der Waals interaction around the 2′,3′-double bond through a formation of a hydrogen bond to the amide backbone of rtD205.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youhoon Chong
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Georgia, Athens, Ga., USA
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Antiviral Chemistry & Chemotherapy's Current Antiviral Agents FactFile 2006 (1st edition): The RNA Viruses with DNA Intermediates (Retroviruses). Antivir Chem Chemother 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632020601700305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] Open
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18
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Antiviral Chemistry & Chemotherapy'sCurrent Antiviral Agents FactFile 2006 (1st edition) the RNA viruses. Antivir Chem Chemother 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/095632020601700304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Zhou Y, Wang J, Gu Z, Wang S, Zhu W, Aceña JL, Soloshonok VA, Izawa K, Liu H. Next Generation of Fluorine-Containing Pharmaceuticals, Compounds Currently in Phase II-III Clinical Trials of Major Pharmaceutical Companies: New Structural Trends and Therapeutic Areas. Chem Rev 2016; 116:422-518. [PMID: 26756377 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1806] [Impact Index Per Article: 225.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Jiang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhanni Gu
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Shuni Wang
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - José Luis Aceña
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU , Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 3, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain.,Department of Organic Chemistry, Autónoma University of Madrid , Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Vadim A Soloshonok
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU , Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 3, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain.,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, María Díaz de Haro 3, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Kunisuke Izawa
- Hamari Chemicals Ltd., 1-4-29 Kunijima, Higashi-Yodogawa-ku, Osaka, Japan 533-0024
| | - Hong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Shanghai 201203, China
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Kim S, Hong JH. Synthesis and Anti-HIV Activity of Novel 2'-Deoxy-2'-β-Fluoro-Threosyl Nucleoside Phosphonic Acid Analogues. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2015; 34:815-33. [PMID: 26407633 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2015.1076840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Novel 2'-deoxy-2'-β-fluoro-threose purine phosphonic acid analogues were designed and racemically synthesized from 2-propanone-1,3-diacetate. Condensation successfully proceeded from a glycosyl donor 9 under Vorbrüggen conditions. Cross-metathesis of vinyl analogues 13 and 23 with diethyl vinylphosphonate yielded the desired nucleoside phosphonate analogues 14 and 24, respectively. Ammonolysis and hydrolysis of phosphonates yielded the nucleoside phosphonic acid analogues 16, 19, 26, and 29. The synthesized nucleoside analogues were subjected to antiviral screening against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1. Adenine analogue 18 exhibited weak in vitro activities against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyeon Kim
- a BK-21 Project Team, College of Pharmacy, Chosun University , Kwangju , Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Hee Hong
- a BK-21 Project Team, College of Pharmacy, Chosun University , Kwangju , Republic of Korea
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21
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Clark DN, Hu J. Hepatitis B virus reverse transcriptase - Target of current antiviral therapy and future drug development. Antiviral Res 2015; 123:132-7. [PMID: 26408354 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections rely on the proper functioning of the viral polymerase enzyme, a specialized reverse transcriptase (RT) with multiple activities. All currently approved antiviral drugs for the treatment of chronic HBV infection, except for interferon, target the RT and belong to the same chemical class - they are all nucleoside analogs. Viral DNA synthesis is carried out by the RT enzyme in several different steps, each with distinct RT conformational requirements. In principle, each stage may be targeted by distinct antiviral drugs. In particular, the HBV RT has the unique ability to initiate viral DNA synthesis using itself as a protein primer in a novel protein priming reaction. In order to help identify RT inhibitors and study their mechanisms of action, a number of experimental systems have been developed, each varying in its ability to dissect the protein priming stage and subsequent stages of viral DNA synthesis at the molecular level. Two of the most effective drugs to date, entecavir and tenofovir, can inhibit both the protein priming and the subsequent DNA elongation stages of HBV DNA synthesis. Interestingly, clevudine, a thymidine analog, can inhibit both protein priming and DNA elongation in a non-competitive manner and without being incorporated into the viral DNA. Thus, a nucleoside RT inhibitor (NRTI) can functionally mimic a non-NRTI (NNRTI) in its inhibition of the HBV RT. Therefore, novel NRTIs as well as NNRTIs may be developed to inhibit the DNA synthesis activity of the HBV RT. Furthermore, additional activities of the RT that are also essential to HBV replication, including specific recognition of the viral RNA and its packaging into viral nucleocapsids, may be exploited for antiviral development. To achieve a more potent inhibition of viral replication and ultimately cure chronic HBV infection, the next generation of anti-HBV therapies will likely need to include NRTIs, NNRTIs, and other agents that target the viral RT as well as other viral and host factors in various combinations. This article forms part of a symposium in Antiviral Research on "An unfinished story: from the discovery of the Australia antigen to the development of new curative therapies for hepatitis B."
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel N Clark
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States.
| | - Jianming Hu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA 17033, United States
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Kwiatkowski J, Lu Y. Highly Enantioselective Michael Addition of 2-Fluoro-1,3-diketones to Nitroalkenes. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201403361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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23
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Wu HP, Hsu NY, Lu TN, Chang CC. Chemical Synthesis of 1-Deoxy-L-fructose andL-Sorbose Through Carbonyl Translocation. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201403196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Kim KM, Hong JH. Synthesis of novel 2'-fluoro-3'-hydroxymethyl-5'-deoxythreosyl phosphonic acid nucleoside analogues as antiviral agents. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2014; 33:92-109. [PMID: 24660883 DOI: 10.1080/15257770.2013.874561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A series of purine 5'-deoxyphosphonate analogues were designed and synthesized to mimic naturally occurring purine monophosphate from 1,3-dihydroxyacetone as starting material. The discovery of threosyl phosphonate nucleoside (PMDTA, EC50 = 2.53 μM) as a potent anti-HIV agent has led to the synthesis and biological evaluation of 2',3'-modified 5'-deoxyversions of the threosyl phosphonate nucleosides. The synthesized 2'-fluoro-3'-hydroxymethyl 5'-deoxythreosyl phosphonic acid nucleoside analogues 14, 18, 23, and 27 were tested for anti-HIV activity as well as cytotoxicity. The adenine analogue 18 exhibits weak in vitro anti-HIV-1 activity (EC50 = 19.2 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Mi Kim
- a BK-21 Project Team, College of Pharmacy Chosun University , Kwangju , Republic of Korea
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β-l-1-[5-(E-2-bromovinyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-(dioxolan-4-yl)] uracil (l-BHDU) prevents varicella-zoster virus replication in a SCID-Hu mouse model and does not interfere with 5-fluorouracil catabolism. Antiviral Res 2014; 110:10-9. [PMID: 25051026 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The alphaherpesvirus varicella-zoster virus (VZV) causes chickenpox and shingles. Current treatments are acyclovir (ACV) and its derivatives, foscarnet and brivudine (BVdU). Additional antiviral compounds with increased potency and specificity are needed to treat VZV, especially to treat post-herpetic neuralgia. We evaluated β-l-1-[5-(E-2-bromovinyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-(dioxolan-4-yl)] uracil (l-BHDU, 1) and 5'-O-valyl-l-BHDU (2) in three models of VZV replication: primary human foreskin fibroblasts (HFFs), skin organ culture (SOC) and in SCID-Hu mice with skin xenografts. The efficacy of l-BHDU in vivo and its drug-drug interactions were previously not known. In HFFs, 200μM l-BHDU was noncytotoxic over 3days, and l-BHDU treatment reduced VZV genome copy number and cell to cell spread. The EC50 in HFFs for l-BHDU and valyl-l-BHDU were 0.22 and 0.03μM, respectively. However, l-BHDU antagonized the activity of ACV, BVdU and foscarnet in cultured cells. Given its similar structure to BVdU, we asked if l-BHDU, like BVdU, inhibits 5-fluorouracil catabolism. BALB/c mice were treated with 5-FU alone or in combination with l-BHDU or BVdU. l-BHDU did not interfere with 5-FU catabolism. In SCID-Hu mice implanted with human skin xenografts, l-BHDU and valyl-l-BHDU were superior to ACV and valacyclovir. The maximum concentration (Cmax) levels of l-BHDU were determined in mouse and human tissues at 2h after dosing, and comparison of concentration ratios of tissue to plasma indicated saturation of uptake at the highest dose. For the first time, an l-nucleoside analog, l-BHDU, was found to be effective and well tolerated in mice.
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Tak WY, Yang JM, Kim BI, Baik SK, Cheon GJ, Byun KS, Kim DY, Yoo BC. A randomized, open-label study comparing low-dose clevudine plus adefovir combination therapy with clevudine monotherapy in naïve chronic hepatitis B patients. Hepatol Int 2014; 8:375-81. [PMID: 25101150 PMCID: PMC4116600 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-014-9537-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Purpose Clevudine 30 mg showed potent antiviral activity with a marked post-treatment antiviral effect. However, long-term treatment with clevudine monotherapy induced resistance and myopathy in some cases. The objective of this study is to evaluate the preliminary efficacy and safety of the combination of clevudine 20 mg and adefovir compared to clevudine monotherapy. Methods Seventy-four patients were randomized to either a combination of clevudine 20 mg and adefovir or clevudine 20 or 30 mg and were treated for 2 years. The viral kinetics for 24 weeks, virological response [VR; hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA less than 300 copies/ml], and the biochemical response [BR; normal alanine aminotransferase (ALT)] were assessed. Results There was no difference in baseline characteristics among the three groups. Viral kinetics study showed no statistically significant difference among them during 24 weeks. The combination group showed 95 % virological response with a statistically significant difference compared to the clevudine 30 mg (67 %) and 20 mg (71 %) groups (p = 0.0376). Biochemical response rates were similar in all groups (78–94 %). No resistance was reported in the combination group, while 20 % of patients treated with clevudine 30 mg or 20 mg reported resistance during 2 years. Muscle-related symptoms such as myalgia (1 in clevudine 30 mg, 1 in the combination group) and muscle weakness (1 in clevudine 30 mg, 2 in clevudine 20 mg) were reported in five patients (7 %); of these, three patients discontinued the study. Conclusion We concluded that the combination of clevudine 20 mg and adefovir produced a potent antiviral response together with a good resistance profile compared to clevudine monotherapy at 96 weeks in this pilot study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Young Tak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Mo Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University Medical College St. Vincent’s Hospital, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Ik Kim
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Kangbook Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Koo Baik
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Gab Jin Cheon
- Department of Internal Medicine, GangNeung Asan Hospital, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Gangneung, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwan Soo Byun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Young Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Chul Yoo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Miyazawa M, Hirai Y, Akita E, Onda K, Minabe H, Yokoyama H, Narantsetseg M. Synthesis of 2-Deoxy-L-ribose via Palladium(II)-Catalyzed Cyclization. HETEROCYCLES 2014. [DOI: 10.3987/com-13-12896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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28
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Noncompetitive inhibition of hepatitis B virus reverse transcriptase protein priming and DNA synthesis by the nucleoside analog clevudine. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013; 57:4181-9. [PMID: 23774432 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00599-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
All currently approved antiviral drugs for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection are nucleos(t)ide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI), which inhibit the DNA synthesis activity of the HBV polymerase. The polymerase is a unique reverse transcriptase (RT) that has a novel protein priming activity in which HP initiates viral DNA synthesis using itself as a protein primer. We have determined the ability of NRTI-triphosphates (TP) to inhibit HBV protein priming and their mechanisms of action. While entecavir-TP (a dGTP analog) inhibited protein priming initiated specifically with dGTP, clevudine-TP (a TTP analog) was able to inhibit protein priming independently of the deoxynucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) substrate and without being incorporated into DNA. We next investigated the effect of NRTIs on the second stage of protein priming, wherein two dAMP nucleotides are added to the initial deoxyguanosine nucleotide. The obtained results indicated that clevudine-TP as well as tenofovir DF-DP strongly inhibited the second stage of protein priming. Tenofovir DF-DP was incorporated into the viral DNA primer, whereas clevudine-TP inhibited the second stage of priming without being incorporated. Finally, kinetic analyses using the HBV endogenous polymerase assay revealed that clevudine-TP inhibited DNA chain elongation by HP in a noncompetitive manner. Thus, clevudine-TP appears to have the unique ability to inhibit HBV RT via binding to and distorting the HP active site, sharing properties with both NRTIs and nonnucleoside RT inhibitors.
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Morimoto K, Terami Y, Maeda YI, Yoshihara A, Takata G, Izumori K. Cloning and characterization of the l-ribose isomerase gene from Cellulomonas parahominis MB426. J Biosci Bioeng 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2012.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Alauddin MM. Nucleoside-based probes for imaging tumor proliferation using positron emission tomography. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2013; 56:237-43. [PMID: 24285330 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of human death, and early detection can be beneficial for its timely therapy and management. For the early detection of cancer, positron emission tomography (PET) is more accurate and sensitive than other imaging modalities, such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. [(18) F]-Labeled fluorodeoxyglucose is the most useful PET probe in early detection of cancer; however, its nonspecific accumulation and consequent false-positive findings warrant the identification of other PET probes. Thymidine (TdR) and its analogs have been radiolabeled for PET imaging of cellular proliferation and DNA synthesis. Because of its in vivo instability, radiolabeled TdR has not been successful in PET imaging. However, some of its radiolabeled analogs have been developed for PET imaging of cellular proliferation and DNA synthesis. In this review, the radiochemistry and production of (11) C-TdR and (11) C/(18) F-labeled TdR analogs published to date are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mian M Alauddin
- Department of Experimental Diagnostic Imaging, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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31
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McGuigan C, Hinsinger K, Farleigh L, Pathirana RN, Bugert JJ. Novel antiviral activity of l-dideoxy bicyclic nucleoside analogues versus vaccinia and measles viruses in vitro. J Med Chem 2013; 56:1311-22. [PMID: 23320521 DOI: 10.1021/jm301778x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dideoxy bicyclic pyrimidine nucleoside analogues (ddBCNAs) with d-chirality have previously been described by us to inhibit replication of human cytomegalovirus. We herein report for the first time that activity against vaccinia virus (VACV) was achieved using novel l-analogues. A structure-activity relationship was established: Antiviral activity versus VACV was highest with an ether side chain with an optimum of n-C(9)H(18)-O-n-C(5)H(11). This gave an IC(50) of 190 nM, a 60-fold enhancement over the FDA-approved antiviral cidofovir. Interestingly, l-ddBCNAs also inhibit wild type measles virus syncytia formation with a TCID(50) of 7.5 μM for the lead compound. We propose that l-ddBCNAs represent significant innovative antiviral candidates versus measles and poxviruses, and we suggest a mechanism of action versus one or more cellular targets that are essential for viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher McGuigan
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Redwood Building, King Edward VII Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3NB, U.K
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Hsu NY, Chang CC. A Unique Synthetic Method to Convert aD-Sugar into 2-Deoxy-L-ribitol Through Carbonyl Translocation. European J Org Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201201489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Evaluation of single and combination therapies with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate and emtricitabine in vitro and in a robust mouse model supporting high levels of hepatitis B virus replication. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2012; 56:6186-91. [PMID: 22985879 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01483-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Next-generation therapies for chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection will involve combinations of established and/or experimental drugs. The current study investigated the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) and/or emtricitabine [(-)-FTC] alone and in combination therapy for HBV infection utilizing the HepAD38 system (human hepatoblastoma cells transfected with HBV). Cellular pharmacology studies demonstrated increased levels of (-)-FTC triphosphate with coincubation of increasing concentrations of TDF, while (-)-FTC had no effect on intracellular tenofovir (TFV) diphosphate levels. Quantification of extracellular HBV by real-time PCR from hepatocytes demonstrated the anti-HBV activity with TDF, (-)-FTC, and their combination. Combination of (-)-FTC with TDF or TFV (ratio, 1:1) had a weighted average combination index of 0.7 for both combination sets, indicating synergistic antiviral effects. No cytotoxic effects were observed with any regimens. Using an in vivo murine model which develops robust HBV viremia in nude mice subcutaneously injected with HepAD38 cells, TDF (33 to 300 mg/kg of body weight/day) suppressed virus replication for up to 10 days posttreatment. At 300 mg/kg/day, (-)-FTC strongly suppressed virus titers to up to 14 days posttreatment. Combination therapy (33 mg/kg/day each drug) sustained suppression of virus titer/ml serum (<1 log(10) unit from pretreatment levels) at 14 days posttreatment, while single-drug treatments yielded virus titers 1.5 to 2 log units above the initial virus titers. There was no difference in mean alanine aminotransferase values or mean wet tumor weights for any of the groups, suggesting a lack of drug toxicity. TDF-(-)-FTC combination therapy provides more effective HBV suppression than therapy with each drug alone.
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Dostie S, Prévost M, Guindon Y. A stereoselective approach to β-L-arabino nucleoside analogues: synthesis and cyclization of acyclic 1',2'-syn N,O-acetals. J Org Chem 2012; 77:7176-86. [PMID: 22873650 DOI: 10.1021/jo3012754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Reported herein is a novel and versatile strategy for the stereoselective synthesis of unnatural β-L-arabinofuranosyl nucleoside analogues from acyclic N,OTMS-acetals bearing pyrimidine and purine bases. These unusual acetals undergo a C1' to C4' cyclization where the OTMS of the acetal serves as the nucleophile to generate 2'-oxynucleosides with complete retention of configuration at the C1' acetal center. N,OTMS-acetals are obtained diastereoselectively from additions of silylated nucleobases onto acyclic polyalkoxyaldehydes in the presence of MgBr(2)·OEt(2). The strategy reported is addressing important synthetic challenges by providing stereoselective access to unnatural L-nucleosides starting from easily accessible pools of D-sugars and, as importantly, by allowing the formation of the sterically challenging 1',2'-cis nucleosides. A wide variety of nucleoside analogues were synthesized in 7-8 steps from easily accessible D-xylose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Starr Dostie
- Bio-organic Chemistry Laboratory, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, 110 avenue des Pins Ouest, Montréal, Québec H2W 1R7, Canada
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Wang J, Singh US, Rawal RK, Sugiyama M, Yoo J, Jha AK, Scroggin M, Huang Z, Murray MG, Govindarajan R, Tanaka Y, Korba B, Chu CK. Antiviral activity of novel 2′-fluoro-6′-methylene-carbocyclic adenosine against wild-type and drug-resistant hepatitis B virus mutants. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:6328-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.08.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/26/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Hu C, Li L, Zheng Y, Rui L, Hu C. Perspectives of biotechnological production of l-ribose and its purification. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 92:449-55. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3552-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Revised: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 08/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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38
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Kim JH, Yim HJ, Jung ES, Jung YK, Kim JH, Seo YS, Yeon JE, Lee HS, Um SH, Byun KS. Virologic and biochemical responses to clevudine in patients with chronic HBV infection-associated cirrhosis: data at week 48. J Viral Hepat 2011; 18:287-93. [PMID: 20367793 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2893.2010.01304.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Clevudine shows high rates of virologic and biochemical responses in patients with chronic hepatitis B. However, the efficacy and safety of clevudine in patients with cirrhosis are unknown. The aims of this study were to evaluate the safety and to assess the virologic and the biochemical responses to clevudine in patients with cirrhosis with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. We reviewed data from treatment-naïve patients with chronic hepatitis B with and without cirrhosis who started clevudine between April 2007 and March 2008 (n = 52, hepatitis B without cirrhosis n = 21 and chronic hepatitis B with cirrhosis n = 31) at Korea University Ansan/Guro Hospital. All of the patients were treated for more than 48 weeks. The mean age was older in the patients with cirrhosis. Baseline HBV DNA levels were 6.9 and 7.78 log copies/mL (P = 0.042), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were 104.9 and 147.4 IU/L (P = 0.204), for those with and without cirrhosis, respectively. Virologic response (HBV DNA <1000 copies/mL) (87.1%vs 71.4%, P = 0.24) and biochemical response (83.9%vs 80.9%, P = 0.99) at week 48 were not significantly different between the two groups. Early virologic response at week 12 was even higher in the patients with cirrhosis (61.3%vs 28.6%, P = 0.026). Neither ALT flare nor newly onset hepatic decompensation was found in the patients with cirrhosis, whereas ALT flare was transiently observed in 14.3% of the chronic hepatitis group. In conclusion, although clevudine may produce a transient elevation of ALT during the early treatment period, such findings were not observed in patients with cirrhosis and the virologic and biochemical responses of the groups were comparable.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Kim
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Cai H, Li Z, Conti PS. The improved syntheses of 5-substituted 2'-[18F]fluoro-2'-deoxy-arabinofuranosyluracil derivatives ([18F]FAU, [18F]FEAU, [18F]FFAU, [18F]FCAU, [18F]FBAU and [18F]FIAU) using a multistep one-pot strategy. Nucl Med Biol 2011; 38:659-66. [PMID: 21718941 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2011.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Revised: 12/28/2010] [Accepted: 01/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We and others have previously reported a four-step radiosynthesis of a series of 2'-deoxy-2'-[(18)F]fluoro-5-substituted-1-β-D-arabinofuranosyluracil derivatives including [(18)F]FAU, [(18)F]FEAU, [(18)F]FFAU, [(18)F]FCAU, [(18)F]FBAU and [(18)F]FIAU as thymidine derivatives for tumor proliferation and/or reporter gene expression imaging with positron emission tomography (PET). Although the radiosynthesis has been proven to be reproducible and efficient, this complicated multistep reaction is difficult to incorporate into an automated cGMP-compliant radiosynthesis module for routine production. Recently, we have developed a simple and efficient one-pot method for routine production of [(18)F]FMAU. In this study, we studied the feasibility of radiosynthesizing [(18)F]FAU, [(18)F]FEAU, [(18)F]FFAU, [(18)F]FCAU, [(18)F]FBAU and [(18)F]FIAU using this newly developed method. METHODS Similar to the radiosynthesis of [(18)F]FMAU, 5-substituted 2'-[(18)F]fluoro-2'-deoxy-arabinofuranosyluracil derivatives ([(18)F]FAU, [(18)F]FEAU, [(18)F]FFAU, [(18)F]FCAU, [(18)F]FBAU and [(18)F]FIAU) were synthesized in one-pot radiosynthesis module in the presence of Friedel-Crafts catalyst TMSOTf and HMDS. RESULTS This one-pot radiosynthesis method could be used to produce [(18)F]FAU, [(18)F]FEAU, [(18)F]FFAU, [(18)F]FCAU, [(18)F]FBAU and [(18)F]FIAU. The overall radiochemical yields of these tracers varied from 4.1%±0.8% to 10.1%±1.9% (decay-corrected, n=4). The overall reaction time was reduced from 210 min to 150 min from the end of bombardment, and the radiochemical purity was >99%. CONCLUSIONS The improved radiosyntheses of [(18)F]FAU, [(18)F]FEAU, [(18)F]FFAU, [(18)F]FCAU, [(18)F]FBAU and [(18)F]FIAU have been achieved with reasonable yields and high purity using a multistep one-pot method. The synthetic time has been reduced, and the reaction procedures have been significantly simplified. The success of this approach may make PET tracers [(18)F]FAU, [(18)F]FEAU, [(18)F]FFAU, [(18)F]FCAU, [(18)F]FBAU and [(18)F]FIAU more accessible for preclinical and clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hancheng Cai
- Department of Radiology, Molecular Imaging Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas J. Forsman
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20500 Åbo, Finland
| | - Reko Leino
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20500 Åbo, Finland
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Lee HS, Yoo BC, Lee KS, Kim JH, Um SH, Ryu SH, Lee YS, Kim YS, Yoo K, Han JY, Hwang JS, Kim TH, Yang JM, Lee HJ, Chon CY, Cho M, Han BH, Hwang SG, Byun KS, Chung YH, Cho SH, Koh KC, Kim BI, Kim HC, Paik SW, Lee MS, Yoo HW, Han CJ. Clevudine-induced viral response, associated with continued reduction of HBsAg titer, was durable after the withdrawal of therapy. J Gastroenterol 2011; 46:410-4. [PMID: 21181212 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-010-0354-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2010] [Accepted: 11/13/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was conducted to evaluate the durability of clevudine-induced viral response after the withdrawal of treatment. METHODS Patients who showed a complete response [alanine aminotransferase (ALT) normalization and hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA <4,700 copies/mL for hepatitis B envelope antigen (HBeAg)-negative patients; ALT normalization, HBV DNA <4,700 copies/mL, and HBeAg seroconversion for HBeAg-positive patients] in the previous clevudine phase III trials were followed for an additional 96 weeks without any treatment for hepatitis B. RESULTS Of the 63 patients in the study cohort, 73% and 35% of the patients had HBV DNA <141,500 and <4,700 copies/mL, respectively, and 75% of the patients had normal ALT at the end of follow-up. HBeAg seroconversion was maintained in 81% of the patients and hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) loss occurred in 3 patients. Continued HBsAg titer decrease (-0.5 log IU/mL) was observed in the sustained viral responders, suggesting the reduction of covalently closed circular DNA in hepatocytes. CONCLUSIONS The clevudine-induced viral response was durable in the majority of patients for 2 years after the withdrawal of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Suk Lee
- Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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Li Z, Cai H, Conti PS. Automated synthesis of 2'-deoxy-2'-[18F]fluoro-5-methyl-1-β-D-arabinofuranosyluracil ([18F]-FMAU) using a one reactor radiosynthesis module. Nucl Med Biol 2010; 38:201-6. [PMID: 21315275 DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2010.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2010] [Revised: 08/15/2010] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
2'-Deoxy-2'-[(18)F]fluoro-5-methyl-1-β-D-arabinofuranosyluracil ([(18)F]-FMAU) is an established PET probe used to monitor cellular proliferation. For clinical applications, a fully automated cGMP-compliant radiosynthesis would be preferred. However, the current synthesis of [(18)F]-FMAU requires a multistep procedure, making the development of an automated protocol difficult and complicated. Recently, we have developed a significantly simplified one-pot reaction condition for the synthesis of [(18)F]-FMAU in the presence of Friedel-Crafts catalysts. Here, we report a fully automated synthesis of [(18)F]-FMAU based on a one reactor radiosynthesis module using our newly developed synthetic method. The product was purified on a semi-preparative high-performance liquid chromatography integrated with the synthesis module using 6% EtOH in 10 mM phosphate buffer or 8% MeCN/water. [(18)F]-FMAU was obtained in 12±3% radiochemical yield (decay corrected overall yield based on [(18)F]-F(-), n=4) with 383±33 mCi/μmol specific activity at the time of injection. The α/β anomer ratio was 4:6. The overall reaction time was about 150 min from the end of bombardment and the radiochemical purity was >99%. This automated synthesis should also be suitable for the production of other 5-substituted thymidine analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zibo Li
- Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine, Molecular Imaging Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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Dropulic LK, Cohen JI. Update on new antivirals under development for the treatment of double-stranded DNA virus infections. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2010; 88:610-9. [PMID: 20881959 PMCID: PMC3426500 DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2010.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
All the currently available antiviral agents used in the treatment of double-stranded (ds) DNA viruses, with the exception of interferon-α, inhibit the same target, the viral DNA polymerase. With increasing reports of the development of resistance of herpes simplex virus (HSV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and hepatitis B virus (HBV) to some of these drugs, new antiviral agents are needed to treat these infections. Additionally, no drugs have been approved to treat several DNA virus infections, including those caused by adenovirus, smallpox, molluscum contagiosum, and BK virus. We report the status of 10 new antiviral drugs for the treatment of dsDNA viruses. CMX-001 has broad activity against dsDNA viruses; 3 helicase-primase inhibitors, maribavir, and FV-100 have activity against certain herpesviruses; ST-246 inhibits poxviruses; GS-9191 inhibits papillomaviruses; and clevudine and emtricitabine are active against HBV. Most of these drugs have completed at least phase I trials in humans, and many are in additional clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesia K. Dropulic
- Medical Virology Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Bldg. 10, Room 11N234, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Jeffrey I. Cohen
- Medical Virology Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Bldg. 10, Room 11N234, National Institutes of Health, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Martínez-Montero S, Fernández S, Sanghvi YS, Gotor V, Ferrero M. Enzymatic Parallel Kinetic Resolution of Mixtures of d/l 2′-Deoxy and Ribonucleosides: An Approach for the Isolation of β-l-Nucleosides. J Org Chem 2010; 75:6605-13. [DOI: 10.1021/jo101368z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saúl Martínez-Montero
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica and Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006-Oviedo (Asturias), Spain
| | - Susana Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica and Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006-Oviedo (Asturias), Spain
| | - Yogesh S. Sanghvi
- Rasayan Inc., 2802 Crystal Ridge Road, Encinitas, California 92024-6615
| | - Vicente Gotor
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica and Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006-Oviedo (Asturias), Spain
| | - Miguel Ferrero
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica and Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006-Oviedo (Asturias), Spain
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Kim KH, Kim ND, Seong BL. Discovery and development of anti-HBV agents and their resistance. Molecules 2010; 15:5878-908. [PMID: 20802402 PMCID: PMC6257723 DOI: 10.3390/molecules15095878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Revised: 08/24/2010] [Accepted: 08/26/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a prime cause of liver diseases such as hepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The current drugs clinically available are nucleot(s)ide analogues that inhibit viral reverse transcriptase activity. Most drugs of this class are reported to have viral resistance with breakthrough. Recent advances in methods for in silico virtual screening of chemical libraries, together with a better understanding of the resistance mechanisms of existing drugs have expedited the discovery and development of novel anti-viral drugs. This review summarizes the current status of knowledge about and viral resistance of HBV drugs, approaches for the development of novel drugs as well as new viral and host targets for future drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyun-Hwan Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, and Center for Cancer Research and Diagnostic Medicine, IBST, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
- Research Institute of Medical Sciences, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: (K.H.K.); Tel.: +82 2 2030 7833; Fax: +82 2 2049 6192; E-Mail: (B.L.S.); Tel.: +82 2 2123 2885; Fax: +82 2 392 3582
| | - Nam Doo Kim
- R&D Center, Equispharm Inc., 11F Gyeonggi Bio-Center, 864-1 Iui-Dong, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon-Shi, Gyeonggi-Do 443-766, Korea
| | - Baik-Lin Seong
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
- Translational Research Center for Protein Function Control, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Korea
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: (K.H.K.); Tel.: +82 2 2030 7833; Fax: +82 2 2049 6192; E-Mail: (B.L.S.); Tel.: +82 2 2123 2885; Fax: +82 2 392 3582
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Tak WY, Park SY, Cho CM, Jung MK, Jeon SW, Kweon YO, Park JY, Sohn YK. Clinical, biochemical, and pathological characteristics of clevudine-associated myopathy. J Hepatol 2010; 53:261-6. [PMID: 20466447 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2010.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2009] [Revised: 03/04/2010] [Accepted: 03/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The aim of this study was to define the clinical, biochemical, and pathological characteristics of myopathy developed during clevudine therapy. METHODS We prospectively enrolled 36 consecutive myopathy patients who were receiving clevudine therapy for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B (CHB). We evaluated patients with a complete medical history, neurologic examination with a questionnaire on neuromuscular diseases, laboratory tests, electrophysiology studies, and muscle biopsies. RESULTS The median duration of clevudine therapy was 18.0 months (ranging from 9 to 24 months). The chief complaint was weakness of the lower extremities in 30 patients (83.3%) and asthenia in five patients (13.9%). One patient (2.8%) had only persistently elevated serum muscle enzyme without any symptoms. Weakness of the lower extremity mainly involved proximal muscle group of the lower extremity, characterized by difficulty in climbing stairs (83.3%), a decrease in exercise capacity (75.0%) and difficulty in walking (55.6%). All patients showed an elevation of more than two of serum creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and lactate levels. Muscle biopsies performed in 23 patients revealed myopathic features with abnormal mitochondria in 21 patients, and nonspecific myositis in two patients. Motor weakness gradually improved after discontinuation of clevudine. CONCLUSIONS Myopathy associated with clevudine is characterized by a weakness in proximal muscles of the lower extremities with elevated muscle enzymes and presumably caused by mitochondrial toxicities. Careful medical and serologic examinations are essential for the early detection and management of this potential adverse reaction in CHB patients under clevudine therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Young Tak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Liver Research Institute, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
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Anderson KS. A transient kinetic approach to investigate nucleoside inhibitors of mitochondrial DNA polymerase gamma. Methods 2010; 51:392-8. [PMID: 20573564 PMCID: PMC2916041 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2010.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2010] [Revised: 04/27/2010] [Accepted: 05/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside analogs play an essential role in treating human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection since the beginning of the AIDS epidemic and work by inhibition of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT), a viral polymerase essential for DNA replication. Today, over 90% of all regimens for HIV treatment contain at least one nucleoside. Long-term use of nucleoside analogs has been associated with adverse effects including mitochondrial toxicity due to inhibition of the mitochondrial polymerase, DNA polymerase gamma (mtDNA pol gamma). In this review, we describe our efforts to delineate the molecular mechanism of nucleoside inhibition of HIV-1 RT and mtDNA pol gamma based upon a transient kinetic approach using rapid chemical quench methodology. Using transient kinetic methods, the maximum rate of polymerization (k(pol)), the dissociation constant for the ground state binding (K(d)), and the incorporation efficiency (k(pol)/K(d)) can be determined for the nucleoside analogs and their natural substrates. This analysis allowed us to develop an understanding of the structure activity relationships that allow correlation between the structural and stereochemical features of the nucleoside analog drugs with their mechanistic behavior toward the viral polymerase, RT, and the host cell polymerase, mtDNA pol gamma. An in-depth understanding of the mechanisms of inhibition of these enzymes is imperative in overcoming problems associated with toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen S Anderson
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, 333 Cedar Street, P.O. Box 208066, New Haven, CT 06520-8066, USA.
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Kim HJ, Park DI, Park JH, Cho YK, Sohn CI, Jeon WK, Kim BI. Comparison between clevudine and entecavir treatment for antiviral-naïve patients with chronic hepatitis B. Liver Int 2010; 30:834-40. [PMID: 20408946 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2010.02245.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS There has been no study comparing the clinical efficacy of clevudine and entecavir in antiviral-naïve patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). METHODS A total of 128 antiviral-naïve CHB patients were included to receive clevudine 30 mg (n=55) or entecavir 0.5 mg (n=73) once daily for a mean follow-up period of 18.4 months. RESULTS Thirty-three (60.0%) in the clevudine group and 40 (54.8%) in the entecavir group were HBeAg positive (P>0.05). At 6 months from the baseline, the mean decreases in HBV-DNA were 4.86 and 4.72 log(10) copies/ml in the clevudine and entecavir groups respectively (P>0.05). The proportion of patients with undetectable serum HBV-DNA (<300 copies/ml) at 6 months was 65.5 and 74.0% in the clevudine and entecavir groups respectively (P>0.05). The proportion of patients with normal alanine aminotransferase levels at 6 months was 74.5 and 84.9% in the clevudine and entecavir groups respectively. During the mean follow-up of 18.4 months, genotypic resistance was noted in three patients (5.5%) in the clevudine group and no cases in the entecavir group. Eight patients (14.6%) in the clevudine group experienced symptoms, signs and laboratory abnormalities relevant to clevudine-induced myopathy. CONCLUSIONS Clevudine and entecavir treatment effectively suppresses HBV replication in most antiviral-naïve patients with CHB. During a mean follow-up of 18.9 months, a small proportion (5.5%) of patients in the clevudine group developed genotypic resistance. However, a substantial proportion (14.6%) of patients in the clevudine group had an adverse effect of clevudine-induced myopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Joo Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Kangbuk Samsung Hospital, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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