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Complementary/Integrative Medicine for Pediatric Otitis Media. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2022; 55:1055-1075. [PMID: 36088163 DOI: 10.1016/j.otc.2022.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Complementary/integrative medicine can be used in treating otitis media, especially during the watchful waiting phase. Elimination of risk factors can be important. Products such as echinacea, xylitol, and probiotics may help in prevention. Herbal eardrop formulations can relieve symptoms in some patients. Other modalities such as homeopathy can lead to faster relief of symptoms in combination with conventional therapy. Chinese, Japanese, and other forms of traditional medicine have varying formulations with unclear safety, but initial results are promising. Most studies are limited by methodological failures and small sample sizes, emphasizing the need for continued research in this area.
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Tian Y, Wang H, Chen H, Li X, Lu F, Ma S, Wang W, Wu J, Tang J, Feng P, Fu Y, Han S, Liu T, Hou H, Hu Q. Toxicity evaluation in rats following 28 days of inhalation exposure to xylitol aerosol. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2021; 10:1177-1186. [PMID: 34956621 PMCID: PMC8692747 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfab108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Xylitol has reported to decrease gingival inflammation and nasopharyngeal pneumonia, which indicated that xylitol may have potential application in respiratory diseases. Although some studies have reported the inhalation toxicity of xylitol, however, the longest period tested was only for 14 days. The inhalation toxicity of xylitol is insufficient. This work investigated the potential subacute toxicity of xylitol according to the OECD TG 412. Rats were randomly divided into a control group and different dosage groups (2 g/m3, 3 g/m3, 5 g/m3), and exposed for 6 hours/day, 5 days/week for 28 days. At the end of the exposure or recovery period, clinical signs, mortality, body weight, food consumption, hematology, blood biochemistry, gross pathology, organ weight, and histopathology were examined. Compared with the control group, rats of both sexes in the exposure groups exhibited no significant changes in body weight, organ mass, and food uptake. After the xylitol exposure, aspartate aminotransferase activity in the xylitol group (3 g/m3) was significantly higher than that in the control group, while other blood indicators and pathological changes of liver and the analysis of the recovery group showed no changes, suggesting that xylitol exerted no observable toxic effect on the liver. Finally, other observations including the histopathology of target organs and hematology also showed no alterations. These results indicated that xylitol had no significant inhalation toxicity at doses up to 5 g/m3. These subacute inhalation toxicity results of xylitol showed that its no-observed-adverse-effect concentration (NOAEC) in rats was determined to 5 g/m3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yushan Tian
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Hongjuan Wang
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Huan Chen
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Xianmei Li
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Fengjun Lu
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Shuhao Ma
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Wenming Wang
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Jia Wu
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Jiayou Tang
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Pengxia Feng
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Yaning Fu
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Shulei Han
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Tong Liu
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Hongwei Hou
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, PR China
| | - Qingyuan Hu
- China National Tobacco Quality Supervision and Test Center, Zhengzhou, PR China
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Rørvik GH, Naemi A, Edvardsen PKT, Simm R. The c-di-AMP signaling system influences stress tolerance and biofilm formation of Streptococcus mitis. Microbiologyopen 2021; 10:e1203. [PMID: 34459556 PMCID: PMC8289670 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mitis is a commensal bacterial species of the oral cavity, with the potential for opportunistic pathogenesis. For successful colonization, S. mitis must be able to adhere to surfaces of the oral cavity and survive and adapt to frequently changing environmental conditions. Cyclic-di-AMP (c-di-AMP) is a nucleotide second messenger, involved in the regulation of stress responses and biofilm formation in several bacterial species. Cyclic-di-AMP is produced by diadenylate cyclases and degraded by phosphodiesterases. We have previously shown that in S. mitis, one diadenylate cyclase (CdaA) and at least two phosphodiesterases (Pde1 and Pde2) regulate the intracellular concentration of c-di-AMP. In this study, we utilized S. mitis deletion mutants of cdaA, pde1, and pde2 to analyze the role of c-di-AMP signaling in various stress responses, biofilm formation, and adhesion to eukaryotic cells. Here, we demonstrate that the Δpde1 mutant displayed a tendency toward increased susceptibility to acetic acid at pH 4.0. Deletion of cdaA increases auto-aggregation of S. mitis but reduces biofilm formation on an abiotic surface. These phenotypes are more pronounced under acidic extracellular conditions. Inactivation of pde1 or pde2 reduced the tolerance to ciprofloxacin, and UV radiation and the Δpde1 mutant was more susceptible to Triton X-100, indicating a role for c-di-AMP signaling in responses to DNA damage and cell membrane perturbation. Finally, the Δpde2 mutant displayed a tendency toward a reduced ability to adhere to oral keratinocytes. Taken together, our results indicate an important role for c-di-AMP signaling in cellular processes important for colonization of the mouth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Per Kristian Thorén Edvardsen
- Institute of Oral BiologyUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
- Present address:
Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food ScienceNorwegian University of Life SciencesÅsNorway
| | - Roger Simm
- Institute of Oral BiologyUniversity of OsloOsloNorway
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Sanchez-Gonzalez M, Rizvi SA, Torres J, Ferrer G. A Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial to Test the Efficacy of Intranasal Chlorpheniramine Maleate With Xylitol for the Treatment of Allergic Rhinitis. Cureus 2021; 13:e14206. [PMID: 33816038 PMCID: PMC8010914 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.14206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of allergic rhinitis (AR), including symptoms of sneezing, nasal itching, airflow obstruction, and nasal discharge caused by histamine and immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated reactions, is ~30% in the U.S. Recent studies seem to suggest that the allergic inflammatory processes in AR may be induced by the interaction between an allergen (trigger) and the nasal microbiome (substrate). In this study, we have identified two agents with antihistaminic and microbiome-modulating characteristics that can be administered intranasally, namely, chlorpheniramine maleate (CPM) and xylitol (X). This study aimed to test the efficacy of intranasal CPM plus xylitol (CPM+X) nasal for the treatment of AR in an outpatient setting. A multicenter, randomized, double-blind, 30-day pilot study was conducted during the spring of 2019. After starting five days of placebo therapy (run-in period), patients with moderate-to-severe AR nasal symptoms were randomized to treatment with CPM+X (n=16) spray and nasal saline placebo (PLB; n=13). Both treatments were administered in the form of one spray dose (~100 µL of the solution containing 1.25 mg CPM) per nostril twice a day. Outcome variables were the changes in visual analog scale (VAS) and daily symptoms score (DSS) at days 1, 5, 10, 15, 25, and 30 after the initiation of the treatment. ANOVA (analysis of variance) with repeated revealed a significant treatment-by-time interaction such that the CPM+X group had a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in both DSS (∆-3.0 ± 2.7) and VAS (∆-3.8 ± 2.0) scores compared to PLB after 30 days. The difference in DSS and VAS scores between the groups was evident just after five days (day 10) of using CPM+X. The CPM+X scores were significantly lower (p < 0.008) starting from day 10 compared with day 1, whereas there were no statistically significant (p > 0.008) changes in the PLB during the 30-day treatment window. The present data suggest that nasal CPM+X use effectively improves AR symptoms. A large-scale study of the long-term effects of CPM+X for the treatment of other chronic respiratory disorders and the potential microbiome-modulating effects warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Syed A Rizvi
- Graduate Medical Education, Larkin Community Hospital, South Miami, USA
| | - Joselit Torres
- Asthma, Allergy and Immunology, Vargas Hospital Caracas, Caracas, VEN
| | - Gustavo Ferrer
- Pulmonary Critical Care, Aventura Hospital and Medical Center, Aventura, USA
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van der Gaag EJ, Hummel TZ. Food or medication? The therapeutic effects of food on the duration and incidence of upper respiratory tract infections: a Review of the literature. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:2691-2704. [PMID: 32648776 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1784087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Upper respiratory tract infections are common in children and adults. Antiviral treatments are only available for specific groups of patients, stimulating the distribution of over-the-counter medication to relieve the symptoms for the other patients. Studies about whole foods and their effect on the incidence and duration of upper respiratory tract infections were reviewed. METHODS Randomized controlled trials and case-control studies available on MEDLINE, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and Embase were included. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Thirty-three studies were included. The incidence of respiratory infections or symptoms was shown to be reduced in some studies when probiotics, prebiotics, growing-up milk, fish oil, kiwi, garlic and xylitol were taken. Duration was favorably influenced by the intake of elderberry, kiwi, probiotics and fish oil. When the risk of bias and repetition is taken into account, probiotics and elderberry repeatedly show favorable effects. Prudent conclusions can be made in selective patient groups. However, the studies were diverse and were only performed by a few study groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen José van der Gaag
- Pediatrics, Hospital Group Twente, Almelo, SZ, Netherlands.,Behaviourial Management and Social Sciences, University of Twente, Enschede, AE, Netherlands
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Silva CFFSD, Silva FERD, Pauna HF, Hurtado JGGM, Santos MC. Symptom assessment after nasal irrigation with xylitol in the postoperative period of endonasal endoscopic surgery. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2020; 88:243-250. [PMID: 32694076 PMCID: PMC9422543 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjorl.2020.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic rhinosinusitis is an inflammatory condition of the nasal cavity and the paranasal sinuses that requires multifactorial treatment. Xylitol can be employed with nasal irrigation and can provide better control of the disease. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association between the effects of nasal lavage with saline solution compared to nasal lavage with a xylitol solution. METHODS Fifty-two patients, divided into two groups (n = 26 in the "Xylitol" group and n = 26 in the "Saline solution" group) answered questionnaires validated in Portuguese (NOSE and SNOT-22) about their nasal symptoms and general symptoms, before and after endonasal endoscopic surgery and after a period of 30 days of nasal irrigation. RESULTS The "Xylitol" group showed significant improvement in pain relief and nasal symptom reduction after surgery and nasal irrigation with xylitol solution (p < 0.001). The "Saline solution" group also showed symptom improvement, but on a smaller scale. CONCLUSION This study suggests that the xylitol solution can be useful in the postoperative period after endonasal endoscopic surgery, because it leads to a greater reduction in nasal symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Henrique Furlan Pauna
- Instituto Paranaense de Otorrinolaringologia (IPO), Curitiba, PR, Brazil; Universidade de São Paulo (FMRP-USP), Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Marco Cesar Santos
- Instituto Paranaense de Otorrinolaringologia (IPO), Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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Health benefits of xylitol. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:7225-7237. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10708-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Updated Guidelines for the Management of Acute Otitis Media in Children by the Italian Society of Pediatrics: Prevention. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2019; 38:S22-S36. [PMID: 31876602 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000002430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent years, new information has been acquired regarding the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of acute otitis media (AOM). The Italian Pediatric Society, therefore, decided to issue an update to the Italian Pediatric Society guidelines published in 2010. METHODS The search was conducted on Pubmed, and only those studies regarding the pediatric age alone, in English or Italian, published between January 1, 2010 and December 31, 2018, were included. Each study included in the review was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations (GRADE) methodology. The quality of the systematic reviews was evaluated using the A MeaSurement Tool to Assess systematic Reviews (AMSTAR) 2 appraisal tool. The guidelines were formulated using the GRADE methodology by a multidisciplinary panel of experts. RESULTS The importance of eliminating risk factors (passive smoking, environmental pollution, use of pacifier, obesity, limitation of day-care center attendance) and the promotion of breastfeeding and hygiene practices (nasal lavages) was confirmed. The importance of pneumococcal vaccination in the prevention of AOM was reiterated with regard to the prevention of both the first episode of AOM and recurrences. Grommets can be inserted in selected cases of recurrent AOM that did not respond to all other prevention strategies. Antibiotic prophylaxis is not recommended for the prevention of recurrent AOM, except in certain carefully selected cases. The use of complementary therapies, probiotics, xylitol and vitamin D is not recommended. CONCLUSIONS The prevention of episodes of AOM requires the elimination of risk factors and pneumococcal and influenza vaccination. The use of other products such as probiotics and vitamin D is not supported by adequate evidence.
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Hong SJ, Ahn MH, Sangshetti J, Arote RB. Sugar alcohol-based polymeric gene carriers: Synthesis, properties and gene therapy applications. Acta Biomater 2019; 97:105-115. [PMID: 31326667 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Advances in the field of nanomedicine have led to the development of various gene carriers with desirable cellular responses. However, unfavorable stability and physicochemical properties have hindered their applications in vivo. Therefore, multifunctional, smart nanocarriers with unique properties to overcome such drawbacks are needed. Among them, sugar alcohol-based nanoparticle with abundant surface chemistry, numerous hydroxyl groups, acceptable biocompatibility and biodegradable property are considered as the recent additions to the growing list of non-viral vectors. In this review, we present some of the major advances in our laboratory in developing sugar-based polymers as non-viral gene delivery vectors to treat various diseases. We also discuss some of the open questions in this field. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Recently, the development of sugar alcohol-based polymers conjugated with polyethylenimine (PEI) has attracted tremendous interest as gene delivery vectors. First, the natural backbone of polymers with their numerous hydroxyl groups display a wide range of hyperosmotic properties and can thereby enhance the cellular uptake of genetic materials via receptor-mediated endocytosis. Second, conjugation of a PEI backbone with sugar alcohols via Michael addition contributes to buffering capacity and thereby the proton sponge effect. Last, sugar alcohol based gene delivery systems improves therapeutic efficacy both in vitro and in vivo.
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Salli K, Lehtinen MJ, Tiihonen K, Ouwehand AC. Xylitol's Health Benefits beyond Dental Health: A Comprehensive Review. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11081813. [PMID: 31390800 PMCID: PMC6723878 DOI: 10.3390/nu11081813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Xylitol has been widely documented to have dental health benefits, such as reducing the risk for dental caries. Here we report on other health benefits that have been investigated for xylitol. In skin, xylitol has been reported to improve barrier function and suppress the growth of potential skin pathogens. As a non-digestible carbohydrate, xylitol enters the colon where it is fermented by members of the colonic microbiota; species of the genus Anaerostipes have been reported to ferment xylitol and produce butyrate. The most common Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species do not appear to be able to grow on xylitol. The non-digestible but fermentable nature of xylitol also contributes to a constipation relieving effect and improved bone mineral density. Xylitol also modulates the immune system, which, together with its antimicrobial activity contribute to a reduced respiratory tract infection, sinusitis, and otitis media risk. As a low caloric sweetener, xylitol may contribute to weight management. It has been suggested that xylitol also increases satiety, but these results are not convincing yet. The benefit of xylitol on metabolic health, in addition to the benefit of the mere replacement of sucrose, remains to be determined in humans. Additional health benefits of xylitol have thus been reported and indicate further opportunities but need to be confirmed in human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista Salli
- Global Health & Nutrition Sciences, DuPont Nutrition & Biosciences, 02460 Kantvik, Finland
| | - Markus J Lehtinen
- Global Health & Nutrition Sciences, DuPont Nutrition & Biosciences, 02460 Kantvik, Finland
| | - Kirsti Tiihonen
- Global Health & Nutrition Sciences, DuPont Nutrition & Biosciences, 02460 Kantvik, Finland
| | - Arthur C Ouwehand
- Global Health & Nutrition Sciences, DuPont Nutrition & Biosciences, 02460 Kantvik, Finland.
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Kashyap N, Katlam T, Avinash A, Kumar B, Kulshrestha R, Das P. Middle ear infection in children and its association with dental caries. Med Pharm Rep 2019; 92:271-276. [PMID: 31460509 PMCID: PMC6709956 DOI: 10.15386/cjmed-1043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Middle ear infection affects mostly infants and children, associated with elevated level of S. mutans, which increases the chances of developing caries. AIM To evaluate the difference in level of Streptococcus mutans between normal children & children affected by middle ear infection. METHOD This descriptive study was carried out on 120 children aged 5 years and younger. They were selected randomly from schools and medical hospitals. S. mutans was counted from saliva sample and a questionnaire was given to be filled by their parents about the feeding method, pattern and specific childhood illness. RESULT Out of 120 children examined, 62 were boys and 58 were girls. Mean CFU in middle ear infection group was 5.60+9.53, whereas in children with no middle ear infection it was 1.70+3.34. Unpaired 't' test revealed statistically significant difference among the two groups (p value = 0.001). CONCLUSION S. mutans count was comparatively higher in children having middle ear infection rather than non-infected children, which may cause dental caries in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilotpol Kashyap
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Rungta College of Dental Sciences and Research, India
| | - Tulsi Katlam
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Rungta College of Dental Sciences and Research, India
| | - Alok Avinash
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Rungta College of Dental Sciences and Research, India
| | - Brij Kumar
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Rungta College of Dental Sciences and Research, India
| | - Reena Kulshrestha
- Department of Microbiology, Rungta College of Dental Sciences and Research, India
| | - Pooja Das
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Rungta College of Dental Sciences and Research, India
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Janket SJ, Benwait J, Isaac P, Ackerson LK, Meurman JH. Oral and Systemic Effects of Xylitol Consumption. Caries Res 2019; 53:491-501. [PMID: 31060040 DOI: 10.1159/000499194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent results of randomized trials testing the efficacy of xylitol in caries prevention have been conflicting. This narrative review reveals the sources of discrepancy. The following databases were searched for the terms "xylitol" or "artificial sweeteners" restricted to the English language: PubMed, Web of Science, Evidenced-Based Medicine, Scopus, and the Cochrane database. In a separate search, the terms "dental caries" or "cariogenicity" or "glucosyltransferase" or "low glycemic" or "low insulinemic" or "dysbiosis" or "gut microbiome" were used and then combined. In section I, findings regarding the role of xylitol in dental caries prevention, the appropriateness of research methods, and the causes for potential biases are summarized. In section II, the systemic effects of xylitol on gut microbiota as well as low-glycemic/insulinogenic systemic effects are evaluated and summarized. The substitution of a carbonyl group with an alcohol radical in xylitol hinders its absorption and slowly releases sugar into the bloodstream. This quality of xylitol is beneficial for diabetic patients to maintain a constant glucose level. Although this quality of xylitol has been proven in in vitro and animal studies, it has yet to be proven in humans. Paradoxically, recent animal studies reported hyperglycemia and intestinal dysbiosis with artificial sweetener consumption. Upon careful inspection of evidence, it was revealed that these reports may be due to misinterpretation of original references or flaws in study methodology. Any systemic benefits of xylitol intake must be weighed in consideration with the well-established adverse gastrointestinal consequences. The contribution of xylitol to gut dysbiosis that may affect systemic immunity warrants further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sok-Ja Janket
- Translational Oral Medicine, Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jaspreet Benwait
- Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA,
| | - Paul Isaac
- Research Externship,Edwin O. Smith High School, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Leland K Ackerson
- Department of Public Health, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jukka H Meurman
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Effect of Xylitol on the Growth and Survival of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2018. [DOI: 10.5812/jjm.69319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Kim DH, Kim Y, Lim IG, Cho JH, Park YJ, Kim SW, Kim SW. Effect of Postoperative Xylitol Nasal Irrigation on Patients with Sinonasal Diseases. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2018; 160:550-555. [PMID: 30274540 DOI: 10.1177/0194599818802815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the effect of xylitol nasal irrigation in a large sample size of patients who had undergone nasal surgery. STUDY DESIGN Double-blinded randomized controlled crossover study. SETTING Tertiary referral center. METHODS The study included 100 patients with sinonasal disease who underwent endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS), septoplasty, or both concurrently. To identify patients with allergic sensitization, serum-specific immunoglobulin E levels were measured. Nasal symptoms were evaluated with the NOSE (Nasal Obstruction Symptoms Evaluation) and SNOT-20 (Sino-Nasal Outcome Test-20) and via visual analog scale (VAS) scores. RESULTS In the ESS group (n = 34), the general nasal symptom score evaluated by the SNOT-20 showed significantly greater improvement in the xylitol group versus the saline group ( P = .022). VAS symptom scores for sneezing ( P = .003), headache ( P = .02), and facial pain ( P = .037) were also more improved in the xylitol group. In the septoplasty group (n = 39), the VAS score for nasal stuffiness showed a significantly greater improvement in the xylitol group when compared with the saline irrigation group ( P = .001). Among the patients with allergic sensitization (n = 31), rhinorrhea symptoms improved significantly more in the xylitol group than in the saline group ( P = .024). The preference survey showed that more than half of the patients in each surgical group preferred xylitol irrigation. CONCLUSION We found that xylitol nasal irrigation was useful in postoperative ESS and septoplasty care. For patients with allergic sensitization, rhinorrhea showed greater improvement in the xylitol group than in the saline group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Hyun Kim
- 1 Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeonji Kim
- 1 Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Il Gye Lim
- 1 Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Hee Cho
- 1 Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yong Jin Park
- 1 Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Won Kim
- 1 Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo Whan Kim
- 1 Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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Fisher ML, Fowler FE, Denning SS, Watson DW. Survival of the House Fly (Diptera: Muscidae) on Truvia and Other Sweeteners. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2017; 54:999-1005. [PMID: 28399265 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjw241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The house fly, Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae), is a disease vector of mechanically transmitted pathogens including bacteria, viruses, and protozoans. Opportunities for pathogen transmission can increase as fly longevity increases. Dietary preferences play an important role in insect longevity; therefore, we investigated house fly preferences, sucrose availability, and caloric constraints on house fly longevity. Experimental goals were: 1) to test the effects of calorie restriction on survival of house flies by manipulating concentrations of erythritol (low caloric content) and sucrose (high caloric content), and comparing commercial sweeteners of differing calorie content, 2) to identify house fly preferences for either erythritol or sucrose, and 3) to evaluate the insecticidal activity or toxicity of erythritol on house flies. Our data show that house flies may prefer high calorie options when given a choice and that house fly longevity likely increases as calorie content increases. Additionally, no significant differences in longevity were observed between the water only control (zero calories) and erythritol treatments. This suggests that decreased survival rates and death could be the result of starvation rather than insecticidal activity. This research furthers our understanding of house fly survival and sugar-feeding behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Fisher
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Grinnells Laboratories, 3200 Faucette Dr., Raleigh, NC 27695
- United States Navy Medical Service Corps, Navy Operational Support Center Raleigh 2725 Western Blvd Raleigh, NC 27606
| | - Fallon E Fowler
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Grinnells Laboratories, 3200 Faucette Dr., Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - Steven S Denning
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Grinnells Laboratories, 3200 Faucette Dr., Raleigh, NC 27695
| | - David W Watson
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Grinnells Laboratories, 3200 Faucette Dr., Raleigh, NC 27695
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Lin L, Tang X, Wei J, Dai F, Sun G. Xylitol nasal irrigation in the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis. Am J Otolaryngol 2017; 38:383-389. [PMID: 28390807 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the efficacy of xylitol nasal irrigation (XNI) treatment on chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) and to investigate the effect of XNI on nasal nitric oxide (NO) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mRNA in maxillary sinus. MATERIALS AND METHODS Patients with CRS were enrolled and symptoms were assessed by Visual Analog Scale (VAS) and Sino-Nasal Outcome Test 22 (SNOT-22). Nasal NO and iNOS mRNA in the right maxillary sinus were also examined. Then, they were treated with XNI (XNI group) or saline nasal irrigation (SNI, SNI group) for 30days, after which their symptoms were reassessed using VAS and SNOT-22, and nasal NO and iNOS mRNA in the right maxillary sinus were also reexamined. RESULTS Twenty-five out of 30 patients completed this study. The scores of VAS and SNOT-22 were all reduced significantly after XNI treatment, but not after SNI. The concentrations of nasal NO and iNOS mRNA in the right maxillary sinus were increased significantly in XNI group. However, significant changes were not found after SNI treatment. Furthermore, there were statistical differences in the assessments of VAS and SNOT-22 and the contents of nasal NO and iNOS mRNA in the right maxillary sinus between two groups. CONCLUSIONS XNI results in greater improvement of symptoms of CRS and greater enhancement of nasal NO and iNOS mRNA in maxillary sinus as compared to SNI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Lin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xinyue Tang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinjin Wei
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Dai
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guangbin Sun
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Huashan Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Xu ML, Wi GR, Kim HJ, Kim HJ. Ameliorating Effect of Dietary Xylitol on Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus (hRSV) Infection. Biol Pharm Bull 2017; 39:540-6. [PMID: 27040626 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b15-00773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is the most common cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in infants. The lack of proper prophylactics and therapeutics for controlling hRSV infection has been of great concern worldwide. Xylitol is a well-known sugar substitute and its effect against bacteria in the oral cavity is well known. However, little is known of its effect on viral infections. In this study, the effect of dietary xylitol on hRSV infection was investigated in a mouse model for the first time. Mice received xylitol for 14 d prior to virus challenge and for a further 3 d post challenge. Significantly larger reductions in lung virus titers were observed in the mice receiving xylitol than in the controls receiving phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). In addition, fewer CD3(+) and CD3(+)CD8(+) lymphocytes, whose numbers reflect inflammatory status, were recruited in the mice receiving xylitol. These results indicate that dietary xylitol can ameliorate hRSV infections and reduce inflammation-associated immune responses to hRSV infection.
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Azarpazhooh A, Lawrence HP, Shah PS. Xylitol for preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016; 2016:CD007095. [PMID: 27486835 PMCID: PMC8485974 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd007095.pub3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute otitis media (AOM) is the most common bacterial infection among young children in the United States. There are limitations and concerns over its treatment with antibiotics and surgery and so effective preventative measures are attractive. A potential preventative measure is xylitol, a natural sugar substitute that reduces the risk of dental decay. Xylitol can reduce the adherence of Streptococcus pneumoniae (S pneumoniae) and Haemophilus influenzae (H influenzae) to nasopharyngeal cells in vitro. This is an update of a review first published in 2011. OBJECTIVES To assess the efficacy and safety of xylitol to prevent AOM in children aged up to 12 years. SEARCH METHODS We searched CENTRAL (to Issue 12, 2015), MEDLINE (1950 to January 2016), Embase (1974 to January 2016), CINAHL (1981 to January 2016), LILACS (1982 to January 2016), Web of Science (2011 to January 2016) and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (2000 to January 2016). SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) or quasi-RCTs of children aged 12 years or younger where xylitol supplementation was compared with placebo or no treatment to prevent AOM. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently selected trials from search results, assessed and rated study quality and extracted relevant data for inclusion in the review. We contacted trial authors to request missing data. We noted data on any adverse events of xylitol. We extracted data on relevant outcomes and estimated the effect size by calculating risk ratio (RR), risk difference (RD) and associated 95% confidence intervals (CI). MAIN RESULTS We identified five clinical trials that involved 3405 children for inclusion. For this 2016 update, we identified one new trial for inclusion. This trial was systematically reviewed but due to several sources of heterogeneity, was not included in the meta-analysis. The remaining four trials were of adequate methodological quality. In three RCTs that involved a total of 1826 healthy Finnish children attending daycare, there is moderate quality evidence that xylitol (in any form) can reduce the risk of AOM from 30% to around 22% compared with the control group (RR 0.75, 95% CI 0.65 to 0.88). Among the reasons for dropouts, there were no significant differences in abdominal discomfort and rash between the xylitol and the control groups. Xylitol was not effective in reducing AOM among healthy children during a respiratory infection (RR 1.13, 95% CI 0.83 to 1.53; moderate quality evidence) or among otitis-prone healthy children (RR 0.90, 95% CI 0.67 to 1.21; low-quality evidence). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There is moderate quality evidence showing that the prophylactic administration of xylitol among healthy children attending daycare centres can reduce the occurrence of AOM. There is inconclusive evidence with regard to the efficacy of xylitol in preventing AOM among children with respiratory infection, or among otitis-prone children. The meta-analysis was limited because data came from a small number of studies, and most were from the same research group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Azarpazhooh
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of TorontoDisciplines of Dental Public Health and Endodontics515‐C, 124 Edward StTorontoONCanadaM5G 1G6
| | - Herenia P Lawrence
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Room 515DDepartment of Biological and Diagnostic Sciences/Community Dentistry124 Edward StreetTorontoONCanadaM5G 1G6
| | - Prakeshkumar S Shah
- University of Toronto Mount Sinai HospitalDepartment of Paediatrics and Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation600 University AvenueTorontoONCanadaM5G 1XB
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DuHadway MR, Sharp CR, Meyers KE, Koenigshof AM. Retrospective evaluation of xylitol ingestion in dogs: 192 cases (2007-2012). J Vet Emerg Crit Care (San Antonio) 2015. [DOI: 10.1111/vec.12350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meghan R. DuHadway
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; Michigan State University; East Lansing MI 48824
| | - Claire R. Sharp
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine; Tufts University; North Grafton MA 01536
| | - Katherine E. Meyers
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Minnesota; MN 55455
| | - Amy M. Koenigshof
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; Michigan State University; East Lansing MI 48824
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Silveira JEPS, Pereda MCV, Nogueira C, Dieamant G, Cesar CKM, Assanome KM, Silva MS, Torello CO, Queiroz MLS, Eberlin S. Preliminary safety assessment of C-8 xylitol monoester and xylitol phosphate esters. Int J Cosmet Sci 2015; 38:41-51. [PMID: 26193758 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Most of the cosmetic compounds with preservative properties available in the market pose some risks concerning safety, such as the possibility of causing sensitization. Due to the fact that there are few options, the proper development of new molecules with this purpose is needed. Xylitol is a natural sugar, and the antimicrobial properties of xylitol-derived compounds have already been described in the literature. C-8 xylitol monoester and xylitol phosphate esters may be useful for the development of skincare products. As an initial screen for safety of chemicals, the combination of in silico methods and in vitro testing can aid in prioritizing resources in toxicological investigations while reducing the ethical and monetary costs that are related to animal and human testing. This study was designed to evaluate the safety of C-8 xylitol monoester and xylitol phosphate esters regarding carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, skin and eye irritation/corrosion and sensitization through alternative methods. METHODS For the initial safety assessment, quantitative structure-activity relationship methodology was used. The prediction of the parameters carcinogenicity/mutagenicity, skin and eye irritation/corrosion and sensitization was generated from the chemical structure. The analysis also comprised physical-chemical properties, Cramer rules, threshold of toxicological concern and Michael reaction. In silico results of candidate molecules were compared to 19 compounds with preservative properties that are available in the market. Additionally, in vitro tests (Ames test for mutagenicity, cytotoxicity and phototoxicity tests and hen's egg test--chorioallantoic membrane for irritation) were performed to complement the evaluation. RESULTS In silico evaluation of both molecules presented no structural alerts related to eye and skin irritation, corrosion and sensitization, but some alerts for micronucleus and carcinogenicity were detected. However, by comparison, C-8 xylitol monoester, xylitol phosphate esters showed similar or better results than the compounds available in the market. Concerning experimental data, phototoxicity and mutagenicity results were negative. As expected for compounds with preservative activity, xylitol-derived substances presented positive result in cytotoxicity test. In hen's egg test, both molecules were irritants. CONCLUSION Our results suggested that xylitol-derived compounds appear to be suitable candidates for preservative systems in cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E P S Silveira
- Department of Pharmacology/Hemocenter, Faculty of Medical Science, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - M C V Pereda
- Research and Development Department, Chemyunion Química Ltda, Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
| | - C Nogueira
- Research and Development Department, Chemyunion Química Ltda, Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
| | - G Dieamant
- Department of Pharmacology/Hemocenter, Faculty of Medical Science, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - C K M Cesar
- Research and Development Department, Chemyunion Química Ltda, Sorocaba, SP, Brazil
| | | | - M S Silva
- Department of Pharmacology/Hemocenter, Faculty of Medical Science, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - C O Torello
- Department of Pharmacology/Hemocenter, Faculty of Medical Science, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - M L S Queiroz
- Department of Pharmacology/Hemocenter, Faculty of Medical Science, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - S Eberlin
- Department of Pharmacology/Hemocenter, Faculty of Medical Science, State University of Campinas (Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Nayak PA, Nayak UA, Khandelwal V. The effect of xylitol on dental caries and oral flora. Clin Cosmet Investig Dent 2014; 6:89-94. [PMID: 25422590 PMCID: PMC4232036 DOI: 10.2147/ccide.s55761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental caries, the most chronic disease affecting mankind, has been in the limelight with regard to its prevention and treatment. Professional clinical management of caries has been very successful in cases of different severities of disease manifestations. However, tertiary management of this disease has been gaining attention, with numerous methods and agents emerging on a daily basis. Higher intake of nutritive sweeteners can result in higher energy intake and lower diet quality and thereby predispose an individual to conditions like obesity, cardiovascular disorders, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Non-nutritive sweeteners have gained popularity as they are sweeter and are required in substantially lesser quantities. Xylitol, a five-carbon sugar polyol, has been found to be promising in reducing dental caries disease and also reversing the process of early caries. This paper throws light on the role and effects of various forms of xylitol on dental caries and oral hygiene status of an individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prathibha Anand Nayak
- Department of Periodontics, NIMS Dental College and Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ullal Anand Nayak
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, NIMS Dental College and Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Vishal Khandelwal
- Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Index Dental College and Hospital, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India
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Abstract
AbstractBackground:Xylitol is a five-carbon sugar alcohol. Natural sources of xylitol include plums, strawberries and raspberries. Xylitol is commercially available in chewing gums, lozenges, syrups, nasal sprays, toothpastes, mouthwashes and other products in some countries. It has gained relative prominence in the past decade as a naturally occurring antibacterial agent.Objective:A review of contemporary literature was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of xylitol usage in ENT practice.Method:The English-language literature was searched using the following terms: xylitol, otitis media, nasal, sinusitis, dental caries and preventive therapy. The articles identified were included in this review.Results:Xylitol has no antibacterial properties of its own; rather, it appears to enhance the body's own innate immunity. Xylitol has anti-adhesive effects on micro-organisms like Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus mutans, inhibiting their growth. Xylitol has already been used for preventing otitis media, rhinosinusitis and dental caries. The worldwide spread of drug-resistant strains of pneumococci substantiates the need for new approaches to prevent ENT-related infectious diseases.Conclusion:Xylitol may be a promising agent for this purpose in ENT practice, but further experimental and clinical studies are required.
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Marchisio P, Nazzari E, Torretta S, Esposito S, Principi N. Medical prevention of recurrent acute otitis media: an updated overview. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 12:611-20. [PMID: 24678887 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2014.899902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Acute otitis media (AOM) is one of the most common pediatric diseases; almost all children experience at least one episode, and a third have two or more episodes in the first three years of life. The disease burden of AOM has important medical, social and economic effects. AOM requires considerable financial assistance due to needing at least one doctor visit and a prescription for antipyretics and/or antibiotics. AOM is also associated with high indirect costs, which are mostly related to lost days of work for one parent. Moreover, due to its acute symptoms and frequent recurrences, AOM considerably impacts both the child and family's quality of life. AOM prevention, particularly recurrent AOM (rAOM), is a primary goal of pediatric practice. In this paper, we review current evidence regarding the efficacy of medical treatments and vaccines for preventing rAOM and suggest the best approaches for AOM-prone children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Marchisio
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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Vernacchio L, Corwin MJ, Vezina RM, Pelton SI, Feldman HA, Coyne-Beasley T, Mitchell AA. Xylitol syrup for the prevention of acute otitis media. Pediatrics 2014; 133:289-95. [PMID: 24394686 PMCID: PMC3904279 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2013-2373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute otitis media (AOM) is a common childhood illness and the leading indication for antibiotic prescriptions for US children. Xylitol, a naturally occurring sugar alcohol, can reduce AOM when given 5 times per day as a gum or syrup, but a more convenient dosing regimen is needed for widespread adoption. METHODS We designed a pragmatic practice-based randomized controlled trial to determine if viscous xylitol solution at a dose of 5 g 3 times per day could reduce the occurrence of clinically diagnosed AOM among otitis-prone children 6 months through 5 years of age. RESULTS A total of 326 subjects were enrolled, with 160 allocated to xylitol and 166 to placebo. In the primary analysis of time to first clinically diagnosed AOM episode, the hazard ratio for xylitol versus placebo recipients was 0.88 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.61 to 1.3). In secondary analyses, the incidence of AOM was 0.53 episodes per 90 days in the xylitol group versus 0.59 in the placebo group (difference 0.06; 95% CI -0.25 to 0.13); total antibiotic use was 6.8 days per 90 days in the xylitol group versus 6.4 in the placebo group (difference 0.4; 95% CI -1.8 to 2.7). The lack of effectiveness was not explained by nonadherence to treatment, as the hazard ratio for those taking nearly all assigned xylitol compared with those taking none was 0.93 (95% CI 0.56 to 1.57). CONCLUSIONS Viscous xylitol solution in a dose of 5 g 3 times per day was ineffective in reducing clinically diagnosed AOM among otitis-prone children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Vernacchio
- Pediatric Physician’s Organization at Children’s, Brookline, Massachusetts;,Division of General Pediatrics, and,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | | | - Steven I. Pelton
- Schools of Medicine and Public Health, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Henry A. Feldman
- Clinical Research Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tamera Coyne-Beasley
- Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Transition-Metal-Catalyzed Transformation of Monosaccharides and Polysaccharides. POLYSACCHARIDES 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-03751-6_76-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Pal S, Choudhary V, Kumar A, Biswas D, Mondal AK, Sahoo DK. Studies on xylitol production by metabolic pathway engineered Debaryomyces hansenii. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 147:449-455. [PMID: 24012734 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.08.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Debaryomyces hansenii is one of the most promising natural xylitol producers. As the conversion of xylitol to xylulose mediated by NAD(+) cofactor dependent xylitol dehydrogenase (XDH) reduces its xylitol yield, xylitol dehydrogenase gene (DhXDH)-disrupted mutant of D. hansenii having potential for xylose assimilating pathway stopping at xylitol, was used to study the effects of co-substrates, xylose and oxygen availability on xylitol production. Compared to low cell growth and xylitol production in cultivation medium containing xylose as the only substrate, XDH disrupted mutants grown on glycerol as co-substrate accumulated 2.5-fold increased xylitol concentration over those cells grown on glucose as co-substrate. The oxygen availability, in terms of volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient, kLa (23.86-87.96 h(-1)), affected both xylitol productivity and yield, though the effect is more pronounced on the former. The addition of extra xylose at different phases of xylitol fermentation did not enhance xylitol productivity under experimental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suksham Pal
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector-39A, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Vikas Choudhary
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector-39A, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Anil Kumar
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector-39A, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Dipanwita Biswas
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector-39A, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Alok K Mondal
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector-39A, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Debendra K Sahoo
- CSIR-Institute of Microbial Technology, Sector-39A, Chandigarh 160036, India.
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Esra E, Banu OI, Erdinc A. Poor oral hygiene and middle ear infections: any relationship? Indian J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2013; 65:173-6. [PMID: 24427560 DOI: 10.1007/s12070-012-0616-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to evaluate the relationship between poor oral hygiene and middle ear infections. 59 children between 3-12 age intervals were included in this study. The ears were examined by microscope. The findings were marked according to Kempthorne clinical scale and tympanograms were performed. For data analysis of dental caries, dft and DMFT indexes were used in accordance with WHO (World Health Organization) criteria for oral health surveys. The oral hygiene status was determined by using Simplified Oral Hygiene Index of Greene and Vermillion. The scores of 0-1 were classified as low, and of 2-3 as high oral hygiene index (OHI-S). The low OHI-S was taken as the control group (30 patients). The high OHI-S was taken as the study group (29 patients). The effusion scores, the compliance values and the middle ear pressure values in the two groups were compared. The difference between the effusion score values of the control and study groups was found to be statistically meaningful (p = 0.338, and the χ(2) = 2.167). The compliance values of the control and study groups did not differ meaningfully statistically (p = 0.671). However, there was a statistically meaningful low middle ear pressure (p = 0.044, χ(2) = 4.069) in the control group. Since this finding is expected in the study group, instead of the control group, we did not make an issue of this result. We conclude from these clinical results that there is no statistically meaningful relation between the oral hygiene index and the middle ear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eryaman Esra
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Baskent Universitesi Istanbul Saglik Uygulama ve, Arastirrma Merkezi Hastanesi KBB Hastaliklari A.D., Mahir Iz Cad., No 43 Altunizade, 34662 Istanbul, Turkey ; Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Baskent University School of Medicine, Bahcelievler, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Oter Ilhan Banu
- Department of Pedodontics, Baskent University School of Medicine, Bahcelievler, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aydin Erdinc
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Baskent University School of Medicine, Bahcelievler, Ankara, Turkey
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Grabek-Lejko D, Tomczyk-Ulanowska K. Phenolic content, antioxidant and antibacterial activity of selected natural sweeteners available on the Polish market. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART. B, PESTICIDES, FOOD CONTAMINANTS, AND AGRICULTURAL WASTES 2013; 48:1089-1096. [PMID: 24007486 DOI: 10.1080/03601234.2013.824236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Seventeen natural sweeteners available on the Polish market were screened for total phenolic content, by the Folin-Ciocalteu method, and for antioxidant activity, using the ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay and the 2,2'-Azinobis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) radical cation decolorization assay (ABTS(·+)). In addition, we analyzed antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus strains: both those susceptible and those resistant to methicillin (MRSA). The results of the study showed that total phenolic content, antioxidant activity and antibacterial activity differ widely among different samples of sweeteners. Phenolic content, expressed as a gallic acid equivalent, ranged from 0 mg kg(-1) in white, refined sugar, xylitol and wheat malt syrup to 11.4 g kg(-1) in sugarcane molasses. Antioxidant activity was lowest in refined white sugar, xylitol, brown beet sugar, liquid fructose, and rape honey; it was average in spelt syrup and corn syrup, and highest in sugar cane, beet molasses, date and barley syrups. Despite the great variety of sweeteners, a strong correlation was noted between the concentration of phenolics and antioxidant properties, as determined by the ABTS(·+) method (r = 0.97) and the FRAP assay (r = 0.77). The strongest antibacterial activity was observed in sugarcane molasses, which was lethal to S. aureus strains at 2 and 4% concentrations in medium for susceptible and MRSA strains respectively. Other sweeteners kill bacteria in 6-15% solutions, whereas some did not show any antibacterial activities against S. aureus strains, even at 20% concentrations. Due to their high antioxidant and antibacterial activities, some of the tested sweeteners have potential therapeutic value as supporting agents in antibiotic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Grabek-Lejko
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biology and Agriculture, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland.
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Taipale T, Pienihakkinen K, Alanen P, Jokela J, Söderling E. Dissolution of xylitol from a food supplement administered with a novel slow-release pacifier: preliminary results. Eur Arch Paediatr Dent 2012; 8:123-5. [PMID: 17555696 DOI: 10.1007/bf03262581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of the study was to monitor the pattern of release and salivary xylitol concentrations during sucking of a slow-release pacifier used to deliver a novel food supplement. METHODS The food supplement tablet contained 300 mg xylitol and 0.5 x 10(10) colony-forming units of Bifidobacterium lactis Bb-12 (Bb-12). The reference tablet contained 300 mg xylitol and was used by 10 adults (mean age 32 years) in the study. Whole saliva samples were collected with 2.5 min intervals during pacifier sucking. The salivary xylitol concentrations were determined using an enzyme assay kit. RESULTS All subjects showed salivary xylitol concentrations exceeding 1% at least at one collection point. The xylitol and xylitol-Bb-12 tablets showed similar dissolving with no clear concentration peaks (comparison of saliva collection times; p = 0.139). CONCLUSION Xylitol released from the food supplement, delivered with the novel pacifier, may result in salivary xylitol concentrations high enough to inhibit mutans streptococci in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Taipale
- Korpilahti-Muurame Health Care Center; University of Turku, Finland.
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Payne AN, Chassard C, Lacroix C. Gut microbial adaptation to dietary consumption of fructose, artificial sweeteners and sugar alcohols: implications for host-microbe interactions contributing to obesity. Obes Rev 2012; 13:799-809. [PMID: 22686435 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-789x.2012.01009.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The Western diet, comprised of highly refined carbohydrates and fat but reduced complex plant polysaccharides, has been attributed to the prevalence of obesity. A concomitant rise in the consumption of fructose and sugar substitutes such as sugar alcohols, artificial sweeteners, even rare sugars, has mirrored this trend, as both probable contributor and solution to the epidemic. Acknowledgement of the gut microbiota as a factor involved in obesity has sparked much controversy as to the cause and consequence of this relationship. Dietary intakes are a known modulator of gut microbial phylogeny and metabolic activity, frequently exploited to stimulate beneficial bacteria, promoting health benefits. Comparably little research exists on the impact of 'unconscious' dietary modulation on the resident commensal community mediated by increased fructose and sugar substitute consumption. This review highlights mechanisms of potential host and gut microbial fructose and sugar substitute metabolism. Evidence is presented suggesting these sugar compounds, particularly fructose, condition the microbiota, resulting in acquisition of a westernized microbiome with altered metabolic capacity. Disturbances in host-microbe interactions resulting from fructose consumption are also explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- A N Payne
- Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Schmelzbergstrasse 7, Zurich, Switzerland
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Bahador A, Lesan S, Kashi N. Effect of xylitol on cariogenic and beneficial oral streptococci: a randomized, double-blind crossover trial. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY 2012; 4:75-81. [PMID: 22973473 PMCID: PMC3434645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Although habitual consumption of xylitol reduces cariogenic streptococci levels, its effect on beneficial oral streptococci is less clear. The main aim of the study is to investigate the effect of short-term xylitol consumption on the oral beneficial streptococci level of saliva, Streptococcus sanguinis and S. mitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Twenty four volunteers with a median age of 23.7 years (range: 20-28) harboring Streptococcus mutans, S. sobrinus, S. sanguinis and S. mitis participated in the randomized, double-blind, cross-over study. The experimental chewing gum (1.5 g/pellet) contained 70% xylitol w/w while the control gum contained 63% sorbitol w/w. Saliva samples were collected before and after two three-week test periods with a four-week washout interval. Colony-forming units (CFU)/ml were enumerated for the estimation of S. mutans levels on Mitis Salivarius-Mutans valinomycin (MS-MUTV), S. sobrinus on Mitis Salivarius-Sobrinus (MS-SOB), S. sanguinis on Modified Medium 10-Sucrose (MM10-S) and S. mitis on Mitis Salivarius Agar with Tellurite (MSAT) media. RESULTS The S. mutans and S. sobrinus counts of the saliva samples decreased significantly (p = 0.01 and p = 0.011, respectively) in the xylitol gum group but not in the sorbitol gum group. The salivary S. sanguinis and S. mitis counts did not decrease in both xylitol and sorbitol gum groups. CONCLUSIONS Based on the findings of this study, xylitol consumption reduced S. mutans and S. sobrinus counts in saliva but appeared not to effect numbers of S. sanguinis and S. mitis in saliva. So, habitual consumption of xylitol reduces cariogenic streptococci levels without any effect on beneficial sterptococci for the oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bahador
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Corresponding author: Dr. Abbas Bahador, Address: Address: Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Tel: +98-21-77326397. Fax: +98-288955810. E-mail:
| | - S Lesan
- Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnosis, Dental Branch, Islamic Azad University,
Tehran, Iran
| | - N Kashi
- Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnosis, Dental Branch, Islamic Azad University,
Tehran, Iran
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Misra S, Raghuwanshi S, Gupta P, Saxena R. Examine growth inhibition pattern and lactic acid production in Streptococcus mutans using different concentrations of xylitol produced from Candida tropicalis by fermentation. Anaerobe 2012; 18:273-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2012.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Revised: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Azarpazhooh A, Limeback H, Lawrence HP, Shah PS. Xylitol for preventing acute otitis media in children up to 12 years of age. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011:CD007095. [PMID: 22071833 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd007095.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute otitis media (AOM) is the most common bacterial infection among young children in the United States with limitations and concerns over its treatment with antibiotics and surgery. Therefore, effective preventative measures are attractive. A potential preventative measure is xylitol, a natural sugar substitute that reduces the risk for dental decay. Xylitol can reduce the adherence of Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) and Haemophilus influenzae (H. influenzae) to nasopharyngeal cells in vitro. OBJECTIVES To assess the efficacy and safety of xylitol to prevent AOM in children up to 12 years old. SEARCH METHODS We searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library 2011, Issue 3) which contains the Cochrane Acute Respiratory Infections Group's Specialised Register, MEDLINE (1950 to August Week 1, 2011), EMBASE (1974 to August 2011), CINAHL (1982 to August 2011), Health and Psychosocial Instruments (1985 to August 2011), Healthstar (OVID) (1966 to August 2011) and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (2000 to August 2011). SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) or quasi-RCTs of children aged 12 years or younger where xylitol supplementation was compared to placebo or no treatment to prevent AOM. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently selected trials from search results, assessed and rated study quality and extracted relevant data for inclusion in the review. We contacted trial authors to request missing data. We noted data on any adverse events of xylitol. We extracted data on relevant outcomes and estimated the effect size by calculating risk ratio (RR), risk difference (RD) and associated 95% confidence intervals (CI). MAIN RESULTS We identified four studies of adequate methodological quality that met our eligibility criteria. In three RCTs with a total of 1826 healthy Finnish children attending day care, there was a reduced risk of occurrence of AOM in the xylitol group (in any form) compared to the control group (RR 0.75; 95% CI 0.65 to 0.88). The fourth RCT included 1277 Finnish day care children with a respiratory infection and found no effect of xylitol on reducing the occurrence of AOM (RR 1.13; 95% CI 0.83 to 1.53). Xylitol chewing gum was superior to xylitol syrup in preventing AOM among healthy children (RR 0.59; 95% CI 0.39 to 0.89) but not during respiratory infection (RR 0.68; 95% CI 0.43 to 1.07). There was no difference between xylitol lozenges and xylitol syrups in preventing AOM among healthy children (RR 0.77; 95% CI 0.53 to 1.11) or among children during respiratory infection (RR 0.74; 95% CI 0.47 to 1.14). Similarly, no difference was noted between xylitol chewing gum and xylitol lozenges in preventing AOM among healthy children (RR 0.73; 95% CI 0.47 to 1.13) or among children during respiratory infection (RR 0.92; 95% CI 0.59 to 1.46). Among the reasons for drop-outs, there were no significant differences in abdominal discomfort and rash between the xylitol and the control groups. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There is fair evidence that the prophylactic administration of xylitol among healthy children attending day care centres reduces the occurrence of AOM by 25%. This meta-analysis is limited since the data arise from a small number of studies, mainly from the same research group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Azarpazhooh
- Discipline ofDental PublicHealth,Discipline of Endodontics,CommunityDentalHealth ServicesResearchUnit, Faculty ofDentistry,University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
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Amaral LFB, Camilo NS, Pereda MDCV, Levy CE, Moriel P, Mazzola PG. Evaluation of antimicrobial effectiveness of C-8 xylitol monoester as an alternative preservative for cosmetic products. Int J Cosmet Sci 2011; 33:391-7. [PMID: 21338375 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2494.2010.00633.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Xylitol is a natural sugar derived from plants, fruits and vegetables, whose antimicrobial properties are described in the literature. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial effectiveness of C-8 xylitol monoester, for its use as a preservative in cosmetic formulations. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by the broth macrodilution method, and the antimicrobial effectiveness of C-8 xylitol monoester was determined by using challenge test method. The results obtained in the determination of minimum inhibitory concentration are between 1.0% and 1.25% for Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans and between 1.0% and 1.5% for Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Aspergillus niger. The amount of 1% of C-8 xylitol monoester was added to the lotion used in the challenge test, observing a rapid decline in the number of CFU g(-1) in stages of evaluation after contamination of the product by all bacteria. The same occurs in relation to C. albicans, which shows a 90% reduction in the number of CFU g(-1). Regarding A. niger, similar reduction is observed when pH value of the lotion is adjusted from 5.5 to 7.0. The results indicate that under the tests conditions, C-8 xylitol monoester has antimicrobial activity and could be considered as an alternative preservative for cosmetic formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F B Amaral
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medical Sciences - University of Campinas, Rua Tessália Vieira de Camargo, 126 - Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Ruiz V, Rodríguez-Cerrato V, Huelves L, Del Prado G, Naves P, Ponte C, Soriano F. Adherence of Streptococcus pneumoniae to polystyrene plates and epithelial cells and the antiadhesive potential of albumin and xylitol. Pediatr Res 2011; 69:23-7. [PMID: 20885335 DOI: 10.1203/pdr.0b013e3181fed2b0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Aimed to prevent Streptococcus pneumoniae biofilm infections, we studied the adherence of nine pneumococcal strains to polystyrene plates and on epithelial cells and the antiadhesive effect of albumin and xylitol. The adherence was variable among strains, but there was a good correlation between their adherent ability and binding to abiotic material and cells. Strains of serotypes 6B and 23F were the most adherent organisms, whereas serotype 3 strains were the least adherent. Human serum albumin (HSA) enhanced bacterial growth at low concentrations (0.5-2.5%) but inhibited it at 10%. Xylitol inhibited bacterial growth of all strains at concentrations ranging from 5 to 15%. Exposure to 0.5-5% HSA in solubilized form and to 5% HSA precoating of plates diminished adherence to polystyrene >80% for all strains, except for serotype 3 strains. Contrarily, 0.5 and 5% xylitol did not diminish significantly pneumococcal adherence to polystyrene plates or on epithelial cells. Our results suggest that 1) the potential application of HSA coatings on medical devices to inhibit pneumococcal adherence and 2) the possible beneficial effect of xylitol in preventing some pneumococcal infections could be because of its antimicrobial activity rather than to an antiadhesive effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Ruiz
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, Fundación Jiménez Díaz-Capio, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Söderling E, Hirvonen A, Karjalainen S, Fontana M, Catt D, Seppä L. The effect of xylitol on the composition of the oral flora: a pilot study. Eur J Dent 2011; 5:24-31. [PMID: 21311610 PMCID: PMC3037192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Our aim was to investigate the effect of short-term xylitol consumption on the microbial composition of plaque and saliva. METHODS Twelve volunteers (22-38 yrs) harboring mutans streptococci (MS) participated in the randomized, double-blind, cross-over study. The experimental chewing gum contained 65% xylitol while the control gum contained 63% sorbitol and 2% maltitol w/w. The polyol dose was approximately 6 g/day. Stimulated saliva and plaque samples were collected before and after the two four-week test periods. The samples were cultured for MS, total streptococci, lactobacilli, and total facultatives. A part of the samples were subjected to DNA-DNA hybridizations of 14 microbial plaque species: Actinomyces naeslundii, A. viscosus, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. fermentum, L. paracasei, L. rhamnose, L. plantarum, Streptococcus gordonii, S. oralis, S. parasanguis, S. salivarius, S. sanguinis, Veillonella parvula. RESULTS The MS counts of the plaque samples collected from "caries-prone" tooth sites decreased significantly (P<.01) in the xylitol gum group but not in the sorbitol gum group. Also the plaque MS percentage decreased significantly in the xylitol gum group (P<.01). The salivary MS counts did not decrease either in the xylitol or in the sorbitol gum groups. Nor were changes detected in the salivary levels of total streptococci or lactobacilli. The DNA-DNA hybridization assay revealed no study-induced changes in the microbial composition of the dental plaque. CONCLUSIONS Within the limitations of this pilot study, xylitol consumption reduced MS counts in plaque but appeared not to affect the microbial composition of plaque or saliva in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Söderling
- Adjunct Professor, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Finland,Corresponding author: Adjunct Professor Eva Söderling, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenk. 2, FI-20520 Turku, Finland., Phone: +358 2 333 8351, Fax: +358 2 333 8356, E-mail:
| | - Aino Hirvonen
- DDS, Institute of Dentistry, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Sara Karjalainen
- Adjunct Professor, Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Finland
| | | | - Diana Catt
- Postdoctoral Research Fellow, School of Dentistry, Indiana University, USA
| | - Liisa Seppä
- Adjunct Professor, Institute of Dentistry, University of Oulu, Finland
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Raman spectroscopy of xylitol uptake and metabolism in Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 77:131-7. [PMID: 21037297 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01458-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Visible-wavelength Raman spectroscopy was used to investigate the uptake and metabolism of the five-carbon sugar alcohol xylitol by Gram-positive viridans group streptococcus and the two extensively used strains of Gram-negative Escherichia coli, E. coli C and E. coli K-12. E. coli C, but not E. coli K-12, contains a complete xylitol operon, and the viridans group streptococcus contains an incomplete xylitol operon used to metabolize the xylitol. Raman spectra from xylitol-exposed viridans group streptococcus exhibited significant changes that persisted even in progeny grown from the xylitol-exposed mother cells in a xylitol-free medium for 24 h. This behavior was not observed in the E. coli K-12. In both viridans group streptococcus and the E. coli C derivative HF4714, the metabolic intermediates are stably formed to create an anomaly in bacterial normal survival. The uptake of xylitol by Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens occurs even in the presence of other high-calorie sugars, and its stable integration within the bacterial cell wall may discontinue bacterial multiplication. This could be a contributing factor for the known efficacy of xylitol when taken as a prophylactic measure to prevent or reduce occurrences of persistent infection. Specifically, these bacteria are causative agents for several important diseases of children such as pneumonia, otitis media, meningitis, and dental caries. If properly explored, such an inexpensive and harmless sugar-alcohol, alone or used in conjunction with fluoride, would pave the way to an alternative preventive therapy for these childhood diseases when the causative pathogens have become resistant to modern medicines such as antibiotics and vaccine immunotherapy.
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Kurola P, Tapiainen T, Kaijalainen T, Uhari M, Saukkoriipi A. Xylitol and capsular gene expression in Streptococcus pneumoniae. J Med Microbiol 2009; 58:1470-1473. [DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.011700-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Xylitol is a sugar alcohol that inhibits the growth and adherence of Streptococcus pneumoniae. In clinical trials, xylitol has been shown to decrease the occurrence of acute otitis media in day-care children but did not decrease nasopharyngeal carriage of the pneumococci. It has also been shown that xylitol affects the ultrastructure of the pneumococcal capsule. Here, it was hypothesized that xylitol might affect the expression of pneumococcal capsular genes. Capsule gene expression levels were studied in 24 clinical pneumococcal isolates and one ATCC strain (49619) by using a real-time RT-PCR method targeting the mRNA of the second gene of the pneumococcal capsular locus, the cpsB gene. The isolates were exposed to 5 % glucose, 5 % xylitol and control medium (brain heart infusion medium containing 10 % fetal bovine serum) for 2 h. cpsB gene expression levels were measured by using a relative quantification method with calibrator normalization where the 16S rRNA gene of pneumococcus was used as a reference. Exposure to xylitol lowered cpsB gene expression levels significantly compared with those in the control (P=0.035) and glucose (P=0.011) media. This finding supports previous results where exposure to xylitol changed the ultrastructure of the pneumococcal capsule and could explain further the high clinical efficacy of xylitol in preventing otitis media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Kurola
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland
| | | | | | - Matti Uhari
- University of Oulu Department of Pediatrics, Oulu, Finland
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Söderling EM, Hietala-Lenkkeri AM. Xylitol and erythritol decrease adherence of polysaccharide-producing oral streptococci. Curr Microbiol 2009; 60:25-9. [PMID: 19777305 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-009-9496-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2009] [Accepted: 08/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Xylitol consumption decreases counts of mutans streptococci. However, the mechanism behind this decrease is not well understood. We studied not only type strains and clinical isolates of mutans streptococci, but also other polysaccharide-forming oral streptococci. Growth inhibition and adherence of cells to a smooth glass surface-reflecting synthesis of water-insoluble polysaccharides were studied in the presence of 2% (0.13 mol/l) and 4% (0.26 mol/l) xylitol. The effect of xylitol was compared to a novel polyol sweetener, erythritol. Except for Streptococcus mutans 10449 and S. sobrinus OMZ 176, the glass surface adhesion of most polysaccharide-forming streptococci was reduced by the presence of both 4% xylitol and erythritol. For the S. mutans and S. sobrinus type strains, the growth inhibition with 4% xylitol and erythritol was 36-77% and for the clinical S. mutans isolates 13-73%. Of the other oral streptococci, only S. sanguinis was inhibited with 4% xylitol (45-55%). For both polyols, the magnitude of the growth inhibition observed was not associated with the magnitude of the decrease in adherence (xylitol: r = -0.18; erythritol: r = 0.49). In conclusion, both xylitol and erythritol can decrease polysaccharide-mediated cell adherence contributing to plaque accumulation through a mechanism not dependent on growth inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Söderling
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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Renko M, Valkonen P, Tapiainen T, Kontiokari T, Mattila P, Knuuttila M, Svanberg M, Leinonen M, Karttunen R, Uhari M. Xylitol-supplemented nutrition enhances bacterial killing and prolongs survival of rats in experimental pneumococcal sepsis. BMC Microbiol 2008; 8:45. [PMID: 18334022 PMCID: PMC2294124 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-8-45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2007] [Accepted: 03/11/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xylitol has antiadhesive effects on Streptococcus pneumoniae and inhibits its growth, and has also been found to be effective in preventing acute otitis media and has been used in intensive care as a valuable source of energy. RESULTS We evaluated the oxidative burst of neutrophils in rats fed with and without xylitol. The mean increase in the percentage of activated neutrophils from the baseline was higher in the xylitol-exposed group than in the control group (58.1% vs 51.4%, P = 0.03 for the difference) and the mean induced increase in the median strength of the burst per neutrophil was similarly higher in the xylitol group (159.6 vs 140.3, P = 0.04). In two pneumococcal sepsis experiments rats were fed either a basal powder diet (control group) or the same diet supplemented with 10% or 20% xylitol and infected with an intraperitoneal inoculation of S. pneumoniae after two weeks. The mean survival time was 48 hours in the xylitol groups and 34 hours in the control groups (P < 0.001 in log rank test). CONCLUSION Xylitol has beneficial effects on both the oxidative killing of bacteria in neutrophilic leucocytes and on the survival of rats with experimental pneumococcal sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjo Renko
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
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Growth inhibition of Streptococcus mutans with low xylitol concentrations. Curr Microbiol 2008; 56:382-5. [PMID: 18176823 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-007-9076-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 08/28/2007] [Accepted: 10/17/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
No studies on the concentration dependency of the inhibition of Streptococcus mutans with xylitol are available. We studied xylitol-induced growth inhibition of two type strains, S. mutans NCTC 10449 and Ingbritt, and three clinical isolates of S. mutans. The strains were grown in Brain Hearth Infusion Medium in the presence of 0.001% (0.066 mM), 0.005% (0.33 mM), 0.01% (0.66 mM), 0.1% (6.6 mM), and 1% (66 mM) xylitol. Growth was followed by measuring the absorbance at a wavelength of 660 nm. The highest xylitol concentration tested in this study, 1%, showed mean inhibition percentages ranging from 61% to 76% when the growth inhibition of the five strains was compared to the control without xylitol at log-phase. For 0.1% xylitol, the inhibition percentages ranged from 22% to 59%. A concentration dependency was seen in the growth inhibition, with 0.01% xylitol being the lowest xylitol concentration inhibiting all five strains significantly (p < 0.001). The growth inhibition percentages determined for 0.01% xylitol, however, were low, and the inhibition was significantly weaker as compared to 0.1% and 1% xylitol. Our results suggest that low xylitol concentrations of 0.1% (6.6 mM) could inhibit mutans streptococci in vivo but even lower xylitol concentrations may be inhibitory.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study investigates a possible relationship between use of chewing gum and otitis media with effusion (OME) in children. Chewing obviously activates jaw movements, increases salivary flow, and, by the way, the rate of swallowing and the rate of activations of peritubal muscles and tubal openings. Chewing also requires nasal respiration, thus preventing mouth breathing. DESIGN Cross-sectional study: 1756 children (2 to 6 yr of age), apparently in good health and visiting different Dutch child health centers in the region of Utrecht were examined between September 1999 and April 2002. OME was diagnosed by combined tympanometry and otoscopy. The criterion for OME was unilateral or bilateral type B tympanogram, according to Jerger. The parents had to fill out a questionnaire with a question pertaining to the chewing habits of their child. RESULTS Logistic regression points out that age and season as well as chewing gum-consuming habits significantly influence the prevalence of OME. The strongest effects are age (OME becomes less frequent with age) and season (OME occurs less when climate is more favorable), but -- ceteris paribus -- a child consuming daily or at least weekly chewing gum shows significantly less chance for OME than a child who seldom consumes or consumes no chewing gum (p = 0.023). CONCLUSIONS In the case of regular use of chewing gum, the probability of having OME in children is reduced by 40%. It seems plausible that children with immature oral motorics do not like chewing gum.
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Affiliation(s)
- H B Kouwen
- The Institute of Phoniatrics, ENT Department, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Hautalahti O, Renko M, Tapiainen T, Kontiokari T, Pokka T, Uhari M. Failure of xylitol given three times a day for preventing acute otitis media. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2007; 26:423-7. [PMID: 17468653 DOI: 10.1097/01.inf.0000259956.21859.dd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xylitol administered regularly 5 times a day after each meal is successful in preventing acute otitis media (AOM) in children, but if given only during respiratory infections it is ineffective against AOM. To find a more convenient dosing regimen, we tested whether xylitol administered 3 times a day reduces the occurrence of AOM. METHODS In this 3-month randomized, double-blind trial, 663 healthy day care children were randomized to receive either a control product (n = 331) or xylitol (n = 332). Xylitol was given in chewing gum or in a mixture 3 times a day, the daily dose being 0.5 g in the control group and 9.6 g in the xylitol group. The occurrence of the first AOM diagnosed during any period of respiratory symptoms during the follow-up was the main outcome measure. RESULTS At least one AOM episode was diagnosed in 98 of the 331 children who received control products (30%) and in 94 of the 332 who received xylitol products (28%). A total of 142 episodes of AOM were diagnosed in the control group compared with 156 in the xylitol group. The differences were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS Xylitol given regularly 3 times a day for 3 months during the respiratory infection season failed to prevent AOM.
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Vernacchio L, Vezina RM, Mitchell AA. Tolerability of oral xylitol solution in young children: implications for otitis media prophylaxis. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2007; 71:89-94. [PMID: 17097152 PMCID: PMC1780176 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2006.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2006] [Revised: 09/21/2006] [Accepted: 09/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Xylitol, given as 2g orally five times-a-day, significantly reduces the incidence of acute otitis media (AOM) in children. A less frequent dosing schedule, if tolerable and efficacious, would promote the more widespread use of this treatment. We sought to determine the tolerability and acceptability in young children of oral xylitol solution at doses of 5g three times-a-day (TID) and 7.5g once daily (QD). METHODS The study was a 3-month randomized placebo-controlled trial of the tolerability and acceptability of oral xylitol solution in 120 children 6-36 months of age performed in the SCOR Network. RESULTS Study withdrawals and unscheduled medical visits for gastrointestinal complaints did not differ significantly among the study groups. The proportions of subjects in the xylitol TID group who experienced excessive gas or diarrhea at months 1, 2, and 3 were 22.7%, 10.0%, and 14.3%, respectively, and in the xylitol QD group were 27.3%, 17.4%, and 14.3%, respectively, and these did not differ from the placebo groups. The proportions who accepted the study solution easily or with only minor difficulty at 1, 2, and 3 months in the xylitol TID group were 77.3%, 90.0%, and 90.5% and in the xylitol QD group, 77.3%, 82.6%, and 90.5%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Oral xylitol solution at dosages of 5g TID and 7.5g QD is well-tolerated by young children. Given the potential for xylitol as a safe, inexpensive option for AOM prophylaxis, clinical trials using these dosages of xylitol can be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Vernacchio
- Slone Epidemiology Center at Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Lif Holgerson P, Stecksén-Blicks C, Sjöström I, Oberg M, Twetman S. Xylitol concentration in saliva and dental plaque after use of various xylitol-containing products. Caries Res 2006; 40:393-7. [PMID: 16946607 DOI: 10.1159/000094284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2005] [Accepted: 09/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The study consisted of two sets of experiments, one in saliva and one in dental plaque. The xylitol concentration in saliva was determined enzymatically in 12 children (mean age 11.5 years) after a standardised use of various xylitol products: (A) chewing gums (1.3 g xylitol), (B) sucking tablets (0.8 g xylitol), (C) candy tablets (1.1 g xylitol), (D) toothpaste (0.1 g xylitol), (E) rinse (1.0 g xylitol), and (F) a non-xylitol paraffin. Unstimulated saliva was sampled 1, 3, 8, 16 and 30 min after use. The concentration in dental plaque was determined after mouthrinses with contrasting amounts of xylitol (LX = 2.0 g, HX = 6.0 g, and control) and supragingival plaque was collected and pooled after 5, 15 and 30 min. The mean xylitol concentration in saliva at baseline was approximately 0.1 mg/ml. All xylitol-containing products resulted in significantly increased levels (p < 0.05) immediately after intake and remained elevated for 8-16 min in the different groups. The highest mean value in saliva was obtained immediately after use of chewing gums (33.7 +/- 16.4 mg/ml) and the lowest was demonstrated after using toothpaste (8.2 +/- 4.9 mg/ml). No significant differences were demonstrated between chewing gums (A), sucking tablets (B), candy (C) and rinses (E). In dental plaque, the mean values were 8.6 +/- 5.4 and 5.1 +/- 4.0 mg/ml 5 min after HX and LX rinses. Concerning the higher concentration, the values remained significantly elevated (p < 0.05) during the entire 30-min follow-up. In conclusion, commonly advocated xylitol-containing products gave elevated concentrations of xylitol in unstimulated whole saliva and dental plaque for at least 8 min after intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Lif Holgerson
- Department of Odontology, Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden.
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Blazek-O'Neill B. Complementary and alternative medicine in allergy, otitis media, and asthma. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2005; 5:313-8. [PMID: 15967074 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-005-0072-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
There is growing interest on the part of both patients and providers in the use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) therapies to treat allergy, otitis media, and asthma. Research efforts investigating CAM are increasing in frequency and quality. Studies suggest possible efficacy for some vitamin and mineral supplements for allergic diseases; results are less clear in asthmatic patients. The use of polyunsaturated fatty acids appears particularly promising for treatment and even prevention of allergy and asthma conditions. Studies also suggest that probiotic preparations have a role in the treatment of allergic conditions. Xylitol gum, syrup, and lozenges have shown efficacy in treatment of acute otitis media, as have some naturopathic herbal remedies. Preliminary results with studies of yoga and various relaxation therapies for treatment of asthmatics suggest that these therapies may have a role, but further work would be needed to document efficacy and delineate the specific types of interventions most appropriate for particular asthmatic populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betsy Blazek-O'Neill
- Allegheny General Hospital, Integrated Medicine Program, 320 E. North Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15212, USA.
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Grillaud M, Bandon D, Nancy J, Delbos Y, Vaysse F. Les polyols en odontologie pédiatrique : intérêt du xylitol. Arch Pediatr 2005; 12:1180-6. [PMID: 15964535 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcped.2005.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2004] [Accepted: 01/20/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sugars ingested outside of meals play an important role in the etiology of caries. In this respect, sugar substitutes present a very interesting alternative. In addition to the recommendations and usual care to their patients, dental surgeons also have to inform them on a dietetic level. Chewing sugar-free chewing gum after any light meal when it is not followed by a brushing presents a real interest. The authors describe the different polyols and their respective uses. Polyols are widely found in foodstuffs (sweets, chewing-gum, biscuits, cooked meals for diabetic), pharmaceutical products (syrups, pastilles to be sucked, various medicines), non-pharmaceutical chemists (toothpastes, mouth-washes...). By the light of the most recent published works, the particular properties of xylitol are described. Polyols are more particularly indicated for sugar-eater or sick children (syrups), and for those carrying a hight risk of developing caries (progressive polycaries, hyposialie...). Therefore polyols are not only a means of stabilizing some pathologies (diabetes, obesity) but also a weapon in the prevention of dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Grillaud
- Unité d'odontologie pédiatrique, hôpital Nord, chemin des Bourelly, Marseille, France
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Abstract
Special needs populations such as the mentally disabled or developmentally disabled present a unique challenge for the dental professionals providing dental treatment. Among those challenges is oral health promotion through primary prevention of dental caries and periodontal disease. There are many barriers to adequate oral care for these special needs patients that include cost, physical limitations, low levels of perceived need and lack of dental knowledge by residents and staff, if the person resides in an institution. Primary prevention to maintain oral comfort and function for these patients is a priority to support their quality of life. Typical oral health problems of these patients include hyposalivation, root-surface caries, poor oral hygiene, a high prevalence of periodontal disease and dental caries. The purpose of this paper is to review information for the inclusion of xylitol in primary preventive regimens as an adjunct for the prevention of oral diseases for special needs patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinah H Kitchens
- Department of Periodontics, Endodontics and Dental Hygiene, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY, USA.
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Sajjan U, Moreira J, Liu M, Humar A, Chaparro C, Forstner J, Keshavjee S. A novel model to study bacterial adherence to the transplanted airway: inhibition of Burkholderia cepacia adherence to human airway by dextran and xylitol. J Heart Lung Transplant 2005; 23:1382-91. [PMID: 15607668 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2003.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2003] [Revised: 09/19/2003] [Accepted: 09/19/2003] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung infection with Burkholderia cepacia complex before lung transplantation in patients with cystic fibrosis is a major risk factor for decreased post-operative survival rates compared with those of patients colonized with the more common opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Because adherence to mucosal surfaces is an important initial step in infection, we investigated the use of non-toxic neutral polysaccharides and a sugar alcohol to prevent adherence of B cepacia complex to allograft airway epithelium. METHODS We used human airway explants prepared from donor tracheobronchial tissue to test the effect of dextrans and xylitol in inhibiting the binding of Burkholderia cepacia complex. We used immunofluorescence and electron microscopy to determine the distribution of bacteria in the explants. RESULTS Burkholderia cepacia complex bound to the explants and was found only in the surface mucus layer. Dextran 40 kd applied before adding the bacteria decreased the number of bound organisms by 80% to 99%. Smaller molecular mass dextrans (4 and 20 kd) were ineffective. Xylitol inhibited bacterial binding by 67% to 85%. Both agents seemed to decrease the thickness of the surface mucus, suggesting that they may indirectly inhibit bacterial binding by removing adherent surface mucus. CONCLUSIONS Treating donor lungs with dextran 40 kd or xylitol before (and possibly after) surgery may inhibit the adherence of Burkholderia cepacia complex to airways and may prevent or decrease subsequent infection of the allografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umadevi Sajjan
- Division of Structural Biology and Biochemistry, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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