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Extracellular Polymeric Substances: Still Promising Antivirals. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061337. [PMID: 35746808 PMCID: PMC9227104 DOI: 10.3390/v14061337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulfated polysaccharides and other polyanions have been promising candidates in antiviral research for decades. These substances gained attention as antivirals when they demonstrated a high inhibitory effect in vitro against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other enveloped viruses. However, that initial interest was followed by wide skepticism when in vivo assays refuted the initial results. In this paper we review the use of sulfated polysaccharides, and other polyanions, in antiviral therapy, focusing on extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs). We maintain that, in spite of those early difficulties, the use of polyanions and, specifically, the use of EPSs, in antiviral therapy should be reconsidered. We base our claim in several points. First, early studies showed that the main disadvantage of sulfated polysaccharides and polyanions is their low bioavailability, but this difficulty can be overcome by the use of adequate administration strategies, such as nebulization of aerosols to gain access to respiratory airways. Second, several sulfated polysaccharides and EPSs have demonstrated to be non-toxic in animals. Finally, these macromolecules are non-specific and therefore they might be used against different variants or even different viruses.
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Bussy F, Rémy S, Le Goff M, Collén PN, Trapp-Fragnet L. The sulphated polysaccharides extract ulvans from Ulva armoricana limits Marek's disease virus dissemination in vitro and promotes viral reactivation in lymphoid cells. BMC Vet Res 2022; 18:155. [PMID: 35477401 PMCID: PMC9044586 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03247-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Marek’s disease (MD) is a highly contagious lymphoproliferative disease of chickens caused by an alphaherpesvirus, Marek’s disease virus (MDV). MD is presently controlled by systematic vaccination of animals, which protects efficiently against the development of clinical disease. However, MDV vaccines do not prevent the multiplication and spread of MDV field strains and may favor the emergence of strains with increased virulence. Therefore, MDV persists to be a major problem for the poultry industry and the development of new alternative strategies to control MDV is needed. Seaweed extracts have previously been shown to exert immunomodulatory and antiviral activities, especially against herpesviruses. The objective of the present study was to explore the effect of Ulva armoricana extracts on MDV infection in vitro. Results We could demonstrate that the ulvan extract as well as its vitamin-enriched formulation reduce the viral load by about 80% at 24 h post-infection in infected chicken fibroblasts at concentrations that are innocuous for the cells. We also observed a substantial decrease in MDV plaque size suggesting that ulvans impede MDV cell-to-cell spread in vitro. Moreover, we showed that ulvan extract could promote MDV reactivation in lymphoid cells. Conclusions Our data provide the first evidence that the use of the ulvan extract could be a good alternative to limit MDV infection in poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédérick Bussy
- Amadeite SAS, 56580, Bréhan, France.,Olmix, SALe Lintan, 56580, Bréhan, France
| | - Sylvie Rémy
- INRAE, Université de Tours, ISP, F-37380, Nouzilly, France
| | - Matthieu Le Goff
- Amadeite SAS, 56580, Bréhan, France.,Olmix, SALe Lintan, 56580, Bréhan, France
| | - Pi Nyvall Collén
- Amadeite SAS, 56580, Bréhan, France.,Olmix, SALe Lintan, 56580, Bréhan, France
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Chia WY, Kok H, Chew KW, Low SS, Show PL. Can algae contribute to the war with Covid-19? Bioengineered 2021; 12:1226-1237. [PMID: 33858291 PMCID: PMC8806238 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1910432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The world at large is facing a new threat with the emergence of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Though imperceptible by the naked eye, the medical, sociological and economical implications caused by this newly discovered virus have been and will continue to be a great impediment to our lives. This health threat has already caused over two million deaths worldwide in the span of a year and its mortality rate is projected to continue rising. In this review, the potential of algae in combating the spread of COVID-19 is investigated since algal compounds have been tested against viruses and algal anti-inflammatory compounds have the potential to treat the severe symptoms of COVID-19. The possible utilization of algae in producing value-added products such as serological test kits, vaccines, and supplements that would either mitigate or hinder the continued health risks caused by the virus is prominent. Many of the characteristics in algae can provide insights on the development of microalgae to fight against SARS-CoV-2 or other viruses and contribute in manufacturing various green and high-value products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Yi Chia
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Hanz Kok
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Kit Wayne Chew
- School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Selangor, Malaysia
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Sze Shin Low
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Pau Loke Show
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
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Saied EM, El-Maradny YA, Osman AA, Darwish AMG, Abo Nahas HH, Niedbała G, Piekutowska M, Abdel-Rahman MA, Balbool BA, Abdel-Azeem AM. A Comprehensive Review about the Molecular Structure of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): Insights into Natural Products against COVID-19. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1759. [PMID: 34834174 PMCID: PMC8624722 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13111759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2019, the world suffered from the emergence of COVID-19 infection, one of the most difficult pandemics in recent history. Millions of confirmed deaths from this pandemic have been reported worldwide. This disaster was caused by SARS-CoV-2, which is the last discovered member of the family of Coronaviridae. Various studies have shown that natural compounds have effective antiviral properties against coronaviruses by inhibiting multiple viral targets, including spike proteins and viral enzymes. This review presents the classification and a detailed explanation of the SARS-CoV-2 molecular characteristics and structure-function relationships. We present all currently available crystal structures of different SARS-CoV-2 proteins and emphasized on the crystal structure of different virus proteins and the binding modes of their ligands. This review also discusses the various therapeutic approaches for COVID-19 treatment and available vaccinations. In addition, we highlight and compare the existing data about natural compounds extracted from algae, fungi, plants, and scorpion venom that were used as antiviral agents against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Moreover, we discuss the repurposing of select approved therapeutic agents that have been used in the treatment of other viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Essa M. Saied
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
- Institute for Chemistry, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str. 2, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Yousra A. El-Maradny
- Microbiology Department, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, Alexandria 21526, Egypt;
| | - Alaa A. Osman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, New Giza University, Newgiza, km 22 Cairo-Alexandria Desert Road, Cairo 12256, Egypt;
| | - Amira M. G. Darwish
- Food Technology Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute (ALCRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA City), Alexandria 21934, Egypt;
| | - Hebatallah H. Abo Nahas
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt; (H.H.A.N.); (M.A.A.-R.)
| | - Gniewko Niedbała
- Department of Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 50, 60-627 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Magdalena Piekutowska
- Department of Geoecology and Geoinformation, Institute of Biology and Earth Sciences, Pomeranian University in Słupsk, Partyzantów 27, 76-200 Słupsk, Poland;
| | - Mohamed A. Abdel-Rahman
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt; (H.H.A.N.); (M.A.A.-R.)
| | - Bassem A. Balbool
- Faculty of Biotechnology, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts, Giza 12585, Egypt;
| | - Ahmed M. Abdel-Azeem
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
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Salami R, Kordi M, Bolouri P, Delangiz N, Asgari Lajayer B. Algae-Based Biorefinery as a Sustainable Renewable Resource. CIRCULAR ECONOMY AND SUSTAINABILITY 2021; 1:1349-1365. [PMID: 34888572 PMCID: PMC8290136 DOI: 10.1007/s43615-021-00088-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Algae are a large and diverse group of autotrophic organisms that are multicellular and single-celled and found in a variety of environments. Biofuel production and value-added chemicals produced through a sustainable process are represented by the biorefinery of algae. Algae are important because of the production of polysaccharides, lipids, pigments, proteins, and other compounds for pharmaceutical and nutritional applications. They can also be used as raw materials for biofuel production. Moreover, they are useful for wastewater treatment. All these factors have absorbed the attentions of researchers around the world. This review focuses specifically on the potentials, properties, and applications of algae as a sustainable renewable resource, which can be a good alternative to other sources due to their high biomass production, less land required for cultivation, and the production of valuable metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robab Salami
- Department of Plant Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Kordi
- Department of Plant Sciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parisa Bolouri
- Department of Genetic and Bioengineering, Biotechnology, Yeditepe University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Nasser Delangiz
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behnam Asgari Lajayer
- Health and Environment Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
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Sami N, Ahmad R, Fatma T. Exploring algae and cyanobacteria as a promising natural source of antiviral drug against SARS-CoV-2. Biomed J 2021; 44:54-62. [PMID: 33640332 PMCID: PMC7836382 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2020.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The present outburst of coronavirus-associated (SARS-CoV-2) acute respiratory disease coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) in December 2019 in Wuhan, China is the third recognised spill over due to the zoonotic transmission. SARS-CoVs are about 29.7 kb positive, single stranded (ss) RNA viruses that are considered as zoonotic pathogens, bat being their natural reservoirs and also shows transmission within humans. The rapidly increasing COVID-19 cases and need of best and efficient drug/vaccine/strategy to counteract the virus entry and its pathogenesis has made it a Herculean challenge for scientists. Synthetic drugs associated complications has attracted scientific attention for natural product-based drugs. Chemo-diversity of algae and cyanobacteria offers a novel approach and can be recognized as a relevant source for developing a future natural "antiviral drug". The aim of this review is to highlight important features of SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 and the antiviral compounds recognized in algae and cyanobacteria, with their mechanisms of actions. Algae possess both immunity improving capacity and suppresses many viruses. Thus, they can be recommended as a preventive and curative remedy against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Sami
- Cyanobacterial Biotechnology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Rakhshan Ahmad
- Cyanobacterial Biotechnology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
| | - Tasneem Fatma
- Cyanobacterial Biotechnology Lab, Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.
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Antiviral Potential of Algae Polysaccharides Isolated from Marine Sources: A Review. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:825203. [PMID: 26484353 PMCID: PMC4592888 DOI: 10.1155/2015/825203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
From food to fertilizer, algal derived products are largely employed in assorted industries, including agricultural, biomedical, food, and pharmaceutical industries. Among different chemical compositions isolated from algae, polysaccharides are the most well-established compounds, which were subjected to a variety of studies due to extensive bioactivities. Over the past few decades, the promising results for antiviral potential of algae-derived polysaccharides have advocated them as inordinate candidates for pharmaceutical research. Numerous studies have isolated various algal polysaccharides possessing antiviral activities, including carrageenan, alginate, fucan, laminaran, and naviculan. In addition, different mechanisms of action have been reported for these polysaccharides, such as inhibiting the binding or internalization of virus into the host cells or suppressing DNA replication and protein synthesis. This review strives for compiling previous antiviral studies of algae-derived polysaccharides and their mechanism of action towards their development as natural antiviral agents for future investigations.
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Bioactive compounds from Caulerpa racemosa as a potent larvicidal and antibacterial agent. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11515-014-1312-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Karimi A, Moradi MT, Saeedi M, Asgari S, Rafieian-Kopaei M. Antiviral activity of Quercus persica L.: High efficacy and low toxicity. Adv Biomed Res 2013; 2:36. [PMID: 24516836 PMCID: PMC3905353 DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.109722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Drug-resistant strain of Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-I) has increased the interest in the use of natural substances. Aims: This study was aimed to determine minimum inhibitory concentration of hydroalchoholic extract of a traditionally used herbal plant, Quercus persica L., on HSV-1 replication on baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells. Setting: The study was conducted in Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Iran. Design: This was an experimental study. Materials and Methods: BHK cells were grown in monolayer culture with Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM) supplemented with 5% fetal calf serum and plated onto 48-well culture plates. Fifty percent cytotoxic concentration (CC50%) of Q. persica L. on BHK cells was determined. Subsequently, 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50%) of the extract on replication of HSV-1 both in interacellular and exteracellular cases was assessed. Statistical Analysis: Statistic Probit model was used for statistical analysis. The dose-dependent effect of antiviral activity of the extracts was determined by linear regression. Results: Q. persica L. had no cytotoxic effect on this cell line. There was significant relationship between the concentration of the extract and cell death (P<0.01). IC50s of Q. persica L. on HSV-1, before and after attachment to BHK cells were 1.02 and 0.257 μg/mL, respectively. There was significant relationship between the concentration of this extract and inhibition of cytopathic effect (CPE) (P<0.05). Antioxidant capacity of the extract was 67.5%. Conclusions: The hydroalchoholic extract of Q. persica L. is potentially an appropriate and promising anti herpetic herbal medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Karimi
- Medical Plants Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Taghi Moradi
- Medical Plants Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Saeedi
- Medical Plants Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Asgari
- Medical Plants Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran ; Isfahan Cardiovascular Research institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Vo TS, Ngo DH, Ta QV, Kim SK. Marine organisms as a therapeutic source against herpes simplex virus infection. Eur J Pharm Sci 2011; 44:11-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2011.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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de Almeida CLF, Falcão HDS, Lima GRDM, Montenegro CDA, Lira NS, de Athayde-Filho PF, Rodrigues LC, de Souza MDFV, Barbosa-Filho JM, Batista LM. Bioactivities from marine algae of the genus Gracilaria. Int J Mol Sci 2011; 12:4550-73. [PMID: 21845096 PMCID: PMC3155369 DOI: 10.3390/ijms12074550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Revised: 06/26/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Seaweeds are an important source of bioactive metabolites for the pharmaceutical industry in drug development. Many of these compounds are used to treat diseases like cancer, acquired immune-deficiency syndrome (AIDS), inflammation, pain, arthritis, as well as viral, bacterial, and fungal infections. This paper offers a survey of the literature for Gracilaria algae extracts with biological activity, and identifies avenues for future research. Nineteen species of this genus that were tested for antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antihypertensive, cytotoxic, spermicidal, embriotoxic, and anti-inflammatory activities are cited from the 121 references consulted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Layse F. de Almeida
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, PB 58051-900, Brazil; E-Mails: (C.L.F.A.); (H.S.F.); (G.R.M.L.); (C.A.M.); (N.S.L.); (P.F.A.-F); (L.C.R.); (M.F.V.S.); (J.M.B.-F.)
| | - Heloina de S. Falcão
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, PB 58051-900, Brazil; E-Mails: (C.L.F.A.); (H.S.F.); (G.R.M.L.); (C.A.M.); (N.S.L.); (P.F.A.-F); (L.C.R.); (M.F.V.S.); (J.M.B.-F.)
| | - Gedson R. de M. Lima
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, PB 58051-900, Brazil; E-Mails: (C.L.F.A.); (H.S.F.); (G.R.M.L.); (C.A.M.); (N.S.L.); (P.F.A.-F); (L.C.R.); (M.F.V.S.); (J.M.B.-F.)
| | - Camila de A. Montenegro
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, PB 58051-900, Brazil; E-Mails: (C.L.F.A.); (H.S.F.); (G.R.M.L.); (C.A.M.); (N.S.L.); (P.F.A.-F); (L.C.R.); (M.F.V.S.); (J.M.B.-F.)
| | - Narlize S. Lira
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, PB 58051-900, Brazil; E-Mails: (C.L.F.A.); (H.S.F.); (G.R.M.L.); (C.A.M.); (N.S.L.); (P.F.A.-F); (L.C.R.); (M.F.V.S.); (J.M.B.-F.)
| | - Petrônio F. de Athayde-Filho
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, PB 58051-900, Brazil; E-Mails: (C.L.F.A.); (H.S.F.); (G.R.M.L.); (C.A.M.); (N.S.L.); (P.F.A.-F); (L.C.R.); (M.F.V.S.); (J.M.B.-F.)
| | - Luis C. Rodrigues
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, PB 58051-900, Brazil; E-Mails: (C.L.F.A.); (H.S.F.); (G.R.M.L.); (C.A.M.); (N.S.L.); (P.F.A.-F); (L.C.R.); (M.F.V.S.); (J.M.B.-F.)
| | - Maria de Fátima V. de Souza
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, PB 58051-900, Brazil; E-Mails: (C.L.F.A.); (H.S.F.); (G.R.M.L.); (C.A.M.); (N.S.L.); (P.F.A.-F); (L.C.R.); (M.F.V.S.); (J.M.B.-F.)
| | - José M. Barbosa-Filho
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, PB 58051-900, Brazil; E-Mails: (C.L.F.A.); (H.S.F.); (G.R.M.L.); (C.A.M.); (N.S.L.); (P.F.A.-F); (L.C.R.); (M.F.V.S.); (J.M.B.-F.)
| | - Leônia M. Batista
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, PB 58051-900, Brazil; E-Mails: (C.L.F.A.); (H.S.F.); (G.R.M.L.); (C.A.M.); (N.S.L.); (P.F.A.-F); (L.C.R.); (M.F.V.S.); (J.M.B.-F.)
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Marine compounds and their antiviral activities. Antiviral Res 2010; 86:231-40. [PMID: 20338196 PMCID: PMC7132374 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2010.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2010] [Revised: 03/02/2010] [Accepted: 03/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Available treatments for many infectious diseases are limited. In particular, diseases caused by viral pathogens have demonstrated the need for new medicines, due to the increasing appearance of resistance to these available treatments. Thousands of novel compounds have been isolated from various marine organisms and tested for pharmacological properties, many of which are commercially available. The screening of natural products derived from marine species for antiviral activity has yielded a considerable number of active crude aqueous and organic solvent extracts. Today, over 40 compounds are commercially available in pharmacological markets, including alternative antiviral medicines or those being tested as potential antiviral drugs. Many more are being tested as potential antiviral drugs at the preclinical and clinical stages. The growing interest in marine-derived antiviral compounds, along with the development of new technology in marine cultures and extraction, will significantly expedite the current exploration of the marine environment for compounds with significant pharmacological applications, which will continue to be a promising strategy and new trend for modern medicine.
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Mendes GDS, Soares AR, Martins FO, Albuquerque MCMD, Costa SS, Yoneshigue-Valentin Y, Gestinari LMDS, Santos N, Romanos MTV. Antiviral activity of the green marine alga Ulva fasciata on the replication of human metapneumovirus. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2010; 52:3-10. [DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652010000100001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2009] [Accepted: 01/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the antiviral activity of the marine alga, Ulva fasciata, collected from Rasa beach and Forno beach, Búzios, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil on the replication of human metapneumovirus (HMPV). The algae extracts were prepared using three different methodologies to compare the activity of different groups of chemical composites obtained through these different methodologies. Four out of the six extracts inhibited nearly 100% of viral replication. The results demonstrated that the majority of the extracts (five out of six) possess virucidal activity and therefore have the ability to interact with the extracellular viral particles and prevent the infection. On the other hand, only two extracts (from Forno beach, obtained by maceration and maceration of the decoction) were able to interact with cell receptors, hindering the viral entry. Finally, only the extract of algae collected at Forno beach, obtained by maceration presented intracellular activity. To our knowledge, this is a pioneer study on antiviral activity of marine algae against HMPV. It is also the first on antiviral activity against HMPV ever done in Brazil. The study also shows the effect of different environment factors and different chemical procedures used to obtain the extract on its biological properties.
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Park HJ, Kurokawa M, Shiraki K, Nakamura N, Choi JS, Hattori M. Antiviral activity of the marine alga Symphyocladia latiuscula against herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) in vitro and its therapeutic efficacy against HSV-1 infection in mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2006; 28:2258-62. [PMID: 16327161 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.28.2258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The antiviral activities of extracts from 5 species of marine algae collected at Haeundae (Pusan, Korea), were examined using plaque reduction assays. Although the activity of a methanol (MeOH) extract of Sargassum ringoldianum (Sargassaceae) was the most potent against several types of viruses, it was also cytotoxic. A MeOH extract of Symphyocladia latiuscula (Rhodomelaceae) and its fractions exhibited antiviral activities against acyclovir (ACV) and phosphonoacetic acid (PAA)-resistant (AP(r)) herpes simplex type 1 (HSV-1), thymidine kinase (TK(-)) deficient HSV-1 and wild type HSV-1 in vitro without cytotoxicity. The major component, 2,3,6-tribromo-4,5-dihydroxybenzyl methyl ether (TDB) of a CH(2)Cl(2)-soluble fraction was active against wild type HSV-1, as well as AP(r) HSV-1 and TK(-) HSV-1 (IC(50) values of 5.48, 4.81 and 23.3 microg/ml, respectively). The therapeutic effectiveness of the MeOH extract and TDB from S. latiuscula was further examined in BALB/c mice that were cutaneously infected with HSV-1 strain 7401H. Three daily oral administrations of the MeOH extract and TDB significantly delayed the appearance of score 2 skin lesions (local vesicles) and limited the development of further score 6 (mild zosteriform) lesions in infected mice without toxicity compared with controls. In addition, TDB suppressed virus yields in the brain and skin. Therefore TDB should be a promising anti HSV agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Jin Park
- Institute of Natural Medicine, Toyama Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Pusan 608-737, Korea
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Schaeffer DJ, Krylov VS. Anti-HIV activity of extracts and compounds from algae and cyanobacteria. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2000; 45:208-27. [PMID: 10702339 DOI: 10.1006/eesa.1999.1862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the retrovirus that causes the acquired immune deficiency disease syndrome (AIDS). This review discusses the anti-HIV activity of extracts and compounds isolated from freshwater and marine algae, and cyanobacteria (formerly called "blue-green algae"). Compounds and extracts with anti-HIV activity are also active against other retroviruses such as herpes simplex virus (HSV), but the amount of antiviral activity varies with the compound and the virus. Most of the research has focused on sulfated homopolysaccharides and heteropolysaccharides. Sulfoglycolipids, carrageenans, fucoidan, sesquiterpene hydroquinones, and other classes of compounds with anti-HIV activity that have been isolated from algae have received less attention. Most studies have used in vitro test systems, but a few in vivo studies have been carried out using compounds isolated from algae or analogs produced synthetically or isolated from other natural sources. Sulfated homopolysaccharides are more potent than sulfated heteropolysaccharides. The presence of the sulfate group is necessary for anti-HIV activity, and potency increases with the degree of sulfation. Studies using nonsulfated and sulfated homo- and heteropolysaccharides isolated from algae or other natural sources, or synthesized, have revealed the mechanisms of binding of drugs to the virion, and the mechanisms of viral binding to host cells. However, given the few classes of compounds investigated, most of the pharmacopeia of compounds in algae and cyanobacteria with antiretroviral activity is probably not known.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Schaeffer
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Illinois, 2001 South Lincoln Avenue, Urbana, Illinois 61802, USA
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Composition and antiviral activities of a sulfated polysaccharide from schizymenia dubyi (rhodophyta, gigartinales). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(00)80303-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ishihara C, Yoshimatsu K, Tsuji M, Arikawa J, Saiki I, Tokura S, Azuma I. Anti-viral activity of sulfated chitin derivatives against Friend murine leukaemia and herpes simplex type-1 viruses. Vaccine 1993; 11:670-4. [PMID: 8391740 DOI: 10.1016/0264-410x(93)90315-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Sulfated chitin derivatives, selected for their low toxicity and high inhibitory activity of melanoma metastasis, were examined for anti-viral activity against Friend murine leukaemia, herpes simplex type-1 (HSV) and Sendai viruses. Carboxymethyl chitin with a 7.66% degree of sulfation (SCM-chitin III) showed a significant inhibition of Friend murine leukaemia helper virus (F-MuLV) and HSV, but not of Sendai virus growth in vitro. Sulfated N-deacetylated chitin had a significant but weak activity against F-MuLV and HSV infections. Carboxymethyl chitin showed no effect on these infections in vitro. SCM-chitin III also exhibited anti-viral activity in vivo by suppressing the splenomegaly which was caused by prior infection of mice with FV, a complex of F-MuLV and spleen focus-forming virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ishihara
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno-gakuen University, Ebetsu, Japan
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18
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Abstract
A survey is presented of the occurrence of organic compounds from aquatic organisms that have been reported to have antiviral activities. Studies of the chemical structures and antiviral properties of unusual metabolic products of aquatic life have demonstrated that marine organisms offer excellent prospects in the search for antiviral drugs.
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Abstract
The review gives a general outline of macro- and microalgal biotechnology. The main methods by which algae are cultivated and harvested are described. The first section deals with the environmental factors affecting mass culture and the principles governing the design and operation of mass cultivation systems. The second section gives the main current and potential uses of algae: in wastewater treatment, a source of food and feed, an energy source, and in the production of common and fine chemicals, such as polysaccharides, lipids, glycerol, pigments, and enzymes. Pharmaceutical uses of algae are described, and their potential as a source of novel biologically-active compounds is discussed. Future developments and the great potential of algae are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Cannell
- Division of Biological Sciences, Hatfield Polytechnic, Hertfordshire, UK
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Kaneko Y, Yoshida O, Nakagawa R, Yoshida T, Date M, Ogihara S, Shioya S, Matsuzawa Y, Nagashima N, Irie Y. Inhibition of HIV-1 infectivity with curdlan sulfate in vitro. Biochem Pharmacol 1990; 39:793-7. [PMID: 1968342 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(90)90161-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y Kaneko
- Ajinomoto Co., Inc., Tokyo, Japan
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Nakashima H, Kido Y, Kobayashi N, Motoki Y, Neushul M, Yamamoto N. Antiretroviral activity in a marine red alga: reverse transcriptase inhibition by an aqueous extract of Schizymenia pacifica. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 1987; 113:413-6. [PMID: 2442171 DOI: 10.1007/bf00390034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
An aqueous extract from the marine red alga, Schizymenia pacifica has been tested in a cell free system for its effect on reverse transcriptase from avian retrovirus (avian myeloblastosis virus), and mammalian retrovirus (Rauscher murine leukemia virus). The extract inhibited reverse transcriptase from both these retroviruses but showed almost no effect, if any, on the activity of cellular DNA polymerase alpha and RNA polymerase II in vitro. Consequently it is unlikely to have an adverse effect on the growth of cultured cell. The inhibitory activity of the extract was stable over a relatively wide pH range (pH 1-11) and was not lost after pronase digestion. Inhibitory activity of the extract was lost after boiling at 100 degrees C in 0.67 N HCl, and after treatment with 100 mM NaIO4. The active principle in the extract has an apparent molecular weight in excess of 100,000 daltons. This new reverse transcriptase inhibitor is probably a polysaccharide.
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Richards JT, Kern ER, Glasgow LA, Overall JC, Deign EF, Hatch MT. Antiviral activity of extracts from marine algae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1978; 14:24-30. [PMID: 686707 PMCID: PMC352400 DOI: 10.1128/aac.14.1.24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracts of two species of marine algae, Constantinea simplex and Farlowia mollis, were tested for antiviral activity in tissue culture and in experimental infections of mice. Treatment of confluent mouse embryo fibroblast cell monolayers with either compound before viral inoculation was effective in inhibiting the replication of herpes simplex virus type 1 and type 2, vaccinia virus, and vesicular stomatitis virus, but not encephalomyocarditis virus, Semliki Forest virus, or murine cytomegalovirus. Prophylactic administration of these extracts was effective in reducing final mortality or prolonging the mean day of death of animals inoculated by the intraperitoneal, intracerebral, or intranasal routes with herpes simplex virus type 2. When therapy was initiated after viral inoculation or at a site other than that of viral inoculation, no significant effect on mortality or on mean day of death was observed. Neither preparation was effective in mice inoculated intraperitoneally with encephalomyocarditis virus, Semliki Forest virus, or murine cytomegalovirus or in animals infected intravaginally with herpes simplex virus type 2. The prophylactic but not therapeutic antiviral activity of these preparations seriously limits their potential use in human herpes simplex virus infections.
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