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Noda S, Mori Y, Ogawa Y, Fujiwara R, Dainin M, Shirai T, Kondo A. Metabolic and enzymatic engineering approach for the production of 2-phenylethanol in engineered Escherichia coli. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 406:130927. [PMID: 38830477 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.130927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
2-Phenylethanol, known for its rose-like odor and antibacterial activity, is synthesized via exogenous phenylpyruvate by the sequential reaction of phenylpyruvate decarboxylase (PDC) and aldehyde reductase. We first targeted ARO10, a phenylpyruvate decarboxylase gene from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and identified a suitable aldehyde reductase gene. Co-expression of ARO10 and yahK in E. coli transformants yielded 1.1 g/L of 2-phenylethanol in batch culture. We hypothesized that there might be a bottleneck in PDC activity. The computer-based enzyme evolution was utilized to enhance production. The introduction of an amino acid substitution in ARO10 (ARO10 I544W) stabilized the aromatic ring of the phenylpyruvate substrate, increasing 2-phenylethanol yield 4.1-fold compared to wild-type ARO10. Cultivation of ARO10 I544W-expressing E. coli produced 2.5 g/L of 2-phenylethanol with a yield from glucose of 0.16 g/g after 72 h. This approach represents a significant advancement, achieving the highest yield of 2-phenylethanol from glucose using microbes to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhei Noda
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan; PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama 332-0012, Japan.
| | - Yutaro Mori
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Yuki Ogawa
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, 1-7-22, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Fujiwara
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, 1-7-22, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Mayumi Dainin
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, 1-7-22, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Shirai
- Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, 1-7-22, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kondo
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan; Center for Sustainable Resource Science, RIKEN, 1-7-22, Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
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Wang X, Qiu C, Chen C, Gao C, Wei W, Song W, Wu J, Liu L, Chen X. Metabolic Engineering of Escherichia coli for High-Level Production of l-Phenylalanine. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:11029-11040. [PMID: 38699920 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c01563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
l-Phenylalanine (l-Phe) is widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industries. However, the biosynthesis of l-Phe using Escherichia coli remains challenging due to its lower tolerance to high concentration of l-Phe. In this study, to efficiently synthesize l-Phe, the l-Phe biosynthetic pathway was reconstructed by expressing the heterologous genes aroK1, aroL1, and pheA1, along with the native genes aroA, aroC, and tyrB in the shikimate-producing strain E. coli SA09, resulting in the engineered strain E. coli PHE03. Subsequently, adaptive evolution was conducted on E. coli PHE03 to enhance its tolerance to high concentrations of l-Phe, resulting in the strain E. coli PHE04, which reduced the cell mortality to 36.2% after 48 h of fermentation. To elucidate the potential mechanisms, transcriptional profiling was conducted, revealing MarA, a DNA-binding transcriptional dual regulator, as playing a crucial role in enhancing cell membrane integrity and fluidity for improving cell tolerance to high concentrations of l-Phe. Finally, the titer, yield, and productivity of l-Phe with E. coli PHE05 overexpressing marA were increased to 80.48 g/L, 0.27 g/g glucose, and 1.68 g/L/h in a 5-L fed-batch fermentation, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoge Wang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Chong Qiu
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Chenghu Chen
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Cong Gao
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Wanqing Wei
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Wei Song
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jing Wu
- School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Liming Liu
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xiulai Chen
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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Shen N, Satoh Y, Koma D, Ohashi H, Ogasawara Y, Dairi T. Optimization of tyrosol-producing pathway with tyrosine decarboxylase and tyramine oxidase in high-tyrosine-producing Escherichia coli. J Biosci Bioeng 2024; 137:115-123. [PMID: 38135638 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2023.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosol (4-hydroxyphenylethanol) is a phenolic compound used in the pharmaceutical and chemical industries. However, current supply methods, such as extraction from natural resources and chemical synthesis, have disadvantages from the viewpoint of cost and environmental protection. Here, we developed a tyrosol-producing Escherichia coli cell factory from a high-tyrosine-producing strain by expressing selected tyrosine decarboxylase-, tyramine oxidase (TYO)-, and medium-chain dehydrogenase/reductase (YahK)-encoding genes. The genes were controlled by the strong T7 promoter and integrated into the chromosome because of the advantages over plasmid-based systems. The strain produced a melanin-like pigment as a by-product, which is suggested to be formed from 4-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (a TYO product/YahK substrate). By using a culture medium containing a high concentration of glycerol, which was reported to enhance NADH supply required for YahK activity, the final titer of tyrosol reached 2.42 g/L in test tube-scale cultivation with a concomitant decrease in the amount of pigment. These results indicate that chromosomally integrated and T7 promoter-controlled gene expression system in E. coli is useful for high production of heterologous enzymes and might be applied for industrial production of useful compounds including tyrosine and tyrosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Shen
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Yasuharu Satoh
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Koma
- Osaka Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, Osaka 536-8553, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ohashi
- Osaka Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, Osaka 536-8553, Japan
| | - Yasushi Ogasawara
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Tohru Dairi
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
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Xia Y, Qi L, Shi X, Chen K, Peplowski L, Chen X. Construction of an Escherichia coli cell factory for de novo synthesis of tyrosol through semi-rational design based on phenylpyruvate decarboxylase ARO10 engineering. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127385. [PMID: 37848109 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosol (2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) ethanol) is extensively used in the pharmaceutical industry as an important natural product from plants. In previous research, we constructed a recombinant Escherichia coli strain capable of de novo synthesis of tyrosol by integrating the phenylpyruvate decarboxylase ARO10 derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Nevertheless, the insufficient catalytic efficiency of ARO10 required the insertion of multiple gene copies into the genome to attain enhanced tyrosol production. In this study, we constructed a mutation library of ARO10 based on a computer-aided semi-rational design strategy and developed a high-throughput screening method for selecting high-yield tyrosol mutants by introducing the heterologous hydroxylase complex HpaBC. Through multiple rounds of screening and site-saturation mutagenesis, we ultimately identified the two optimal ARO10 mutants, ARO10D331V and ARO10D331C, which respectively achieved a tyrosol titer of 2.02 g/L and 2.04 g/L in shake flasks, both representing more than 50 % improvement compared to the wild-type. Our study demonstrates the great potential of computer-based semi-rational enzyme design strategy in metabolic engineering. The high-throughput screening method for target compound derivative possesses a certain level of generality. Ultimately, we obtained promising mutants capable of achieving industrial-scale production of tyrosol, which also lays a solid foundation for the efficient synthesis of tyrosol derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Xia
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lina Qi
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xulei Shi
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Keyi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lukasz Peplowski
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Physics, Astronomy and Informatics, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Grudziadzka 5, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Xianzhong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China.
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Kim WJ, Lee Y, Kim HU, Ryu JY, Yang JE, Lee SY. Genome-wide identification of overexpression and downregulation gene targets based on the sum of covariances of the outgoing reaction fluxes. Cell Syst 2023; 14:990-1001.e5. [PMID: 37935194 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2023.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
In metabolic engineering, predicting gene overexpression targets remains challenging because both endogenous and heterologous genes in a large metabolic space can be candidates, in contrast to gene knockout targets that are confined to endogenous genes. We report the development of iBridge that identifies positive and negative metabolites exerting positive and negative impacts on product formation, respectively, based on the sum of covariances of their outgoing (consuming) reaction fluxes for a target chemical. Then, "bridge" reactions converting negative metabolites to positive metabolites are identified as overexpression targets, while the opposites as downregulation targets. Using iBridge, overexpression and downregulation targets are suggested for the production of 298 chemicals and validated for 36 chemicals experimentally demonstrated in previous studies. Finally, iBridge is employed to engineer Escherichia coli strains capable of producing 10.3 g/L of D-panthenol, a compound not previously produced, as well as putrescine and 4-hydroxyphenyllactate at enhanced titers, 63.7 and 8.3 g/L, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Jun Kim
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 four), KAIST Institute for BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Systems Metabolic Engineering and Systems Healthcare Cross-Generation Collaborative Laboratory, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngjoon Lee
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 four), KAIST Institute for BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Systems Metabolic Engineering and Systems Healthcare Cross-Generation Collaborative Laboratory, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Uk Kim
- Systems Metabolic Engineering and Systems Healthcare Cross-Generation Collaborative Laboratory, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Systems Biology and Medicine Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; BioProcess Engineering Research Center and BioInformatics Research Center, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Yong Ryu
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 four), KAIST Institute for BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Eun Yang
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 four), KAIST Institute for BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Yup Lee
- Metabolic and Biomolecular Engineering National Research Laboratory, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21 four), KAIST Institute for BioCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; Systems Metabolic Engineering and Systems Healthcare Cross-Generation Collaborative Laboratory, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; BioProcess Engineering Research Center and BioInformatics Research Center, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
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Zhu N, Xia W, Wang G, Song Y, Gao X, Liang J, Wang Y. Engineering Corynebacterium glutamicum for de novo production of 2-phenylethanol from lignocellulosic biomass hydrolysate. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2023; 16:75. [PMID: 37143059 PMCID: PMC10158149 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-023-02327-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 2-Phenylethanol is a specific aromatic alcohol with a rose-like smell, which has been widely used in the cosmetic and food industries. At present, 2-phenylethanol is mainly produced by chemical synthesis. The preference of consumers for "natural" products and the demand for environmental-friendly processes have promoted biotechnological processes for 2-phenylethanol production. Yet, high 2-phenylethanol cytotoxicity remains an issue during the bioproduction process. RESULTS Corynebacterium glutamicum with inherent tolerance to aromatic compounds was modified for the production of 2-phenylethanol from glucose and xylose. The sensitivity of C. glutamicum to 2-phenylethanol toxicity revealed that this host was more tolerant than Escherichia coli. Introduction of a heterologous Ehrlich pathway into the evolved phenylalanine-producing C. glutamicum CALE1 achieved 2-phenylethanol production, while combined expression of the aro10. Encoding 2-ketoisovalerate decarboxylase originating from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the yahK encoding alcohol dehydrogenase originating from E. coli was shown to be the most efficient. Furthermore, overexpression of key genes (aroGfbr, pheAfbr, aroA, ppsA and tkt) involved in the phenylpyruvate pathway increased 2-phenylethanol titer to 3.23 g/L with a yield of 0.05 g/g glucose. After introducing a xylose assimilation pathway from Xanthomonas campestris and a xylose transporter from E. coli, 3.55 g/L 2-phenylethanol was produced by the engineered strain CGPE15 with a yield of 0.06 g/g xylose, which was 10% higher than that with glucose. This engineered strain CGPE15 also accumulated 3.28 g/L 2-phenylethanol from stalk hydrolysate. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we established and validated an efficient C. glutamicum strain for the de novo production of 2-phenylethanol from corn stalk hydrolysate. This work supplied a promising route for commodity 2-phenylethanol bioproduction from nonfood lignocellulosic feedstock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nianqing Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chiral Pharmaceuticals Biosynthesis, College of Pharmacy and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjing Xia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chiral Pharmaceuticals Biosynthesis, College of Pharmacy and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, Nanjing Normal University Taizhou College, Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guanglu Wang
- Laboratory of Biotransformation and Biocatalysis, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhe Song
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chiral Pharmaceuticals Biosynthesis, College of Pharmacy and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinxing Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chiral Pharmaceuticals Biosynthesis, College of Pharmacy and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jilei Liang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chiral Pharmaceuticals Biosynthesis, College of Pharmacy and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chiral Pharmaceuticals Biosynthesis, College of Pharmacy and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou, 225300, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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Kim HJ, Seo SY, Park HS, Ko JY, Choi SS, Lee SJ, Kim ES. Engineered Escherichia coli cell factory for anthranilate over-production. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1081221. [PMID: 37007513 PMCID: PMC10050376 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1081221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Anthranilate is a key platform chemical in high demand for synthesizing food ingredients, dyes, perfumes, crop protection compounds, pharmaceuticals, and plastics. Microbial-based anthranilate production strategies have been developed to overcome the unstable and expensive supply of anthranilate via chemical synthesis from non-renewable resources. Despite the reports of anthranilate biosynthesis in several engineered cells, the anthranilate production yield is still unsatisfactory. This study designed an Escherichia coli cell factory and optimized the fed-batch culture process to achieve a high titer of anthranilate production. Using the previously constructed shikimate-overproducing E. coli strain, two genes (aroK and aroL) were complemented, and the trpD responsible for transferring the phosphoribosyl group to anthranilate was disrupted to facilitate anthranilate accumulation. The genes with negative effects on anthranilate biosynthesis, including pheA, tyrA, pabA, ubiC, entC, and trpR, were disrupted. In contrast, several shikimate biosynthetic pathway genes, including aroE and tktA, were overexpressed to maximize glucose uptake and the intermediate flux. The rationally designed anthranilate-overproducing E. coli strain grown in an optimized medium produced approximately 4 g/L of anthranilate in 7-L fed-batch fermentation. Overall, rational cell factory design and culture process optimization for microbial-based anthranilate production will play a key role in complementing traditional chemical-based anthranilate production processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Jin Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Heung-Soon Park
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Young Ko
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Si-Sun Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Eung-Soo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
- *Correspondence: Eung-Soo Kim,
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De novo Biosynthesis of 2-Phenylacetamide in Engineered Escherichia coli. Biochem Eng J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2023.108882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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9
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Matulis P, Malys N. Nanomolar biosensor for detection of phenylacetic acid and L-phenylalanine. Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2022.108765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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10
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Wang G, Wang M, Yang J, Li Q, Zhu N, Liu L, Hu X, Yang X. De novo Synthesis of 2-phenylethanol from Glucose by Metabolically Engineered Escherichia coli. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 49:6825456. [PMID: 36370454 PMCID: PMC9923381 DOI: 10.1093/jimb/kuac026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
2-Phenylethanol (2- PE) is an aromatic alcohol with wide applications, but there is still no efficient microbial cell factory for 2-PE based on Escherichia coli. In this study, we constructed a metabolically engineered E. coli capable of de novo synthesis of 2-PE from glucose. Firstly, the heterologous styrene-derived and Ehrlich pathways were individually constructed in an L-Phe producer. The results showed that the Ehrlich pathway was better suited to the host than the styrene-derived pathway, resulting in a higher 2-PE titer of ∼0.76 ± 0.02 g/L after 72 h of shake flask fermentation. Furthermore, the phenylacetic acid synthase encoded by feaB was deleted to decrease the consumption of 2-phenylacetaldehyde, and the 2-PE titer increased to 1.75 ± 0.08 g/L. As phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) is an important precursor for L-Phe synthesis, both the crr and pykF genes were knocked out, leading to ∼35% increase of the 2-PE titer, which reached 2.36 ± 0.06 g/L. Finally, a plasmid-free engineered strain was constructed based on the Ehrlich pathway by integrating multiple ARO10 cassettes (encoding phenylpyruvate decarboxylases) and overexpressing the yjgB gene. The engineered strain produced 2.28 ± 0.20 g/L of 2-PE with a yield of 0.076 g/g glucose and productivity of 0.048 g/L/h. To our best knowledge, this is the highest titer and productivity ever reported for the de novo synthesis of 2-PE in E. coli. In a 5-L fermenter, the 2-PE titer reached 2.15 g/L after 32 h of fermentation, suggesting that the strain has the potential to efficiently produce higher 2-PE titers following further fermentation optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jinchu Yang
- Technology Center, China Tobacco Henan Industrial Co. Ltd. Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Li
- School of Food and Bioengineering/Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Production and Safety, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, People's Republic of China
| | - Nianqing Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chiral Pharmaceuticals Biosynthesis, College of Pharmaceutical Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Jiangsu 225300, People's Republic of China
| | - Lanxi Liu
- School of Food and Bioengineering/Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Production and Safety, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianmei Hu
- School of Food and Bioengineering/Collaborative Innovation Center for Food Production and Safety, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, Henan 450000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuepeng Yang
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Xuepeng Yang, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Dongfeng Road 5, Zhengzhou, Henan 450002, People's Republic of China. Tel.: +86-152-3712-7687; Fax: +86-0371-8660-8262; E-mail:
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11
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Pan H, Xiao Y, Xie A, Li Z, Ding H, Yuan X, Sun R, Peng Q. The antibacterial mechanism of phenylacetic acid isolated from Bacillus megaterium L2 against Agrobacterium tumefaciens. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14304. [PMID: 36389424 PMCID: PMC9651047 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Agrobacterium tumefaciens T-37 can infect grapes and other fruit trees and cause root cancer. Given the pollution and damage of chemical agents to the environment, the use of biological control has become an important area of focus. Bacillus megaterium L2 is a beneficial biocontrol strain isolated and identified in the laboratory, which has a good antibacterial effect on a variety of plant pathogens. The antibacterial metabolites of L2 were separated and purified to obtain a bioactive compound phenylacetic acid (PAA). Methods The potential antibacterial mechanism of PAA against A. tumefaciens T-37 strain was determined by relative conductivity, leakage of nucleic acids, proteins, and soluble total sugars, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Results PAA showed good antibacterial activity against strain A. tumefaciens T-37 with IC50 of 0.8038 mg/mL. Our data suggested that after treatment with PAA, the relative conductivity, nucleic acid, protein, and total soluble sugar of T-37 were increased significantly compared with the chloramphenicol treatment group and the negative treatment group. The total protein synthesis of T-37 cells was inhibited, the consumption of phosphorus decreased with the increase of incubation time, and the content of ROS was significantly higher than that in the negative treatment group. Meanwhile, the activity of two key enzymes (MDH and SDH) involved in the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) decreased. In addition, T-37 cells were found to be damaged by scanning electron microscopy observation. Our results showed that PAA can destroy cell membrane integrity, damage cell structures, affect cell metabolism, and inhibit protein synthesis to exert an antibacterial effect. Conclusions We concluded that the mechanism of action of the PAA against strain T-37 might be described as PAA exerting antibacterial activity by affecting cell metabolism, inhibiting protein synthesis, and destroying cell membrane integrity and cell ultrastructure. Therefore, PAA has a promising application prospect in the prevention and treatment of root cancer disease caused by A. tumefaciens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang Pan
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Yang Xiao
- Institution of Supervision and Inspection Product Quality of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, China
| | - Ailin Xie
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Zhu Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China,Guizhou Key Laboratory of Agricultural Biotechnology, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang, China
| | - Haixia Ding
- Department of Plant Pathology, College of Agriculture, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - XiaoJu Yuan
- Development Center of Planting, Huishui County of Qiannan Prefecture, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Ran Sun
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Qiuju Peng
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resource Conservation and Germplasm Innovation in Mountainous Region (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences/Institute of Agro-bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, Guizhou Province, China
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12
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Huo J, Bai Y, Fan TP, Zheng X, Cai Y. Hydroxytyrosol production from l-DOPA by engineered Escherichia coli co-expressing l-amino acid deaminase, α-keto acid decarboxylase, aldehyde reductase and glucose dehydrogenase with NADH regeneration. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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13
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Guo D, Wu S, Fu X, Pan H. De Novo Biosynthesis of Methyl Cinnamate in Engineered Escherichia coli. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:7736-7741. [PMID: 35709502 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c02638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Methyl cinnamate with a fruity balsamic odor is an important fragrance ingredient in perfumes and cosmetics. Chemical processes are currently the only means of producing methyl cinnamate. But consumers prefer natural flavors. Therefore, it is necessary to design and develop microbial cell factories for the production of methyl cinnamate. In this study, we established for the first time a biosynthetic pathway in engineered Escherichia coli for production of methyl cinnamate from glucose. We further increased the methyl cinnamate production to 302 mg/L by increasing the availability of the metabolic precursors. Finally, the titer was increased to 458 mg/L in a two-phase culture system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daoyi Guo
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Jiangxi Province, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Shaoting Wu
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Jiangxi Province, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Xiao Fu
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Jiangxi Province, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Hong Pan
- Key Laboratory of Organo-Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Jiangxi Province, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
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14
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Bao W, Li X, Liu J, Zheng R, Liu L, Zhang H. The Characterization of an Efficient Phenylpyruvate Decarboxylase KDC4427, Involved in 2-Phenylethanol and IAA Production from Bacterial Enterobacter sp. CGMCC 5087. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0266021. [PMID: 35377224 PMCID: PMC9045302 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02660-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenylpyruvate decarboxylase (PPDC) is a crucial enzyme that plays important roles in 2-phenylethanol (2-PE) biosynthesis. In our previous study, we screened a highly efficient PPDC KDC4427 from the novel 2-PE-producing strain Enterobacter sp. CGMCC 5087. Meanwhile, its decarboxylation activity of indolylpyruvate (IPyA) was also higher than other indolylpyruvate decarboxylases (IPDCs) reported so far. In this study, KDC4427 protein was purified and characterized, and its catalytic mechanisms were analyzed by biological methods. The optimum pH and temperature of KDC4427 was pH 6.5 and 35°C, respectively. The enzyme activity was relatively stable between pH 6 and 8 and over the range of temperatures from 25°C to 45°C. KDC4427 showed the highest catalytic efficiency on phenylpyruvic acid (PPA); meanwhile, it also showed high activity for IPyA and 2-ketobutanoic acid, and it was found that KDC4427 belongs to IPDCs by phylogenetic tree analysis. The coverage of the three-dimensional structure of KDC4427 and EcIPDC from Enterobacter cloacae was 96%. Leucine 542, one of the residues in the substrate-binding pocket, is replaced by isoleucine in KDC4427 compared with EcIPDC. Site-directed mutagenesis showed that the transition from leucine to isoleucine was unlikely to make KDC4427 have high catalytic activity for PPA and IPyA; the mutants at glutamate 468 almost completely lost catalytic activities for both PPA and IPyA, indicating that this glutamate was essential for the catalytic activity. Additionally, alanine 387 plays an important role in the substrate selectivity of KDC4427. IMPORTANCE Compared with the chemical synthesis of 2-phenylethanol (2-PE) by condensation of ethylene oxide and benzene, the biological synthesis of 2-PE is a potential method to replace the traditional process. This makes biotransformation gradually become the main way to produce high-quality 2-PE. Phenylpyruvate decarboxylase (PPDC) is the critical enzyme in 2-PE biosynthesis, and it is a momentous point of penetration to increase the production of 2-PE. In this regard, KDC4427 can catalyze phenylpyruvic acid (PPA) to phenylacetaldehyde more efficiently than any other PPDC previously reported. Moreover, it has high activity of indolepyruvate decarboxylases (IPDCs), which will be a great breakthrough in the synthesis of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). With this study, we offer insights into the KDC4427 catalytic mechanism and significantly expand the toolbox of available α-ketoacid decarboxylases for application in biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhi Bao
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Xing Li
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Jinfeng Liu
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Rong Zheng
- College of Life Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia Normal University, Hohhot, China
| | - Lijuan Liu
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, China
| | - Haibo Zhang
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Shandong Energy Institute, Qingdao, China
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15
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Wong N, Jantama K. Engineering Escherichia coli for a high yield of 1,3-propanediol near the theoretical maximum through chromosomal integration and gene deletion. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:2937-2951. [PMID: 35416488 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11898-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Glycerol dehydratase (gdrAB-dhaB123) operon from Klebsiella pneumoniae and NADPH-dependent 1,3-propanediol oxidoreductase (yqhD) from Escherichia coli were stably integrated on the chromosomal DNA of E. coli under the control of the native-host ldhA and pflB constitutive promoters, respectively. The developed E. coli NSK015 (∆ldhA::gdrAB-dhaB123 ∆ackA::FRT ∆pflB::yqhD ∆frdABCD::cat-sacB) produced 1,3-propanediol (1,3-PDO) at the level of 36.8 g/L with a yield of 0.99 mol/mol of glycerol consumed when glucose was used as a co-substrate with glycerol. Co-substrate of glycerol and cassava starch was also utilized for 1,3-PDO production with the concentration and yield of 31.9 g/L and 0.84 mol/mol of glycerol respectively. This represents a work for efficient 1,3-PDO production in which the overexpression of heterologous genes on the E. coli host genome devoid of plasmid expression systems. Plasmids, antibiotics, IPTG, and rich nutrients were omitted during 1,3-PDO production. This may allow a further application of E. coli NSK015 for the efficient 1,3-PDO production in an economically industrial scale. KEY POINTS: • gdrAB-dhaB123 and yqhD were overexpressed in E. coli devoid of a plasmid system • E. coli NSK015 produced a high yield of 1,3-PDO at 99% theoretical maximum • Cassava starch was alternatively used as substrate for economical 1,3-PDO production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nonthaporn Wong
- Metabolic Engineering Research Unit, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree Sub-District, Suranaree University of Technology, 111 University Avenue, Muang district, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Kaemwich Jantama
- Metabolic Engineering Research Unit, School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree Sub-District, Suranaree University of Technology, 111 University Avenue, Muang district, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand.
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16
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Zhan Y, Shi J, Xiao Y, Zhou F, Wang H, Xu H, Li Z, Yang S, Cai D, Chen S. Multilevel metabolic engineering of Bacillus licheniformis for de novo biosynthesis of 2-phenylethanol. Metab Eng 2022; 70:43-54. [PMID: 35038552 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2022.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Due to its pleasant rose-like scent, 2-phenylethanol (2-PE) has been widely used in the fields of cosmetics and food. Microbial production of 2-PE offers a natural and sustainable production process. However, the current bioprocesses for de novo production of 2-PE suffer from low titer, yield, and productivity. In this work, a multilevel metabolic engineering strategy was employed for the high-level production of 2-PE. Firstly, the native alcohol dehydrogenase YugJ was identified and characterized for 2-PE production via genome mining and gene function analysis. Subsequently, the redirection of carbon flux into 2-PE biosynthesis by combining optimization of Ehrlich pathway, central metabolic pathway, and phenylpyruvate pathway enabled the production of 2-PE to a titer of 1.81 g/L. Specifically, AroK and AroD were identified as the rate-limiting enzymes of 2-PE production through transcription and metabolite analyses, and overexpression of aroK and aroD efficiently boosted 2-PE synthesis. The precursor competing pathways were blocked by eliminating byproduct formation pathways and modulating the glucose transport system. Under the optimal condition, the engineered strain PE23 produced 6.24 g/L of 2-PE with a yield and productivity of 0.14 g/g glucose and 0.13 g/L/h, respectively, using a complex medium in shake flasks. This work achieves the highest titer, yield, and productivity of 2-PE from glucose via the phenylpyruvate pathway. This study provides a promising platform that might be widely useful for improving the production of aromatic-derived chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of High-throughput Drug Screening Technology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, PR China
| | - Jiao Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of High-throughput Drug Screening Technology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, PR China
| | - Yuan Xiao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430081, PR China
| | - Fei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of High-throughput Drug Screening Technology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, PR China
| | - Huan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of High-throughput Drug Screening Technology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, PR China
| | - Haixia Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of High-throughput Drug Screening Technology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, PR China
| | - Zhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of High-throughput Drug Screening Technology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, PR China
| | - Shihui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of High-throughput Drug Screening Technology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, PR China
| | - Dongbo Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of High-throughput Drug Screening Technology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, PR China.
| | - Shouwen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Environmental Microbial Technology Center of Hubei Province, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of High-throughput Drug Screening Technology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430062, PR China.
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17
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Bioproduction of 2-Phenylethanol through Yeast Fermentation on Synthetic Media and on Agro-Industrial Waste and By-Products: A Review. Foods 2022; 11:foods11010109. [PMID: 35010235 PMCID: PMC8750221 DOI: 10.3390/foods11010109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to its pleasant rosy scent, the aromatic alcohol 2-phenylethanol (2-PE) has a huge market demand. Since this valuable compound is used in food, cosmetics and pharmaceuticals, consumers and safety regulations tend to prefer natural methods for its production rather than the synthetic ones. Natural 2-PE can be either produced through the extraction of essential oils from various flowers, including roses, hyacinths and jasmine, or through biotechnological routes. In fact, the rarity of natural 2-PE in flowers has led to the inability to satisfy the large market demand and to a high selling price. Hence, there is a need to develop a more efficient, economic, and environmentally friendly biotechnological approach as an alternative to the conventional industrial one. The most promising method is through microbial fermentation, particularly using yeasts. Numerous yeasts have the ability to produce 2-PE using l-Phe as precursor. Some agro-industrial waste and by-products have the particularity of a high nutritional value, making them suitable media for microbial growth, including the production of 2-PE through yeast fermentation. This review summarizes the biotechnological production of 2-PE through the fermentation of different yeasts on synthetic media and on various agro-industrial waste and by-products.
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18
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Biosensor-assisted evolution for high-level production of 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid in Escherichia coli. Metab Eng 2021; 70:1-11. [PMID: 34965469 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2021.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
4-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid (4HPAA) is an important building block for synthesizing drugs, agrochemicals, and biochemicals, and requires sustainable production to meet increasing demand. Here, we use a 4HPAA biosensor to overcome the difficulty of conventional library screening in identification of preferred mutants. Strains with higher 4HPAA production and tolerance are successfully obtained by atmospheric and room temperature plasma (ARTP) mutagenesis coupled with adaptive laboratory evolution using this biosensor. Genome shuffling integrates preferred properties in the strain GS-2-4, which produces 25.42 g/L 4HPAA. Chromosomal mutations of the strain GS-2-4 are identified by whole genome sequencing. Through comprehensive analysis and experimental validation, important genes, pathways and regulations are revealed. The best gene combination in inverse engineering, acrD-aroG, increases 4HPAA production of strain GS-2-4 by 37% further. These results emphasize precursor supply and stress resistance are keys to efficient 4HPAA biosynthesis. Our work shows the power of biosensor-assisted screening of mutants from libraries. The methods developed here can be easily adapted to construct cell factories for the production of other aromatic chemicals. Our work also provides many valuable target genes to build cell factories for efficient 4HPAA production in the future.
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19
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Kawaguchi H, Hasunuma T, Ohnishi Y, Sazuka T, Kondo A, Ogino C. Enhanced production of γ-amino acid 3-amino-4-hydroxybenzoic acid by recombinant Corynebacterium glutamicum under oxygen limitation. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:228. [PMID: 34949178 PMCID: PMC8697445 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01714-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bio-based aromatic compounds are of great interest to the industry, as commercial production of aromatic compounds depends exclusively on the unsustainable use of fossil resources or extraction from plant resources. γ-amino acid 3-amino-4-hydroxybenzoic acid (3,4-AHBA) serves as a precursor for thermostable bioplastics. Results Under aerobic conditions, a recombinant Corynebacterium glutamicum strain KT01 expressing griH and griI genes derived from Streptomyces griseus produced 3,4-AHBA with large amounts of amino acids as by-products. The specific productivity of 3,4-AHBA increased with decreasing levels of dissolved oxygen (DO) and was eightfold higher under oxygen limitation (DO = 0 ppm) than under aerobic conditions (DO ≥ 2.6 ppm). Metabolic profiles during 3,4-AHBA production were compared at three different DO levels (0, 2.6, and 5.3 ppm) using the DO-stat method. Results of the metabolome analysis revealed metabolic shifts in both the central metabolic pathway and amino acid metabolism at a DO of < 33% saturated oxygen. Based on this metabolome analysis, metabolic pathways were rationally designed for oxygen limitation. An ldh deletion mutant, with the loss of lactate dehydrogenase, exhibited 3.7-fold higher specific productivity of 3,4-AHBA at DO = 0 ppm as compared to the parent strain KT01 and produced 5.6 g/L 3,4-AHBA in a glucose fed-batch culture. Conclusions Our results revealed changes in the metabolic state in response to DO concentration and provided insights into oxygen supply during fermentation and the rational design of metabolic pathways for improved production of related amino acids and their derivatives. Graphical Abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12934-021-01714-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideo Kawaguchi
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan.,Engineering Biology Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Hasunuma
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan.,Engineering Biology Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Yasuo Ohnishi
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan.,Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan
| | - Takashi Sazuka
- Bioscience and Biotechnology Center, Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Akihiko Kondo
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan. .,Engineering Biology Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan. .,Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan. .,Biomass Engineering Research Division, RIKEN, 1-7-22 Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan.
| | - Chiaki Ogino
- Engineering Biology Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan.,Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
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20
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Liu JM, Chen L, Jensen PR, Solem C. Food grade microbial synthesis of the butter aroma compound butanedione using engineered and non-engineered Lactococcus lactis. Metab Eng 2021; 67:443-452. [PMID: 34438072 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2021.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The design-build-test-learn (DBTL) cycle has been implemented in metabolic engineering processes for optimizing the production of valuable compounds, including food ingredients. However, the use of recombinant microorganisms for producing food ingredients is associated with different challenges, e.g., in the EU, a content of more than 0.9% of such ingredients requires to be labeled. Therefore, we propose to expand the DBTL cycle and use the "learn" module to guide the development of non-engineered strains for clean label production. Here, we demonstrate how this approach can be used to generate engineered and natural cell factories able to produce the valuable food flavor compound - butanedione (diacetyl). Through comprehensive rerouting of the metabolism of Lactococcus lactis MG1363 and re-installment of the capacity to metabolize lactose and dairy protein, we managed to achieve a high titer of diacetyl (6.7 g/L) in pure dairy waste. Based on learnings from the engineering efforts, we successfully achieved the production of diacetyl without using recombinant DNA technology. We accomplish the latter by process optimization and by relying on high-throughput screening using a microfluidic system. Our results demonstrate the great potential that lies in combining metabolic engineering and natural approaches for achieving efficient production of food ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Ming Liu
- The National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark.
| | - Lin Chen
- The National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark.
| | - Peter Ruhdal Jensen
- The National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark.
| | - Christian Solem
- The National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, 2800, Denmark.
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21
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Laboratory In-Situ Production of Autochthonous and Allochthonous Fluorescent Organic Matter by Freshwater Bacteria. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9081623. [PMID: 34442702 PMCID: PMC8400322 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This work investigates the origin and range of fluorescent organic matter (FOM) produced in-situ by environmentally sourced freshwater bacteria. Aquatic FOM is an essential component in global carbon cycling and is generally classified as either autochthonous, produced in-situ via microbial processes, or allochthonous, transported into aquatic systems from external sources. We have demonstrated that, within laboratory model systems, environmentally sourced mixed microbial communities and bacterial isolates can produce and/or export FOM associated with both autochthonous and allochthonous material. This study focuses on fluorescence peak B, T, M, C and C+, exploring (1) the cellular nature of FOM produced, (2) FOM exported as extracellular material into the water column and (3) the impact of physical cell lysis on FOM signature. For the laboratory model systems studied, Peak T fluorescence is retained within bacterial cells (>68%), while Peak C fluorescence is mainly observed as extracellular material (>80%). Peak M is identified as both cellular and extracellular FOM, produced by all isolated freshwater microorganisms investigated. The origin of Peak C+ is postulated to originate from functional metabolites associated with specific microorganisms, seen specifically within the Pseudomonas sp. monoculture here. This work challenges the binary classification of FOM as either allochthonous or autochthonous, suggesting that FOM processing and production occurs along a dynamic continuum. Within this study, fluorescence intensity data for the environmental bacteria isolate monocultures are presented as enumeration corrected data, for the first time providing quantitative fluorescence data per bacterial colony forming unit (cfu). From this, we are able to assess the relative contribution of different bacteria to the autochthonous FOM pool and if this material is cellular or extracellular.
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22
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Shen YP, Liao YL, Lu Q, He X, Yan ZB, Liu JZ. ATP and NADPH engineering of Escherichia coli to improve the production of 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid using CRISPRi. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:100. [PMID: 33879249 PMCID: PMC8056492 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-01954-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 4-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid (4HPAA) is an important raw material for the synthesis of drugs, pesticides and biochemicals. Microbial biotechnology would be an attractive approach for 4HPAA production, and cofactors play an important role in biosynthesis. RESULTS We developed a novel strategy called cofactor engineering based on clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat interference (CRISPRi) screening (CECRiS) for improving NADPH and/or ATP availability, enhancing the production of 4HPAA. All NADPH-consuming and ATP-consuming enzyme-encoding genes of E. coli were repressed through CRISPRi. After CRISPRi screening, 6 NADPH-consuming and 19 ATP-consuming enzyme-encoding genes were identified. The deletion of the NADPH-consuming enzyme-encoding gene yahK and the ATP-consuming enzyme-encoding gene fecE increased the production of 4HPAA from 6.32 to 7.76 g/L. Automatically downregulating the expression of the pabA gene using the Esa-PesaS quorum-sensing-repressing system further improved the production of 4HPAA. The final strain E. coli 4HPAA-∆yfp produced 28.57 g/L of 4HPAA with a yield of 27.64% (mol/mol) in 2-L bioreactor fed-batch fermentations. The titer and yield are the highest values to date. CONCLUSION This CECRiS strategy will be useful in engineering microorganisms for the high-level production of bioproducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ping Shen
- Institute of Synthetic Biology, Biomedical Center, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275 People’s Republic of China
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Hunan University of Science and Engineering, Yongzhou, 425199 China
| | - Yu-Ling Liao
- Institute of Synthetic Biology, Biomedical Center, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275 People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Lu
- Institute of Synthetic Biology, Biomedical Center, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275 People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin He
- Institute of Synthetic Biology, Biomedical Center, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275 People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Bo Yan
- Institute of Synthetic Biology, Biomedical Center, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275 People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian-Zhong Liu
- Institute of Synthetic Biology, Biomedical Center, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275 People’s Republic of China
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Construction of recombinant Escherichia coli for production of L-phenylalanine-derived compounds. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 37:84. [PMID: 33855641 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-021-03050-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
L-phenylalanine is an important amino acid that is widely used in the fields of food flavors and pharmaceuticals. Apart from L-phenylalanine itself, various commercially valuable chemical compounds can also be generated via the L-phenylalanine biosynthesis pathway. Compared with direct extraction from plants or synthesis by chemical reaction, microbial production of L-phenylalanine -derived compounds can overcome the drawbacks of environmental pollution, low yield, and mixtures of stereoisomeric products. Accordingly, increasing intracellular levels of precursors, deregulating feedback inhibition and transcription repression, engineering global regulators and other effective strategies have been implemented to produce different L-phenylalanine -derived compounds in the excellent chassis host Escherichia coli. Finally, this review highlights principal strategies for improving the production of L-phenylalanine and/or its derivatives in E. coli, and discusses the future outlook for further enhancing the titer and yields of these compounds.
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Verma R, Ellis JM, Mitchell-Koch KR. Dynamic Preference for NADP/H Cofactor Binding/Release in E. coli YqhD Oxidoreductase. Molecules 2021; 26:E270. [PMID: 33430436 PMCID: PMC7826944 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
YqhD, an E. coli alcohol/aldehyde oxidoreductase, is an enzyme able to produce valuable bio-renewable fuels and fine chemicals from a broad range of starting materials. Herein, we report the first computational solution-phase structure-dynamics analysis of YqhD, shedding light on the effect of oxidized and reduced NADP/H cofactor binding on the conformational dynamics of the biocatalyst using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. The cofactor oxidation states mainly influence the interdomain cleft region conformations of the YqhD monomers, involved in intricate cofactor binding and release. The ensemble of NADPH-bound monomers has a narrower average interdomain space resulting in more hydrogen bonds and rigid cofactor binding. NADP-bound YqhD fluctuates between open and closed conformations, while it was observed that NADPH-bound YqhD had slower opening/closing dynamics of the cofactor-binding cleft. In the light of enzyme kinetics and structural data, simulation findings have led us to postulate that the frequently sampled open conformation of the cofactor binding cleft with NADP leads to the more facile release of NADP while increased closed conformation sampling during NADPH binding enhances cofactor binding affinity and the aldehyde reductase activity of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajni Verma
- Department of Chemistry, McKinley Hall, Wichita State University, 1845 Fairmount, Wichita, KS 67260, USA
| | - Jonathan M. Ellis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
| | - Katie R. Mitchell-Koch
- Department of Chemistry, McKinley Hall, Wichita State University, 1845 Fairmount, Wichita, KS 67260, USA
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Teelucksingh T, Thompson LK, Cox G. The Evolutionary Conservation of Escherichia coli Drug Efflux Pumps Supports Physiological Functions. J Bacteriol 2020; 202:e00367-20. [PMID: 32839176 PMCID: PMC7585057 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00367-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteria harness an impressive repertoire of resistance mechanisms to evade the inhibitory action of antibiotics. One such mechanism involves efflux pump-mediated extrusion of drugs from the bacterial cell, which significantly contributes to multidrug resistance. Intriguingly, most drug efflux pumps are chromosomally encoded components of the intrinsic antibiotic resistome. In addition, in terms of xenobiotic detoxification, bacterial efflux systems often exhibit significant levels of functional redundancy. Efflux pumps are also considered to be highly conserved; however, the extent of conservation in many bacterial species has not been reported and the majority of genes that encode efflux pumps appear to be dispensable for growth. These observations, in combination with an increasing body of experimental evidence, imply alternative roles in bacterial physiology. Indeed, the ability of efflux pumps to facilitate antibiotic resistance could be a fortuitous by-product of ancient physiological functions. Using Escherichia coli as a model organism, we here evaluated the evolutionary conservation of drug efflux pumps and we provide phylogenetic analysis of the major efflux families. We show the E. coli drug efflux system has remained relatively stable and the majority (∼80%) of pumps are encoded in the core genome. This analysis further supports the importance of drug efflux pumps in E. coli physiology. In this review, we also provide an update on the roles of drug efflux pumps in the detoxification of endogenously synthesized substrates and pH homeostasis. Overall, gaining insight into drug efflux pump conservation, common evolutionary ancestors, and physiological functions could enable strategies to combat these intrinsic and ancient elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanisha Teelucksingh
- College of Biological Sciences, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura K Thompson
- College of Biological Sciences, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Georgina Cox
- College of Biological Sciences, Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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Mao Z, Liu L, Zhang Y, Yuan J. Efficient Synthesis of Phenylacetate and 2-Phenylethanol by Modular Cascade Biocatalysis. Chembiochem 2020; 21:2676-2679. [PMID: 32291886 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The green and sustainable synthesis of chemicals from renewable feedstocks by a biotransformation approach has gained increasing attention in recent years. In this work, we developed enzymatic cascades to efficiently convert l-phenylalanine into 2-phenylethanol (2-PE) and phenylacetic acid (PAA), l-tyrosine into tyrosol (p-hydroxyphenylethanol, p-HPE) and p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid (p-HPAA). The enzymatic cascade was cast into an aromatic aldehyde formation module, followed by an aldehyde reduction module, or aldehyde oxidation module, to achieve one-pot biotransformation by using recombinant Escherichia coli. Biotransformation of 50 mM l-Phe produced 6.76 g/L PAA with more than 99 % conversion and 5.95 g/L of 2-PE with 97 % conversion. The bioconversion efficiencies of p-HPAA and p-HPE from l-Tyr reached to 88 and 94 %, respectively. In addition, m-fluoro-phenylalanine was further employed as an unnatural aromatic amino acid substrate to obtain m-fluoro-phenylacetic acid; >96 % conversion was achieved. Our results thus demonstrated high-yielding and potential industrial synthesis of above aromatic compounds by one-pot cascade biocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuoxi Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Fujian, 361102, P. R. China
| | - Lijun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Fujian, 361102, P. R. China
| | - Yang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Fujian, 361102, P. R. China
| | - Jifeng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Fujian, 361102, P. R. China
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Efficient synthesis of 2-phenylethanol from L-phenylalanine by engineered Bacillus licheniformis using molasses as carbon source. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:7507-7520. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10740-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Chromosome Engineering To Generate Plasmid-Free Phenylalanine- and Tyrosine-Overproducing Escherichia coli Strains That Can Be Applied in the Generation of Aromatic-Compound-Producing Bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:AEM.00525-20. [PMID: 32414798 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00525-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Many phenylalanine- and tyrosine-producing strains have used plasmid-based overexpression of pathway genes. The resulting strains achieved high titers and yields of phenylalanine and tyrosine. Chromosomally engineered, plasmid-free producers have shown lower titers and yields than plasmid-based strains, but the former are advantageous in terms of cultivation cost and public health/environmental risk. Therefore, we engineered here the Escherichia coli chromosome to create superior phenylalanine- and tyrosine-overproducing strains that did not depend on plasmid-based expression. Integration into the E. coli chromosome of two central metabolic pathway genes (ppsA and tktA) and eight shikimate pathway genes (aroA, aroB, aroC, aroD, aroE, aroGfbr , aroL, and pheAfbr ), controlled by the T7lac promoter, resulted in excellent titers and yields of phenylalanine; the superscript "fbr" indicates that the enzyme encoded by the gene was feedback resistant. The generated strain could be changed to be a superior tyrosine-producing strain by replacing pheAfbr with tyrAfbr A rational approach revealed that integration of seven genes (ppsA, tktA, aroA, aroB, aroC, aroGfbr , and pheAfbr ) was necessary as the minimum gene set for high-yield phenylalanine production in E. coli MG1655 (tyrR, adhE, ldhA, pykF, pflDC, and ascF deletant). The phenylalanine- and tyrosine-producing strains were further applied to generate phenyllactic acid-, 4-hydroxyphenyllactic acid-, tyramine-, and tyrosol-producing strains; yield of these aromatic compounds increased proportionally to the increase in phenylalanine and tyrosine yields.IMPORTANCE Plasmid-free strains for aromatic compound production are desired in the aspect of industrial application. However, the yields of phenylalanine and tyrosine have been considerably lower in plasmid-free strains than in plasmid-based strains. The significance of this research is that we succeeded in generating superior plasmid-free phenylalanine- and tyrosine-producing strains by engineering the E. coli chromosome, which was comparable to that in plasmid-based strains. The generated strains have a potential to generate superior strains for the production of aromatic compounds. Actually, we demonstrated that four kinds of aromatic compounds could be produced from glucose with high yields (e.g., 0.28 g tyrosol/g glucose).
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Half-Preparative Scale Synthesis of (S)-1-Phenylethane-1,2-Diol as a Result of 2-Phenylethanol Hydroxylation with Aspergillus niger (IAFB 2301) Assistance. Symmetry (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/sym12060989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus niger (IAFB 2301) was employed for bioconversions of 2-phenylethanol as an immobilized or free mycelium and also as a spore suspension. Experiments were conducted on laboratory and half-preparative scale (bioreactor New Brunswick Scientific, BioFlo Model C32). Thus, A. niger applied as free mycelium, depending on the outcome, supported formation of the mixture of 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid and hydroxytyrosol (final concentration of 13.8 mg/L and 3.7% efficiency) or 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, as single product (final concentration of 140 mg/L and 18% efficiency). In case of scaling experiments conducted with flow and batch reactors, accordingly, the following results were achieved: 1. mixture of antioxidants 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid and hydroxytyrosol formed with final concentration of 76 mg/L and 10% efficiency (simplified flow system and immobilized mycelium); 2. (S)-1-phenylethane-1,2-diol synthesized with a final concentration of 447 mg/L and 65% (1.3 L batch reactor).
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Identification of new arylamine N-acetyltransferases and enhancing 2-acetamidophenol production in Pseudomonas chlororaphis HT66. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:105. [PMID: 32430011 PMCID: PMC7236291 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01364-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background 2-Acetamidophenol (AAP) is an aromatic compound with the potential for antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, anti-platelet, and anti-arthritic activities. Due to the biosynthesis of AAP is not yet fully understood, AAP is mainly produced by chemical synthesis. Currently, metabolic engineering of natural microbial pathway to produce valuable aromatic compound has remarkable advantages and exhibits attractive potential. Thus, it is of paramount importance to develop a dominant strain to produce AAP by elucidating the AAP biosynthesis pathway. Result In this study, the active aromatic compound AAP was first purified and identified in gene phzB disruption strain HT66ΔphzB, which was derived from Pseudomonas chlororaphis HT66. The titer of AAP in the strain HT66ΔphzB was 236.89 mg/L. Then, the genes involved in AAP biosynthesis were determined. Through the deletion of genes phzF, Nat and trpE, AAP was confirmed to have the same biosynthesis route as phenazine-1-carboxylic (PCA). Moreover, a new arylamine N-acetyltransferases (NATs) was identified and proved to be the key enzyme required for generating AAP by in vitro assay. P. chlororaphis P3, a chemical mutagenesis mutant strain of HT66, has been demonstrated to have a robust ability to produce antimicrobial phenazines. Therefore, genetic engineering, precursor addition, and culture optimization strategies were used to enhance AAP production in P. chlororaphis P3. The inactivation of phzB in P3 increased AAP production by 92.4%. Disrupting the phenazine negative regulatory genes lon and rsmE and blocking the competitive pathway gene pykA in P3 increased AAP production 2.08-fold, which also confirmed that AAP has the same biosynthesis route as PCA. Furthermore, adding 2-amidophenol to the KB medium increased AAP production by 64.6%, which suggested that 2-amidophenol is the precursor of AAP. Finally, by adding 5 mM 2-amidophenol and 2 mM Fe3+ to the KB medium, the production of AAP reached 1209.58 mg/L in the engineered strain P3ΔphzBΔlonΔpykAΔrsmE using a shaking-flask culture. This is the highest microbial-based AAP production achieved to date. Conclusion In conclusion, this study clarified the biosynthesis process of AAP in Pseudomonas and provided a promising host for industrial-scale biosynthesis of AAP from renewable resources. ![]()
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Shen YP, Niu FX, Yan ZB, Fong LS, Huang YB, Liu JZ. Recent Advances in Metabolically Engineered Microorganisms for the Production of Aromatic Chemicals Derived From Aromatic Amino Acids. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:407. [PMID: 32432104 PMCID: PMC7214760 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aromatic compounds derived from aromatic amino acids are an important class of diverse chemicals with a wide range of industrial and commercial applications. They are currently produced via petrochemical processes, which are not sustainable and eco-friendly. In the past decades, significant progress has been made in the construction of microbial cell factories capable of effectively converting renewable carbon sources into value-added aromatics. Here, we systematically and comprehensively review the recent advancements in metabolic engineering and synthetic biology in the microbial production of aromatic amino acid derivatives, stilbenes, and benzylisoquinoline alkaloids. The future outlook concerning the engineering of microbial cell factories for the production of aromatic compounds is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ping Shen
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals, Biomedical Center, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Synthetic Biology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fu-Xing Niu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals, Biomedical Center, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Synthetic Biology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Bo Yan
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals, Biomedical Center, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Synthetic Biology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lai San Fong
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals, Biomedical Center, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Synthetic Biology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan-Bin Huang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals, Biomedical Center, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Synthetic Biology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Zhong Liu
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals, Biomedical Center, School of Life Sciences, Institute of Synthetic Biology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Xu W, Yang C, Xia Y, Zhang L, Liu C, Yang H, Shen W, Chen X. High-Level Production of Tyrosol with Noninduced Recombinant Escherichia coli by Metabolic Engineering. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:4616-4623. [PMID: 32208625 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b07610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Tyrosol is a pharmacologically active phenolic compound widely used in the pharmaceutical and chemical industries. Microbial fermentation has potential value as an environmentally friendly approach to tyrosol production, but suffers from low tyrosol yields and the need for expensive media additives. In this study, Escherichia coli MG1655 was modified by integrating an E. coli codon-optimized version of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae phenylpyruvate decarboxylase gene, named ARO10*, into the lacI locus. The resulting strain (YMGA*) produced 0.14 mM tyrosol from 2% glucose without the need for expensive media supplements. Subsequent deletion of E. coli genes designed to eliminate competing metabolic pathways (feaB, pheA, tyrB) or undesirable gene regulation (tyrR) produced a strain (YMGA*R) that produced 3.11 mM tyrosol. Tyrosol production was then increased to 10.92 mM by increasing the ARO10* copy number to five copies (strain YMG5A*R). Finally, tyrosol production was increased to 28 mM (ca. 3.9 g/L) by optimizing fermentation conditions in a 5 L fermenter. Engineering a productive E. coli strain with high tyrosol titer from glucose using a medium that does not require added amino acids, inducer, or antibiotic provides a solid basis to produce tyrosol through microbial fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Cui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yuanyuan Xia
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Lihua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Chunxiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Haiquan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Wei Shen
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xianzhong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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Liu L, Zhu Y, Chen Y, Chen H, Fan C, Mo Q, Yuan J. One‐Pot Cascade Biotransformation for Efficient Synthesis of Benzyl Alcohol and Its Analogs. Chem Asian J 2020; 15:1018-1021. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201901680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology School of Life SciencesXiamen University Fujian Xiamen 361102 P. R. China
| | - Yuling Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology School of Life SciencesXiamen University Fujian Xiamen 361102 P. R. China
| | - Yufen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology School of Life SciencesXiamen University Fujian Xiamen 361102 P. R. China
| | - Huiyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology School of Life SciencesXiamen University Fujian Xiamen 361102 P. R. China
| | - Cong Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology School of Life SciencesXiamen University Fujian Xiamen 361102 P. R. China
| | - Qiwen Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology School of Life SciencesXiamen University Fujian Xiamen 361102 P. R. China
| | - Jifeng Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology School of Life SciencesXiamen University Fujian Xiamen 361102 P. R. China
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Kong S, Pan H, Liu X, Li X, Guo D. De novo biosynthesis of 2-phenylethanol in engineered Pichia pastoris. Enzyme Microb Technol 2020; 133:109459. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2019.109459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Carboxylic acid reductases in metabolic engineering. J Biotechnol 2020; 307:1-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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The draft genome sequence of Meyerozyma guilliermondii strain YLG18, a yeast capable of producing and tolerating high concentration of 2-phenylethanol. 3 Biotech 2019; 9:441. [PMID: 31750039 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-1975-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The draft genome of a wild-type Meyerozyma guilliermondii strain YLG18, which could convert l-phenylalanine (l-phe) to 2-phenylethanol (2-PE) and tolerate high concentration of 2-PE was sequenced and analyzed. 18S rDNA analysis indicated that strain YLG18 is closely related to M. guilliermondii. The assembled draft genome of strain YLG18 is 12.8 Mb, containing 5275 encoded protein sequences with G + C content of 43.75%. Among these annotated genes, two aminotransferases, one phenylpyruvate decarboxylase and two bifunctional alcohol dehydrogenases (adh) play key roles in the achievement of 2-PE production from l-phe via Ehrlich pathway. In addition, membrane protein insertase (YidC), heat shock protein (Hsp90) and chaperons (SGT1) were identified, which may contribute to the increased tolerance to 2-PE.
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Trantas E, Navakoudis E, Pavlidis T, Nikou T, Halabalaki M, Skaltsounis L, Ververidis F. Dual pathway for metabolic engineering of Escherichia coli to produce the highly valuable hydroxytyrosol. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212243. [PMID: 31682615 PMCID: PMC6828502 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the most abundant phenolic compounds traced in olive tissues is hydroxytyrosol (HT), a molecule that has been attributed with a pile of beneficial effects, well documented by many epidemiological studies and thus adding value to products containing it. Strong antioxidant capacity and protection from cancer are only some of its exceptional features making it ideal as a potential supplement or preservative to be employed in the nutraceutical, agrochemical, cosmeceutical, and food industry. The HT biosynthetic pathway in plants (e.g. olive fruit tissues) is not well apprehended yet. In this contribution we employed a metabolic engineering strategy by constructing a dual pathway introduced in Escherichia coli and proofing its significant functionality leading it to produce HT. Our primary target was to investigate whether such a metabolic engineering approach could benefit the metabolic flow of tyrosine introduced to the conceived dual pathway, leading to the maximalization of the HT productivity. Various gene combinations derived from plants or bacteria were used to form a newly inspired, artificial biosynthetic dual pathway managing to redirect the carbon flow towards the production of HT directly from glucose. Various biosynthetic bottlenecks faced due to feaB gene function, resolved through the overexpression of a functional aldehyde reductase. Currently, we have achieved equimolar concentration of HT to tyrosine as precursor when overproduced straight from glucose, reaching the level of 1.76 mM (270.8 mg/L) analyzed by LC-HRMS. This work realizes the existing bottlenecks of the metabolic engineering process that was dependent on the utilized host strain, growth medium as well as to other factors studied in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil Trantas
- Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology Group, Laboratory of Biological and Biotechnological Applications, Department of Agriculture, School of Agricultural Sciences, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Heraklion, Greece
- * E-mail: (FV); (ET)
| | - Eleni Navakoudis
- Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology Group, Laboratory of Biological and Biotechnological Applications, Department of Agriculture, School of Agricultural Sciences, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Theofilos Pavlidis
- Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology Group, Laboratory of Biological and Biotechnological Applications, Department of Agriculture, School of Agricultural Sciences, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Theodora Nikou
- Division of Pharmacognosy and Natural Product Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Halabalaki
- Division of Pharmacognosy and Natural Product Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, Athens, Greece
| | - Leandros Skaltsounis
- Division of Pharmacognosy and Natural Product Chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, Athens, Greece
| | - Filippos Ververidis
- Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology Group, Laboratory of Biological and Biotechnological Applications, Department of Agriculture, School of Agricultural Sciences, Hellenic Mediterranean University, Heraklion, Greece
- * E-mail: (FV); (ET)
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Agyirifo DS, Wamalwa M, Otwe EP, Galyuon I, Runo S, Takrama J, Ngeranwa J. Metagenomics analysis of cocoa bean fermentation microbiome identifying species diversity and putative functional capabilities. Heliyon 2019; 5:e02170. [PMID: 31388591 PMCID: PMC6667825 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fermentation of Theobroma cacao L. beans is the most critical stage in the production of cocoa products such as chocolates and its derivatives. There is a limited understanding of the complex response of microbial diversity during cocoa bean fermentation. The aim of the present study was to investigate microbial communities in the cocoa bean fermentation heap using a culture-independent approach to elucidate microbial diversity, structure, functional annotation and mapping unto metabolic pathways. Genomic DNA was extracted and purified from a sample of cocoa beans fermentation heap and was followed by library preparations. Sequence data was generated on Illumina Hiseq 2000 paired-end technology (Macrogen Inc). Taxonomic analysis based on genes predicted from the metagenome identified a high percentage of Bacteria (90.0%), Yeast (9%), and bacteriophages (1%) from the cocoa microbiome. Lactobacillus (20%), Gluconacetobacter (9%), Acetobacter (7%) and Gluconobacter (6%) dominated this study. The mean species diversity, measured by Shannon alpha-diversity index, was estimated at 142.81. Assignment of metagenomic sequences to SEED database categories at 97% sequence similarity identified a genetic profile characteristic of heterotrophic lactic acid fermentation of carbohydrates and aromatic amino acids. Metabolism of aromatic compounds, amino acids and their derivatives and carbohydrates occupied 0.6%, 8% and 13% respectively. Overall, these results provide insights into the cocoa microbiome, identifying fermentation processes carried out broadly by complex microbial communities and metabolic pathways encoding aromatic compounds such as phenylacetaldehyde, butanediol, acetoin, and theobromine that are required for flavour and aroma production. The results obtained will help develop targeted inoculations to produce desired chocolate flavour or targeted metabolic pathways for the selection of microbes for good aroma and flavour compounds formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Agyirifo
- Biochemistry and Biotechnology Department, Kenyatta University, Kenya.,Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Mark Wamalwa
- Biochemistry and Biotechnology Department, Kenyatta University, Kenya.,International Livestock Research Institute-Bioscience East and Central Africa, Kenya
| | - Emmanuel Plas Otwe
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Isaac Galyuon
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Cape Coast, Ghana
| | - Steven Runo
- Biochemistry and Biotechnology Department, Kenyatta University, Kenya
| | - Jemmy Takrama
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Cape Coast, Ghana.,Cocoa Research Institute of Ghana, Ghana
| | - Joseph Ngeranwa
- Biochemistry and Biotechnology Department, Kenyatta University, Kenya
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Li C, Jia P, Bai Y, Fan TP, Zheng X, Cai Y. Efficient Synthesis of Hydroxytyrosol from l-3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine Using Engineered Escherichia coli Whole Cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:6867-6873. [PMID: 31134807 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b01856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxytyrosol is a high-value-added compound with a variety of biological and pharmacological activities. In this study, a whole-cell catalytic method for the synthesis of hydroxytyrosol was developed: aromatic amino acid aminotransferase (TyrB), l-glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), α-keto acid decarboxylase (PmKDC), and aldehyde reductase (YahK) were co-expressed in Escherichia coli to catalyze the synthesis of hydroxytyrosol from l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-DOPA). The plasmids with different copy numbers were used to balance the expression of the four enzymes, and the most appropriate strain (pRSF- yahK- tyrB and pCDF- gdh- Pmkdc) was identified. After determination of the optimum temperature (35 °C) and pH (7.5) for whole-cell catalysis, the yield of hydroxytyrosol reached 36.33 mM (5.59 g/L) and the space-time yield reached 0.70 g L-1 h-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaozhi Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology , Jiangnan University , 1800 Lihu Road , Wuxi , Jiangsu 214122 , People's Republic of China
| | - Pu Jia
- College of Life Sciences , Northwest University , Xi'an , Shaanxi 710069 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yajun Bai
- College of Life Sciences , Northwest University , Xi'an , Shaanxi 710069 , People's Republic of China
| | - Tai-Ping Fan
- Department of Pharmacology , University of Cambridge , Cambridge CB2 1PD , United Kingdom
| | - Xiaohui Zheng
- College of Life Sciences , Northwest University , Xi'an , Shaanxi 710069 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yujie Cai
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology , Jiangnan University , 1800 Lihu Road , Wuxi , Jiangsu 214122 , People's Republic of China
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40
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Pattrick CA, Webb JP, Green J, Chaudhuri RR, Collins MO, Kelly DJ. Proteomic Profiling, Transcription Factor Modeling, and Genomics of Evolved Tolerant Strains Elucidate Mechanisms of Vanillin Toxicity in Escherichia coli. mSystems 2019; 4:e00163-19. [PMID: 31186336 PMCID: PMC6561319 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00163-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Vanillin (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) is an economically important flavor compound that can be made in bacterial cell factories, but toxicity is a major problem for cells producing this aromatic aldehyde. Using (i) a global proteomic analysis supported by multiple physiological experiments, mutant analyses, and inferred transcription factor modeling and (ii) adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE) of vanillin tolerance combined with genome-wide analysis of the underlying mutations, mechanisms of vanillin toxicity in Escherichia coli have been elucidated. We identified 147 proteins that exhibited a significant change in abundance in response to vanillin, giving the first detailed insight into the cellular response to this aldehyde. Vanillin caused accumulation of reactive oxygen species invoking adaptations coordinated by a MarA, OxyR, and SoxS regulatory network and increased RpoS/DksA-dependent gene expression. Differential fumarase C upregulation was found to prevent oxidative damage to FumA and FumB during growth with vanillin. Surprisingly, vanillin-dependent reduction pf copper (II) to copper (I) led to upregulation of the copA gene and growth in the presence of vanillin was shown to be hypersensitive to inhibition by copper ions. AcrD and AaeAB were identified as potential vanillin efflux systems. Vanillin-tolerant strains isolated by ALE had distinct nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in gltA that led to increased citrate synthase activity. Strain-specific mutations in cpdA, rob, and marC were also present. One strain had a large (∼10-kb) deletion that included the marRAB region. Our data provide new understanding of bacterial vanillin toxicity and identify novel gene targets for future engineering of vanillin-tolerant strains of E. coli IMPORTANCE A particular problem for the biotechnological production of many of the valuable chemicals that we are now able to manufacture in bacterial cells is that these products often poison the cells producing them. Solutions to improve product yields or alleviate such toxicity using the techniques of modern molecular biology first require a detailed understanding of the mechanisms of product toxicity. Here we have studied the economically important flavor compound vanillin, an aromatic aldehyde that exerts significant toxic effects on bacterial cells. We used high-resolution protein abundance analysis as a starting point to determine which proteins are upregulated and which are downregulated by growth with vanillin, followed by gene expression and mutant studies to understand the mechanism of the response. In a second approach, we evolved bacterial strains with higher vanillin tolerance. Their genome sequences have yielded novel insights into vanillin tolerance that are complementary to the proteomics data set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calum A Pattrick
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph P Webb
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Jeffrey Green
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Roy R Chaudhuri
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Mark O Collins
- Department of Biomedical Science, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- biOMICS Biological Mass Spectrometry Facility, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - David J Kelly
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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41
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Britton J, Davis R, O'Connor KE. Chemical, physical and biotechnological approaches to the production of the potent antioxidant hydroxytyrosol. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:5957-5974. [PMID: 31177312 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09914-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxytyrosol (HT) is a polyphenol of interest to the food, feed, supplements and pharmaceutical sectors. It is one of the strongest known natural antioxidants and has been shown to confer other benefits such as anti-inflammatory and anti-carcinogenic properties, and it has the potential to act as a cardio- and neuroprotectant. It is known to be one of the compounds responsible for the health benefits of the Mediterranean diet. In nature, HT is found in the olive plant (Olea europaea) as part of the secoiridoid compound oleuropein, in its leaves, fruit, oil and oil production waste products. HT can be extracted from these olive sources, but it can also be produced by chemical synthesis or through the use of microorganisms. This review looks at the production of HT using plant extraction, chemical synthesis and biotechnological approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Britton
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Reeta Davis
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Kevin E O'Connor
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland. .,Beacon Bioeconomy Research Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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Dao Y, Zhang K, Lu X, Lu Z, Liu C, Liu M, Luo Y. Role of Glucose and 2-Oxoglutarate/Malate Translocator (OMT1) in the Production of Phenyllactic Acid and p-Hydroxyphenyllactic Acid, Two Food-Borne Pathogen Inhibitors. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:5820-5826. [PMID: 31060357 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b01444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This work aims to uncover how glucose affected the production of phenyllactic acid (PLA) and p-hydroxyphenyllactic acid ( p-OH-PLA). The highest yields of PLA (68.53 mg/L) and p-OH-PLA (50.39 mg/L) were observed after Lactobacillus plantarum strain YM-4-3 fermentation in media containing 30 and 10 g/L glucose, respectively. Additionally, the antimicrobial activity of YM-4-3 against food-borne pathogens and the NADH/NAD+ ratio were positively correlated with the production of PLA and p-OH-PLA, respectively. In addition, a 2-oxoglutarate/malate translocator coding gene ( Omt1) was selected based on the qPCR results, and its knockout mutant, compared with the wild-type strain YM-4-3, showed that the PLA and p-OH-PLA production was decreased by 1.37-6.99 and 1.53-1.59 times, respectively. This result indicated that OMT1 was involved in the biosynthesis of PLA and p-OH-PLA. To conclude, this study suggests that glucose, NADH/NAD+ ratio and/or the Omt1 gene, PLA, and p-OH-PLA production, and antimicrobial activity contribute to a cause-and-effect relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Dao
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology , Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming 650500 , People's Repbulic of China
| | - Ke Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology , Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming 650500 , People's Repbulic of China
| | - Xiafei Lu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology , Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming 650500 , People's Repbulic of China
| | - Zebao Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine , Chuxiong Medical College , Chuxiong 675005 , People's Repbulic of China
| | - Chenjian Liu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology , Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming 650500 , People's Repbulic of China
| | - Min Liu
- Shandong Tobacco Monopoly Bureau (Company) , Jinan 250101 , People's Repbulic of China
| | - Yiyong Luo
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology , Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming 650500 , People's Repbulic of China
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43
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Wang Y, Zhang H, Lu X, Zong H, Zhuge B. Advances in 2-phenylethanol production from engineered microorganisms. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:403-409. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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44
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Shen YP, Fong LS, Yan ZB, Liu JZ. Combining directed evolution of pathway enzymes and dynamic pathway regulation using a quorum-sensing circuit to improve the production of 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid in Escherichia coli. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2019; 12:94. [PMID: 31044007 PMCID: PMC6477704 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1438-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 4-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid (4HPAA) is an important building block for synthesizing drugs, agrochemicals, biochemicals, etc. 4HPAA is currently produced exclusively via petrochemical processes and the process is environmentally unfriendly and unsustainable. Microbial cell factory would be an attractive approach for 4HPAA production. RESULTS In the present study, we established a microbial biosynthetic system for the de novo production of 4HPAA from glucose in Escherichia coli. First, we compared different biosynthetic pathways for the production of 4HPAA. The yeast Ehrlich pathway produced the highest level of 4HPAA among these pathways that were evaluated. To increase the pathway efficiency, the yeast Ehrlich pathway enzymes were directedly evolved via error-prone PCR. Two phenylpyruvate decarboxylase ARO10 and phenylacetaldehyde dehydrogenase FeaB variants that outperformed the wild-type enzymes were obtained. These mutations increased the in vitro and in vivo catalytic efficiency for converting 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate to 4HPAA. A tunable intergenic region (TIGR) sequence was inserted into the two evolved genes to balance their expression. Regulation of TIGR for the evolved pathway enzymes further improved the production of 4HPAA, resulting in a 1.13-fold increase in titer compared with the fusion wild-type pathway. To prevent the toxicity of a heterologous pathway to the cell, an Esa quorum-sensing (QS) circuit with both activating and repressing functions was developed for inducer-free productions of metabolites. The Esa-PesaR activation QS system was used to dynamically control the biosynthetic pathway of 4HPAA in E. coli, which achieved 17.39 ± 0.26 g/L with a molar yield of 23.2% without addition of external inducers, resulting in a 46.4% improvement of the titer compared to the statically controlled pathway. CONCLUSION We have constructed an E. coli for 4HPAA production with the highest titer to date. This study also demonstrates that the combination of directed evolution of pathway enzymes and dynamic pathway regulation using a QS circuit is a powerful strategy of metabolic engineering for the productions of metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ping Shen
- Institute of Synthetic Biology, Biomedical Center, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275 China
| | - Lai San Fong
- Institute of Synthetic Biology, Biomedical Center, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275 China
| | - Zhi-Bo Yan
- Institute of Synthetic Biology, Biomedical Center, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275 China
| | - Jian-Zhong Liu
- Institute of Synthetic Biology, Biomedical Center, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Improved Variety Reproduction in Aquatic Economic Animals, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275 China
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45
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Yang H, Xue Y, Yang C, Shen W, Fan Y, Chen X. Modular Engineering of Tyrosol Production in Escherichia coli. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:3900-3908. [PMID: 30873833 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effects of the different critical genes in the three modules on tyrosol production in Escherichia coli. Coexpression of the yahK and ARO10 genes increased the yield of tyrosol by 10% compared to that of the control. Tyrosol production by E. coli BFPT1 and E. coli BFPA1 was higher by 15.0% and 17.8% than that by the control, respectively, via coordinated expression of key genes from modules 2 and 3. The tyrosol yield of E. coli BFPE2 was 58.3% higher than that of the control (reaching 5.72 mM) when the expression levels of the key genes aroA and tyrA* from module 2 were balanced. The tyrosol yield of E. coli BFPG1 was increased by 52.6% (reaching 5.8 mM) compared to the control via coexpression of modules 1, 2, and 3. This work suggested that microbial production of tyrosol in E. coli has potential for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiquan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , P. R. China
- School of Biotechnology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , P. R. China
| | - Yuxiang Xue
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , P. R. China
- School of Biotechnology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , P. R. China
| | - Cui Yang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , P. R. China
- School of Biotechnology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , P. R. China
| | - Wei Shen
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , P. R. China
| | - You Fan
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , P. R. China
- School of Biotechnology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , P. R. China
| | - Xianzhong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , P. R. China
- School of Biotechnology , Jiangnan University , Wuxi 214122 , P. R. China
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46
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Li X, Shen X, Wang J, Ri HI, Mi CY, Yan Y, Sun X, Yuan Q. Efficient biosynthesis of 3, 4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid in Escherichia coli. J Biotechnol 2019; 294:14-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2019.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Song MK, Cho AR, Sim G, Ahn JH. Synthesis of Diverse Hydroxycinnamoyl Phenylethanoid Esters Using Escherichia coli. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:2028-2035. [PMID: 30698011 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) is an ester of a hydroxycinnamic acid (phenylpropanoid) and a phenylethanoid (2-phenylethanol; 2-PE), which has long been used in traditional medicine. Here, we synthesized 54 hydroxycinnamic acid-phenylethanoid esters by feeding 64 combinations of hydroxycinnamic acids and phenylethanols to Escherichia coli harboring the rice genes OsPMT and Os4CL. The same approach was applied for ester synthesis with caffeic acid and eight different phenyl alcohols. Two hydroxycinnamoyl phenethyl esters, p-coumaroyl tyrosol and CAPE, were also synthesized from glucose using engineered E. coli by introducing genes for the synthesis of substrates. Consequently, we synthesized approximately 393.4 mg/L p-coumaroyl tyrosol and 23.8 mg/L CAPE with this approach. Overall, these findings demonstrate that the rice PMT and 4CL proteins can be used for the synthesis of diverse hydroxycinnamoyl phenylethanoid esters owing to their promiscuity and that further exploration of the biological activities of these compounds is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Kyung Song
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center , Konkuk University , Seoul 05029 , Republic of Korea
| | - A Ra Cho
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center , Konkuk University , Seoul 05029 , Republic of Korea
| | - GeunYoung Sim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center , Konkuk University , Seoul 05029 , Republic of Korea
| | - Joong-Hoon Ahn
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center , Konkuk University , Seoul 05029 , Republic of Korea
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48
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Lukito BR, Wu S, Saw HJJ, Li Z. One-Pot Production of Natural 2-Phenylethanol fromL-Phenylalanine via Cascade Biotransformations. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201801613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benedict Ryan Lukito
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; National University of Singapore; 4 Engineering Drive 4 Singapore 117585 Singapore
| | - Shuke Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; National University of Singapore; 4 Engineering Drive 4 Singapore 117585 Singapore
| | - Heng Jie Jonathan Saw
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; National University of Singapore; 4 Engineering Drive 4 Singapore 117585 Singapore
| | - Zhi Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; National University of Singapore; 4 Engineering Drive 4 Singapore 117585 Singapore
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49
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Mohammadi Nargesi B, Sprenger GA, Youn JW. Metabolic Engineering of Escherichia coli for para-Amino-Phenylethanol and para-Amino-Phenylacetic Acid Biosynthesis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 6:201. [PMID: 30662895 PMCID: PMC6328984 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aromatic amines are an important class of chemicals which are used as building blocks for the synthesis of polymers and pharmaceuticals. In this study we establish a de novo pathway for the biosynthesis of the aromatic amines para-amino-phenylethanol (PAPE) and para-amino-phenylacetic acid (4-APA) in Escherichia coli. We combined a synthetic para-amino-l-phenylalanine pathway with the fungal Ehrlich pathway. Therefore, we overexpressed the heterologous genes encoding 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate synthase (pabAB from Corynebacterium glutamicum), 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate mutase and 4-amino-4-deoxyprephenate dehydrogenase (papB and papC from Streptomyces venezuelae) and ThDP-dependent keto-acid decarboxylase (aro10 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae) in E. coli. The resulting para-amino-phenylacetaldehyde either was reduced to PAPE or oxidized to 4-APA. The wild type strain E. coli LJ110 with a plasmid carrying these four genes produced (in shake flask cultures) 11 ± 1.5 mg l−1 of PAPE from glucose (4.5 g l−1). By the additional cloning and expression of feaB (phenylacetaldehyde dehydrogenase from E. coli) 36 ± 5 mg l−1 of 4-APA were obtained from 4.5 g l−1 glucose. Competing reactions, such as the genes for aminotransferases (aspC and tyrB) or for biosynthesis of L-phenylalanine and L-tyrosine (pheA, tyrA) and for the regulator TyrR were removed. Additionally, the E. coli genes aroFBL were cloned and expressed from a second plasmid. The best producer strains of E. coli showed improved formation of PAPE and 4-APA, respectively. Plasmid-borne expression of an aldehyde reductase (yahK from E. coli) gave best values for PAPE production, whereas feaB-overexpression led to best values for 4-APA. In fed-batch cultivation, the best producer strains achieved 2.5 ± 0.15 g l−1 of PAPE from glucose (11% C mol mol-1 glucose) and 3.4 ± 0.3 g l−1 of 4-APA (17% C mol mol−1 glucose), respectively which are the highest values for recombinant strains reported so far.
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50
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Qian X, Yan W, Zhang W, Dong W, Ma J, Ochsenreither K, Jiang M, Xin F. Current status and perspectives of 2-phenylethanol production through biological processes. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2018; 39:235-248. [DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2018.1530634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiujuan Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weiliang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiangfeng Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Katrin Ochsenreither
- Institute of Process Engineering in Life Sciences, Section II: Technical Biology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Min Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fengxue Xin
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu National Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, China
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