1
|
Wang X, Wu Y, Fu C, Zhao W, Li L. Metabolic cross-feeding between the competent degrader Rhodococcus sp. strain p52 and an incompetent partner during catabolism of dibenzofuran: Understanding the leading and supporting roles. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 471:134310. [PMID: 38640677 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
Microbial interactions, particularly metabolic cross-feeding, play important roles in removing recalcitrant environmental pollutants; however, the underlying mechanisms involved in this process remain unclear. Thus, this study aimed to elucidate the mechanism by which metabolic cross-feeding occurs during synergistic dibenzofuran degradation between a highly efficient degrader, Rhodococcus sp. strain p52, and a partner incapable of utilizing dibenzofuran. A bottom-up approach combined with pairwise coculturing was used to examine metabolic cross-feeding between strain p52 and Arthrobacter sp. W06 or Achromobacter sp. D10. Pairwise coculture not only promoted bacterial pair growth but also facilitated dibenzofuran degradation. Specifically, strain p52, acting as a donor, released dibenzofuran metabolic intermediates, including salicylic acid and gentisic acid, for utilization and growth, respectively, by the partner strains W06 and D10. Both salicylic acid and gentisic acid exhibited biotoxicity, and their accumulation inhibited dibenzofuran degradation. The transcriptional activity of the genes responsible for the catabolism of dibenzofuran and its metabolic intermediates was coordinately regulated in strain p52 and its cocultivated partners, thus achieving synergistic dibenzofuran degradation. This study provides insights into microbial metabolic cross-feeding during recalcitrant environmental pollutant removal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xudi Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yanan Wu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Changai Fu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wenhui Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Li Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mai Y, Wang Z, Zhou Y, Wang G, Chen J, Lin Y, Ji P, Zhang W, Jing Q, Chen L, Chen Z, Lin H, Jiang L, Yuan C, Xu P, Huang M. From disinfectants to antibiotics: Enhanced biosafety of quaternary ammonium compounds by chemical modification. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 460:132454. [PMID: 37703742 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
The excessive use of quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) following the COVID-19 pandemic has raised substantial concerns regarding their biosafety. Overuse of QACs has been associated with chronic biological adverse effects, including genotoxicity or carcinogenicity. In particular, inadvertent intravascular administration or oral ingestion of QACs can lead to fatal acute toxicity. To enhance the biosafety and antimicrobial efficacy of QACs, this study reports a new series of QACs, termed as PACs, with the alkyl chain of benzalkonium substituted by a phthalocyanine moiety. Firstly, the rigid phthalocyanine moiety enhances the selectivity of QACs to bacteria over human cells and reduces alkyl chain's entropic penalty of binding to bacterial membranes. Furthermore, phthalocyanine neutralizes hemolysis and cytotoxicity of QACs by binding with albumin in plasma. Our experimental results demonstrate that PACs inherit the optical properties of phthalocyanine and validate the broad-spectrum antibacterial activity of PACs in vitro. Moreover, the intravascular administration of the most potent PAC, PAC1a, significantly reduced bacterial burden and ameliorated inflammation level in a bacteria-induced septic mouse model. This study presents a new strategy to improve the antimicrobial efficacy and biosafety of QACs, thus expanding their range of applications to the treatment of systemic infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Mai
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, PR China
| | - Zhiyou Wang
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, PR China
| | - Yang Zhou
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, PR China
| | - Guodong Wang
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, PR China
| | - Jingyi Chen
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, PR China
| | - Yuxin Lin
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, PR China
| | - Panpan Ji
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, PR China
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, PR China
| | - Qian Jing
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, PR China
| | - Liyun Chen
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, PR China
| | - Zheng Chen
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, PR China
| | - Haili Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, The Peoples Hospital of Fujian Province, Fuzhou, Fujian 350004, PR China
| | - Longguang Jiang
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, PR China
| | - Cai Yuan
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, PR China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Enzyme Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, PR China
| | - Peng Xu
- College of Biological Science and Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, PR China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Enzyme Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, PR China.
| | - Mingdong Huang
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Arnold W, Blum A, Branyan J, Bruton TA, Carignan CC, Cortopassi G, Datta S, DeWitt J, Doherty AC, Halden RU, Harari H, Hartmann EM, Hrubec TC, Iyer S, Kwiatkowski CF, LaPier J, Li D, Li L, Muñiz Ortiz JG, Salamova A, Schettler T, Seguin RP, Soehl A, Sutton R, Xu L, Zheng G. Quaternary Ammonium Compounds: A Chemical Class of Emerging Concern. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:7645-7665. [PMID: 37157132 PMCID: PMC10210541 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c08244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs), a large class of chemicals that includes high production volume substances, have been used for decades as antimicrobials, preservatives, and antistatic agents and for other functions in cleaning, disinfecting, personal care products, and durable consumer goods. QAC use has accelerated in response to the COVID-19 pandemic and the banning of 19 antimicrobials from several personal care products by the US Food and Drug Administration in 2016. Studies conducted before and after the onset of the pandemic indicate increased human exposure to QACs. Environmental releases of these chemicals have also increased. Emerging information on adverse environmental and human health impacts of QACs is motivating a reconsideration of the risks and benefits across the life cycle of their production, use, and disposal. This work presents a critical review of the literature and scientific perspective developed by a multidisciplinary, multi-institutional team of authors from academia, governmental, and nonprofit organizations. The review evaluates currently available information on the ecological and human health profile of QACs and identifies multiple areas of potential concern. Adverse ecological effects include acute and chronic toxicity to susceptible aquatic organisms, with concentrations of some QACs approaching levels of concern. Suspected or known adverse health outcomes include dermal and respiratory effects, developmental and reproductive toxicity, disruption of metabolic function such as lipid homeostasis, and impairment of mitochondrial function. QACs' role in antimicrobial resistance has also been demonstrated. In the US regulatory system, how a QAC is managed depends on how it is used, for example in pesticides or personal care products. This can result in the same QACs receiving different degrees of scrutiny depending on the use and the agency regulating it. Further, the US Environmental Protection Agency's current method of grouping QACs based on structure, first proposed in 1988, is insufficient to address the wide range of QAC chemistries, potential toxicities, and exposure scenarios. Consequently, exposures to common mixtures of QACs and from multiple sources remain largely unassessed. Some restrictions on the use of QACs have been implemented in the US and elsewhere, primarily focused on personal care products. Assessing the risks posed by QACs is hampered by their vast structural diversity and a lack of quantitative data on exposure and toxicity for the majority of these compounds. This review identifies important data gaps and provides research and policy recommendations for preserving the utility of QAC chemistries while also seeking to limit adverse environmental and human health effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William
A. Arnold
- University
of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Arlene Blum
- Green
Science Policy Institute, Berkeley, California 94709, United States
- University
of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jennifer Branyan
- California
Department of Toxic Substances Control, Sacramento, California 95814, United States
| | - Thomas A. Bruton
- California
Department of Toxic Substances Control, Sacramento, California 95814, United States
| | | | - Gino Cortopassi
- University
of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Sandipan Datta
- University
of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Jamie DeWitt
- East
Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina 27834, United States
| | - Anne-Cooper Doherty
- California
Department of Toxic Substances Control, Sacramento, California 95814, United States
| | - Rolf U. Halden
- Arizona
State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Homero Harari
- Icahn
School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, United States
| | | | - Terry C. Hrubec
- Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, United States
| | - Shoba Iyer
- California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment, Oakland, California 94612, United States
| | - Carol F. Kwiatkowski
- Green
Science Policy Institute, Berkeley, California 94709, United States
- North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695 United States
| | - Jonas LaPier
- Green
Science Policy Institute, Berkeley, California 94709, United States
| | - Dingsheng Li
- University
of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, United States
| | - Li Li
- University
of Nevada, Reno, Nevada 89557, United States
| | | | - Amina Salamova
- Indiana University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Ted Schettler
- Science and Environmental Health Network, Bolinas, California 94924, United States
| | - Ryan P. Seguin
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Anna Soehl
- Green
Science Policy Institute, Berkeley, California 94709, United States
| | - Rebecca Sutton
- San Francisco Estuary Institute, Richmond, California 94804, United States
| | - Libin Xu
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Guomao Zheng
- Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Brayton S, Toles ZEA, Sanchez CA, Michaud ME, Thierer LM, Keller TM, Risener CJ, Quave CL, Wuest WM, Minbiole KPC. Soft QPCs: Biscationic Quaternary Phosphonium Compounds as Soft Antimicrobial Agents. ACS Infect Dis 2023; 9:943-951. [PMID: 36926876 PMCID: PMC10111419 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.2c00624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) serve as a first line of defense against infectious pathogens. As resistance to QACs emerges in the environment, the development of next-generation disinfectants is of utmost priority for human health. Balancing antibacterial potency with environmental considerations is required to effectively counter the development of bacterial resistance. To address this challenge, a series of 14 novel biscationic quaternary phosphonium compounds (bisQPCs) have been prepared as amphiphilic disinfectants through straightforward, high-yielding alkylation reactions. These compounds feature decomposable or "soft" amide moieties in their side chains, anticipated to promote decomposition under environmental conditions. Strong bioactivity against a panel of seven bacterial pathogens was observed, highlighted by single-digit micromolar activity for compounds P6P-12A,12A and P3P-12A,12A. Hydrolysis experiments in pure water and in buffers of varying pH revealed surprising decomposition of the soft QPCs under basic conditions at the phosphonium center, leading to inactive phosphine oxide products; QPC stability (>24 h) was maintained in neutral solutions. The results of this work unveil soft QPCs as a potent and environmentally conscious new class of bisQPC disinfectants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samantha
R. Brayton
- Department
of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, United States
| | - Zachary E. A. Toles
- Department
of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, United States
| | - Christian A. Sanchez
- Department
of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Marina E. Michaud
- Department
of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Laura M. Thierer
- Department
of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, United States
| | - Taylor M. Keller
- Department
of Chemistry Crystallography Facility, University
of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Caitlin J. Risener
- Molecular
and Systems Pharmacology Program, Emory
University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United
States
| | - Cassandra L. Quave
- Department
of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - William M. Wuest
- Department
of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Kevin P. C. Minbiole
- Department
of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Boyce JM. Quaternary ammonium disinfectants and antiseptics: tolerance, resistance and potential impact on antibiotic resistance. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2023; 12:32. [PMID: 37055844 PMCID: PMC10099023 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-023-01241-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to the substantial increase in the use of disinfectants containing quaternary ammonion compounds (QACs) in healthcare and community settings during the COVID-19 pandemic, there is increased concern that heavy use might cause bacteria to develop resistance to QACs or contribute to antibiotic resistance. The purpose of this review is to briefly discuss the mechanisms of QAC tolerance and resistance, laboratory-based evidence of tolerance and resistance, their occurrence in healthcare and other real-world settings, and the possible impact of QAC use on antibiotic resistance. METHODS A literature search was conducted using the PubMed database. The search was limited to English language articles dealing with tolerance or resistance to QACs present in disinfectants or antiseptics, and potential impact on antibiotic resistance. The review covered the period from 2000 to mid-Jan 2023. RESULTS Mechanisms of QAC tolerance or resistance include innate bacterial cell wall structure, changes in cell membrane structure and function, efflux pumps, biofilm formation, and QAC degradation. In vitro studies have helped elucidate how bacteria can develop tolerance or resistance to QACs and antibiotics. While relatively uncommon, multiple episodes of contaminated in-use disinfectants and antiseptics, which are often due to inappropriate use of products, have caused outbreaks of healthcare-associated infections. Several studies have identified a correlation between benzalkonium chloride (BAC) tolerance and clinically-defined antibiotic resistance. The occurrence of mobile genetic determinants carrying multiple genes that encode for QAC or antibiotic tolerance raises the concern that widespread QAC use might facilitate the emergence of antibiotic resistance. Despite some evidence from laboratory-based studies, there is insufficient evidence in real-world settings to conclude that frequent use of QAC disinfectants and antiseptics has promoted widespread emergence of antibiotic resistance. CONCLUSIONS Laboratory studies have identified multiple mechanisms by which bacteria can develop tolerance or resistance to QACs and antibiotics. De novo development of tolerance or resistance in real-world settings is uncommon. Increased attention to proper use of disinfectants is needed to prevent contamination of QAC disinfectants. Additional research is needed to answer many questions and concerns related to use of QAC disinfectants and their potential impact on antibiotic resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John M Boyce
- J.M. Boyce Consulting, LLC, 5123 Town Place, Middletown, CT, Connecticut, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Moghadam AA, Shuai W, Hartmann EM. Anthropogenic antimicrobial micropollutants and their implications for agriculture. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2023; 80:102902. [PMID: 36812745 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2023.102902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics and disinfectants have saved millions of human lives and cured uncountable animal diseases, but their activity is not limited to the site of application. Downstream, these chemicals become micropollutants, contaminating water at trace levels, resulting in adverse impacts on soil microbial communities and threatening crop health and productivity in agricultural settings and perpetuating the spread of antimicrobial resistance. Especially as resource scarcity drives increased reuse of water and other waste streams, considerable attention is needed to characterize the fate of antibiotics and disinfectants and to prevent or mitigate environmental and public health impacts. In this review, we hope to provide an overview of why increasing concentrations of micropollutants such as antibiotics are concerning in the environment, how they can pose health risks for humans, and how they can be countered using bioremediation strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anahid A Moghadam
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, USA
| | - Weitao Shuai
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, USA
| | - Erica M Hartmann
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Northwestern University, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhou H, Gao X, Wang S, Zhang Y, Coulon F, Cai C. Enhanced Bioremediation of Aged Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Soil Using Immobilized Microbial Consortia Combined with Strengthening Remediation Strategies. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:ijerph20031766. [PMID: 36767132 PMCID: PMC9914441 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20031766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Microbial biodegradation is considered as one of the most effective strategies for the remediation of soil contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). To improve the degradation efficiency of PAHs, PAH-degrading consortia combined with strengthening remediation strategies was used in this study. The PAH biodegrading performance of seven bacterial consortia constructed by different ratios of Mycobacterium gilvum MI, Mycobacterium sp. ZL7 and Rhodococcus rhodochrous Q3 was evaluated in an aqueous system containing phenanthrene, pyrene, benzo[a]pyrene and benzo[b]fluoranthene. Bacterial consortium H6 (Q3:ZL7:MI = 1:2:2) performed a high degrading efficiency of 59% in 8 days. The H6 was subsequently screened to explore its potential ability and performance to degrade aged PAHs in soils from a coking plant and the effects of strengthening strategies on the aged PAH degradation, including the addition of glucose or sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) individually or as a mixture along immobilization of the inoculant on biochar. The highest degradation efficiencies, which were 15% and 60% for low-molecular-weight (LMW) PAHs and high-molecular-weight (HMW) PAHs, respectively, were observed in the treatment using immobilized microbial consortium H6 combined with the addition of glucose and SDBS after 24 days incubation. This study provides new insights and guidance for future remediation of aged PAH contaminated soils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haixuan Zhou
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Xiurong Gao
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Suhang Wang
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Youchi Zhang
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Frederic Coulon
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Chao Cai
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Nowak-Lange M, Niedziałkowska K, Lisowska K. Cosmetic Preservatives: Hazardous Micropollutants in Need of Greater Attention? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214495. [PMID: 36430973 PMCID: PMC9692320 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, personal care products (PCPs) have surfaced as a novel class of pollutants due to their release into wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and receiving environments by sewage effluent and biosolid-augmentation soil, which poses potential risks to non-target organisms. Among PCPs, there are preservatives that are added to cosmetics for protection against microbial spoilage. This paper presents a review of the occurrence in different environmental matrices, toxicological effects, and mechanisms of microbial degradation of four selected preservatives (triclocarban, chloroxylenol, methylisothiazolinone, and benzalkonium chloride). Due to the insufficient removal from WWTPs, cosmetic preservatives have been widely detected in aquatic environments and sewage sludge at concentrations mainly below tens of µg L-1. These compounds are toxic to aquatic organisms, such as fish, algae, daphnids, and rotifers, as well as terrestrial organisms. A summary of the mechanisms of preservative biodegradation by micro-organisms and analysis of emerging intermediates is also provided. Formed metabolites are often characterized by lower toxicity compared to the parent compounds. Further studies are needed for an evaluation of environmental concentrations of preservatives in diverse matrices and toxicity to more species of aquatic and terrestrial organisms, and for an understanding of the mechanisms of microbial degradation. The research should focus on chloroxylenol and methylisothiazolinone because these compounds are the least understood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Nowak-Lange
- Correspondence: (M.N.-L.); (K.L.); Tel.: +48-42635-45-00 (M.N.-L.); +48-42635-44-68 (K.L.)
| | | | - Katarzyna Lisowska
- Correspondence: (M.N.-L.); (K.L.); Tel.: +48-42635-45-00 (M.N.-L.); +48-42635-44-68 (K.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Belter B, McCarlie SJ, Boucher-van Jaarsveld CE, Bragg RR. Investigation into the Metabolism of Quaternary Ammonium Compound Disinfectants by Bacteria. Microb Drug Resist 2022; 28:841-848. [PMID: 35759372 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2022.0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, our reliance on disinfectants and sanitizers and the use thereof has grown. While this may protect human health, it may be selecting for antimicrobial-resistant microorganisms, including those that are not only capable of growth in the presence of disinfectants but also thrive using this as an energy source. Furthermore, there is a growing concern in emerging nosocomial pathogens, which have shown resistance to antibiotics and disinfectants. This rise in resistance has led to the investigation of various mechanisms behind resistance, such as biofilms, efflux pumps, and mobile genetic elements. Although many resistance mechanisms have been identified, it was discovered that some potentially pathogenic microbes could metabolize these compounds, which remains an avenue for further investigation. Investigating alternative metabolic pathways in microorganisms capable of growth using disinfectants as their sole carbon and energy source may provide insight into the metabolism of quaternary ammonium compound (QAC)-based antimicrobials. Many of the metabolic reactions proposed include hydroxylation, N-dealkylation, N-demethylation, and β-oxidation of QACs. If clear metabolic pathways and reactions are elucidated, possible alternative approaches to QACs may be advised. Alternatively, this may provide opportunities for biodegradation of the compounds that adversely affect the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bernadette Belter
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Samantha J McCarlie
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Charlotte E Boucher-van Jaarsveld
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Robert R Bragg
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical and Food Biotechnology, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ahmad HA, Ahmad S, Cui Q, Wang Z, Wei H, Chen X, Ni SQ, Ismail S, Awad HM, Tawfik A. The environmental distribution and removal of emerging pollutants, highlighting the importance of using microbes as a potential degrader: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 809:151926. [PMID: 34838908 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Emerging pollutants (EPs) create a worldwide concern owing to their low concentration and severe toxicity to the receptors. The prominent emerging pollutants categories as pharmaceutical and personal care product, plasticizer, surfactants, and persistent organic pollutants. Typically, EPs are widely disseminated in the aquatic ecosystem and capable of perturbing the physiology of water bodies as well as humans. The primary sources of EPs in the environment include anthropogenic release, atmospheric deposition, untreated or substandard treated wastewater, and extreme weather events. Intensive research has been done covering the environmental distribution, ecological disturbance, fate, and removal of EPs in the past decades. However, a systematic review on the distribution of EPs in the engineered and natural aquatic environment and the degradation of different EPs by using anaerobic sludge, aerobic bacteria, and isolated strains are limited. This review article aims to highlight the importance, application, and future perceptions of using different microbes to degrade EPs. Overall, this review article illustrates the superiority of using non-cultivable and cultivable microbes to degrade the EPs as an eco-friendly approach. Practically, the outcomes of this review paper will build up the knowledge base solutions to remove EPs from the wastewater.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz Adeel Ahmad
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China; Suzhou Research Institute, Shandong University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China; Shenzhen Research Institute, Shandong University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518052, China
| | - Shakeel Ahmad
- Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Qingjie Cui
- Department of Mechanical and Environmental Protection, Shandong Electric Power Engineering Consulting Institute Ltd. (SDEPCI), Jinan, Shandong 250013, China
| | - Zhibin Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Haiwei Wei
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Xue Chen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Shou-Qing Ni
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China; Suzhou Research Institute, Shandong University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China; Shenzhen Research Institute, Shandong University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518052, China.
| | - Sherif Ismail
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China; Environmental Engineering Department, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Hanem M Awad
- National Research Centre, Tanning Materials & Proteins Department, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Tawfik
- National Research Centre, Water Pollution Research Department, Dokki, Giza 12622, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zhang X, Xia Y, Jia Y, Sukenik A, Kaplan A, Song C, Dai G, Bai F, Li L, Song L. Can Alkyl Quaternary Ammonium Cations Substitute H 2O 2 in Controlling Cyanobacterial Blooms-Laboratory and Mesocosm Studies. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9112258. [PMID: 34835385 PMCID: PMC8619391 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitigation of harmful cyanobacterial blooms that constitute a serious threat to water quality, particularly in eutrophic water, such as in aquaculture, is essential. Thus, in this study, we tested the efficacy of selected cyanocides towards bloom control in laboratory and outdoor mesocosm experiments. Specifically, we focused on the applicability of a group of cationic disinfectants, alkyltrimethyl ammonium (ATMA) compounds and H2O2. The biocidal effect of four ATMA cations with different alkyl chain lengths was evaluated ex situ using Microcystis colonies collected from a fish pond. The most effective compound, octadecyl trimethyl ammonium (ODTMA), was further evaluated for its selectivity towards 24 cyanobacteria and eukaryotic algae species, including Cyanobacteria, Chlorophyta, Bacillariophyta, Euglenozoa and Cryptophyta. The results indicated selective inhibition of cyanobacteria by ODTMA-Br (C18) on both Chroccocales and Nostocales, but a minor effect on Chlorophytes and Bacillariophytes. The efficacy of ODTMA-Br (C18) (6.4 μM) in mitigating the Microcystis population was compared with that of a single low dose of H2O2 treatments (117.6 μM). ODTMA-Br (C18) suppressed the regrowth of Microcystis for a longer duration than did H2O2. The results suggested that ODTMA-Br (C18) may be used as an effective cyanocide and that it is worth further evaluating this group of cationic compounds as a treatment to mitigate cyanobacterial blooms in aquaculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinya Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (X.Z.); (Y.X.); (C.S.); (F.B.); (L.L.)
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yiruo Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (X.Z.); (Y.X.); (C.S.); (F.B.); (L.L.)
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yunlu Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (X.Z.); (Y.X.); (C.S.); (F.B.); (L.L.)
- Correspondence: (Y.J.); (L.S.)
| | - Assaf Sukenik
- The Yigal Allon Kinneret Limnological Laboratory, Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research, P.O. Box 447, Migdal 14950, Israel;
| | - Aaron Kaplan
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Edmond J. Safra Campus, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Givat Ram, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel;
| | - Chanyuan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (X.Z.); (Y.X.); (C.S.); (F.B.); (L.L.)
- College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guofei Dai
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Environment of Poyang Lake, Jiangxi Institute of Water Sciences, Nanchang 330029, China;
| | - Fang Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (X.Z.); (Y.X.); (C.S.); (F.B.); (L.L.)
| | - Lin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (X.Z.); (Y.X.); (C.S.); (F.B.); (L.L.)
| | - Lirong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; (X.Z.); (Y.X.); (C.S.); (F.B.); (L.L.)
- Correspondence: (Y.J.); (L.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Reiß F, Kiefer N, Noll M, Kalkhof S. Application, release, ecotoxicological assessment of biocide in building materials and its soil microbial response. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 224:112707. [PMID: 34461316 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Biocides are used in building materials to protect the building against microbial colonization and biodeterioration. However, these biocides are introduced by gradual leaching into soils in proximity of the buildings. This review discusses the aspects and characteristics of biocides from building materials in terms of (i) in-situ leaching and simulation thereof in-vitro and in-field tests, (ii) persistence, as well as photolytic and biodegradation, and its influence on toxicological evaluation, and (iii) evaluation of terrestrial toxicity by conventional ecotoxicological tests and novel holistic testing approaches. These aspects are influenced by multiple parameters, out of which water availability, physicochemical properties of microhabitats, combination of biocidal building materials, soil parameters, and composition of the soil microbiome are of utmost relevance. Deeper understanding of this multiparametric system and development of comprehensive characterization methodologies remains crucial, as to facilitate realistic assessment of the environmental impact of biocides used in construction materials and the corresponding degradation byproducts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fabienne Reiß
- Institute for Bioanalysis, Department of Applied Sciences, Coburg University of Applied Sciences and Arts, 96450 Coburg, Germany
| | - Nadine Kiefer
- Institute for Bioanalysis, Department of Applied Sciences, Coburg University of Applied Sciences and Arts, 96450 Coburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Noll
- Institute for Bioanalysis, Department of Applied Sciences, Coburg University of Applied Sciences and Arts, 96450 Coburg, Germany; Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Stefan Kalkhof
- Institute for Bioanalysis, Department of Applied Sciences, Coburg University of Applied Sciences and Arts, 96450 Coburg, Germany; Proteomics Unit, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Perlickstr. 1, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhou Z, Gao Y, Chen X, Li Y, Tian Y, Wang H, Li X, Yu X, Cao Y. One-Pot Facile Synthesis of Double-Shelled Mesoporous Silica Microcapsules with an Improved Soft-Template Method for Sustainable Pest Management. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:39066-39075. [PMID: 34387079 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c10135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A controlled release formulation based on silica microcapsules is an ideal selection to improve both the effective utilization and duration of pesticides to decrease ecological damage. Herein, a simple and green method for preparing double-shelled microcapsules was developed using a newly prepared quaternary ammonium ionic liquid (IL) as the functional additive to entrap avermectin (Ave) in mesoporous silica nanospheres (MSNs) and tannic acid-Cu (TA-Cu) complex as the sealing agent to form the core-shell structure (Ave-IL@MSN@TA-Cu). The obtained microcapsules with an average size of 538 nm had pH-responsive release property and good stability in soil. The half-life of microcapsules (34.66 days) was 3 times that of Ave emulsifiable concentrate (EC) (11.55 days) in a test soil, which illustrated that microcapsules could protect Ave from rapid degradation by microorganisms by releasing TA, copper, and quaternary ammonium in the soil. Ave-IL@MSN@TA-Cu microcapsules had better nematicidal activity and antibacterial activity than Ave EC due to the synergistic effect of Ave, IL, and copper incorporated in the microcapsules. Pot experiments showed that the control efficacy of microcapsules was 87.10% against Meloidogyne incognita, which is better than that of Ave EC (41.94%) at the concentration of 1.0 mg/plant by the root-irrigation method after 60 days of treatment owing to the extended duration of Ave in microcapsules. The simple and green method for the preparation of double-shelled microcapsules based on natural quaternary ammonium IL would have tremendous potential for the extensive development of controlled release pesticide formulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Zhou
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yunhao Gao
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xi Chen
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yan Li
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuyang Tian
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Huachen Wang
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xuan Li
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xueyang Yu
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yongsong Cao
- College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ren L, Zhao G, Pan L, Chen B, Chen Y, Zhang Q, Xiao X, Xu W. Efficient Removal of Dye from Wastewater without Selectivity Using Activated Carbon- Juncus effusus Porous Fibril Composites. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:19176-19186. [PMID: 33861927 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c22104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Adsorption techniques have been successfully applied in water purification because of their flexibility, simplicity of design, and effectiveness. Activated carbon is an effective absorbent using for dye adsorption; however, the powder structure is not conducive for practical applications and cannot be used to filter dye solutions which are challenges that still need to be addressed. Herein, a natural cellulose-based absorbent, activated carbon-Juncus effusus fiber (AC-JE fiber), demonstrates the removal of all kinds of dyes without selectivity and humic substances and humic-like organics from wastewater. The combined macroporous structures of JE fibers and the microporous and mesoporous structures of activated carbon particles enhance their adsorption properties. These composite absorbents have excellent adsorption and continuous filtration effect. The rejection rate is approximately 100% not only on acidic and anionic dyes but also on basic and cationic dyes. Moreover, the dye solution adsorbed by AC-JE fibers exhibits an ideal freshwater quality (almost no bacteria), similar to that of the deionized water. The AC-JE fibers prove their potential for dye removal, in both adsorption and filtration. Their sterilization ability substantiates their potential in the field of water purification as they can be used as ideal absorbents based on cellulose for removing dyes and purifying wastewater.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lipei Ren
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies, Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass Fibers and Eco-Dyeing & Finishing, School of Textile Science and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, P. R. China
| | - Guomeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies, Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass Fibers and Eco-Dyeing & Finishing, School of Textile Science and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, P. R. China
| | - Luqi Pan
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies, Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass Fibers and Eco-Dyeing & Finishing, School of Textile Science and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, P. R. China
| | - Bei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies, Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass Fibers and Eco-Dyeing & Finishing, School of Textile Science and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, P. R. China
| | - Yali Chen
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies, Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass Fibers and Eco-Dyeing & Finishing, School of Textile Science and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, P. R. China
| | - Qian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies, Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass Fibers and Eco-Dyeing & Finishing, School of Textile Science and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, P. R. China
| | - Xingfang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies, Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass Fibers and Eco-Dyeing & Finishing, School of Textile Science and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, P. R. China
| | - Weilin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of New Textile Materials and Advanced Processing Technologies, Hubei Key Laboratory of Biomass Fibers and Eco-Dyeing & Finishing, School of Textile Science and Engineering, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan 430200, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Luo YH, Lai YS, Zheng C, Ilhan ZE, Ontiveros-Valencia A, Long X, Krajmalnik-Brown R, Rittmann BE. Increased expression of antibiotic-resistance genes in biofilm communities upon exposure to cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and other stress conditions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 765:144264. [PMID: 33418325 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC, e.g., cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, (CTAB)) are widely used as surfactants and disinfectants. QAC already are commonly found in wastewaters, and their concentration could increase, since QAC are recommended to inactivate the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) virus. Exposure of bacteria to QAC can lead to proliferation of antibiotic resistance genes (ARG). In particular, O2-based membrane biofilm reactors (O2-MBfRs) achieved excellent CTAB biodegradation, but ARG increased in their biofilms. Here, we applied meta-transcriptomic analyses to assess the impacts of CTAB exposure and operating conditions on microbial community's composition and ARG expression in the O2-MBfRs. Two opportunistic pathogens, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, dominated the microbial communities and were associated with the presence of ARG. Operating conditions that imposed stress on the biofilms, i.e., limited supplies of O2 and nitrogen or a high loading of CTAB, led to large increases in ARG expression, particularly for genes conferring antibiotic-target protection. Important within the efflux pumps was the Resistance-Nodulation-Division (RND) family, which may have been active in exporting CTAB from cells. Oxidative stress appeared to be the key factor that triggered ARG proliferation by selecting intrinsically resistant species and accentuating the expression of ARG. Our findings suggest that means to mitigate the spread of ARG, such as shown here in a O2-based membrane biofilm reactor, need to consider the impacts of stressors, including QAC exposure and stressful operating conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hao Luo
- Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 875701, Tempe, AZ 85287-5701, USA
| | - YenJung Sean Lai
- Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 875701, Tempe, AZ 85287-5701, USA.
| | - Chenwei Zheng
- Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 875701, Tempe, AZ 85287-5701, USA
| | - Zehra Esra Ilhan
- Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 875701, Tempe, AZ 85287-5701, USA; INRAE, Micalis Institute, Université Paris-Saclay, AgroParisTech, 78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Aura Ontiveros-Valencia
- Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 875701, Tempe, AZ 85287-5701, USA; Division de Ciencias Ambientales, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, Camino a la Presa de San José 2055, ZC 78216 San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - Xiangxing Long
- Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 875701, Tempe, AZ 85287-5701, USA; Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-5306, USA
| | - Rosa Krajmalnik-Brown
- Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 875701, Tempe, AZ 85287-5701, USA
| | - Bruce E Rittmann
- Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 875701, Tempe, AZ 85287-5701, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Tong C, Hu H, Chen G, Li Z, Li A, Zhang J. Disinfectant resistance in bacteria: Mechanisms, spread, and resolution strategies. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 195:110897. [PMID: 33617866 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.110897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Disinfectants are widely acknowledged for removing microorganisms from the surface of the objects and transmission media. However, the emergence of disinfectant resistance has become a severe threat to the safety of life and health and the rational allocation of resources due to the reduced disinfectant effectiveness. The horizontal gene transfer (HGT) of disinfectant resistance genes has also expanded the resistant flora, making the situation worse. This review focused on the resistance mechanisms of disinfectant resistant bacteria on biofilms, cell membrane permeability, efflux pumps, degradable enzymes, and disinfectant targets. Efflux can be the fastest and most effective resistance mechanism for bacteria to respond to stress. The qac genes, located on some plasmids which can transmit resistance through conjugative transfer, are the most commonly reported in the study of disinfectant resistance genes. Whether the qac genes can be transferred through transformation or transduction is still unclear. Studying the factors affecting the resistance of bacteria to disinfectants can find breakthrough methods to more adequately deal with the problem of reduced disinfectant effectiveness. It has been confirmed that the interaction of probiotics and bacteria or the addition of 4-oxazolidinone can inhibit the formation of biofilms. Chemicals such as eugenol and indole derivatives can increase bacterial sensitivity by reducing the expression of efflux pumps. The role of these findings in anti-disinfectant resistance has proved invaluable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyu Tong
- Collage of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China.
| | - Hong Hu
- Collage of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China.
| | - Gang Chen
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
| | - Zhengyan Li
- Collage of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China.
| | - Aifeng Li
- Collage of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China.
| | - Jianye Zhang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Design, synthesis, antibacterial activity and toxicity of novel quaternary ammonium compounds based on pyridoxine and fatty acids. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 211:113100. [PMID: 33385851 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.113100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A diverse series of 43 novel "soft antimicrobials" based on quaternary ammonium pyridoxine derivatives which include six-membered acetals and ketals of pyridoxine bound via cleavable linker moieties (amide, ester) with a fragment of fatty carboxylic acid was designed. Nine compounds exhibited in vitro promising antibacterial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains with MIC values comparable with reference antiseptics miramistin, benzalkonium chloride and chlorohexidine. On various clinical isolates, the lead compounds 6i and 12a exhibited antibacterial activity comparable with that of benzalkonium chloride while higher than that of miramistin. Moreover, 6i and 12a were able to kill bacteria embedded into the matrix of mono- and dual species biofilms. The treatment of bacterial cells by either 6i and 12a lead to fast depolarization of the membrane suggesting that the membrane is an apparent molecular target of compounds. 6i and 12a were non mutagenic neither in SOS-chromotest nor in Ames test and non-toxic in vivo at acute oral (LD50 > 2000 mg/kg) and cutaneous administration (LD50 > 2500 mg/kg) on mice. Taken together, our data allow suggesting described active compounds as promising starting point for the new antibacterial agents development.
Collapse
|
18
|
Abbott T, Kor-Bicakci G, Islam MS, Eskicioglu C. A Review on the Fate of Legacy and Alternative Antimicrobials and Their Metabolites during Wastewater and Sludge Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21239241. [PMID: 33287448 PMCID: PMC7729486 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21239241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial compounds are used in a broad range of personal care, consumer and healthcare products and are frequently encountered in modern life. The use of these compounds is being reexamined as their safety, effectiveness and necessity are increasingly being questioned by regulators and consumers alike. Wastewater often contains significant amounts of these chemicals, much of which ends up being released into the environment as existing wastewater and sludge treatment processes are simply not designed to treat many of these contaminants. Furthermore, many biotic and abiotic processes during wastewater treatment can generate significant quantities of potentially toxic and persistent antimicrobial metabolites and byproducts, many of which may be even more concerning than their parent antimicrobials. This review article explores the occurrence and fate of two of the most common legacy antimicrobials, triclosan and triclocarban, their metabolites/byproducts during wastewater and sludge treatment and their potential impacts on the environment. This article also explores the fate and transformation of emerging alternative antimicrobials and addresses some of the growing concerns regarding these compounds. This is becoming increasingly important as consumers and regulators alike shift away from legacy antimicrobials to alternative chemicals which may have similar environmental and human health concerns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Abbott
- UBC Bioreactor Technology Group, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada; (T.A.); (G.K.-B.); (M.S.I.)
| | - Gokce Kor-Bicakci
- UBC Bioreactor Technology Group, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada; (T.A.); (G.K.-B.); (M.S.I.)
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Bogazici University, Bebek, 34342 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mohammad S. Islam
- UBC Bioreactor Technology Group, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada; (T.A.); (G.K.-B.); (M.S.I.)
| | - Cigdem Eskicioglu
- UBC Bioreactor Technology Group, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada; (T.A.); (G.K.-B.); (M.S.I.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-250-807-8544 (C.E)
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hora PI, Pati SG, McNamara PJ, Arnold WA. Increased Use of Quaternary Ammonium Compounds during the SARS-CoV-2 Pandemic and Beyond: Consideration of Environmental Implications. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 2020; 7:622-631. [PMID: 37566314 PMCID: PMC7341688 DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.0c00437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are active ingredients in over 200 disinfectants currently recommended by the U.S. EPA for use to inactivate the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) virus. The amounts of these compounds used in household, workplace, and industry settings has very likely increased, and usage will continue to be elevated given the scope of the pandemic. QACs have been previously detected in wastewater, surface waters, and sediments, and effects on antibiotic resistance have been explored. Thus, it is important to assess potential environmental and engineering impacts of elevated QAC usage, which may include disruption of wastewater treatment unit operations, proliferation of antibiotic resistance, formation of nitrosamine disinfection byproducts, and impacts on biota in surface waters. The threat caused by COVID-19 is clear, and a reasonable response is elevated use of QACs to mitigate spread of infection. Exploration of potential effects, environmental fate, and technologies to minimize environmental releases of QACs, however, is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priya I. Hora
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo-
Engineering, University of Minnesota − Twin Cities, 500
Pillsbury Drive SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Sarah G. Pati
- Department of Environmental Sciences,
University of Basel, Bernoullistrasse 30, 4056 Basel,
Switzerland
| | - Patrick J. McNamara
- Department of Civil, Construction, and Environmental
Engineering, Marquette University, P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee,
Wisconsin 53233, United States
| | - William A. Arnold
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo-
Engineering, University of Minnesota − Twin Cities, 500
Pillsbury Drive SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Kwon YS, Jung JW, Kim YJ, Park CB, Shon JC, Kim JH, Park JW, Kim SG, Seo JS. Proteomic analysis of whole-body responses in medaka ( Oryzias latipes) exposed to benzalkonium chloride. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2020; 55:1387-1397. [PMID: 32693679 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2020.1796117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Benzalkonium chloride (BAC) is a cationic surfactant commonly used as a disinfectant, and is discharged into the aquatic environment by various water sources such as wastewater. BAC may also interact with potentially toxic substances such as persistent organic chemicals. Although studies of BAC contamination toxicity and bioaccumulation have been widely reported, the biochemical responses to BAC toxicity remain incompletely understood, and the detailed molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. In this study, two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometry-based proteomic approaches were applied to investigate the protein profiles in Oryzias latipes (medaka) chronically exposed to BAC. Fish were exposed to three different concentrations of BAC, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 mg/L, for 21 days. A total of 20 proteins involved in the cytoskeleton, the oxidative stress response, the nervous and endocrine systems, signaling pathways, and cellular proteolysis were significantly upregulated by BAC exposure. The proteomic information obtained in the present study will be useful in identification of potential biomarkers for BAC toxicity, and begins to elucidate its molecular mechanisms, providing new insights into the ecotoxicity of BAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Young Sang Kwon
- Environmental Chemistry Research Group, Gyeongnam Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Woong Jung
- Environmental Biology Research Group, Gyeongnam Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong Jin Kim
- Environmental Chemistry Research Group, Gyeongnam Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Beom Park
- Ecotoxicology Research Group, Gyeongnam Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Cheol Shon
- Environmental Chemistry Research Group, Gyeongnam Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hwan Kim
- Environmental Chemistry Research Group, Gyeongnam Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - June-Woo Park
- Environmental Biology Research Group, Gyeongnam Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Gon Kim
- Gyeongnam Oriental Anti-aging Institute, Sancheong, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Su Seo
- Environmental Chemistry Research Group, Gyeongnam Branch Institute, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Jinju, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Tavares M, Kozak M, Balola A, Coutinho CP, Godinho CP, Hassan AA, Cooper VS, Sá-Correia I. Adaptation and Survival of Burkholderia cepacia and B. contaminans During Long-Term Incubation in Saline Solutions Containing Benzalkonium Chloride. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:630. [PMID: 32714902 PMCID: PMC7344210 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) is a group of opportunistic pathogenic bacteria with a remarkable metabolic capacity and broad genotypic/phenotypic plasticity, allowing their adaptation to hostile conditions, including nutrient depleted solutions containing antimicrobial agents. Bcc bacteria are feared contaminants in pharmaceutical industries and cause nosocomial outbreaks, posing health threats to immunocompromised individuals and cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. In this study, the adaptation and survival of B. cepacia and B. contaminans isolates was investigated after long-term incubation in nutrient depleted saline solutions supplemented with increasing concentrations of the biocidal preservative benzalkonium chloride (BZK), recreating the storage conditions of pharmaceutical products. These epidemiologically related isolates were recovered from intrinsically contaminated saline solutions for nasal application and from two CF patients. Long-term incubation in saline solutions containing BZK led to the development of bacterial sub-populations that survived for at least 16 months, despite an initial 2-3 log decrease in viability, displaying a progressive dose-dependent decrease of colony and cell size, including the appearance of small colony variants (SCVs). Bacterial colonies lost pigmentation, changed the morphotype from rough to smooth and produced more spherical cells during extended incubation with BZK. The development of macroscopically visible cellular aggregates, rich in polysaccharide and harboring viable cells in their interior was triggered by BZK. The existence of a metabolic pathway for BZK degradation was confirmed through genome analysis. This study reveals mechanisms underlying the prevalence of Bcc bacteria as contaminants of pharmaceutical products containing BZK, which often lead to false-negative results during quality control and routine testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Tavares
- iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mariya Kozak
- iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Alexandra Balola
- iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carla P Coutinho
- iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cláudia P Godinho
- iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - A Amir Hassan
- iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Vaughn S Cooper
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Isabel Sá-Correia
- iBB - Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal.,Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Hora PI, Arnold WA. Photochemical fate of quaternary ammonium compounds in river water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:1368-1381. [PMID: 32406464 DOI: 10.1039/d0em00086h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are not completely removed during wastewater treatment and are frequently detected in surface waters and sediments. The photochemical transformation of QACs has not been thoroughly investigated as a potential degradation pathway affecting their fate in the environment. Kinetic studies of common QACs with and without aromatic groups under simulated and natural sunlight conditions were performed with model sensitizers and dissolved organic matter to estimate photochemical half-lives in the aquatic environment. All QACs investigated react with hydroxyl radicals at diffusion-controlled rates (∼2.9 × 109 to 1.2 × 1010 M-1 s-1). Benzethonium reacted via direct photolysis (ΦBZT,outdoor = 1.7 × 10-2 (mol Ei-1)). Benzethonium also reacted with the triplet excited state model sensitizer 2-acetylnaphthalene, but evidence suggests this reaction pathway is unimportant in natural waters due to faster quenching of the triplet 2-acetylnapthalene by oxygen. Reactivity with singlet oxygen for the QACs was minimal. Overall, reactions with hydroxyl radicals will dominate over direct photolysis due to limited spectral overlap of sunlight emission and QAC absorbance. Photolysis half-lives are predicted to be 12 to 94 days, indicating slow abiotic degradation in surface water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priya I Hora
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo- Engineering, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, 500 Pillsbury Drive SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
| | - William A Arnold
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geo- Engineering, University of Minnesota - Twin Cities, 500 Pillsbury Drive SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ndabambi M, Kwon JH. Benzalkonium ion sorption to peat and clays: Relative contributions of ion exchange and van der Waals interactions. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 247:125924. [PMID: 31978661 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.125924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 01/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Due to their use in various domestic and industrial formulations, benzalkonium compounds have been isolated in many environmental matrices. Sorption to soil components has been shown to play a key role in their environmental fate. Whereas sorption of benzalkonium compounds to soils is attributed to cation exchange and van der Waals forces, the relative contributions of these two mechanisms at environmental levels have not been clearly defined. In this study a previously reported algal toxicity assay-based method was employed to determine the distribution coefficients (Kd) of benzalkonium compounds between water and soil components, at environmental concentrations. Cation exchange capacity corrected Kd values for organic matter and clays were all within one order of magnitude. This implies that ion exchange is the dominant mechanism of sorption for benzalkonium compounds. When the sorption data were used to compute sorption energies for four homologues of benzalkonium ions, the magnitude of the free energy change of sorption increased with size of the molecule. The increase in sorption energy could be partly explained by increased energy of hydration with addition of methylene groups to the alkyl chain. A model that predicts sorption coefficients of benzalkonium compounds to soils using organic carbon content and cation exchange capacity was also defined. When tested using an artificial soil, the model estimates were all within one order of magnitude of the experimental values.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mlamuli Ndabambi
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Anam-ro 145, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Pusan National University, 63 Beon-gil, Busandaehak-ro, Geumjeong-gu, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Hwan Kwon
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Anam-ro 145, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Titanium dioxide decorated natural cellulosic Juncus effusus fiber for highly efficient photodegradation towards dyes. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 232:115830. [PMID: 31952578 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.115830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The removal of dyes via photocatalytic degradation has been identified as an eco-friendly method for producing clean and purified water. Natural cellulosic fibers are significant renewable resource and important in a wide range of applications. Herein, we report a natural cellulosic Juncus effusus (JE) fiber with 3D network structure as a framework to provide controllable space for the growth of TiO2 particles. The TiO2-JE showed remarkable activity in the removal of C.I. Reactive Red 120 (RR120), C.I. Direct Yellow 12 (DY12), and methylene blue (MB) with a photodegradation efficiency of 99.9 % under simulated sunlight irradiation. Additionally, an orientate fabric was fabricated using the prepared TiO2-JE fibers for the photocatalytic degradation of dye-contaminated water in the sun, further confirming its practical application. The TiO2 decorated natural cellulosic JE fiber can be a promising material for photocatalysis and sustainable chemistry.
Collapse
|
25
|
Muter O, Khroustalyova G, Rimkus A, Kalderis D, Ruchala J, Sibirny A, Rapoport A. Evaluation of the enhanced resistance of Ogataea (Hansenula) polymorpha to benzalkonium chloride as a resource for bioremediation technologies. Process Biochem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2019.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
26
|
Benzalkonium Chlorides: Uses, Regulatory Status, and Microbial Resistance. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.00377-19. [PMID: 31028024 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00377-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Benzalkonium chlorides (BACs) are chemicals with widespread applications due to their broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties against bacteria, fungi, and viruses. This review provides an overview of the market for BACs, as well as regulatory measures and available data on safety, toxicity, and environmental contamination. We focus on the effect of frequent exposure of microbial communities to BACs and the potential for cross-resistant phenotypes to emerge. Toward this goal, we review BAC concentrations in consumer products, their correlation with the emergence of tolerance in microbial populations, and the associated risk potential. Our analysis suggests that the ubiquitous and frequent use of BACs in commercial products can generate selective environments that favor microbial phenotypes potentially cross-resistant to a variety of compounds. An analysis of benefits versus risks should be the guidepost for regulatory actions regarding compounds such as BACs.
Collapse
|
27
|
Oh S, Choi D. Microbial Community Enhances Biodegradation of Bisphenol A Through Selection of Sphingomonadaceae. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2019; 77:631-639. [PMID: 30251120 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-018-1263-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a common ingredient in plastic wares and epoxy resins that are essential for our daily life. Despite the obvious benefits, BPA may act as an environmental endocrine disruptor, causing metabolic, reproductive, and/or developmental consequences and diseases in humans and other organisms. Although previous studies have yielded progress toward the microbial breakdown of BPA, the work has primarily been focused on pure cultures rather than complex microbial communities. In this study, we examined microbial communities in bioreactors that control the fate of BPA at various levels (up to 5000 μg L-1). Microbial communities rapidly increased removal rates of 500-5000 μg L-1 BPA from 23-29 to 89-99% during the first 2 weeks of the acclimation period, after which > 90% stable removal rates were maintained over 3 months. Biochemical assays demonstrated that BPA was removed by biodegradation, rather than other abiotic removal routes (e.g., adsorption and volatilization). The 16S rRNA gene-based community analysis revealed that 50-5000 μg L-1 of BPA exposure systematically selected for three Sphingomonadaceae species (Sphingobium, Novosphingobium, and Sphingopyxis). The Sphingomonadaceae-enriched communities acclimated to BPA showed a 7.0-L gVSS-1 day-1 BPA degradation rate constant, which is comparable to that (4.1-6.3) of Sphingomonadaceae isolates and is higher than other potential BPA degraders. Taken together, our results advanced the understanding of how microbial communities acclimate to environmentally relevant levels of BPA, gradually enhancing BPA degradation via selective enrichment of a few Sphingomonadaceae populations with higher BPA metabolic activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seungdae Oh
- Department of Civil Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Donggeon Choi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Oh S, Choi D, Cha CJ. Ecological processes underpinning microbial community structure during exposure to subinhibitory level of triclosan. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4598. [PMID: 30872712 PMCID: PMC6418085 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40936-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ecological processes shaping the structure and diversity of microbial communities are of practical importance for managing the function and resilience of engineered biological ecosystems such as activated sludge processes. This study systematically evaluated the ecological processes acting during continuous exposure to a subinhibitory level of antimicrobial triclosan (TCS) as an environmental stressor. 16S rRNA gene-based community profiling revealed significant perturbations on the community structure and dramatic reduction (by 20-30%) in species diversity/richness compared to those under the control conditions. In addition, community profiling determined the prevalence of the deterministic processes overwhelming the ecological stochasticity. Analysis of both community composition and phenotypes in the TCS-exposed communities suggested the detailed deterministic mechanism: selection of TCS degrading (Sphingopyxis) and resistant (Pseudoxanthomonas) bacterial populations. The analysis also revealed a significant reduction of core activated sludge members, Chitinophagaceae (e.g., Ferruginibacter) and Comamonadaceae (e.g., Acidovorax), potentially affecting ecosystem functions (e.g., floc formation and nutrient removal) directly associated with system performance (i.e., wastewater treatment efficiency and effluent quality). Overall, our study provides new findings that inform the mechanisms underlying the community structure and diversity of activated sludge, which not only advances the current understanding of microbial ecology in activated sludge, but also has practical implications for the design and operation of environmental bioprocesses for treatment of antimicrobial-bearing waste streams.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seungdae Oh
- Department of Civil Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Donggeon Choi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Jun Cha
- Department of Systems Biotechnology and Center for Antibiotic Resistome, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Widely Used Benzalkonium Chloride Disinfectants Can Promote Antibiotic Resistance. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:AEM.01201-18. [PMID: 29959242 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01201-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
While the misuse of antibiotics has clearly contributed to the emergence and proliferation of resistant bacterial pathogens, with major health consequences, it remains less clear if the widespread use of disinfectants, such as benzalkonium chlorides (BAC), a different class of biocides than antibiotics, has contributed to this problem. Here, we provide evidence that exposure to BAC coselects for antibiotic-resistant bacteria and describe the underlying genetic mechanisms. After inoculation with river sediment, BAC-fed bioreactors selected for several bacterial taxa, including the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa, that were more resistant to several antibiotics than their counterparts in a control (no BAC) bioreactor. A metagenomic analysis of the bioreactor microbial communities, confirmed by gene cloning experiments with the derived isolates, suggested that integrative and conjugative elements encoding a BAC efflux pump together with antibiotic resistance genes were responsible for these results. Furthermore, the exposure of the P. aeruginosa isolates to increasing concentrations of BAC selected for mutations in pmrB (polymyxin resistance) and physiological adaptations that contributed to a higher tolerance to polymyxin B and other antibiotics. The physiological adaptations included the overexpression of mexCD-oprJ multidrug efflux pump genes when BAC was added in the growth medium at subinhibitory concentrations. Collectively, our results demonstrated that disinfectants promote antibiotic resistance via several mechanisms and highlight the need to remediate (degrade) disinfectants in nontarget environments to further restrain the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.IMPORTANCE Benzalkonium chlorides (BAC) are biocides broadly used in disinfectant solutions. Disinfectants are widely used in food processing lines, domestic households, and pharmaceutical products and are typically designed to have a different mode of action than antibiotics to avoid interfering with the use of the latter. Whether exposure to BAC makes bacteria more resistant to antibiotics remains an unresolved issue of obvious practical consequences for public health. Using an integrated approach that combines metagenomics of natural microbial communities with gene cloning experiments with isolates and experimental evolution assays, we show that the widely used benzalkonium chloride disinfectants promote clinically relevant antibiotic resistance. Therefore, more attention should be given to the usage of these disinfectants, and their fate in nontarget environments should be monitored more tightly.
Collapse
|
30
|
Genomic and Transcriptomic Insights into How Bacteria Withstand High Concentrations of Benzalkonium Chloride Biocides. Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 84:AEM.00197-18. [PMID: 29654181 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00197-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Benzalkonium chlorides (BAC) are commonly used biocides in broad-spectrum disinfectant solutions. How microorganisms cope with BAC exposure remains poorly understood, despite its importance for disinfection and disinfectant-induced antibiotic resistance. To provide insights into these issues, we exposed two isolates of an opportunistic pathogen, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, to increasing concentrations of BAC. One isolate was preadapted to BAC, as it originated from a bioreactor fed with subinhibitory concentrations of BAC for 3 years, while the other originated from a bioreactor that received no BAC. Replicated populations of both isolates were able to survive high concentrations of BAC, up to 1,200 and 1,600 mg/liter for the non- and preadapted strains, respectively, exceeding typical application doses. Transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis revealed upregulation of efflux pump genes and decreased expression of porins related to BAC transport as well as reduced growth rate. Increased expression of spermidine (a polycation) synthase genes and mutations in the pmrB (polymyxin resistance) gene, which cause a reduction in membrane negative charge, suggested that a major adaptation to exposure to the cationic surfactant BAC was to actively stabilize cell surface charge. Collectively, these results revealed that P. aeruginosa adapts to BAC exposure by a combination of mechanisms and provided genetic markers to monitor BAC-resistant organisms that may have applications in the practice of disinfection.IMPORTANCE BAC are widely used as biocides in disinfectant solutions, food-processing lines, domestic households, and health care facilities. Due to their wide use and mode of action, there has been rising concern that BAC may promote antibiotic resistance. Consistent with this idea, at least 40 outbreaks have been attributed to infection by disinfectant- and antibiotic-resistant pathogens such as P. aeruginosa However, the underlying molecular mechanisms that bacteria use to deal with BAC exposure remain poorly elucidated. Elucidating these mechanisms may be important for monitoring and limiting the spread of disinfectant-resistant pathogens. Using an integrated approach that combined genomics and transcriptomics with physiological characterization of BAC-adapted isolates, this study provided a comprehensive understanding of the BAC resistance mechanisms in P. aeruginosa Our findings also revealed potential genetic markers to detect and monitor the abundance of BAC-resistant pathogens across clinical or environmental settings. This work contributes new knowledge about high concentrations of benzalkonium chlorides disinfectants-resistance mechanisms at the whole-cell genomic and transcriptomic level.
Collapse
|
31
|
Yang Y, Wang W. Benzyldimethyldodecyl ammonium chloride shifts the proliferation of functional genes and microbial community in natural water from eutrophic lake. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 236:355-365. [PMID: 29414358 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Benzylalkyldimethylethyl ammonium compounds are pervasive in natural environments and toxic at high concentrations. The changes in functional genes and microbial diversity in eutrophic lake samples exposed to benzyldimethyldodecyl ammonium chloride (BAC) were assessed. BAC exerted negative effects on bacteria abundance, particularly at concentrations of 100 μg L-1 and higher. A significant increase in the number of the quaternary ammonium compound-resistant gene qacA/B was recorded within the 10 μg L-1 treatment after the first day of exposure. Not all antibiotic resistance genes increased in abundance as the concentrations of BAC increased; rather, gene abundances were dependent on the gene type, concentrations of BAC, and contact time. The nitrogen fixation-related gene nifH and ammonia monooxygenase gene amoA were inhibited by high concentrations of BAC after the first day, whereas an increase of the nitrite reductase gene nirK was stimulated by exposure. Microbial communities within higher treatment levels (1000 and 10 000 μg L-1) exhibited significantly different community composition compared to other treatment levels and the control. Selective enrichment of Rheinheimera, Pseudomonas, and Vogesella were found in the higher treatment levels, suggesting that these bacteria have some resistance or degradation capacity to BAC. Genes related with RNA processing and modification, transcription, lipid transport and metabolism, amino acid transport and metabolism, and cell motility of microbial community function were involved in the process exposed to the BAC stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuyi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China; School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, Scotland, UK
| | - Weibo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Oh S, Hammes F, Liu WT. Metagenomic characterization of biofilter microbial communities in a full-scale drinking water treatment plant. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 128:278-285. [PMID: 29107912 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Microorganisms inhabiting filtration media of a drinking water treatment plant can be beneficial, because they metabolize biodegradable organic matter from source waters and those formed during disinfection processes, leading to the production of biologically stable drinking water. However, which microbial consortia colonize filters and what metabolic capacity they possess remain to be investigated. To gain insights into these issues, we performed metagenome sequencing and analysis of microbial communities in three different filters of a full-scale drinking water treatment plant (DWTP). Filter communities were sampled from a rapid sand filter (RSF), granular activated carbon filter (GAC), and slow sand filter (SSF), and from the Schmutzdecke (SCM, a biologically active scum layer accumulated on top of SSF), respectively. Analysis of community phylogenetic structure revealed that the filter bacterial communities significantly differed from those in the source water and final effluent communities, respectively. Network analysis identified a filter-specific colonization pattern of bacterial groups. Bradyrhizobiaceae were abundant in GAC, whereas Nitrospira were enriched in the sand-associated filters (RSF, SCM, and SSF). The GAC community was enriched with functions associated with aromatics degradation, many of which were encoded by Rhizobiales (∼30% of the total GAC community). Predicting minimum generation time (MGT) of prokaryotic communities suggested that the GAC community potentially select fast-growers (<15 h of MGT) among the four filter communities, consistent with the highest dissolved organic matter removal rate by GAC. Our findings provide new insights into the community phylogenetic structure, colonization pattern, and metabolic capacity that potentially contributes to organic matter removal achieved in the biofiltration stages of the full-scale DWTP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seungdae Oh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Civil Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Frederik Hammes
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute for Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstr. 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Wen-Tso Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Deng W, Quan Y, Yang S, Guo L, Zhang X, Liu S, Chen S, Zhou K, He L, Li B, Gu Y, Zhao S, Zou L. Antibiotic Resistance in Salmonella from Retail Foods of Animal Origin and Its Association with Disinfectant and Heavy Metal Resistance. Microb Drug Resist 2017; 24:782-791. [PMID: 29039715 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2017.0127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aims to demonstrate the antibiotic resistance and its association with disinfectant and heavy metal resistance in 152 Salmonella isolates recovered from retail foods of animal origins. Susceptibility testing demonstrated that 92.8% isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic, and the resistance was highest to oxytetracycline (80.9%), followed by trimethoprim (64.5%), amoxicillin (28.9%), ampicillin (28.3%), levofloxacin (21.7%), ciprofloxacin (16.4%), and gentamicin (10.5%), respectively. The blaTEM and tetA genes (44.7%) were commonly present. The qacF and qacEΔ1 genes were detected in 18.4% and 8.6% of all isolates. The Cu-resistance genes pcoR, pcoC, and pcoA were the most prevalent (20.4-40.8%), followed by Hg-resistance gene merA (17.8%) and As-resistance genes arsB (6.6%). The antibiotic resistance was highly associated with disinfectant or certain heavy metal resistance genes. Most notably, the association among Cu-resistance genes (pcoC, pcoR), disinfectant resistance genes (qacF, qacEΔ1), and tetracycline and sulfonamide resistance genes (tet, sul) was significant (p < 0.05). Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis revealed that Salmonella isolates was associated with supermarkets indicating the possibility of crosscontamination in farms or processing environment. This study indicated that retail meats may be a reservoir for the dissemination of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella and using disinfectants for decontamination or metals in livestock may provide a pressure for coselecting strains with acquired resistance to other antimicrobials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Deng
- 1 Department of Applied Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Quan
- 2 Clinical Laboratory, Taizhou Second People's Hospital , Jiangyan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengzhi Yang
- 1 Department of Applied Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijuan Guo
- 1 Department of Applied Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuli Zhang
- 3 Inspection and Testing Center, Henan Center for Disease Control and Prevention , Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuliang Liu
- 4 College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University , Ya'an, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shujuan Chen
- 4 College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University , Ya'an, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Kang Zhou
- 4 College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University , Ya'an, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Li He
- 4 College of Food Science, Sichuan Agricultural University , Ya'an, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Bei Li
- 5 Lab of Microbiology, Dujiangyan Campus of Sichuan Agricultural University , Dujiangyan, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfu Gu
- 1 Department of Applied Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaohua Zhao
- 6 Division of Animal and Food Microbiology, Office of Research, Center for Veterinary Medicine , U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland
| | - Likou Zou
- 1 Department of Applied Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University , Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Lai YS, Ontiveros-Valencia A, Ilhan ZE, Zhou Y, Miranda E, Maldonado J, Krajmalnik-Brown R, Rittmann BE. Enhancing biodegradation of C16-alkyl quaternary ammonium compounds using an oxygen-based membrane biofilm reactor. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 123:825-833. [PMID: 28797964 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) (e.g., hexadecyltrimethyl-ammonium bromide, CTAB) are emerging contaminants with widespread use as surfactants and disinfectants. Because the initial step of QAC biodegradation is mono-oxygenation, QAC degraders require O2, but normal aeration leads to serious foaming. Here, we developed and tested an oxygen-based membrane biofilm reactor (O2-MBfR) that delivers O2 by diffusion through the walls of hollow-membranes to a biofilm accumulating on the outer surface of membranes. The O2-MBfR sustained QAC biodegradation even with high and toxic QAC input concentrations, up to 400 mg/L CTAB. Bubbleless O2 transfer completely eliminated foaming, and biofilm accumulation helped the QAC biodegraders resist toxicity. Pseudomonas, Achromobacter, Stenotrophomonas, and members of the Xanthomonadaceae family were dominant in the biofilm communities degrading CTAB, and their proportions depended on the O2-delivery capacity of the membranes. Bacteria capable of biodegrading QACs often harbor antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) that help them avoid QAC toxicity. Gene copies of ARGs were detected in biofilms and liquid, but the levels of ARGs were 5- to 35-fold lower in the liquid than in the biofilm. In summary, the O2-MBfR achieved aerobic biodegradation of CTAB with neither foaming nor toxicity, and it also minimized the spread of ARGs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- YenJung Sean Lai
- Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 875701, Tempe, AZ, 85287-5701, USA.
| | - Aura Ontiveros-Valencia
- Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 875701, Tempe, AZ, 85287-5701, USA; Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, N.L., 64849, Mexico; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, University of Notre Dame, 156 Fitzpatrick Hall, Notre Dame, IN, 46617, USA.
| | - Zehra Esra Ilhan
- Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 875701, Tempe, AZ, 85287-5701, USA
| | - Yun Zhou
- Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 875701, Tempe, AZ, 85287-5701, USA; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Evelyn Miranda
- Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 875701, Tempe, AZ, 85287-5701, USA
| | - Juan Maldonado
- Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 875701, Tempe, AZ, 85287-5701, USA
| | - Rosa Krajmalnik-Brown
- Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 875701, Tempe, AZ, 85287-5701, USA
| | - Bruce E Rittmann
- Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 875701, Tempe, AZ, 85287-5701, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Ester- and amide-containing multiQACs: Exploring multicationic soft antimicrobial agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:2107-2112. [PMID: 28392192 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.03.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are ubiquitous antiseptics whose chemical stability is both an aid to prolonged antibacterial activity and a liability to the environment. Soft antimicrobials, such as QACs designed to decompose in relatively short times, show the promise to kill bacteria effectively but not leave a lasting footprint. We have designed and prepared 40 soft QAC compounds based on both ester and amide linkages, in a systematic study of mono-, bis-, and tris-cationic QAC species. Antimicrobial activity, red blood cell lysis, and chemical stability were assessed. Antiseptic activity was strong against a panel of six bacteria including two MRSA strains, with low micromolar activity seen in many compounds; amide analogs showed superior activity over ester analogs, with one bisQAC displaying average MIC activity of ∼1μM. For a small subset of highly bioactive compounds, hydrolysis rates in pure water as well as buffers of pH =4, 7, and 10 were tracked by LCMS, and indicated good stability for amides while rapid hydrolysis was observed for all compounds in acidic conditions.
Collapse
|
36
|
Ríos F, Lechuga M, Fernández-Serrano M, Fernández-Arteaga A. Aerobic biodegradation of amphoteric amine-oxide-based surfactants: Effect of molecular structure, initial surfactant concentration and pH. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 171:324-331. [PMID: 28027477 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.12.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study was designed to provide information regarding the effect of the molecular structure of amphoteric amine-oxide-based surfactants and the initial surfactant concentration on their ultimate biodegradation. Moreover, given this parameter's pH-dependence, the effect of pH was also investigated. Three amine-oxide-based surfactants with structural differences in their hydrophobic alkyl chain were tested: Lauramine oxide (AO-R12), Myristamine oxide (AO-R14) and Cocamidopropylamine oxide (AO-Cocoamido). We studied the ultimate biodegradation using the Modified OECD Screening Test at initial surfactant concentrations ranged from 5 to 75 mg L-1 and at pH levels from 5 to 7.4. The results demonstrate that at pH 7.4, amine-oxide-based surfactants are readily biodegradable. In this study, we concluded that ω-oxidation can be assumed to be the main biodegradation pathway of amine-oxides and that differences in the biodegradability between them can be explained by the presence of an amide group in the alkyl chain of AO-Cocoamido; the CN fission of the amide group slows down their mineralization process. In addition, the increase in the concentration of the surfactant from 5 to 75 mg L-1 resulted in an increase in the final biodegradation of AO-R12 and AO-R14. However, in the case of AO-Cocoamido, a clear relationship between the concentration and biodegradation cannot be stated. Conversely, the biodegradability of AO-R12 and AO-R14 was considerably lower in an acid condition than at a pH of 7.4, whereas AO-Cocoamido reached similar percentages in acid conditions and at a neutral pH. However, microorganisms required more time to acclimate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Ríos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, Campus Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain.
| | - Manuela Lechuga
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, Campus Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Mercedes Fernández-Serrano
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, Campus Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
| | - Alejandro Fernández-Arteaga
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Science, University of Granada, Campus Fuentenueva s/n, 18071, Granada, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Ertekin E, Konstantinidis KT, Tezel U. A Rieske-Type Oxygenase of Pseudomonas sp. BIOMIG1 Converts Benzalkonium Chlorides to Benzyldimethyl Amine. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:175-181. [PMID: 27792326 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b03705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Recently, an array of eight genes involved in the biotransformation of benzalkonium chlorides (BACs)-an active ingredient of many disinfectants-to benzyldimethyl amine (BDMA) was identified in the genome of Pseudomonas sp. BIOMIG1, which is a bacterium present in various environments and mineralizes BACs. In this study, we showed that heterologous expression of an oxygenase gene (oxyBAC) present in this gene array in E. coli resulted in formation of BDMA from BACs at a rate of 14 μM h-1. oxyBAC is phylogenetically classified as a Rieske-type oxygenase (RO) and belongs to a group which catalyzes the cleavage of C-N+ bond between either methyl or alkyl ester and a quaternary nitrogen (N) of natural quaternary ammonium compounds such as stachydrine, carnitine, and trimethylglycine. Insertion of two glycines into the Rieske domain and substitution of tyrosine with leucine in the mononuclear iron center differentiate oxyBAC from other ROs that cleave C-N+, and presumably facilitate the cleavage of saturated alkyl chain from quaternary N via N-dealkylation reaction. In addition, unlike other ROs, oxyBAC did not require a specific reductase to function. Our results demonstrate that oxyBAC represents a new member of RO associated with BAC degradation, and have applications for controlling the fate of BACs in the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emine Ertekin
- Institute of Environmental Sciences and ‡Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Bogazici University , Bebek 34342 Istanbul, Turkey
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering and ∥School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0512, United States
| | - Konstantinos T Konstantinidis
- Institute of Environmental Sciences and ‡Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Bogazici University , Bebek 34342 Istanbul, Turkey
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering and ∥School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0512, United States
| | - Ulas Tezel
- Institute of Environmental Sciences and ‡Center for Life Sciences and Technologies, Bogazici University , Bebek 34342 Istanbul, Turkey
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering and ∥School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0512, United States
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Ahn Y, Kim JM, Kweon O, Kim SJ, Jones RC, Woodling K, Gamboa da Costa G, LiPuma JJ, Hussong D, Marasa BS, Cerniglia CE. Intrinsic Resistance of Burkholderia cepacia Complex to Benzalkonium Chloride. mBio 2016; 7:e01716-16. [PMID: 27879334 PMCID: PMC5120141 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01716-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmaceutical products that are contaminated with Burkholderia cepacia complex (BCC) bacteria may pose serious consequences to vulnerable patients. Benzyldimethylalkylammonium chloride (BZK) cationic surfactants are extensively used in medical applications and have been implicated in the coselection of antimicrobial resistance. The ability of BCC to degrade BZK, tetradecyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride (C14BDMA-Cl), dodecyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride (C12BDMA-Cl), decyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride (C10BDMA-Cl), hexyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride, and benzyltrimethylammonium chloride was determined by incubation in 1/10-diluted tryptic soy broth (TSB) to determine if BCC bacteria have the ability to survive and inactivate these disinfectants. With BZK, C14BDMA-Cl, and C12BDMA-Cl, inhibition of the growth of 20 BCC strains was observed in disinfectant solutions that ranged from 64 to 256 µg/ml. The efflux pump inhibitor carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone increased the sensitivity of bacteria to 64 µg/ml BZK. The 20 BCC strains grew well in 1/10-diluted TSB medium with BZK, C12BDMA-Cl, and C10BDMA-Cl; they absorbed and degraded the compounds in 7 days. Formation of benzyldimethylamine and benzylmethylamine as the initial metabolites suggested that the cleavage of the C alkyl-N bond occurred as the first step of BZK degradation by BCC bacteria. Proteomic data confirmed the observed efflux activity and metabolic inactivation via biodegradation in terms of BZK resistance of BCC bacteria, which suggests that the two main resistance mechanisms are intrinsic and widespread. IMPORTANCE Benzyldimethylalkylammonium chloride is commonly used as an antiseptic in the United States. Several recent microbial outbreaks were linked to antiseptics that were found to contain strains of the Burkholderia cepacia complex. Burkholderia species survived in antiseptics, possibly because of the degradation of antiseptic molecules or regulation of relevant gene expression. In this study, we assessed the efflux pump and the potential of B. cepacia complex bacteria to degrade benzyldimethylalkylammonium chloride and improved our understanding of the resistance mechanisms, by using proteomic and metabolic information. To our knowledge, this is the first systematic report of the intrinsic mechanisms of B. cepacia complex strain resistance to benzyldimethylalkylammonium chloride, based on the metabolic and proteomic evidence for efflux pumps and the complete biodegradation of benzyldimethylalkylammonium chloride.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youngbeom Ahn
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| | - Jeong Myeong Kim
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| | - Ohgew Kweon
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| | - Seong-Jae Kim
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| | | | - Kellie Woodling
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| | - Gonçalo Gamboa da Costa
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| | - John J LiPuma
- Department of Pediatrics & Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - David Hussong
- Office of Pharmaceutical Science, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Bernard S Marasa
- Division of Microbiology Assessment, Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Carl E Cerniglia
- Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Oh S, Zhang R, Wu QL, Liu WT. Evolution and adaptation of SAR11 and Cyanobium in a saline Tibetan lake. ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY REPORTS 2016; 8:595-604. [PMID: 27084571 DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.12408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Lake Qinghai is a unique lacustrine ecosystem located on the Tibetan Plateau and exhibits oligotrophic, alkaline, and saline conditions. Previous studies have focused on the community phylogenetic diversity of bacterioplankton in the ecosystem. This study aimed to address the ecotype diversity of bacterioplankton populations in the unique microbial habitat, using metagenomic sequencing and analysis. Phylogenetic analysis revealed two major bacterial populations: SAR11 IIIa (14% of the total) and Cyanobium (14%). Although the two populations shared high 16S rRNA gene sequence identity (> 98% identity) with their closest marine counterparts, they displayed substantial genomic divergence (≤ 80% average amino acid sequence identity). Comparative genomic analysis identified conservation of carbon and energy storage metabolism (biosynthesis of polyphosphate and polyhydroxyalkanoate) gene operons in the SAR11 IIIa and a cyanate (potential nitrogen source in alkaline conditions) transporter gene operon in the Cyanobium. We further identified genetic signature of positive selection acting on an exodeoxyribonuclease gene of the SAR11 IIIa population, which is potentially associated with DNA repair responsive to strong UV radiation on the high altitude mountain. Taken together, our results revealed the ecosystem-specific gene content of the bacterioplankton populations and provided new insights into their adaptations unique to the Tibetan lake.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seungdae Oh
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Rui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Fuijan, China
- Institute of Marine Microbes and Ecospheres, Xiamen University, Fuijan, China
| | - Qinglong L Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Wen-Tso Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Oh S, Yoo D, Liu WT. Metagenomics Reveals a Novel Virophage Population in a Tibetan Mountain Lake. Microbes Environ 2016; 31:173-7. [PMID: 27151658 PMCID: PMC4912154 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me16003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Virophages are parasites of giant viruses that infect eukaryotic organisms and may affect the ecology of inland water ecosystems. Despite the potential ecological impact, limited information is available on the distribution, diversity, and hosts of virophages in ecosystems. Metagenomics revealed that virophages were widely distributed in inland waters with various environmental characteristics including salinity and nutrient availability. A novel virophage population was overrepresented in a planktonic microbial community of the Tibetan mountain lake, Lake Qinghai. Our study identified coccolithophores and coccolithovirus-like phycodnaviruses in the same community, which may serve as eukaryotic and viral hosts of the virophage population, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seungdae Oh
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineerin, Nanyang Technological UniversitySingaporeSingapore
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of IllinoisUrbana-Champaign, Urbana, ILUSA
| | - Dongwan Yoo
- Department of Pathobiology, University of IllinoisUrbana-Champaign, Urbana, ILUSA
| | - Wen-Tso Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of IllinoisUrbana-Champaign, Urbana, ILUSA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Ertekin E, Hatt JK, Konstantinidis KT, Tezel U. Similar Microbial Consortia and Genes Are Involved in the Biodegradation of Benzalkonium Chlorides in Different Environments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:4304-13. [PMID: 26992451 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b05959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Benzalkonium chlorides (BACs) are emerging pollutants. Identification of microorganisms and the genes involved in the biodegradation of BACs is crucial for better understanding the fate of BACs in the environment and developing treatment strategies. Four microbial communities degrading BACs were developed from sewage (SEW), activated sludge (AS), soil (SOIL) and sea sediment (SEA) samples. According to 16S rRNA pyrosequencing and shotgun metagenome sequencing analyses, the most abundant species represented uncharacterized members of the Pseudomonas and Achromobacter genera. BAC biotransformation rates of the enriched microbial communities were 2.8, 3.2, 17.8, and 24.3 μM hr(-1) for SEA, AS, SOIL, and SEW, respectively, and were positively correlated with the relative abundance of a particular Pseudomonas sp. strain, BIOMIG1. The strain BIOMIG1 mineralizes BACs at a rate up to 2.40 μmol hr(-1) 10(-11) cells. Genomes of four BAC degrading and nondegrading BIOMIG1 phenotypes were sequenced and differentially compared with each other. As a result, a gene cluster encoding for transporters, an integrase and a dioxygenase were involved in BAC biotransformation. Our results suggest that BIOMIG1 plays a key role on the fate of BACs in the environment and genes, other than those reported to date, are involved in BAC biotransformation in various habitats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emine Ertekin
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Bogazici University, Bebek 34342 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Janet K Hatt
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta Georgia 30332-0512, United States
| | - Konstantinos T Konstantinidis
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta Georgia 30332-0512, United States
- School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta Georgia 30332-0512, United States
| | - Ulas Tezel
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Bogazici University, Bebek 34342 Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Marisa Heredia R, Sabrina Boeris P, Sebastián Liffourrena A, Fernanda Bergero M, Alberto López G, Inés Lucchesi G. Release of outer membrane vesicles in Pseudomonas putida as a response to stress caused by cationic surfactants. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2016; 162:813-822. [PMID: 26925774 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Pseudomonas putida A (ATCC 12633), a degrader of cationic surfactants, releases outer membrane vesicles (OMVs) when grown with tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (TTAB) as the sole carbon, nitrogen and energy source. The OMVs exhibit a bilayer structure and were found to be composed of lipopolysaccharides, proteins and phospholipids (PLs) such as cardiolipin, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidic acid and phosphatidylglycerol (PG). The OMVs showed a marked increase in the PG content, approximately 43 % higher than the amount registered in the parent cells from which the vesicles were derived. After growth of P. putida with TTAB, the amount of lipoprotein covalently cross-linked to the peptidoglycan showed a twofold decrease when compared with values found after growth without the surfactant [16 ± 2 and 28 ± 3 μg (mg cell envelope protein)- 1, respectively]. This decrease in the amount of lipoprotein can be related to areas of loss of contact between the outer membrane and the peptidoglycan and, therefore, to OMV production. In addition, due to its amphiphilic nature, TTAB can contribute to OMV biogenesis, through a physical mechanism, by induction of the curvature of the membrane. Taking into account that OVMs were produced when the cells were grown under external stress, caused by the surfactant, and that TTAB was detected in the vesicles [48 nmol TTAB (nmol PL)- 1], we concluded that this system of TTAB elimination is a mechanism that P. putida A (ATCC 12633) would utilize for alleviating stress caused by cationic surfactants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Romina Marisa Heredia
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, CPX5804BYA Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Paola Sabrina Boeris
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, CPX5804BYA Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Andrés Sebastián Liffourrena
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, CPX5804BYA Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María Fernanda Bergero
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, CPX5804BYA Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Gastón Alberto López
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, CPX5804BYA Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Gloria Inés Lucchesi
- Departamento de Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico-Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, CPX5804BYA Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Xue Y, Voordouw G. Control of Microbial Sulfide Production with Biocides and Nitrate in Oil Reservoir Simulating Bioreactors. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1387. [PMID: 26696994 PMCID: PMC4672050 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Oil reservoir souring by the microbial reduction of sulfate to sulfide is unwanted, because it enhances corrosion of metal infrastructure used for oil production and processing. Reservoir souring can be prevented or remediated by the injection of nitrate or biocides, although injection of biocides into reservoirs is not commonly done. Whether combined application of these agents may give synergistic reservoir souring control is unknown. In order to address this we have used up-flow sand-packed bioreactors injected with 2 mM sulfate and volatile fatty acids (VFA, 3 mM each of acetate, propionate and butyrate) at a flow rate of 3 or 6 pore volumes (PV) per day. Pulsed injection of the biocides glutaraldehyde (Glut), benzalkonium chloride (BAC) and cocodiamine was used to control souring. Souring control was determined as the recovery time (RT) needed to re-establish an aqueous sulfide concentration of 0.8–1 mM (of the 1.7–2 mM before the pulse). Pulses were either for a long time (120 h) at low concentration (long-low) or for a short time (1 h) at high concentration (short-high). The short-high strategy gave better souring control with Glut, whereas the long-low strategy was better with cocodiamine. Continuous injection of 2 mM nitrate alone was not effective, because 3 mM VFA can fully reduce both 2 mM nitrate to nitrite and N2 and, subsequently, 2 mM sulfate to sulfide. No synergy was observed for short-high pulsed biocides and continuously injected nitrate. However, use of continuous nitrate and long-low pulsed biocide gave synergistic souring control with BAC and Glut, as indicated by increased RTs in the presence, as compared to the absence of nitrate. Increased production of nitrite, which increases the effectiveness of souring control by biocides, is the most likely cause for this synergy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Xue
- Petroleum Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Gerrit Voordouw
- Petroleum Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary Calgary, AB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Jennings MC, Minbiole KPC, Wuest WM. Quaternary Ammonium Compounds: An Antimicrobial Mainstay and Platform for Innovation to Address Bacterial Resistance. ACS Infect Dis 2015; 1:288-303. [PMID: 27622819 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.5b00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 338] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) have represented one of the most visible and effective classes of disinfectants for nearly a century. With simple preparation, wide structural variety, and versatile incorporation into consumer products, there have been manifold developments and applications of these structures. Generally operating via disruption of one of the most fundamental structures in bacteria-the cell membrane-leading to cell lysis and bacterial death, the QACs were once thought to be impervious to resistance. Developments over the past decades, however, have shown this to be far from the truth. It is now known that a large family of bacterial genes (generally termed qac genes) encode efflux pumps capable of expelling many QAC structures from bacterial cells, leading to a decrease in susceptibility to QACs; methods of regulation of qac transcription are also understood. Importantly, qac genes can be horizontally transferred via plasmids to other bacteria and are often transmitted alongside other antibiotic-resistant genes; this dual threat represents a significant danger to human health. In this review, both QAC development and QAC resistance are documented, and possible strategies for addressing and overcoming QAC-resistant bacteria are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan C. Jennings
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| | - Kevin P. C. Minbiole
- Department of Chemistry, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, United States
| | - William M. Wuest
- Department of Chemistry, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122, United States
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Quaternary ammonium disinfectants: microbial adaptation, degradation and ecology. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2015; 33:296-304. [DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2015.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
46
|
Yang J, Tezel U, Li K, Pavlostathis SG. Prolonged exposure of mixed aerobic cultures to low temperature and benzalkonium chloride affect the rate and extent of nitrification. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 179:193-201. [PMID: 25544497 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The combined effect of benzalkonium chloride (BAC) and prolonged exposure to low temperature on nitrification was investigated. Ammonia oxidation at 22-24°C by an enriched nitrifying culture was inhibited at increasing BAC concentrations and ceased at 15 mg BAC/L. The non-competitive inhibition coefficient was 1.5±0.9 mg BAC/L. Nitrification tests were conducted without and with BAC at 5mg/L using an aerobic, mixed heterotrophic/nitrifying culture maintained at a temperature range of 24-10°C. Maintaining this culture at 10°C for over one month in the absence of BAC, resulted in slower nitrification kinetics compared to those measured when the culture was first exposed to 10°C. BAC was degraded by the heterotrophic population, but its degradation rate decreased significantly as the culture temperature decreased to 10°C. These results confirm the negative impact of quaternary ammonium compounds on the nitrification process, which is further exacerbated by prolonged, low temperature conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeongwoo Yang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0512, USA
| | - Ulas Tezel
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0512, USA
| | - Kexun Li
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0512, USA
| | - Spyros G Pavlostathis
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332-0512, USA.
| |
Collapse
|