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Wang Q, Liu HJ, Xu Y, Wang ZX, Sun B, Xu JW. Development of a 2A peptide-based multigene expression system and its application for enhanced production of ganoderic acids in Ganoderma lucidum. J Biotechnol 2024; 393:109-116. [PMID: 39103018 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2024.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Ganoderma has received much attention for its medicinal value, but the manipulation of multiple genes remains a challenge, hindering the genetic engineering of this species for the development of cell factories. Here, we first showed that the presence of an intron is necessary for the efficient expression of the endogenous cDNA of carboxin-resistant gene (cbx) in G. lucidum. Then, the self-cleaving function of 2 A peptide was investigated in G. lucidum by linking cbx cDNA to the codon-optimized hygromycin B-resistant gene (ophph) using the 2A-peptide sequence. The results showed that cbx cDNA and ophph can be successfully expressed in G. lucidum in a bicistronic manner from a single transcript. Moreover, the expression of both genes was not affected by the order within the 2 A cassette. In addition, simultaneous expression of cbx cDNA, ophph, and codon-optimized yellow fluorescent protein gene (opyfp) was conducted for the first time in G. lucidum using the 2 A peptide-based approach. The developed method was successfully applied to express both cDNA of the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (hmgr) and squalene epoxidase gene (se) for enhanced production of ganoderic acids (GAs) in G. lucidum. The engineered strain produced the maximum content of GA-Mk, GA-T, GA-S, and GA-Me were 26.56±3.53,39.58±3.75, 16.54±2.16, and 19.1±1.87 μg/100 mg dry weight, respectively. These values were 3.85-, 4.74-, 3.65-, and 3.23-fold higher than those produced by the control strain. The developed method will be useful for the manipulation of complex metabolic or regulatory pathways involving multiple genes in Ganoderma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Hong-Jun Liu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Zi-Xu Wang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Bin Sun
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Jun-Wei Xu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
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Wu H, Cui H, Tian Y, Wu J, Bai Z, Zhang X. Exogenous ethephon treatment on the biosynthesis and accumulation of astragaloside IV in Astragalus membranaceus Bge. Var. Mongholicus (Bge.) Hsiao. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2024; 65:16. [PMID: 38967679 PMCID: PMC11226570 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-024-00426-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Astragaloside IV is a main medicinal active ingredient in Astragalus membranaceus Bge. var. mongholicus (Bge.) Hsiao, which is also the key biomarker of A. membranaceus quality. Ethylene has been well-documented to involve in secondary metabolites biosynthesis in plants. Nevertheless, how ethylene regulates astragaloside IV biosynthesis in A. membranaceus is still unclear. Therefore, in the present study different dosages and time-dependent exogenous application of ethephon (Eth) were employed to analyze astragaloside IV accumulation and its biosynthesis genes expression level in hydroponically A. membranaceus. RESULTS Exogenous 200 µmol·L- 1Eth supply is most significantly increased astragaloside IV contents in A. membranaceus when compared with non-Eth supply. After 12 h 200 µmol·L- 1 Eth treatment, the astragaloside IV contents reaching the highest content at 3 d Eth treatment(P ≤ 0.05). Moreover, After Eth treatment, all detected key genes involved in astragaloside IV synthesis were significant decrease at 3rd day(P ≤ 0.05). However, SE displayed a significant increase at the 3rd day under Eth treatment(P ≤ 0.05). Under Eth treatment, the expression level of FPS, HMGR, IDI, SS, and CYP93E3 exhibited significant negative correlations with astragaloside IV content, while expression level of SE displayed a significant positive correlation. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that exogenous Eth treatment can influence the synthesis of astragaloside IV by regulating the expression of FPS, HMGR, IDI, SS, CYP93E3 and SE. This study provides a theoretical basis for utilizing molecular strategies to enhance the quality of A. membranaceus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haonan Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Yan'an University, Yan'an, 716000, China
| | - Hang Cui
- College of Life Sciences, Yan'an University, Yan'an, 716000, China
| | - Yu Tian
- College of Life Sciences, Yan'an University, Yan'an, 716000, China
| | - Jiawen Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Yan'an University, Yan'an, 716000, China
| | - Zhenqing Bai
- College of Life Sciences, Yan'an University, Yan'an, 716000, China.
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Science and Technology, Hohhot, 010018, China.
| | - Xiujuan Zhang
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Science and Technology, Hohhot, 010018, China.
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Zhang J, Yang K, Tang W, Yang Y, Yu X, Lu Y, Yu L. Molecular Characterization and Expression Analysis of a Gene Encoding 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl-CoA Reductase (HMGR) from Bipolaris eleusines, an Ophiobolin A-Producing Fungus. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:445. [PMID: 39057330 PMCID: PMC11277564 DOI: 10.3390/jof10070445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Ophibolin A, a fungal sesterterpene, exerts a pivotal influence in a diverse array of biological processes, encompassing herbicidal, bactericidal, fungicidal, and cytotoxic activities. Sixty genes associated with sesterterpene compound biosynthesis were obtained from Bipolaris eleusines via transcriptome sequencing, and those closely linked to ophiobolin A biosynthesis were subsequently filtered. A gene encoding 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR) that catalyzes the first committed step of ophiobolin biosynthesis in the mevalonic acid (MVA) pathway was isolated and characterized using RACE (Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends) technology from ophiobolin A-producing fungus, B. eleusines. The full-length cDNA of the B. eleusines HMGR gene (BeHMGR) was 3906 bp and contained a 3474 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding 1157 amino acids. Sequence analysis revealed that deduced BeHMGR had high homology to the known HMGRs from Pyrenophora tritici-repentis and Leptosphaeria maculans. It had a calculated molecular mass of about 124.65 kDa and an isoelectric point (pI) of 6.90. It contained two putative HMG-CoA-binding motifs and two NADP(H)-binding motifs. Induced expression analysis of the BeHMGR gene by methyl jasmonate treatment using quantitative fluorescence PCR showed that it significantly elevated after 3 h of methyl jasmonate treatment, peaked at 6 h, and then gradually decreased. This demonstrates that BeHMGR gene expression is induced by methyl jasmonate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Ke Yang
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA;
| | - Wei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Yongjie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Xiaoyue Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Yongliang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Liuqing Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology and Breeding, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China
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Zhou DX, Kong XM, Huang XM, Li N, Feng N, Xu JW. Breeding a new Ganoderma lucidum strain with increased contents of individual ganoderic acids by mono-mono crossing of genetically modified monokaryons. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1410368. [PMID: 38873146 PMCID: PMC11169689 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1410368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Ganoderic acids (GAs) are major functional components of Ganoderma lucidum. The study aimed to breed a new G. lucidum strain with increased contents of individual GAs. Two mating-compatible monokaryotic strains, G. 260125 and G. 260124, were successfully isolated from the dikaryotic G. lucidum CGMCC 5.0026 via protoplast formation and regeneration. The Vitreoscilla hemoglobin gene (vgb) and squalene synthase gene (sqs) were overexpressed in the monokaryotic G. 260124 and G. 260125 strain, respectively. Mating between the G. 260124 strain overexpressing vgb and the G. 260125 strain overexpressing sqs resulted in the formation of the new hybrid dikaryotic G. lucidum strain sqs-vgb. The maximum contents of ganoderic acid (GA)-T, GA-Me, and GA-P in the fruiting body of the mated sqs-vgb strain were 23.1, 15.3, and 39.8 μg/g dry weight (DW), respectively, 2.23-, 1.75-, and 2.69-fold greater than those in G. lucidum 5.0026. The squalene and lanosterol contents increased 2.35- and 1.75-fold, respectively, in the fruiting body of the mated sqs-vgb strain compared with those in the G. lucidum 5.0026. In addition, the maximum expression levels of the sqs and lanosterol synthase gene (ls) were increased 3.23- and 2.13-fold, respectively, in the mated sqs-vgb strain. In summary, we developed a new G. lucidum strain with higher contents of individual GAs in the fruiting body by integrating genetic engineering and mono-mono crossing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding-Xi Zhou
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Xiang-Ming Kong
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiong-Min Huang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Na Li
- Faculty of Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Na Feng
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Edible Fungi Resources and Utilization (South), Shanghai, China
| | - Jun-Wei Xu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
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Li W, Zou G, Bao D, Wu Y. Current Advances in the Functional Genes of Edible and Medicinal Fungi: Research Techniques, Functional Analysis, and Prospects. J Fungi (Basel) 2024; 10:311. [PMID: 38786666 PMCID: PMC11121823 DOI: 10.3390/jof10050311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Functional genes encode various biological functions required for the life activities of organisms. By analyzing the functional genes of edible and medicinal fungi, varieties of edible and medicinal fungi can be improved to enhance their agronomic traits, growth rates, and ability to withstand adversity, thereby increasing yield and quality and promoting industrial development. With the rapid development of functional gene research technology and the publication of many whole-genome sequences of edible and medicinal fungi, genes related to important biological traits have been mined, located, and functionally analyzed. This paper summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of different functional gene research techniques and application examples for edible and medicinal fungi; systematically reviews the research progress of functional genes of edible and medicinal fungi in biological processes such as mating type, mycelium and fruit growth and development, substrate utilization and nutrient transport, environmental response, and the synthesis and regulation of important active substances; and proposes future research directions for functional gene research for edible and medicinal fungi. The overall aim of this study was to provide a valuable reference for further promoting the molecular breeding of edible and medicinal fungi with high yield and quality and to promote the wide application of edible and medicinal fungi products in food, medicine, and industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyun Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Applied Mycological Resources and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China; (W.L.); (G.Z.)
- College of Food Sciences and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Gen Zou
- National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Applied Mycological Resources and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China; (W.L.); (G.Z.)
| | - Dapeng Bao
- National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Applied Mycological Resources and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China; (W.L.); (G.Z.)
- College of Food Sciences and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Yingying Wu
- National Engineering Research Center of Edible Fungi, Key Laboratory of Applied Mycological Resources and Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China; (W.L.); (G.Z.)
- College of Food Sciences and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
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6
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Ahmad MF, A. Alsayegh A, Ahmad FA, Akhtar MS, Alavudeen SS, Bantun F, Wahab S, Ahmed A, Ali M, Elbendary EY, Raposo A, Kambal N, H. Abdelrahman M. Ganoderma lucidum: Insight into antimicrobial and antioxidant properties with development of secondary metabolites. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25607. [PMID: 38356540 PMCID: PMC10865332 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum is a versatile mushroom. Polysaccharides and triterpenoids are the major bioactive compounds and have been used as traditional medicinal mushrooms since ancient times. They are currently used as nutraceuticals and functional foods. G. lucidum extracts and their bioactive compounds have been used as an alternative to antioxidants and antimicrobial agents. Secondary metabolites with many medicinal properties make it a possible substitute that could be applied as immunomodulatory, anticancer, antimicrobial, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-diabetic. The miraculous properties of secondary metabolites fascinate researchers for their development and production. Recent studies have paid close attention to the different physical, genetic, biochemical, and nutritional parameters that potentiate the production of secondary metabolites. This review is an effort to collect biologically active constituents from G. lucidum that reveal potential actions against diseases with the latest improvement in a novel technique to get maximum production of secondary metabolites. Studies are going ahead to determine the efficacy of numerous compounds and assess the valuable properties achieved by G. lucidum in favor of antimicrobial and antioxidant outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Faruque Ahmad
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Science, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman A. Alsayegh
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Science, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fakhruddin Ali Ahmad
- Department of Basic and Applied Science, School of Engineering and Science, G.D Goenka University, Gru Gram, 122103, Haryana, India
| | - Md Sayeed Akhtar
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, AlFara, Abha, 62223, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sirajudeen S. Alavudeen
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, AlFara, Abha, 62223, Saudi Arabia
| | - Farkad Bantun
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shadma Wahab
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, 62529, Saudi Arabia
| | - Awais Ahmed
- Department of Management, Shri JJT University, Rajasthan, Post code; 333010, India
| | - M. Ali
- Department of Pharmacognosy, CBS College of Pharmacy & Technology (Pt. B. D. Sharma University of Health Sciences), Chandpur, Faridabad, Haryana, 121101, India
| | - Ehab Y. Elbendary
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Science, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - António Raposo
- CBIOS (Research Center for Biosciences and Health Technologies), Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades Tecnologias, Campo Grande 376, 1749-024, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Nahla Kambal
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, College of Applied Medical Science, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed H. Abdelrahman
- College of Applied Medical Sciences, Medical Laboratory Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Saudi Arabia
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7
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Azi F, Wang Z, Chen W, Lin D, Xu P. Developing Ganoderma lucidum as a next-generation cell factory for food and nutraceuticals. Trends Biotechnol 2024; 42:197-211. [PMID: 37659953 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2023.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum holds a colossal reservoir of hydrolytic enzymes and therapeutic compounds and can be a sustainable source of proteins and bioactive compounds. Its metabolic versatility, propelled by its rich genome content, provides excellent biosynthetic machinery for innovation-driven pathway engineering. However, robust regulatory networks and low frequency of homologous recombination are critical bottlenecks that limit the development of molecular tools and precise genetic markers for biomanufacturing innovations in this organism. Modern synthetic biology provides tools that could help to accelerate precise multiple gene targeting and editing and untangling the biosynthetic machinery of G. lucidum. This review provides insight into molecular strategies to unwind the regulatory bottlenecks and transform G. lucidum into efficient cell factories for food and nutraceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fidelis Azi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology (GTIIT), Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China; Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200002, Israel
| | - Zhe Wang
- Institute of Agro-Product Processing, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Wenhao Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology (GTIIT), Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China; Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200002, Israel
| | - Dewei Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology (GTIIT), Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China; Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200002, Israel
| | - Peng Xu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Technion-Israel Institute of Technology (GTIIT), Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China; Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200002, Israel; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials and Technologies for Energy Conversion, GTIIT, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China.
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8
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Xu YL, Yuan H, Li N, Xiao JH, Xu JW. Increased production and anti-senescence activity of exopolysaccharides in Ganoderma lingzhi by co-overexpression of β-1,3-glucan synthase and UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126778. [PMID: 37683745 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
A β-1,3-glucan synthase gene (gls) was cloned and overexpressed in Ganoderma lingzhi. The content of intracellular polysaccharides (IPS) in G. lingzhi overexpressing gls was 22.36 mg/100 mg dry weight (DW), 19 % higher than those in the wild-type (WT) strain. Overexpression of gls did not affect the expression of the phosphoglucomutase gene and the UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase gene (ugp) in the polysaccharide biosynthesis. The gls and ugp were then simultaneously overexpressed in G. lingzhi for the first time. The combined overexpression of these two genes increased the IPS content and exopolysaccharides (EPS) production to a greater extent than the overexpression of gls independently. The maximum IPS content of the overexpressed strain was 24.61 mg/100 mg, and the maximum EPS production was 1.55 g/L, 1.31- and 1.50-fold higher than that in the WT strain, respectively. Moreover, the major EPS fractions from the overexpression strain contained more glucose (86.7 % and 72.5 %) than those from the WT strain (78.2 % and 62.9 %). Furthermore, the major fraction G+U-0.1 from the overexpression strain exhibited stronger antioxidant and anti-senescence activities than the WT-0.1 fraction from the WT strain. These findings will aid in the hyperproduction and application of Ganoderma polysaccharides and facilitate our understanding of mushroom polysaccharide biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Liang Xu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Huan Yuan
- University Key Laboratory of Medicinal Biotechnology of Guizhou Province, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China
| | - Na Li
- Faculty of Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Jian-Hui Xiao
- University Key Laboratory of Medicinal Biotechnology of Guizhou Province, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, China.
| | - Jun-Wei Xu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China.
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Eom H, Choi YJ, Nandre R, Han HG, Kim S, Kim M, Oh YL, Nakazawa T, Honda Y, Ro HS. The Cas9-gRNA ribonucleoprotein complex-mediated editing of pyrG in Ganoderma lucidum and unexpected insertion of contaminated DNA fragments. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11133. [PMID: 37429890 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-38331-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Gene editing is a promising alternative to traditional breeding for the generation of new mushroom strains. However, the current approach frequently uses Cas9-plasmid DNA to facilitate mushroom gene editing, which can leave residual foreign DNA in the chromosomal DNA raising concerns regarding genetically modified organisms. In this study, we successfully edited pyrG of Ganoderma lucidum using a preassembled Cas9-gRNA ribonucleoprotein complex, which primarily induced a double-strand break (DSB) at the fourth position prior to the protospacer adjacent motif. Of the 66 edited transformants, 42 had deletions ranging from a single base to large deletions of up to 796 bp, with 30 being a single base deletion. Interestingly, the remaining 24 contained inserted sequences with variable sizes at the DSB site that originated from the fragmented host mitochondrial DNA, E. coli chromosomal DNA, and the Cas9 expression vector DNA. The latter two were thought to be contaminated DNAs that were not removed during the purification process of the Cas9 protein. Despite this unexpected finding, the study demonstrated that editing G. lucidum genes using the Cas9-gRNA complex is achievable with comparable efficiency to the plasmid-mediated editing system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyerang Eom
- Department of Bio&Medical Bigdata (BK21) and Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Jae Choi
- Department of Bio&Medical Bigdata (BK21) and Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Rutuja Nandre
- Department of Bio&Medical Bigdata (BK21) and Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Hui-Gang Han
- Department of Bio&Medical Bigdata (BK21) and Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Sinil Kim
- Department of Bio&Medical Bigdata (BK21) and Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea
| | - Minseek Kim
- Mushroom Science Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong, 27709, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Lee Oh
- Mushroom Science Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong, 27709, Republic of Korea
| | - Takehito Nakazawa
- Laboratory of Forest Biochemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yoichi Honda
- Laboratory of Forest Biochemistry, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Hyeon-Su Ro
- Department of Bio&Medical Bigdata (BK21) and Research Institute of Life Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, 52828, Republic of Korea.
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Bondzie-Quaye P, Swallah MS, Acheampong A, Elsherbiny SM, Acheampong EO, Huang Q. Advances in the biosynthesis, diversification, and hyperproduction of ganoderic acids in Ganoderma lucidum. Mycol Prog 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-023-01881-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
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11
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Gene complementation strategies for filamentous fungi biotechnology. Process Biochem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2023.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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12
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Shi L, Ren A, Zhu J, Liu R, Zhao M. Research Progress on Edible Fungi Genetic System. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 184:269-284. [PMID: 35364695 DOI: 10.1007/10_2021_192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In order to obtain strains with targeted changes in genetic characteristics, molecular biology and genetic engineering techniques are used to integrate target gene fragments into the vector and transform them into recipient cells. Due to the different target genes and functional elements on the transformation plasmids, gene silencing, gene knockout, and gene overexpression can be carried out, which provides a new way to study the gene function of edible fungi. At present, the cloning vectors used in the transformation of edible fungi are modified by bacterial plasmids, among which pCAMBIA-1300 plasmid and pAN7 plasmid are the two most commonly used basic vectors. On this basis, some basic elements such as promoters, selective marker genes, and reporter genes were added to construct silencing vectors, knockout vectors, and overexpression vectors. At the same time, different expression vector systems are needed for different transformation methods. In this chapter, the main elements of the genetic system (promoters, screening markers), the current main genetic transformation methods (Agrobacterium-mediated transformation, liposome transformation, electroporation method), and the specific application of transformation were systematically summarized, which provides a reference for the study of the genetic system of edible fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ang Ren
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingwen Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environmental Microbiology, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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Chang S, Buswell J. Medicinal Mushrooms: Past, Present and Future. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 184:1-27. [PMID: 35220455 DOI: 10.1007/10_2021_197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The survival of Homo sapiens is continually under threat from agencies capable of inflicting calamitous damage to the overall health and well-being of humankind. One strategy aimed at combatting this threat is focused on medicinal mushrooms and derivatives thereof. Mushrooms themselves have been consumed as part of the human diet for centuries, whereas 'mushroom nutriceuticals' is a more recently adopted term describing mushroom-derived products taken as dietary supplements to enhance general health and fitness. Among the most extensively studied pharmacologically active components of mushrooms are polysaccharides and polysaccharide-protein complexes, triterpenes, lectins, and fungal immunomodulatory proteins. Medicinal mushrooms have been credited with a wide range of therapeutic properties including antitumour/anti-cancer, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, anti-diabetic, antimicrobial, cholesterol-lowering and genoprotective activities as well as protection against atherosclerosis, cardiovascular, chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, and neurodegenerative conditions. This review examines the past, present and future of medicinal mushroom development including the two legs concept for the mushroom industry and the pyramid model summarizing the various human applications of mushrooms. It considers numerous issues the industry needs to address to exploit fully the opportunities presented by the continued increasing demand for medicinal mushrooms, and by the future overall expansion of the medicinal mushroom movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Chang
- Department of Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, China
| | - John Buswell
- Institute of Edible Fungi, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, China
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14
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Overexpression of phosphomannomutase increases the production and bioactivities of Ganoderma exopolysaccharides. Carbohydr Polym 2022; 294:119828. [PMID: 35868775 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we explored a novel approach to enhancing the production and bioactivities of Ganoderma exopolysaccharides. The homologous phosphomannomutase gene (PMM1) was cloned and overexpressed in Ganoderma for the first time. As a result, the maximum production of exopolysaccharides by the PMM1 transformant was 1.53 g/L, which was 1.41-fold higher than of a wild-type (WT) strain in a 5-L bioreactor. The transcription levels of PMM1 and PMM2 increased 40.5- and 2.4-fold, respectively, whereas the value of the GDP-D-mannose pyrophosphorylase gene did not change significantly in this transgenic strain. Furthermore, the major exopolysaccharide fractions from PMM1 transformants contained higher amounts of mannose (56.5 % and 21.1 %) than those from a WT strain (26.7 % and 9.3 %). Moreover, the major fractions from PMM1 transformants exhibited stronger regulation effects on macrophage. In conclusion, this study is helpful for the efficient production and application of Ganoderma exopolysaccharides and facilitates an understanding of polysaccharide biosynthesis regulation.
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15
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Luo Q, Li N, Xu JW. A methyltransferase LaeA regulates ganoderic acid biosynthesis in Ganoderma lingzhi. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1025983. [PMID: 36312944 PMCID: PMC9614229 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1025983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The methyltransferase LaeA is a global regulator involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites by ascomycete fungi. However, little is known of its regulatory role in basidiomycete fungi. In this study, the laeA gene was identified in the basidiomycete Ganoderma lingzhi and its function in regulating the biosynthesis of anti-tumor ganoderic acids was evaluated. A laeA deletion (ΔlaeA) Ganoderma strain exhibited significantly reduced concentration of ganoderic acids. qRT-PCR analysis further revealed that the transcription levels of genes involved in the biosynthesis of ganoderic acids were drastically lower in the ΔlaeA strain. Moreover, deletion of laeA resulted in decreased accumulation of intermediates and abundances of asexual spores in liquid static culture of G. lingzhi. In contrast, constitutive overexpression of laeA resulted in increased concentration of ganoderic acids. These results demonstrate an essential role of LaeA in the regulation of ganoderic acid biosynthesis in Ganoderma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Luo
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Na Li
- Faculty of Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
| | - Jun-Wei Xu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, China
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16
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Wang PA, Zhang JM, Zhong JJ. CRISPR-Cas9 assisted in-situ complementation of functional genes in the basidiomycete Ganoderma lucidum. Process Biochem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2022.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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17
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Cai M, Tan Z, Wu X, Liang X, Liu Y, Xie Y, Li X, Xiao C, Gao X, Chen S, Hu H, Wu Q. Comparative transcriptome analysis of genes and metabolic pathways involved in sporulation in Ganoderma lingzhi. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2022; 12:jkab448. [PMID: 35079793 PMCID: PMC8895980 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decades, Ganoderma lingzhi spores have received considerable attention as a great potential pharmaceutical resource. However, the genetic regulation of sporulation is not well understood. In this study, a comparative transcriptome analysis of the low-sporing HZ203 and high-sporing YW-1 was performed to characterize the mechanism underlying sporulation. A total of 917 differentially expressed genes were identified in HZ203 and 1,450 differentially expressed genes in YW-1. Differentially expressed genes involved in sporulation were identified, which included HOP1, Mek1, MSH4, MSH5, and Spo5 in meiosis. Positive regulatory pathways of sporulation were proposed as 2 transcriptional factors had high connectivity with MSH4 and Spo5. Furthermore, we found that the pathways associated with energy production were enriched in the high-sporing genotype, such as the glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, starch and sucrose metabolism. Finally, we performed a weighted gene coexpression network analysis and found that the hub genes of the module which exhibit strong positive relationship with the high-sporing phase purportedly participate in signal transduction, carbohydrate transport and metabolism. The dissection of differentially expressed genes during sporulation extends our knowledge about the genetic and molecular networks mediating spore morphogenesis and sheds light on the importance of energy source during sporulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjun Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Zengdong Tan
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiaoxian Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Xiaowei Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Yuanchao Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
- Guangdong Yuewei Edible Fungi Technology Co. Ltd., Guangzhou 510663, China
| | - Yizhen Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
- Guangdong Yuewei Edible Fungi Technology Co. Ltd., Guangzhou 510663, China
| | - Xiangmin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Chun Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Xiong Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Shaodan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Huiping Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Qingping Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
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18
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Zhang Q, Zhao L, Shen M, Liu J, Li Y, Xu S, Chen L, Shi G, Ding Z. Establishment of an Efficient Polyethylene Glycol (PEG)-Mediated Transformation System in Pleurotus eryngii var. ferulae Using Comprehensive Optimization and Multiple Endogenous Promoters. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8020186. [PMID: 35205941 PMCID: PMC8876744 DOI: 10.3390/jof8020186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pleurotus eryngii var. ferulae, a fungus of the genus Pleurotus, efficiently degrades lignin, especially during co-cultivation with other fungi. However, low transformation efficiency and heterologous gene expression restrict systematic studies of the molecular mechanisms and metabolic control of natural products in this mushroom. In this study, the homologous resistance marker carboxin (cbx) was used to establish a polyethylene glycol-mediated transformation (PMT) system in P. eryngii var. ferulae. Optimization of the transformation process greatly improved the number of positive transformants. In particular, we optimized: (i) protoplast preparation and regeneration; (ii) screening methods; and (iii) transformation-promoting factors. The optimized transformation efficiency reached 72.7 CFU/μg, which is higher than the average level of Pleurotus sp. (10–40 CFU/μg). Moreover, three endogenous promoters (Ppfgpd1, Ppfgpd2, and Ppfsar1) were screened and evaluated for different transcription initiation characteristics. A controllable overexpression system was established using these three promoters that satisfied various heterologous gene expression requirements, such as strong or weak, varied, or stable expression levels. This study lays the foundation for recombinant protein expression in P. eryngii var. ferulae and provides a method to investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms and secondary metabolic pathway modifications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Q.Z.); (L.Z.); (M.S.); (J.L.); (L.C.); (G.S.)
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Y.L.); (S.X.)
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Liting Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Q.Z.); (L.Z.); (M.S.); (J.L.); (L.C.); (G.S.)
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Y.L.); (S.X.)
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Mengye Shen
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Q.Z.); (L.Z.); (M.S.); (J.L.); (L.C.); (G.S.)
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Y.L.); (S.X.)
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Jingyun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Q.Z.); (L.Z.); (M.S.); (J.L.); (L.C.); (G.S.)
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Y.L.); (S.X.)
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Youran Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Y.L.); (S.X.)
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Sha Xu
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Y.L.); (S.X.)
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Lei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Q.Z.); (L.Z.); (M.S.); (J.L.); (L.C.); (G.S.)
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Y.L.); (S.X.)
| | - Guiyang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Q.Z.); (L.Z.); (M.S.); (J.L.); (L.C.); (G.S.)
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Y.L.); (S.X.)
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhongyang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Q.Z.); (L.Z.); (M.S.); (J.L.); (L.C.); (G.S.)
- National Engineering Research Center for Cereal Fermentation and Food Biomanufacturing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (Y.L.); (S.X.)
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-511-85918221
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Movahedi A, Wei H, Pucker B, Ghaderi-Zefrehei M, Rasouli F, Kiani-Pouya A, Jiang T, Zhuge Q, Yang L, Zhou X. Isoprenoid biosynthesis regulation in poplars by methylerythritol phosphate and mevalonic acid pathways. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:968780. [PMID: 36247639 PMCID: PMC9562105 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.968780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
It is critical to develop plant isoprenoid production when dealing with human-demanded industries such as flavoring, aroma, pigment, pharmaceuticals, and biomass used for biofuels. The methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) and mevalonic acid (MVA) plant pathways contribute to the dynamic production of isoprenoid compounds. Still, the cross-talk between MVA and MEP in isoprenoid biosynthesis is not quite recognized. Regarding the rate-limiting steps in the MEP pathway through catalyzing 1-deoxy-D-xylulose5-phosphate synthase and 1-deoxy-D-xylulose5-phosphate reductoisomerase (DXR) and also the rate-limiting step in the MVA pathway through catalyzing 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR), the characterization and function of HMGR from Populus trichocarpa (PtHMGR) were analyzed. The results indicated that PtHMGR overexpressors (OEs) displayed various MEP and MVA-related gene expressions compared to NT poplars. The overexpression of PtDXR upregulated MEP-related genes and downregulated MVA-related genes. The overexpression of PtDXR and PtHMGR affected the isoprenoid production involved in both MVA and MEP pathways. Here, results illustrated that the PtHMGR and PtDXR play significant roles in regulating MEP and MVA-related genes and derived isoprenoids. This study clarifies cross-talk between MVA and MEP pathways. It demonstrates the key functions of HMGR and DXR in this cross-talk, which significantly contribute to regulate isoprenoid biosynthesis in poplars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Movahedi
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Wei
- Key Laboratory of Landscape Plant Genetics and Breeding, School of Life Sciences, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Boas Pucker
- Institute of Plant Biology and BRICS, TU Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Fatemeh Rasouli
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Plant Genetics, Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, College of Science and Engineering, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Ali Kiani-Pouya
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Plant Genetics, Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, College of Science and Engineering, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia
| | - Tingbo Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - Qiang Zhuge
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Qiang Zhuge,
| | - Liming Yang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Liming Yang,
| | - Xiaohong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Xiaohong Zhou,
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20
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Biosynthesis and regulation of terpenoids from basidiomycetes: exploration of new research. AMB Express 2021; 11:150. [PMID: 34779947 PMCID: PMC8594250 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-021-01304-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Basidiomycetes, also known as club fungi, consist of a specific group of fungi. Basidiomycetes produce a large number of secondary metabolites, of which sesquiterpenoids, diterpenoids and triterpenoids are the primary components. However, these terpenoids tend to be present in low amounts, which makes it difficult to meet application requirements. Terpenoid biosynthesis improves the quantity of these secondary metabolites. However, current understanding of the biosynthetic mechanism of terpenoids in basidiomycetes is insufficient. Therefore, this article reviews the latest research on the biosynthesis of terpenoids in basidiomycetes and summarizes the CYP450 involved in the biosynthesis of terpenoids in basidiomycetes. We also propose opportunities and challenges for chassis microbial heterologous production of terpenoids in basidiomycetes and provide a reference basis for the better development of basidiomycete engineering.
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21
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Targeted Gene Insertion and Replacement in the Basidiomycete Ganoderma lucidum by Inactivation of Nonhomologous End Joining Using CRISPR/Cas9. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:e0151021. [PMID: 34524900 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01510-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted gene insertion or replacement is a promising genome-editing tool for molecular breeding and gene engineering. Although CRISPR/Cas9 works well for gene disruption and deletion in Ganoderma lucidum, targeted gene insertion and replacement remain a serious challenge due to the low efficiency of homologous recombination (HR) in this species. In this work, we demonstrate that the DNA double-strand breaks induced by Cas9 were mainly repaired via the nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway, at a frequency of 96.7%. To establish an efficient target gene insertion and replacement tool in Ganoderma, we first inactivated the NHEJ pathway via disruption of the Ku70 gene (ku70) using a dual single guide RNA (sgRNA)-directed gene deletion method. Disruption of the ku70 gene significantly decreased NHEJ activity in G. lucidum. Moreover, ku70 disruption strains exhibited 96.3% and 93.1% frequencies of targeted gene insertion and replacement, respectively, when target DNA with the orotidine 5'-monophosphate decarboxylase (ura3) gene and 1.5-kb homologous 5'- and 3'-flanking sequences was used as a donor template, compared to 3.3% and 0%, respectively, at these targeted sites for a control strain (Cas9 strain). Our results indicated that ku70 disruption strains were efficient recipients for targeted gene insertion and replacement. This tool will advance our understanding of functional genomics in G. lucidum. IMPORTANCE Functional genomic studies in Ganoderma have been hindered by the absence of adequate genome-engineering tools. Although CRISPR/Cas9 works well for gene disruption and deletion in G. lucidum, targeted gene insertion and replacement have remained a serious challenge due to the low efficiency of HR in these species, although such precise genome modifications, including site mutations, site-specific integrations, and allele or promoter replacements, would be incredibly valuable. In this work, we inactivated the NHEJ repair mechanism in G. lucidum by disrupting the ku70 gene using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Moreover, we established a target gene insertion and replacement method in ku70-disrupted G. lucidum that possessed high-efficiency gene targeting. This technology will advance our understanding of the functional genomics of G. lucidum.
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22
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Zhang G, Zhang C, Leng D, Yan P, Wang Z, Zhang M, Wu Z. The non-canonical functions of telomerase reverse transcriptase gene GlTert on regulating fungal growth, oxidative stress, and ganoderic acid biosynthesis in Ganoderma lucidum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:7353-7365. [PMID: 34515845 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11564-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) is the core catalytic subunit of telomerase. Its canonical function is synthesizing telomeric repeats to maintain telomere length and chromosomal stability. Accumulating evidence suggests that TERT has other important fundamental functions in addition to its catalytic telomere repeat synthesis activity. However, the non-canonical roles of TERT independent of its enzymatic activity are not clear in filamentous fungi. In the present study, we characterized the GlTert gene in Ganoderma lucidum. The non-canonical roles of GlTert were explored using GlTert-silenced strains (Terti8 and Terti25) obtained by RNA interference. Silencing GlTert delayed the fungal growth, decreased the length between hyphal branches, and induced fungal resistance to oxidative stress in G. ludicum. Further examination revealed that the intracellular ROS (reactive oxygen species) levels were increased while the enzyme activities of the antioxidant systems (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and ascorbate peroxidase) were decreased in GlTert-silenced strains. In addition, silencing GlTert decreased the ganoderic acid (GA) biosynthesis of G. lucidum. Taken together, our results indicate that GlTert plays a fundamental function on fungal growth, oxidative stress, and GA biosynthesis in G. lucidum, providing new insights for the canonical functions of TERT in filamentous fungi. KEY POINTS: • GlTert affected fungal growth and hyphal branching of G. lucidum. • Silencing GlTert increased the intracellular ROS levels of G. lucidum. • GlTert regulated GA biosynthesis of G. lucidum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, Xinxiang, People's Republic of China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Biological Breeding of Henan Province, Xinxiang, 453003, Xinxiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chaohui Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, Xinxiang, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Biological Breeding of Henan Province, Xinxiang, 453003, Xinxiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Doudou Leng
- College of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, Xinxiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Yan
- College of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, Xinxiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenhe Wang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, Xinxiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingxia Zhang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, Xinxiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongwei Wu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang, 453003, Xinxiang, People's Republic of China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Biological Breeding of Henan Province, Xinxiang, 453003, Xinxiang, People's Republic of China
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You H, Sun B, Li N, Xu JW. Efficient expression of heterologous genes by the introduction of the endogenous glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene intron 1 in Ganoderma lucidum. Microb Cell Fact 2021; 20:164. [PMID: 34419069 PMCID: PMC8379801 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-021-01654-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ganoderma lucidum, a well-known medicinal mushroom, has received wide attention as a promising cell factory for producing bioactive compounds. However, efficient expression of heterologous genes remains a major challenge in Ganoderma, hindering metabolic regulation research and molecular breeding of this species. Results We show that the presence of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene (gpd) intron 1 at the 5′ end of, the 3′ end of, or within the heterologous phosphinothricin-resistant gene (bar) is efficient for its expression in G. lucidum. The enhanced expression of bar is exhibited by the higher accumulation of mRNA and increased amounts of protein. Moreover, the insertion of the gpd intron 1 in the β-glucuronidase gene (gus) elevates its mRNA accumulation and enzyme activity, which facilitates the use of this reporter gene in Ganoderma. Conclusions This study has demonstrated the importance of the introduction of gpd intron 1 for the efficient expression of bar and gus in G. lucidum. The presence of the gpd intron 1 in heterologous genes increases levels of mRNA accumulation and protein expression in basidiomycete Ganoderma. The developed method may be utilized in upregulating the expression of other heterologous genes in Ganoderma. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12934-021-01654-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao You
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Bin Sun
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Na Li
- Faculty of Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Jun-Wei Xu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China.
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Wang ZX, Li N, Xu JW. Effects of Efficient Expression of Vitreoscilla Hemoglobin on Production, Monosaccharide Composition, and Antioxidant Activity of Exopolysaccharides in Ganoderma lucidum. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9081551. [PMID: 34442629 PMCID: PMC8401987 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9081551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A Vitreoscilla hemoglobin (VHb) gene was efficiently expressed by the optimization of codons and intron addition in G. lucidum. Expression of the VHb gene was confirmed by genome PCR, quantitative real-time PCR and carbon monoxide (CO)-difference spectrum analysis in the transformant. The effects of the efficient expression of VHb gene on production, monosaccharide compostion, and antioxidant activity of G. lucidum exopolysaccharides were studied. The maximum production of exopolysaccharides in the VHb gene-bearing transformant was 1.63 g/L, which was 1.5-fold higher than expression in the wild-type strain. Efficient expression of the VHb gene did not change the monosaccharide composition or distribution of molecular weight, but it increased the mole percentage ratio of galactose and mannose in G. lucidum exopolysaccharide. Exopolysaccharides from the transformant had higher scavenging 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydroxyl (OH) radical capacity and reducing power than those from the wild-type strain. These results may be helpful for increasing production and application of exopolysaccharides produced by G. lucidum fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Xu Wang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China;
| | - Na Li
- Faculty of Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China
- Correspondence: (N.L.); or (J.-W.X.); Tel./Fax: +86-871-65920676 (J.-W.X.)
| | - Jun-Wei Xu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming 650500, China;
- Correspondence: (N.L.); or (J.-W.X.); Tel./Fax: +86-871-65920676 (J.-W.X.)
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25
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Kirby J, Geiselman GM, Yaegashi J, Kim J, Zhuang X, Tran-Gyamfi MB, Prahl JP, Sundstrom ER, Gao Y, Munoz N, Burnum-Johnson KE, Benites VT, Baidoo EEK, Fuhrmann A, Seibel K, Webb-Robertson BJM, Zucker J, Nicora CD, Tanjore D, Magnuson JK, Skerker JM, Gladden JM. Further engineering of R. toruloides for the production of terpenes from lignocellulosic biomass. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:101. [PMID: 33883010 PMCID: PMC8058980 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-01950-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitigation of climate change requires that new routes for the production of fuels and chemicals be as oil-independent as possible. The microbial conversion of lignocellulosic feedstocks into terpene-based biofuels and bioproducts represents one such route. This work builds upon previous demonstrations that the single-celled carotenogenic basidiomycete, Rhodosporidium toruloides, is a promising host for the production of terpenes from lignocellulosic hydrolysates. RESULTS This study focuses on the optimization of production of the monoterpene 1,8-cineole and the sesquiterpene α-bisabolene in R. toruloides. The α-bisabolene titer attained in R. toruloides was found to be proportional to the copy number of the bisabolene synthase (BIS) expression cassette, which in turn influenced the expression level of several native mevalonate pathway genes. The addition of more copies of BIS under a stronger promoter resulted in production of α-bisabolene at 2.2 g/L from lignocellulosic hydrolysate in a 2-L fermenter. Production of 1,8-cineole was found to be limited by availability of the precursor geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GPP) and expression of an appropriate GPP synthase increased the monoterpene titer fourfold to 143 mg/L at bench scale. Targeted mevalonate pathway metabolite analysis suggested that 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGR), mevalonate kinase (MK) and phosphomevalonate kinase (PMK) may be pathway bottlenecks are were therefore selected as targets for overexpression. Expression of HMGR, MK, and PMK orthologs and growth in an optimized lignocellulosic hydrolysate medium increased the 1,8-cineole titer an additional tenfold to 1.4 g/L. Expression of the same mevalonate pathway genes did not have as large an impact on α-bisabolene production, although the final titer was higher at 2.6 g/L. Furthermore, mevalonate pathway intermediates accumulated in the mevalonate-engineered strains, suggesting room for further improvement. CONCLUSIONS This work brings R. toruloides closer to being able to make industrially relevant quantities of terpene from lignocellulosic biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Kirby
- Department of Energy, Agile BioFoundry, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
- Department of Biomass Science and Conversion Technology, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Gina M Geiselman
- Department of Energy, Agile BioFoundry, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
- Department of Biomass Science and Conversion Technology, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Junko Yaegashi
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
- Chemical and Biological Processing Group, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Joonhoon Kim
- Department of Energy, Agile BioFoundry, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
- Chemical and Biological Processing Group, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Xun Zhuang
- Department of Energy, Agile BioFoundry, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
- Department of Biomass Science and Conversion Technology, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Mary Bao Tran-Gyamfi
- Department of Energy, Agile BioFoundry, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
- Department of Biomass Science and Conversion Technology, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Jan-Philip Prahl
- Department of Energy, Agile BioFoundry, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
- Advanced Biofuels and Bioproducts Process Development Unit, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
| | - Eric R Sundstrom
- Department of Energy, Agile BioFoundry, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
- Advanced Biofuels and Bioproducts Process Development Unit, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
| | - Yuqian Gao
- Department of Energy, Agile BioFoundry, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Nathalie Munoz
- Department of Energy, Agile BioFoundry, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
- The Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Kristin E Burnum-Johnson
- Department of Energy, Agile BioFoundry, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
- The Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Veronica T Benites
- Department of Energy, Agile BioFoundry, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Edward E K Baidoo
- Department of Energy, Agile BioFoundry, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
- Biological Systems and Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Anna Fuhrmann
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
| | - Katharina Seibel
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
| | - Bobbie-Jo M Webb-Robertson
- Department of Energy, Agile BioFoundry, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Jeremy Zucker
- Department of Energy, Agile BioFoundry, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Carrie D Nicora
- Department of Energy, Agile BioFoundry, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Deepti Tanjore
- Department of Energy, Agile BioFoundry, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
- Advanced Biofuels and Bioproducts Process Development Unit, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
| | - Jon K Magnuson
- Department of Energy, Agile BioFoundry, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA
- Chemical and Biological Processing Group, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Skerker
- Environmental Genomics and Systems Biology Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- QB3-Berkeley, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94704, USA
| | - John M Gladden
- Department of Energy, Agile BioFoundry, Emeryville, CA, 94608, USA.
- Department of Biomass Science and Conversion Technology, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA.
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26
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Cai M, Liang X, Liu Y, Hu H, Xie Y, Chen S, Gao X, Li X, Xiao C, Chen D, Wu Q. Transcriptional Dynamics of Genes Purportedly Involved in the Control of Meiosis, Carbohydrate, and Secondary Metabolism during Sporulation in Ganoderma lucidum. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12040504. [PMID: 33805512 PMCID: PMC8066989 DOI: 10.3390/genes12040504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum spores (GLS), the mature germ cells ejected from the abaxial side of the pileus, have diverse pharmacological effects. However, the genetic regulation of sporulation in this fungus remains unknown. Here, samples corresponding to the abaxial side of the pileus were collected from strain YW-1 at three sequential developmental stages and were then subjected to a transcriptome assay. We identified 1598 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and found that the genes related to carbohydrate metabolism were strongly expressed during spore morphogenesis. In particular, genes involved in trehalose and malate synthesis were upregulated, implying the accumulation of specific carbohydrates in mature G. lucidum spores. Furthermore, the expression of genes involved in triterpenoid and ergosterol biosynthesis was high in the young fruiting body but gradually decreased with sporulation. Finally, spore development-related regulatory pathways were explored by analyzing the DNA binding motifs of 24 transcription factors that are considered to participate in the control of sporulation. Our results provide a dataset of dynamic gene expression during sporulation in G. lucidum. They also shed light on genes potentially involved in transcriptional regulation of the meiotic process, metabolism pathways in energy provision, and ganoderic acids and ergosterol biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjun Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China; (M.C.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (H.H.); (Y.X.); (S.C.); (X.G.); (X.L.); (C.X.); (D.C.)
| | - Xiaowei Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China; (M.C.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (H.H.); (Y.X.); (S.C.); (X.G.); (X.L.); (C.X.); (D.C.)
- Guangdong Yuewei Edible Fungi Technology Co. Ltd., Guangzhou 510663, China
| | - Yuanchao Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China; (M.C.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (H.H.); (Y.X.); (S.C.); (X.G.); (X.L.); (C.X.); (D.C.)
- Guangdong Yuewei Edible Fungi Technology Co. Ltd., Guangzhou 510663, China
| | - Huiping Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China; (M.C.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (H.H.); (Y.X.); (S.C.); (X.G.); (X.L.); (C.X.); (D.C.)
- Guangdong Yuewei Edible Fungi Technology Co. Ltd., Guangzhou 510663, China
| | - Yizhen Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China; (M.C.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (H.H.); (Y.X.); (S.C.); (X.G.); (X.L.); (C.X.); (D.C.)
- Guangdong Yuewei Edible Fungi Technology Co. Ltd., Guangzhou 510663, China
| | - Shaodan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China; (M.C.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (H.H.); (Y.X.); (S.C.); (X.G.); (X.L.); (C.X.); (D.C.)
| | - Xiong Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China; (M.C.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (H.H.); (Y.X.); (S.C.); (X.G.); (X.L.); (C.X.); (D.C.)
| | - Xiangmin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China; (M.C.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (H.H.); (Y.X.); (S.C.); (X.G.); (X.L.); (C.X.); (D.C.)
| | - Chun Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China; (M.C.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (H.H.); (Y.X.); (S.C.); (X.G.); (X.L.); (C.X.); (D.C.)
| | - Diling Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China; (M.C.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (H.H.); (Y.X.); (S.C.); (X.G.); (X.L.); (C.X.); (D.C.)
| | - Qingping Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Safety and Health, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China; (M.C.); (X.L.); (Y.L.); (H.H.); (Y.X.); (S.C.); (X.G.); (X.L.); (C.X.); (D.C.)
- Correspondence:
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27
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Sun B, You H, Xu JW. Enhancement of ganoderic acid production by promoting sporulation in a liquid static culture of Ganoderma species. J Biotechnol 2021; 328:72-77. [PMID: 33485862 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ganoderic acids (GAs) produced by Ganoderma are a type of lanostane-type triterpenoids with anticancer and antimetastatic activities; however, low production of GAs limits its wide application. In this study, a novel strategy by promoting sporulation of Ganoderma was developed to increase GA production. First, a high-spore producing Ganoderma strain G. 260125 was obtained from dikaryotic strain CGMCC 5.0026, and the sporulation-specific gene of this strain exhibits a higher transcription level than CGMCC 5.0026. Then, the effect of promoting sporulation on GA content was investigated. The maximum ganoderic acid (GA)-T, GA-Mk, and GA-Me contents in G. 260125 in shake flasks were 358.97, 78.32, and 12.75 μg/100 mg dry weight, respectively, which were 3.42, 2.91, and 1.73 times higher than those obtained in CGMCC 5.0026. Moreover, total and individual GA contents in spores were significantly higher than those in liquid static culture. Both concentrations of intermediates and transcription levels of GA biosynthetic genes also improved in G. 260125 during fermentation compared with those in CGMCC 5.0026. For scaling-up experiments, GA-T, GA-Me, and GA-Mk production in G. 260125 improved by 2.2-, 2.6-, and 2.1-fold compared with those in CGMCC 5.0026. In addition, the effectiveness of the developed strategy was also confirmed in three different Ganoderma strains. This work illustrated that promoting sporulation efficiently improves GA production in liquid static cultures of Ganoderma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Sun
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Hao You
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Jun-Wei Xu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China.
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28
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Wang T, Yue S, Jin Y, Wei H, Lu L. Advances allowing feasible pyrG gene editing by a CRISPR-Cas9 system for the edible mushroom Pleurotus eryngii. Fungal Genet Biol 2021; 147:103509. [PMID: 33400990 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2020.103509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
For decades, the edible mushroom Pleurotus eryngii (P. eryngii) has been cultivated as important raw materials for food and pharmaceutical industries in most of Asian countries, especially in China. Unfortunately, the generation and improvement of new cultivars are very difficult since there are many barriers which have not been solved thoroughly by gene editing tools, even though the CRISPR-Cas9 technique has been widely applied in other species. In this study, we identified the point-mutated variant of the endogenous sdhB gene (cbxr) as a more stable selection marker than hygromycin B resistance gene (hph) in P. eryngii. Furthermore, using a codon-optimized Cas9, a predicted native U6 promoter-guided sgRNA, as well as an optimized protoplast transformation system, a highly efficient pyrG gene editing system was established in P. eryngii, that incorporated varied insertions and deletions (indels) by non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) and homology-directed repair (HDR). Findings for a successful targeted gene editing strategy in the edible mushroom P. eryngii may open a new chapter for the improvement of edible mushroom cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingli Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shang Yue
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yating Jin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hua Wei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Ling Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Microbes and Functional Genomics, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Molecular Characterization of Terpenoid Biosynthetic Genes and Terpenoid Accumulation in Phlomis umbrosa Turczaninow. HORTICULTURAE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae6040076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The root of Phlomis umbrosa has traditionally been used as a medicine in South Asian nations to treat colds and bone fractures, to staunch bleeding, and as an anti-inflammatory, and such use continues today. We identified 10 genes that are involved in terpenoid biosynthesis, while using the Illumina/Solexa HiSeq2000 platform. We investigated the transcript levels of the 10 genes using quantitative real-time PCR and quantified the level of terpenoid accumulation in different organs of P. umbrosa while using high-performance liquid chromatography. The transcript levels of PuHDR and PuHMGR1 were the highest among the studied genes. Sesamoside, an iridoid glycoside, appeared in higher quantity than shanzhiside methylester, umbroside (8-O-acetyl shanzhiside methyl ester), and acteoside. We speculate that PuHDR and PuHMGR1 may contribute to terpenoid biosynthesis in P. umbrosa. This study highlights the molecular mechanisms that underlie iridoid glycoside biosynthesis in P. umbrosa.
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30
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Meng L, Zhang S, Chen B, Bai X, Li Y, Yang J, Wang W, Li C, Li Y, Li Z. The MADS-box transcription factor GlMADS1 regulates secondary metabolism in Ganoderma lucidum. Mycologia 2020; 113:12-19. [PMID: 33085941 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2020.1810515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
MADS-box transcription factors play crucial roles in regulating development processes and biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in eukaryotes. However, the role of MADS-box transcription factors vary among fungal species, and their function remains unclear in the medicinally and economically important fungus Ganoderma lucidum. In this study, we characterized a MADS-box gene, GlMADS1, in G. lucidum. Analyses using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) showed that GlMADS1 expression levels were up-regulated from the mycelia to the primordia stage. In order to further evaluate the effect of MADS-box transcription factors on secondary metabolism, we utilized RNA interference (RNAi) to silence GlMADS1 in G. lucidum. Ganoderic acid (GA) and flavonoid contents were enhanced in GlMADS1-silenced strains, suggesting that GlMADS1 negatively regulates GA and flavonoid accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Meng
- Engineering Research Center of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun 130118, China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University , Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Shaoyan Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University , Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Bingzhi Chen
- Mycological Research Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University , Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xiaoran Bai
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University , Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Yefan Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University , Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Jie Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University , Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University , Tai'an 271018, China
| | - Changtian Li
- Engineering Research Center of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun 130118, China
| | - Yu Li
- Engineering Research Center of Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University , Changchun 130118, China
| | - Zhuang Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University , Tai'an 271018, China
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31
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Wang Q, Xu M, Zhao L, Wang F, Li Y, Shi G, Ding Z. Transcriptome dynamics and metabolite analysis revealed the candidate genes and regulatory mechanism of ganoderic acid biosynthesis during liquid superficial-static culture of Ganoderma lucidum. Microb Biotechnol 2020; 14:600-613. [PMID: 32975886 PMCID: PMC7936306 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Ganoderic acid (GA), an important secondary metabolite of Ganoderma lucidum, exhibited many significant pharmacological activities. In this study, the biosynthetic mechanism of GAs was investigated by comparing metabolites and transcriptome dynamics during liquid superficial‐static culture (LSSC) and submerged culture (SC). LSSC was a better method to produce GA because thirteen GAs were identified from mycelia by UPLC‐QTOF‐MS, and the content of all GAs was higher in LSSC than in SC. Ergosterol was accumulated during the SC process in G. lucidum. Transcriptome dynamics analysis revealed CYP5150L8 was the key gene regulating lanosterol flux into GA biosynthesis. Other sixteen CYP450 genes were significantly higher expressed during the culture time in LSSC and could be potential candidate genes associated with the biosynthesis of different GAs. In addition, six of the ten expressed genes in ergosterol biosynthetic pathway shown upregulated at some time points in SC. These results not only provide a fundamental information of the key genes in ergosterol and GA biosynthetic pathway, but also provide directions for future elucidating the regulatory mechanisms of GAs in G. lucidum and enabling us to promote the development and utilization of LSSC at the industrial level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Mengmeng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Liting Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Feng Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Youran Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Guiyang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Zhongyang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Cereal Fermentation Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.,Jiangsu Provincial Research Center for Bioactive Product Processing Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
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Yang L, Li G, Chai Z, Gong Q, Guo J. Synthesis of cordycepin: Current scenario and future perspectives. Fungal Genet Biol 2020; 143:103431. [PMID: 32610064 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2020.103431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cordyceps genus, such as C. militaris and C. kyushuensis, is a source of a rare traditional Chinese medicine that has been used for the treatment of numerous chronic and malignant diseases. Cordycepin, 3'-deoxyadenosine, is a major active compound found in most Cordyceps. Cordycepin exhibits a variety of biological activities, including anti-tumor, immunomodulation, antioxidant, and anti-aging, among others, which could be applied in health products, medicine, cosmeceutical etc. fields. This review focuses on the synthesis methods for cordycepin. The current methods for cordycepin synthesis involve chemical synthesis, microbial fermentation, in vitro synthesis and biosynthesis; however, some defects are unavoidable and the production is still far from the demand of cordycepin. For the future study of cordycepin synthesis, based on the illumination of cordycepin biosynthesis pathway, genetical engineering of the Cordyceps strain or introducing microbes by virtue of synthetic biology will be the great potential strategies for cordycepin synthesis. This review will aid the future synthesis of the valuable cordycepin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyang Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong 030619, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Guilan Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong 030619, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Zhi Chai
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong 030619, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Qiang Gong
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Jinzhong 030619, Shanxi, PR China
| | - Jianquan Guo
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, Shanxi, PR China.
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Liu K, Sun B, You H, Tu JL, Yu X, Zhao P, Xu JW. Dual sgRNA-directed gene deletion in basidiomycete Ganoderma lucidum using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. Microb Biotechnol 2020; 13:386-396. [PMID: 31958883 PMCID: PMC7017817 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ganoderma lucidum is an important medicinal mushroom in traditional Chinese medicine. However, the lack of adequate genetic tools has hindered molecular genetic research in and the genetic modification of this species. Here, we report that the presence of an intron is necessary for the efficient expression of the heterologous phosphinothricin-resistance and green fluorescent protein genes in G. lucidum. Moreover, we improved the CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene disruption frequency in G. lucidum by adding an intron upstream of the Cas9 gene. Our results showed that the disruption frequency of the orotidine 5'-monophosphate decarboxylase gene (ura3) in transformants containing the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase gene intron in the Cas9 plasmid is 14-18 in 107 protoplasts, which is 10.6 times higher than that in transformants without any intron sequence. Furthermore, genomic fragment deletions in the ura3 and GL17624 genes were achieved via a dual sgRNA-directed CRISPR/Cas9 system in G. lucidum. We achieved a ura3 deletion frequency of 36.7% in G. lucidum. The developed method provides a powerful platform to generate gene deletion mutants and will facilitate functional genomic studies in G. lucidum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Liu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Bin Sun
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Hao You
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Jun-Liang Tu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Xuya Yu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Jun-Wei Xu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
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Wang PA, Xiao H, Zhong JJ. CRISPR-Cas9 assisted functional gene editing in the mushroom Ganoderma lucidum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 104:1661-1671. [PMID: 31865439 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10298-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The genetic manipulation of basidiomycete mushrooms is notoriously difficult and immature, and there is a lack of research reports on clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) based gene editing of functional genes in mushrooms. In this work, Ganoderma lucidum, a famous traditional medicinal basidiomycete mushroom, which produces a type of unique triterpenoid-anti-tumor ganoderic acids (GAs), was used, and a CRISPR/CRISPR-associated protein-9 nuclease (Cas9) editing system for functional genes of GA biosynthesis was constructed in the mushroom. As proof of concept, the effect of different gRNA constructs with endogenous u6 promoter and self-cleaving ribozyme HDV on ura3 disruption efficiency was investigated at first. The established system was applied to edit a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP450) gene cyp5150l8, which is responsible for a three-step biotransformation of lanosterol at C-26 to ganoderic acid 3-hydroxy-lanosta-8, 24-dien-26 oic acid. As a result, precisely edited cyp5150l8 disruptants were obtained after sequencing confirmation. The fermentation products of the wild type (WT) and cyp5150l8 disruptant were analyzed, and a significant decrease in the titer of four identified GAs was found in the mutant compared to WT. Another CYP gene involved in the biosynthesis of squalene-type triterpenoid 2, 3; 22, 23-squalene dioxide, cyp505d13, was also disrupted using the established CRISPR-Cas9 based gene editing platform of G. lucidum. The work will be helpful to strain molecular breeding and biotechnological applications of G. lucidum and other basidiomycete mushrooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-An Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, and Laboratory of Molecular Biochemical Engineering and Advanced Fermentation Technology, Department of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong-Chuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Han Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, and Laboratory of Molecular Biochemical Engineering and Advanced Fermentation Technology, Department of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong-Chuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Jian-Jiang Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, and Laboratory of Molecular Biochemical Engineering and Advanced Fermentation Technology, Department of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong-Chuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, China.
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Ramzi AB, Che Me ML, Ruslan US, Baharum SN, Nor Muhammad NA. Insight into plant cell wall degradation and pathogenesis of Ganoderma boninense via comparative genome analysis. PeerJ 2019; 7:e8065. [PMID: 31879570 PMCID: PMC6927665 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background G. boninense is a hemibiotrophic fungus that infects oil palms (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) causing basal stem rot (BSR) disease and consequent massive economic losses to the oil palm industry. The pathogenicity of this white-rot fungus has been associated with cell wall degrading enzymes (CWDEs) released during saprophytic and necrotrophic stage of infection of the oil palm host. However, there is a lack of information available on the essentiality of CWDEs in wood-decaying process and pathogenesis of this oil palm pathogen especially at molecular and genome levels. Methods In this study, comparative genome analysis was carried out using the G. boninense NJ3 genome to identify and characterize carbohydrate-active enzyme (CAZymes) including CWDE in the fungal genome. Augustus pipeline was employed for gene identification in G. boninense NJ3 and the produced protein sequences were analyzed via dbCAN pipeline and PhiBase 4.5 database annotation for CAZymes and plant-host interaction (PHI) gene analysis, respectively. Comparison of CAZymes from G. boninense NJ3 was made against G. lucidum, a well-studied model Ganoderma sp. and five selected pathogenic fungi for CAZymes characterization. Functional annotation of PHI genes was carried out using Web Gene Ontology Annotation Plot (WEGO) and was used for selecting candidate PHI genes related to cell wall degradation of G. boninense NJ3. Results G. boninense was enriched with CAZymes and CWDEs in a similar fashion to G. lucidum that corroborate with the lignocellulolytic abilities of both closely-related fungal strains. The role of polysaccharide and cell wall degrading enzymes in the hemibiotrophic mode of infection of G. boninense was investigated by analyzing the fungal CAZymes with necrotrophic Armillaria solidipes, A. mellea, biotrophic Ustilago maydis, Melampsora larici-populina and hemibiotrophic Moniliophthora perniciosa. Profiles of the selected pathogenic fungi demonstrated that necrotizing pathogens including G. boninense NJ3 exhibited an extensive set of CAZymes as compared to the more CAZymes-limited biotrophic pathogens. Following PHI analysis, several candidate genes including polygalacturonase, endo β-1,3-xylanase, β-glucanase and laccase were identified as potential CWDEs that contribute to the plant host interaction and pathogenesis. Discussion This study employed bioinformatics tools for providing a greater understanding of the biological mechanisms underlying the production of CAZymes in G. boninense NJ3. Identification and profiling of the fungal polysaccharide- and lignocellulosic-degrading enzymes would further facilitate in elucidating the infection mechanisms through the production of CWDEs by G. boninense. Identification of CAZymes and CWDE-related PHI genes in G. boninense would serve as the basis for functional studies of genes associated with the fungal virulence and pathogenicity using systems biology and genetic engineering approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Bazli Ramzi
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Lutfi Che Me
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ummul Syafiqah Ruslan
- Institute of Systems Biology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
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Wei H, Xu C, Movahedi A, Sun W, Li D, Zhuge Q. Characterization and Function of 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl-CoA Reductase in Populus trichocarpa: Overexpression of PtHMGR Enhances Terpenoids in Transgenic Poplar. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1476. [PMID: 31803212 PMCID: PMC6872958 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In the mevalonic acid (MVA) pathway, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR) is considered the first rate-limiting enzyme in isoprenoid biosynthesis. In this study, we cloned a full-length cDNA from Populus trichocarpa with an open reading frame of 1,734 bp. The deduced PtHMGR sequence contained two HMG-CoA motifs and two NADPH motifs, which exhibited homology with HMGR proteins from other species. Subsequently, truncated PtHMGR was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) cells, and enzyme activity analysis revealed that the truncated PtHMGR protein could catalyze the reaction of HMG-CoA and NADPH to form MVA. Relative expression analysis suggests that PtHMGR expression varies among tissues and that PtHMGR responds significantly to abscisic acid (ABA), NaCl, PEG6000, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and cold stresses. We used polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis to select transgenic Nanlin 895 poplars (Populus× euramericana cv.) and quantitative reverse-transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) to show that PtHMGR expression levels were 3- to 10-fold higher in transgenic lines than in wild-type (WT) poplars. qRT-PCR was also used to determine transcript levels of methylerythritol phosphate (MEP)-, MVA-, and downstream-related genes, indicating that overexpression of PtHMGR not only affects expression levels of MVA-related genes, but also those of MEP-related genes. We also measured the content of terpenoids including ABA, gibberellic acid (GA), carotenes, and lycopene. PtHMGR overexpression significantly increased ABA, GA, carotene, and lycopene content, indicating that PtHMGR participates in the regulation of terpenoid compound synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wei
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chen Xu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Construction Laboratory of Special Biomass Resource Utilization, Nanjing Xiaozhuang University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ali Movahedi
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weibo Sun
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dawei Li
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiang Zhuge
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Key Laboratory of Forest Genetics & Biotechnology, Ministry of Education, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
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Xu J, Yue T, Yu X, Zhao P, Li T, Li N. Enhanced production of individual ganoderic acids by integrating Vitreoscilla haemoglobin expression and calcium ion induction in liquid static cultures of Ganoderma lingzhi. Microb Biotechnol 2019; 12:1180-1187. [PMID: 30821132 PMCID: PMC6801144 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ganoderic acids produced by Ganoderma exhibit anticancer and antimetastatic activities. A novel approach by combining Vitreoscilla haemoglobin (VHb) expression and calcium ion induction was developed to enhance ganoderic acid (GA) production in liquid static cultures of G. lingzhi. The maximum contents of GA-O, GA-S and GA-Me were 1451.33 ± 67.50, 1431.23 ± 79.74 and 1283.81 ± 85.13 μg per 100 mg cell weight, respectively under the integrated approach, which are the highest contents as ever reported in Ganoderma. The contents of squalene and lanosterol were increased by 2.0- and 3.0-fold in this case compared with those in the control. The transcription levels of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, farnesyl-diphosphate synthase, squalene synthase and cytochrome P450 CYP5150L8 were upregulated by 2.56-, 3.31-, 2.59- and 6.12-fold respectively. Additionally, the expression of VHb improved the ratio of type I to type II GA in liquid static cultivation of G. lingzhi. The transcription levels of cyp512a2, cyp512v2 and cyp512a13, candidate cytochrome P450 genes involved in oxidative modification of the lanostane skeleton in GA biosynthesis, were also increased by 2.28-, 2.65- and 3.54-fold in the VHb-expressing strain respectively. Our results illustrated that the approach described here efficiently improved GA production in G. lingzhi fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun‐Wei Xu
- Faculty of Life Science and TechnologyKunming University of Science and TechnologyKunming650500China
| | - Tong‐Hui Yue
- Faculty of Life Science and TechnologyKunming University of Science and TechnologyKunming650500China
| | - Xuya Yu
- Faculty of Life Science and TechnologyKunming University of Science and TechnologyKunming650500China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Faculty of Life Science and TechnologyKunming University of Science and TechnologyKunming650500China
| | - Tao Li
- Faculty of Life Science and TechnologyKunming University of Science and TechnologyKunming650500China
| | - Na Li
- Faculty of ScienceKunming University of Science and TechnologyKunming650500China
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Davy AM, Kildegaard HF, Andersen MR. Cell Factory Engineering. Cell Syst 2019; 4:262-275. [PMID: 28334575 DOI: 10.1016/j.cels.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Rational approaches to modifying cells to make molecules of interest are of substantial economic and scientific interest. Most of these efforts aim at the production of native metabolites, expression of heterologous biosynthetic pathways, or protein expression. Reviews of these topics have largely focused on individual strategies or cell types, but collectively they fall under the broad umbrella of a growing field known as cell factory engineering. Here we condense >130 reviews and key studies in the art into a meta-review of cell factory engineering. We identified 33 generic strategies in the field, all applicable to multiple types of cells and products, and proven successful in multiple major cell types. These apply to three major categories: production of native metabolites and/or bioactives, heterologous expression of biosynthetic pathways, and protein expression. This meta-review provides general strategy guides for the broad range of applications of rational engineering of cell factories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Mathilde Davy
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Helene Faustrup Kildegaard
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mikael Rørdam Andersen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
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Fei Y, Li N, Zhang DH, Xu JW. Increased production of ganoderic acids by overexpression of homologous farnesyl diphosphate synthase and kinetic modeling of ganoderic acid production in Ganoderma lucidum. Microb Cell Fact 2019; 18:115. [PMID: 31253150 PMCID: PMC6599323 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-019-1164-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ganoderic acids (GAs), derived from the medicinal mushroom Ganoderma lucidum, possess anticancer and other important pharmacological activities. To improve production of GAs, a homologous farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FPS) gene was overexpressed in G. lucidum. Moreover, the influence of FPS gene overexpression on GA production was investigated by developing the corresponding mathematical models. Results The maximum levels of total GAs and individual GAs (GA-T, GA-S, and GA-Me) in the transgenic strain were 2.76 mg/100 mg dry weight (DW), 41 ± 2, 21 ± 5, and 28 ± 1 μg/100 mg DW, respectively, which were increased by 2.28-, 2.27-, 2.62-, and 2.80-folds compared with those in the control. Transcription levels of squalene synthase (SQS) and lanosterol synthase (LS) genes during GA biosynthesis were upregulated by 2.28- and 1.73-folds, respectively, in the transgenic G. lucidum. In addition, the developed unstructured models had a satisfactory fit for the process of GA production in submerged cultures of G. lucidum. Analysis of the kinetic process showed that FPS gene overexpression had a stronger positive impact on GA production compared with its influence on cell growth. Also, FPS gene overexpression led to a higher non-growth-associated-constant β (1.151) over the growth-associated-constant α (0.026) in the developed models. Conclusions FPS gene overexpression is an effective strategy to improve the production of GAs in G. lucidum. The developed mathematical models are useful for developing a better GA production process in future large-scale bioreactors. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12934-019-1164-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Fei
- School of Statistics and Mathematics, Yunnan University of Finance and Economics, Kunming, 650221, China
| | - Na Li
- School of Statistics and Mathematics, Yunnan University of Finance and Economics, Kunming, 650221, China.,Faculty of Science, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - De-Huai Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Jun-Wei Xu
- School of Statistics and Mathematics, Yunnan University of Finance and Economics, Kunming, 650221, China. .,Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, China.
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Honda Y, Tanigawa E, Tsukihara T, Nguyen DX, Kawabe H, Sakatoku N, Watari J, Sato H, Yano S, Tachiki T, Irie T, Watanabe T, Watanabe T. Stable and transient transformation, and a promoter assay in the selective lignin-degrading fungus, Ceriporiopsis subvermispora. AMB Express 2019; 9:92. [PMID: 31236750 PMCID: PMC6591348 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-019-0818-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A genetic transformation system was developed for the selective white rot basidiomycete Ceriporiopsis subvermispora using a modified protocol with polyethylene glycol and CaCl2 treatment of the protoplasts and plasmids harboring recombinant hygromycin phosphotransferase (hph) driven by a homologous promoter. During repeated transfer on fresh potato dextrose agar plates containing 100 µg/ml hygromycin B, most transformants lost drug resistance, while the remaining isolates showed stable resistance over five transfers. No drug-resistant colonies appeared in control experiments without DNA or using a promoter-less derivative of the plasmid, indicating that a transient expression of the recombinant hph was driven by the promoter sequence in these unstable drug-resistant transformants. Southern blot analysis of the stable transformants revealed random integration of the plasmid DNA fragment in the chromosome at different copy numbers. This transformation system yielding mostly transient transformants was successfully used for promoter assay experiments, and only a 141-bp fragment was found to be essential for the basic promoter function of glyceraldehyde dehydrogenase gene (gpd) in this fungus. Subsequent mutational analyses suggested that a TATAA sequence is important for the basic promoter function of gpd gene. The promoter assay system will enable the functional analysis of gene expression control sequences quickly and easily, mostly in the absence of undesirable effects from differences in copy number and chromosomal position of an integrated reporter gene among stable transformants.
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Enhanced Ganoderic Acids Accumulation and Transcriptional Responses of Biosynthetic Genes in Ganoderma lucidum Fruiting Bodies by Elicitation Supplementation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20112830. [PMID: 31185659 PMCID: PMC6600565 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ganoderic acids (GAs) are a type of highly oxygenated lanostane-type triterpenoids that are responsible for the pharmacological activities of Ganoderma lucidum. They have been investigated for their biological activities, including antibacterial, antiviral, antitumor, anti-HIV-1, antioxidation, and cholesterol reduction functions. Inducer supplementation is viewed as a promising technology for the production of GAs. This study found that supplementation with sodium acetate (4 mM) significantly increased the GAs content of fruiting bodies by 28.63% compared to the control. In order to explore the mechanism of ganoderic acid accumulation, the transcriptional responses of key GAs biosynthetic genes, including the acetyl coenzyme A synthase gene, and the expression levels of genes involved in calcineurin signaling and acetyl-CoA content have been analyzed. The results showed that the expression of three key GAs biosynthetic genes (hmgs, fps, and sqs) were significantly up-regulated. Analysis indicated that the acetate ion increased the expression of genes related to acetic acid assimilation and increased GAs biosynthesis, thereby resulting in the accumulation of GAs. Further investigation of the expression levels of genes involved in calcineurin signaling revealed that Na+ supplementation and the consequent exchange of Na+/Ca2+ induced GAs biosynthesis. Overall, this study indicates a feasible new approach of utilizing sodium acetate elicitation for the enhanced production of valuable GAs content in G. lucidum, and also provided the primary mechanism of GAs accumulation.
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Ren A, Shi L, Zhu J, Yu H, Jiang A, Zheng H, Zhao M. Shedding light on the mechanisms underlying the environmental regulation of secondary metabolite ganoderic acid in Ganoderma lucidum using physiological and genetic methods. Fungal Genet Biol 2019; 128:43-48. [PMID: 30951869 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The secondary metabolites of fungi are often produced at very low concentrations, and until recently the regulatory mechanisms of secondary metabolite biosynthesis have been unclear. Ganoderma lucidum is a macrofungus that is widely used as a traditional Chinese medicine or medicinal mushroom: ganoderic acid (GA) is one of the main active ingredients. Here, we review research from the last decade on which and how environmental factors regulate GA biosynthesis. These environmental factors are mainly three components: a single chemical/biological or biochemical signal, physical triggers, and nutritional conditions. Because G. lucidum is a non-model Basidiomycete, a combination of physiological and genetic research is needed to determine how those environmental factors regulate GA biosynthesis. The regulation of GA biosynthesis includes ROS, Ca2+, cAMP and phospholipid signaling, and cross-talk between different signaling pathways. The regulatory mechanisms for the synthesis of this secondary metabolite, from the perspective of physiology and genetics, in G. lucidum will provide ideas for studying the regulation of fungal secondary metabolism in other non-model species, especially those fungi with limitations in genetic manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ang Ren
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Liang Shi
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Hanshou Yu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Ailiang Jiang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Huihua Zheng
- Jiangsu Alphay Bio-technology Co., Ltd./Key Laboratory of Edible Mushroom Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, Nantong 226009, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Mingwen Zhao
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Key Laboratory of Microbiological Engineering of Agricultural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, PR China.
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43
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Efficient transformation of Pleurotus eryngii with a safe selective marker mutated from the Pesdi1 gene. J Microbiol Methods 2018; 152:7-9. [PMID: 30017848 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We introduced a site-directed mutation in the sdi1 gene and used it as a selective marker for the polyethylene glycol-mediated transformation of Pleurotus eryngii monokaryon protoplasts. The transformants displayed obvious and stable resistance to the fungicide carboxin indicating that the mutant Pesdi1 gene is an efficient selective marker.
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44
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Jiang LX, Han LL, Wang HP, Xu JW, Xiao JH. Improved production of jiangxienone in submerged fermentation of Cordyceps jiangxiensis under nitrogen deficiency. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2018; 41:1417-1423. [PMID: 29948214 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-018-1970-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Jiangxienone produced by Cordyceps jiangxiensis exhibits significant cytotoxicity and good selectivity against various human cancer cells, especially gastric cancer cells. In this work, the effect of nitrogen deficiency on the accumulation of jiangxienone and the transcription levels of jiangxienone biosynthesis genes was studied in submerged fermentation of C. jiangxiensis. Results showed that accumulation of jiangxienone was improved under nitrogen deficiency condition. A maximal jiangxienone content of 3.2 µg/g cell dry weight was reached at 5 mM glutamine, and it was about 8.9-fold higher than that obtained at 60 mM glutamine (control). The transcription levels of the biosynthetic pathway genes hmgr and sqs and the nitrogen regulatory gene areA were upregulated by 7-, 14-, and 28-fold, respectively, in culture with 5 mM glutamine compared to the control. It was hypothesized that the jiangxienone biosynthesis may involve the mevalonate pathway in C. jiangxiensis. Taken together, our study indicated that nitrogen deficiency is an efficient strategy for enhancing jiangxienone accumulation in submerged fermentation of C. jiangxiensis, which is useful for further understanding the regulation of jiangxienone biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Xi Jiang
- Division of Applied Mycology and Biochemical Pharmacy, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, People's Republic of China.,Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Liang Han
- Division of Applied Mycology and Biochemical Pharmacy, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, People's Republic of China.,Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui-Ping Wang
- Department of Neurology, Kunming Children's Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650228, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Wei Xu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jian-Hui Xiao
- Division of Applied Mycology and Biochemical Pharmacy, Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, 563000, People's Republic of China.
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45
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Gu L, Zheng Y, Lian D, Zhong X, Liu X. Production of triterpenoids from Ganoderma lucidum : Elicitation strategy and signal transduction. Process Biochem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2018.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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46
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Wang WF, Xiao H, Zhong JJ. Biosynthesis of a ganoderic acid in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
by expressing a cytochrome P450 gene from Ganoderma lucidum. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 115:1842-1854. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Fang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, and Laboratory of Molecular Biochemical Engineering & Advanced Fermentation Technology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
| | - Han Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, and Laboratory of Molecular Biochemical Engineering & Advanced Fermentation Technology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
| | - Jian-Jiang Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, and Laboratory of Molecular Biochemical Engineering & Advanced Fermentation Technology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
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47
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Zhang TJ, Shi L, Chen DD, Liu R, Shi DK, Wu CG, Sun ZH, Ren A, Zhao MW. 14-3-3 proteins are involved in growth, hyphal branching, ganoderic acid biosynthesis, and response to abiotic stress in Ganoderma lucidum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:1769-1782. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8711-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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48
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Ornithine Decarboxylase-Mediated Production of Putrescine Influences Ganoderic Acid Biosynthesis by Regulating Reactive Oxygen Species in Ganoderma lucidum. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:AEM.01289-17. [PMID: 28802268 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01289-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Putrescine is an important polyamine that participates in a variety of stress responses. Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) is a key enzyme that catalyzes the biosynthesis of putrescine. A homolog of the gene encoding ODC was cloned from Ganoderma lucidum In the ODC-silenced strains, the transcript levels of the ODC gene and the putrescine content were significantly decreased. The ODC-silenced strains were more sensitive to oxidative stress. The content of ganoderic acid was increased by approximately 43 to 46% in the ODC-silenced strains. The content of ganoderic acid could be recovered after the addition of exogenous putrescine. Additionally, the content of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was significantly increased by approximately 1.3-fold in the ODC-silenced strains. The ROS content was significantly reduced after the addition of exogenous putrescine. The gene transcript levels and the activities of four major antioxidant enzymes were measured to further explore the effect of putrescine on the intracellular ROS levels. Further studies showed that the effect of the ODC-mediated production of putrescine on ROS might be a factor influencing the biosynthesis of ganoderic acid. Our study reports the role of putrescine in large basidiomycetes, providing a basis for future studies of the physiological functions of putrescine in microbes.IMPORTANCE It is well known that ODC and the ODC-mediated production of putrescine play an important role in resisting various environmental stresses, but there are few reports regarding the mechanisms underlying the effect of putrescine on secondary metabolism in microorganisms, particularly in fungi. G. lucidum is gradually becoming a model organism for studying environmental regulation and metabolism. In this study, a homolog of the gene encoding ODC was cloned in Ganoderma lucidum We found that the transcript level of the ODC gene and the content of putrescine were significantly decreased in the ODC-silenced strains. The content of ganoderic acid was significantly increased in the ODC-silenced strains. Further studies showed that the effect of the ODC-mediated production of putrescine on ROS might be a factor influencing the biosynthesis of ganoderic acid. Our study reports the role of putrescine in large basidiomycetes, providing a basis for future studies of the physiological functions of putrescine in microbes.
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49
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Idnurm A, Bailey AM, Cairns TC, Elliott CE, Foster GD, Ianiri G, Jeon J. A silver bullet in a golden age of functional genomics: the impact of Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of fungi. Fungal Biol Biotechnol 2017; 4:6. [PMID: 28955474 PMCID: PMC5615635 DOI: 10.1186/s40694-017-0035-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The implementation of Agrobacterium tumefaciens as a transformation tool revolutionized approaches to discover and understand gene functions in a large number of fungal species. A. tumefaciens mediated transformation (AtMT) is one of the most transformative technologies for research on fungi developed in the last 20 years, a development arguably only surpassed by the impact of genomics. AtMT has been widely applied in forward genetics, whereby generation of strain libraries using random T-DNA insertional mutagenesis, combined with phenotypic screening, has enabled the genetic basis of many processes to be elucidated. Alternatively, AtMT has been fundamental for reverse genetics, where mutant isolates are generated with targeted gene deletions or disruptions, enabling gene functional roles to be determined. When combined with concomitant advances in genomics, both forward and reverse approaches using AtMT have enabled complex fungal phenotypes to be dissected at the molecular and genetic level. Additionally, in several cases AtMT has paved the way for the development of new species to act as models for specific areas of fungal biology, particularly in plant pathogenic ascomycetes and in a number of basidiomycete species. Despite its impact, the implementation of AtMT has been uneven in the fungi. This review provides insight into the dynamics of expansion of new research tools into a large research community and across multiple organisms. As such, AtMT in the fungi, beyond the demonstrated and continuing power for gene discovery and as a facile transformation tool, provides a model to understand how other technologies that are just being pioneered, e.g. CRISPR/Cas, may play roles in fungi and other eukaryotic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Idnurm
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Andy M. Bailey
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Timothy C. Cairns
- Department of Applied and Molecular Microbiology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Candace E. Elliott
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Gary D. Foster
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Giuseppe Ianiri
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, USA
| | - Junhyun Jeon
- College of Life and Applied Sciences, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, South Korea
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50
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The Phosphatome of Medicinal and Edible Fungus Wolfiporia cocos. Curr Microbiol 2017; 75:124-131. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-017-1356-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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